taxonID	type	description	language	source
03BEF30D7A13FFF3FE40DBA0FC1B8DA7.taxon	description	(Figs 1 A, 2 A, 4) Dispersal power: Macropterous, very active flyers; single records from vagrants of this desert species also from southern Europe (Sicily, Tuscany, Greece: Casale et al. 1982; Bandinelli 1984; Franzen 2006; Bruschi 2013). Habitat: Desert habitats, especially oases (Breuning 1927 a; Casale et al. 1982; Gourves 1997). Phenology: Adults from March to June (Bruschi 2013), supported by label data of the specimens in SMNHTAU.	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
03BEF30D7A13FFF3FE40DBA0FC1B8DA7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Israel: Upper Galilee: 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Karmi'el, 29. v. 2019, U. Shalom; Lower Galilee: 1 ♀ Qiryat Tiv'on, 22. iv. 2001, E. Orbach; Central Coastal Plain: 1 ♂ Tel Aviv, Ramat Aviv, 5. v. 1998, Y. Orion; ' Arava Valley: 1 ♀ ' En Yotvata, 20. iii. 2001, V. Kravchenko, I. Yarom; 1 ♀ ' En Yotvata, 14. iv. 2004, U. Shanas, V. Chikatunov (SMNHTAU). Syria: 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Prov. Homs, env. Palmyra, 450 m, 14. iv. 1988, de Freina (CAB).	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
03BEF30D7A13FFF3FE40DBA0FC1B8DA7.taxon	distribution	Distribution range: From Morocco and Mauritania to Iran and Turkmenistan (Bruschi 2013; HÄckel 2017). Distribution in southern Levant: In Israel, there are single records from across the entire country (eXcept for Har Hermon); it was previously recorded from ' En Gedi (Gobbi 1995). The species is also known in Jordan: Wadi Rum (Borzatti von Lowenstern 1987), Lebanon (only 1 specimen from Tripolis; most probably a vagrant) (Deuve 2004), and Syria (Bruschi 2013). Two specimens were collected in the Upper Galilee during the 2019 outbreak of C. olivieri (see below). Calosoma algiricum is a species restricted to deserts, therefore areas with the Mediterranean climate cannot be regarded as part of its regular distributional range.	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
03BEF30D7A10FFF3FE67D8FCFE468B9F.taxon	description	(Fig. 5) Dispersal power: Macropterous, flight active. Habitat: Unknown in the Levant. In St Helena, Basilewsky (1972) reports this species from meadows at altitudes up to 1,400 m, where rain can fall in any season. Phenology: Adults throughout the year (Bruschi 2013).	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
03BEF30D7A10FFF3FE67D8FCFE468B9F.taxon	distribution	Distribution range: From St Helena and Cape Verde Islands through North Africa to Persian Gulf, southwards to South Africa and Madagascar (Bruschi 2013; HÄckel 2017). Distribution in southern Levant: Egypt (Sinai): northern region and Wadi El Arish (Mandl 1970; Alfieri 1976; Abdel-Dayem 2004), but El-Akkad et al. (1998) do not mention the taxon for Egypt.	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
03BEF30D7A10FFF2FE93DE94FCC28A16.taxon	description	(Fig. 6) Dispersal power: Brachypterous. Habitat: Steppe habitats at 1,200 – 1,700 m asl (Bruschi 2013). Phenology: Unknown.	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
03BEF30D7A10FFF2FE93DE94FCC28A16.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: There are two specimens in the SMNHTAU: 1 ♀ labelled “ Palestine / F. S. Bodenheimer ” [printed], “ Papyrus, Nuphar, 5 - 7 - [19] 34 ” [handwritten], “ Callisthenes / eversmanni / Det. G. E. Bryant ” [handwritten / printed] and 1 ♂ “ Hula / Palestine / on Nuphar / VII 1942 / leg. Shulov ” [printed and handwritten], “ locality certainly / erroneous !! Probably / Anatolia leg. Bodenheimer ” [handwritten]) (Fig. 6). There is a suspicion that the specimens were mislabelled, since one of them was admittedly collected on Nuphar, which is a water plant (see also the comment under the Distribution range). However, the mention of papyrus and water-lily may rather refer to the habitat, where the beetles were collected.	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
03BEF30D7A10FFF2FE93DE94FCC28A16.taxon	distribution	Distribution range: Obydov (2002) lists C. ewersmanni as endemic to Turkey. A record of this species in NE Iran (Ghahari et al. 2009) requires confirmation, and its penetration into North Israel seems doubtful at the moment.	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
03BEF30D7A11FFFCFE44DF0FFC6F8A35.taxon	description	(Fig. 7) Dispersal power: Macropterous, flight active. Habitat: Unknown. Phenology: Adults throughout the year in Africa south of Sahara, and in January – March in Egypt (Alfieri 1976).	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
03BEF30D7A11FFFCFE44DF0FFC6F8A35.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Saudi Arabia: 2 ♂ 2 ♀ Riyadh Province, v. 1982, K. O’Brien (CWGP, Wrase det.).	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
03BEF30D7A11FFFCFE44DF0FFC6F8A35.taxon	distribution	Distribution range: From Cape Verde Islands to Central Asia (Mongolia), southwards to South Africa (FeliX 2009; Bruschi 2013; HÄckel 2017), also in Egypt west of Nile (Alfieri 1976; Bruschi 2013). Distribution in southern Levant: Sinai (El-Akkad et al. 1998). Ptashkovsky (2013) mentioned this species in the Upper Galilee, but we are unaware of any specimens of C. imbricatum from Israel, since no material has been found in the SMNHTAU, including the collection of the late Ptashkovsky, which was incorporated in the SMNHTAU. Taxonomic notes: The species has two subspecies in the Palaearctic. The specimen from Djibouti (Fig. 7 A) belongs to the nominate subspecies, which occurs also in Sinai and the Arabian Peninsula and eastwards to Iran. The subspecies C. i. deserticola Semenov, 1897 occurs from the Southern Russian Plain through Kazakhstan (Fig. 7 B) and Turan (Kryzanovskij et al. 1995) and to the northern regions of Iran (Bruschi 2013). Both subspecies differ in the body size, coloration, proportions of the pronotum and elytra, the shape of the eyes, sculpture of the pronotum and elytra, etc. In Pakistan, a hybrid zone between both subspecies seems to occur (cf. Bruschi 2013). The specimens from Saudi Arabia are almost black (as deserticola), but otherwise show the morphological characters of the nominate subspecies.	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
03BEF30D7A1FFFFEFE6EDF6BFD998D5B.taxon	description	(Figs 2 C, 8) Dispersal power: Macropterous, flight active (e. g. Lindroth 1985, 1986; pers. obs.). Habitat: An arboreal species of deciduous, mostly oak-dominated woodlands. In Central Europe and Scandinavia, the adults hunt during daytime and feed on geometrid and tortricid caterpillars (e. g. winter moth Operophthera brumata, oak leaf roller moth Tortrix viridiana). The larvae are ground dwellers (Lindroth 1945, 1985; pers. obs.). In southern Europe, also in evergreen oak woodlands (e. g. Quercus ilex) (cf. Vigna-Taglianti 1993; Pisano & Delunas 1998; pers. obs.). Phenology: In Central, northern and southern Europe reproduction in spring and early summer. Newly hatched beetles appear in autumn, adults hibernate. Beetles can live up to three years (Larsson 1939; Lindroth 1945, 1985).	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
03BEF30D7A1FFFFEFE6EDF6BFD998D5B.taxon	distribution	Distribution range: From Scandinavia to southern Europe and north-western Africa (Morocco), eastwards to Iran (nominate subspecies) and East Siberia and China (C. i. cyanescens (Motschulsky, 1859 )) (Breuning 1927; Bruschi 2013; HÄckel 2017). Not recorded by Bousquet et al. (2003), Buschi (2013) and HÄckel (2017) from most North African countries, Syria and Lebanon, but Breuning (1927) mentions the species also from Algeria and Tunisia. Distribution range in southern Levant: Breuning (1927: 167) summarized records from Lebanon (Beirut and Anti-Lebanon Mountains). The subspecies C. i. viridulum Kraatz, 1877, now regarded as an older synonym of the nominate subspecies (Bruschi 2013), was described from Beirut. The Mt Hermon belongs to the Anti-Lebanon mountain range, and it is possible that the species occurs in Israel (Hermon, Golan Heights, Upper Galilee). The preferred oak-feeding moth species (see Habitat above) also occur in Israel and Lebanon.	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
03BEF30D7A1DFFFBFE6AD9CCFEBC8D32.taxon	description	(Figs 2 B, 3, 9) Dispersal power: Macropterous, flight active (Lindroth 1945). Habitat: Epigeic species of open habitats (arable fields, steppes, batha, wadis in the Mediterranean, dunes) (Lindroth 1985; Bruschi 2013, pers. obs. in Europe and in the Levant). In Israel, from the north (Mt Hermon, Golan Heights, Upper Galilee) to the steppe zone in northern Negev (e. g. Nature Reserve Pura, Ma'agar Yeroham), although the majority of the collected specimens is from the Mediterranean part of the country (pers. obs.; SMNHTAU). A similar climate niche is reported from Morocco, where the species occurs in the Mediterranean climate zone to the semi-arid steppe zone close to Marrakesh (Gourves 1997). In both Morocco and the southern Levant, C. maderae co-occurs with C. olivieri. Phenology: Spring breeder with summer larvae. Adults hibernate and can live up to three years (Larsson 1939; Lindroth 1945, 1985).	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
03BEF30D7A1DFFFBFE6AD9CCFEBC8D32.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (all SMNHTAU, if not stated otherwise): Israel: 1 ♀ ‘ Israel’; Har Hermon: 1 ♂ Har Hermon, 9. vi. 1992, Shney-Dor?; 1 ♂ Har Hermon, 2200 m, 2. vi. 1993, V. Chikatunov; 1 ♀ Har Hermon, 2000 m, 8. vi. 1993, V. Chikatunov; 1 ♀ Har Hermon, Nahal Guveta, 1.5 km W Majdal Shams, 1250 m, 28. iv. 1995, E. Orbach; Hula Valley: 1 ♀ Hula Valley, 17. iii. 1969, M. P. Pener, Y. Ayal; 1 ♂ Dan, 26. iv. 1974, E. Horovitz; 1 ♀ Dan, 30. iv. 1974, E. Horovitz; 1 ♂ Dan, 16. vi. 1974, E. Horovitz; 1 ♂ Dan, cotton field, vi. 1979, E. Tzhori; 1 ♂ Hula Nature Reserve, 9. iv. 1987, G. Muller; 1 ♀ Sede Nehemya [Huliyyot], 28. iii. 1957; 1 ♀ Sede Nehemya, 16. iv. 1960, Z. Shoham; 1 ♂ Sede Nehemya, 23. iv. 1960, Z. Shoham; 2 ♀ Sede Nehemya, 2. ii. 1962, 3. vii. 1962; 1 ♀ Sede Nehemya, 1. vi. 1968, H. Bytinski-Salz, light; 2 ♂ Sede Nehemya, 20. vi. 1968, H. Bytinski-Salz, light; 1 ♂ Sede Nehemya, 20. iv. 1967, Z. Shoham; 2 ♂ 1 ♀ Sede Nehemya, 15. v. 1969, Z. Shoham; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Sede Nehemya, Hawat Ramatayyim, 4. vi. 1969, Z. Shoham, light trap; 3 ♂ Sede Nehemya, 8. vi. 1972, Z. Shoham; Upper Galilee: 1 ♀ Ziv'on, meadow, 23. iv. 2011, Th. Assmann (CAB); Northern Coastal Plain: 1 ♂ Nahsholim, sea coast, 19. v. 2012, A. Orlov; 1 ♂ Kefar Glikson, 29. vii. 1959; 1 ♂ Binyamina, 1. v. 1965, M. Kaufshtein; Central Coastal Plain: 1 ♂ Kefar Vitkin, 18. iii. 1940, A. Shulov; 1 ♀ Shefayyim, 4. iii. 1990, E. Orbach; 1 ♂ Hod haSharon, 14. v. 1993, A. Traub; 1 ♂ Hod haSharon, 1996, A. Traub; 1 ♀ Hod haSharon, 21. iii. 1998, A. Traub; 1 ♂ Tel Aviv, Xii. 1960, Z. Ilan; Southern Coastal Plain: 1 ♀ Giv'at Brenner, 19. vii. 1970, D. Gerling, light trap; 1 ♂ Neta'im, 8. vii. 1972, Ch. Levinson; Judean Foothills: 1 ♂ ' Adullam, 3. iv. 2003, U. Columbus, T. Levanony; Judean Hills: 1 ♂ Yerushalayim [Jerusalem], ii. 1956; 1 ♀ Zur Hadassa, 31. iii. 2001, Y. Mandelik; Northern Negev: 1 ♀ 1 ♂ Pura Nature Reserve, 210 m, 31.472 ° N 34.774 ° E, 1 – 18. iv. 2010, C. Drees, pitfall (1 ♂ in CAB); 1 ♀ Gevulot, vii. 2018, M. Zaytzov-Raz; 1 ♀ Hazerim, 16. v. 1992, E. Orbach; 1 ♂ Be'er Sheva', 7. iv. 2015, A. Orlov; Central Negev: 1 ♀ Ma'agar Yeroham, 450 m, 30.9833 ° N 34.8833 ° E, 8 – 20. v. 2010, C. Drees, pitfall. Observation records: 1 ♀ Golan Heights: Ya'ar Odem, Jubat el-Kabira, 24. iv. 2011, Th. Assmann.	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
03BEF30D7A1DFFFBFE6AD9CCFEBC8D32.taxon	distribution	Distribution range: From Macaronesian Islands, Morocco and Portugal eastwards to India (incl. the Himalayas) and Central Asia, northwards to southern Scandinavia and southwards to the North and East Africa (Austin et al. 2008; Bruschi 2013). Distribution range in southern Levant: Widespread, mostly in regions with the Mediterranean climate: Egypt (El-Akkad et al. 1998; HÄckel 2017), although Alfieri (1976) mentioned that the species was wrongly reported from Egypt; Israel (from Upper Galilee to northern Negev: Bodenheimer 1937; pers. obs., SMNHTAU); Jordan (Bruschi 2013: Zarqa; Madaba: pers. obs.); Lebanon (HÄckel 2017); and Syria (Bruschi 2013). Taxonomic notes: Numerous taxa are now ranked as subspecies or older synonyms of maderae (HÄckel 2017). Particularly, C. m. auropunctatum (Herbst, 1748) has been treated very controversially by numerous authors: as a junior synonym of C. m. maderae (Bruschi 2013; Cavazzuti 2017; HÄckel 2017), as an independent species of its own (Jeannel 1940, 1941 – 1942; Casale et al. 1982; Forel & Leplat 2001; Arndt & Trautner 2006; Coulon et al. 2011), or as a subspecies (Breuning 1927; Lindroth 1985; Maguerre 2016) with some similarities to C. m. dsungaricum Gebler, 1833. Toussaint and Gillett (2018) reveal strong differences of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences between the nominative subspecies and auropunctatum. The scale of variation at the given loci is comparable to some interspecific differences within the genus Calosoma. The molecular clock dates splitting of the two linages (maderae s. str. and auropunctatum) back to a few million years ago. Therefore, a revision (including molecular data) is needed to solve the taxonomic conundrum in this group. Genetic and phenotypic differences between maderae s. str. and auropunctatum prompt a separate discussion of the latter below. HÄckel (2017) lists both C. m. maderae and C. m. dsungaricum from Cyprus and Syria, but only maderae s. str. for Egypt, Israel, Jordan and Lebanon. In fact, beetles from the southern Levant show moderately convex distinctly transversely wrinkled elytral intervals. In maderae s. str., the elytral intervals are nearly completely flattened and wrinkles are indistinct; in auropunctatum, the intervals are flat, but distinctly transversely wrinkled; in dsungaricum, the elytral intervals are strongly convex and distinctly transversely wrinkled (Fig. 7). The beetles from the southern Levant show an intermediate phenotype between auropunctatum or maderae s. str., on one hand, and dsungaricum, on the other hand. Therefore, it is possible that the populations in the southern Levant represent a hybrid zone between two (or more?) subspecies. Bruschi (2013) indicates a contact zone between maderae s. str. and dsungaricum west of the southern Levant and classifies the beetles from the southern Levant as dsungaricum.	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
03BEF30D7A18FFE4FE43D86EFCBD8D6F.taxon	description	(Fig. 10) Dispersal power: Macropterous, active flyer, attracted to light. Habitat: An epigeic species in deserts (wadis with sparse vegetation), semi-arid steppes, dunes, also on arable fields (e. g. Madaba in Jordan) and between greenhouses (e. g. Be'er Milka in Israel).	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
03BEF30D7A18FFE4FE43D86EFCBD8D6F.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: A polyphagous predator, probably with a predilection for caterpillars (unpubl. data), also preys on Schistocerca gregaria (Jeannel 1940). The beetles are usually rare, but may occasionally appear in large numbers, so the general public becomes aware of the beetles, especially when they are attracted by light like it happened in 2019 in Israel (TOI 2019), Lebanon, Syria (Baladi 2019), northwards up to northern Syria and northern Iraq (Reuter pers. obs.). Calosoma olivieri occurs together with C. maderae only in habitats with semi-arid steppe climate. This corresponds to the habitat selection and distribution of both species in Morocco (Gourves 1997). The 2019 outbreak spread over the entire Levant (Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan) and the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen), and lasted from the end of April to June. Swarms of beetles appeared at both day and night. Hundreds to thousands of beetles were flying and running everywhere in Israel, particularly in the south, while in the Arabian Peninsula, the beetles were so numerous, that their bodies covered roads and streets with such a thick black layer that required special cleaning efforts. The beetles did not cause any damage; however, members of general public complained of being attacked by beetles, bitten or “ stinged ”. Wandering beetles entered everywhere, causing panic on agricultural farms, in industrial zones, hospitals etc. Some beetles entered into containers with fresh produce dispatched to Europe, were intercepted by the customs in the European ports of entry and nearly caused cancelation of the Israeli agricultural export. During 2020, i. e. after the outbreak, only a single specimen was collected by A. L. L. Friedman in the Central Negev. Phenology: Adults active from February to June, but mainly in March and April.	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
03BEF30D7A18FFE4FE43D86EFCBD8D6F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Egypt: 1 eX., Sinai, Santa Katarina, 31. v. 1975, H. Bytinski-Salz; 1 ♀ Sinai, Jebel Ahmar, 3 km S St Katherine, 23. iii. 1975, B. Ben-Ya'aqov (SMNHTAU); 1 ♂ Cairo Governorate, El Maadi, 19. iv. 1994, W. Ullrich (CWGP, Heinz / Wrase det.). Iraq: 1 ♂ Al Anbar Governorate, Western Desert, Wádí al Hazimi, 4 – 7. iv. 1979, J. Macek (CWGP, Heinz det.). Israel: Har Hermon: 2 ♂ 1 ♀ Majdal Shams, 18. v. 2001, V. Kravchenko, light trap; 5 ♀ Majdal Shams, 20. v. 2001, V. Kravchenko, light trap; Golan Heights: 3 ♂ Merom Golan, 12. vi. 2000, V. Chikatunov; Upper Galilee: 1 ♂ Har Kefir [Mt Kfir], 950 m, 7. v. 1998, E. Orbach; 1 ♀ Birya, 11. iii. 2009, E. Rotholz; Lower Galilee: 1 ♀ Kefar haHoresh, 8. iv. 1987, Y. Dorchin; 2 ♀ Kokhav haYarden, 27. iii. 2001, V. Chikatunov; Carmel Ridge: 1 ♂ Har Carmel, Haifa, Ahuza, 5. v. 1998, E. Orbach; Northern Coastal Plain: 1 ♂ Qiryat Hayyim, 27. vii. 2001, Y. Ptashkovsky, light, 1 ♂ 16. vii. 2002, Y. Ptashkovsky, light; 1 ♂ 3 ♀ Ma'agan Mikha'el, 4. v. 1998, A. Freidberg; Hula Valley: 1 ♀ Dan, cotton field, vi. 1979, E. Tzhori; 6 ♂ 5 ♀ Kefar Szold, 5. v. 1998, R. Ortal; 1 ♀ Ne'ot Mordekhay, 16. vii. 1973, D. Furth, 1 ♀ 6. viii. 1973, A. Schwartz; 1 ♀ Sede Nehemya, 19. ii. 1963, Z. Shoham; 1 ♂ Sede Nehemya, 14. iii. 1963, Z. Shoham; 1 ♀ Sede Nehemya, 30. v. 1964, Z. Shoham; 1 ♂ Sede Nehemya, 5. vi. 1969, Z. Shoham; Central Coastal Plain: 1 ♀ Netanya, South, Hof haSharon, 13. iv. 2015, A. Orlov; 1 ♂ Apolonia, between coastal rocks, during strong storm, 15. iv. 1957; 1 ♀ Bet Berl, 20. i. 1967, M. Tzaba’; 2 ♂ 1 ♀ Hod haSharon, 5. v. 1998, A. Traub, 1 ♂ 6. v. 1998, A. Traub, 1 ♀ X. 1991, A. Traub; 1 ♂ Tel Aviv, 3. v. 1971, H. Bytinski-Salz; 2 ♂ 3 ♀ Tel Aviv, Ramat Aviv, 5. v. 1998, Y. Orion; Judean Hills: 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Zur Hadassa, 28. iv. 2001, V. Kravchenko, light trap; 1 ♂ Yerushalayim [Jerusalem], 29. i. 1956, 1 ♀ 15.?. 1956; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Yerushalayim, center, 23. iv. 2007, A. Orlov, night, under halogen lamp; 1 ♀ Yerushalayim, Gilo, 23. iv. 2005, A. Orlov, soil trap, 1 ♂ 30. iv. 2014, A. Orlov, evening, under street lamp; Dead Sea Area: 1 ♂ ' Enot Zuqim, 30. iii. 1987, G. Muller; 1 ♀ Nahal Qumeran, 22. iii. 1993, V. Chikatunov; 2 ♂ ' En Gedi, 28. ii. 2003, V. Kravchenko, V. Chikatunov, light trap; 1 ♂ ' En Boqeq, 4. ii. 1981, A. Freidberg; 1 ♂ Be'er Mash'abim [Bir Asluj], 19. ii. 1971, Y. Yefenof; 1 ♂ Judean Desert, 6. iii. 1972, Y. Yefenov; Judean Desert: 1 ♂ Judean Desert, 25. v. 2002, V. Kravchenko; 1 ♂ Nahal Perat [Wadi Kelt], 23. iv. 2003, V. Kravchenko, V. Chikatunov, light trap; 1 eX., Nahal Perat [Wadi Kelt], St. George Monastery, 29. iii. 2012, Th. Assmann (CAB); 1 ♀ Mar Saba, 23. iv. 2003, V. Kravchenko, V. Chikatunov, light trap; Northern Negev: 1 ♂ Lahav, 14. v. 1964, Kamon; 2 ♂ Hazerim, iv. 1988, E. Orbach; 1 ♂ Hazerim, 20. iii. 1988, E. Orbach; Central Negev: 1 ♂ Ma'agar Yeroham, 1. iv. 2014, L. Friedman; 1 ♂ Retamim, 5. vi. 2003, 23. iv. 2003, V. Kravchenko, V. Chikatunov, light trap; 1 ♀ ' En Zin, 27. ii. 2001, V. Chikatunov; 1 ♀ Sede Boqer, 14. iv. 2003, R. Hoffman; 1 ♀ Sede Boqer, 13. v. 2006, I. Shtirberg; 1 ♂ Nahal Nafha; 1 ♂ Nahal Nafha [Wadi Nafh], 1. iv. 1945, J. Wahrman; 1 ♀ Nahal Zin [Wadi Abyad], 24. iii. 1952, J. Wahrman; 1 ♀ Borot Loz, 930 m, 23. ii. 2020, L. Friedman; ' Ezuz, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 5. vi. 2003, 23. iv. 2003, V. Kravchenko, V. Chikatunov, light trap, 1 ♀ 15. iii. 2007, V. Kravchenko, light trap, 1 ♂ 23. iii. 2007, V. Kravchenko, light trap; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Upper Nahal Nizzana, 1. iv. 1997, B. Krasnov; 1 ♀ Mizpe Ramon, 21. iii. 2001, R. Hoffman; 1 ♂ Makhtesh Ramon [Machtesh Rimon], 18. iv. 1968, D. Gerling; Southern Negev: 1 ♂ Nahal ' Amram, 23. iv. 1962, J. Wahrman; 1 ♀ Elat, 23. v. 1962, J. Wahrman; 1 ♀ Elat, 13. iv. 1998, L. Fishelsohn; Arava Valley: 2 ♀ ' Iddan, “ Voice of America ” fields, 14. iv. 1999, V. Kravchenko, I. Yarom, light trap; 1 ♂ Hazeva, 9. iii. 1979, D. Furth; 1 ♀ Hazeva, 13. iv. 1998, V. Kravchenko; 1 ♂ Hazeva Field School, 9. v. 1998, E. Ashkenazi, Malaise trap; 1 ♀ Hazeva Nature Reserve, wadi, - 170 m, 9 – 23. iv. 2010, C. Drees; 1 ♀ Shezaf Nature Reserve, 14. iv. 1999, v. Kravchenko, I. Yarom, light trap; 1 ♀ Shezaf Nature Reserve, 26. i. 2001, V. Kravchenko, light trap; 1 ♂ Be'er Menuha [Bir Maliha], 20. iii. 1953, J. Wahrman; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Gerofit, 7. i. 2004, D. Utchitel, V. Chikatunov; 1 ♀ Gerofit, 11. i. 2004, E. Topel, V. Chikatunov; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Gerofit, 24. iii. 2007, V. Kravchenko, light trap; 1 ♂ ' En Yotvata [Ein Radian], 24. iv. 1957, L. Fishelsohn; 1 ♀ ' En Yotvata, 20. iii. 2001, V. Kravchenko, I. Yarom, light trap; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ' En Yotvata, 17. iv. 2004, U. Shanas, V. Chikatunov; 1 ♀ Elifaz, iii – vi. 2003, E. Topel, V. Chikatunov; 2 ♂ Timna', 3. iv. 1997, V. Chikatunov; 1 ♀ Be'er Ora [Ora], 3. iv. 1997, V. Chikatunov (all SMNHTAU). Syria: 1 ♀ Homs Governorate, Palmyra, fields of ruins, 24. iv. 1996, L. Behne (CWGP, Wrase det.). Observation data: Israel: Numerous specimens were seen by Th. Assmann, mainly in the Eastern Northern Negev Sand Dunes: Ya'ar Ramat Beqa', 17. iii. 2013, iii. 2018, Shunera Sands, 19. iii. 2013, Shivta, iii. 2018, Be'er Milka, iii. 2018, ' Agur Sand, iii. 2018, and in the Central Negev: Sede Boqer, iii. 2018, Mizpe Ramon, iii. 2018. Jordan: Al-Azraq-Lodge, 12. iii. 2013, Th. Assmann (CAB); Wadi Rum, Touristique Village, 14. iii. 2013, Th. Assmann. Records during the outbreak in 2019: Israel: Har Hermon: 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Har Hermon, Geva'ot haQerav, 2070 m, 1. v. 2019, T. Marcus; 2 ♂ Har Hermon, 1600 m, 14. iv. 2019, G. Sinaiko; Hula Valley: 1 ♂ Ha- Gosherim, Rt. 99, Nahal Senir, 14. iv. 2019, G. Sinaiko; Upper Galilee: 4 ♂ 4 ♀ Karmi'el, 29. v. 2019, U. Shalom; 1 ♂ 2 ♀ Mahanayim, gas station, 1. v. 2019, T. Marcus; Northern Coastal Plain: 6 ♂ 7 ♀ Baqa el Gharbiya, 29. iv. 2019, U. Shalom; Samaria: 1 ♂ Qedumim, 30. iv. 2019, L. Friedman; Jordan Valley: 6 ♂ 4 ♀ Gadot, 29. iv. 19, R. Shafir; Central Coastal Plain: 2 ♂ Netanya, 15. v. 2019, O. T. Netanel; 1 ♀ Giv'atayim, 29. iv. 2019, E. Morgulis; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Bat Yam, 29. iv. 2019, A. Weinstein; Judean Hills: 2 ♂ 4 ♀ Bet Shemesh, 28. iv. 2019, U. Shalom; 8 ♂ 8 ♀ Yerushalayim [Jerusalem], Mahane Yehuda Market, Bet Alliance, 29. iv. 2019, T. Marcus; Dead Sea Area: 1 ♀ ' En Gedi, 1. v. 2019, D. David; Northern Negev: 3 ♂ 2 ♀ Ne'ot Hovav, 29. iv. 2019, I. Ornan. Jordan: 1 ♂ Tutun, 12. ii. 1999, I. Yarom, light; 1 ♂ Southern ' Arava Valley, 25. ii. 2004, U. Shanas, V. Chikatunov (SMNHTAU); American University Madaba, iii. 2013, Th. Assmann (CAB); Madaba Governorate, Madaba, American University env. S Madaba, ca 780 m, 31 ° 39.056 ' N 35 ° 47.664 ' E (field edges / perennial ruderal herbs / under stones / plants), 19. iii. 2016, Wrase, Laser [01] (2 ♂ 1 ♀ CWGP, Wrase / HÄckel det.); same data, but 31. iii. 2016 (1 ♂ CWGP, Wrase det.; 1 ex. Th. Assmann, CAB).	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
03BEF30D7A18FFE4FE43D86EFCBD8D6F.taxon	distribution	Distribution range: From Azores and Cape Verde Islands to Pakistan, southwards to Mauretania and Oman, northwards to south-eastern Spain and Sicily (Bruschi 2013). The records from Sicily probably reflect immigration events from populations of the desert belt in the south. Distribution range in southern Levant: Egypt (incl. Sinai), Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria (Chikatunov et al. 2006; Bruschi 2013; HÄckel 2017; Nasir & Katbeh-Bader 2017). In Israel, the species occurs throughout the country, from Mt Hermon to Elat, but more common in the southern, eremic part of Israel (Judean Desert, Dead Sea Area, the Arava Valley and the Negev Desert). It is unclear if records from northern Israel represent reproduction habitats or migrants from the south. Taxonomic notes: Beetles from our material from Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Syria and Iraq are almost black, with only small foveae on the elytra having mostly a metallic hue (chiefly blue or green). Beetles from the Arabian Peninsula may also have a general metallic hue on the elytra (see Felix 2009: fig. 11).	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
03BEF30D7A07FFE6FE71D88DFD688D62.taxon	description	(Fig. 11) Dispersal power: Macropterous, flight active (Lindroth 1985, 1986). In Israel known from light trapping at middle altitudes of Mt Hermon. Habitat and natural history: Both larvae and adults are arboreal in deciduous and coniferous woodlands, abundant especially during caterpillar outbreaks (Burgess & Collins 1917; Trautner 2017). In Israel, the species prefers stands with oak species (especially Quercus libani, Q. cerris and Q. boisieri). In Jordan, the two known specimens came from an oak forest close to Jarash (Nasir & Katbeh-Bader 2017), where Quercus calliprinos occurs. Basic life history and ecology aspects of C. sycophanta, including a life span up to 4 years, are described by Burgess (1911 a, b), Burgess & Collins (1915, 1917) and Nolte (1938). The species is favoured by outbreaks of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) and makes a substantial impact on gypsy moth population density, at least in North America (Bess 1961; Campbell 1975; Weseloh 1985 a, b, 1988, 1990). In Turkey, C. sycophanta beetles feed on numerous moth species, including pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa), and may regulate outbreaks of moth species (Kanat & Mol 2008, and references therein) and are used as biocontrol agents (Kanat & Özbolat 2006).	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
03BEF30D7A07FFE6FE71D88DFD688D62.taxon	materials_examined	Phenology: In Europe and North America, a spring and early summer breeder with larvae during late spring and summer, adults hibernate (Burgess 1911 a; Lindroth 1985, 1986). In Israel, observed and collected from April to June, mainly in May. Material examined: Syria or Lebanon: 1 ♂ ‘ Syria, Reitter’. Israel: 1 ♂ ‘ Palaestina’, Reitter; Har Hermon: Har Hermon: 1 ♀ 2200 m, 2. vi. 1993, V. Chikatunov, 1 eX. (elytra), 2100 m, 17. v. 2009, L. Friedman; Har Hermon, 2000 m: 1 ♂ 10. vi. 1977, Y. Hadar, 1 ♀ 10. vi. 1992, R. Kasher, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 25. v. 1996, R. Hoffman, 1 ♀ 12. vi. 1996, A. Freidberg, 1 ♂ 15. v. 2001, D. Simon; Har Hermon: 1 ♀ 1800 m, 12. vi. 2003, L. Friedman, 1 ♀ 1600 m, 17. v. 2001, R. Hoffman, 1 ♂ 1500 m, 21. v. 1992, R. Kasher, 1 ♂ 1500 m, 30. v. 1992, E. Oren; 1 ♀ Majdal Shams, 18. v. 2001, V. Kravchenko; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ‘ Syrien, Kaifa’ [N Israel, probably Galilee], Reitter (all SMNHTAU); Carmel Ridge: Haifa, Mt Carmel, 11. vi. 2012, B. Orbach (COQ).	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
03BEF30D7A07FFE6FE71D88DFD688D62.taxon	distribution	Distribution range: From Mauretania to Central Asia, northwards to Central Europe (Germany, Poland; records from Scandinavia and Britain are interpreted as accidental visitors; Lindroth 1974, 1985, 1986; Luff 2007), southwards to North Africa (Mediterranean climate zone) (Bruschi 2013; HÄckel 2017). West Siberia is considered a recent range expansion (Stolbov et al. 2018). As an antagonist of Lymantria dispar (Burgess 1911 a), the beetle has been successfully introduced to North America, where its distribution range is still expanding (Schaefer et al. 1999). Distribution range in southern Levant: Egypt (after HÄckel 2017, but no records given by Alfieri (1976) and Abdel-Dayem (2004 )), Jordan (Nasir & Katbeh-Bader 2017), Israel (only known from Carmel Mountains and Mt Hermon; Ptashkovsky (2013) also reports this species but there are no records in his collection), Syria (Bruschi 2013). Conservation: In Central Europe, the species is threatened and its population is significantly waning (Luka et al. 2009; Schmidt et al. 2016). A similar decline has also been observed at least in the south-western part of the distribution range (pers. obs. in Spain and Italy). A strong sensitivity of beetles towards some pesticides may be the reason for the population drops (cf. Görn 2019).	en	Assmann, Thorsten, Boutaud, Estève, Buse, Jörn, Drees, Claudia, Friedman, Ariel-Leib-Leonid, Hetzel, Andreas, Orbach, Eylon, Renan, Ittai, Reuter, Christoph, Wrase, David W. (2020): The Caterpillar Hunter Beetles Calosoma Weber (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the southern Levant. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (2): 133-158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4535847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4696977
