identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BC87B5776CB659F7BEFE0EEF1AFB77.text	03BC87B5776CB659F7BEFE0EEF1AFB77.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carodnia Simpson 1935	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  CARODNIA Simpson, 1935</p>
            <p> Synonymy.  Ctalecarodnia Simpson, 1935a: 22 , figure 22. </p>
            <p> Type species.  Carodnia feruglioi Simpson, 1935 Emended diagnosis (after Simpson, 1935a; Paula Couto, 1952; Vera et al., 2020). Carodniid xenungulates with pentadactyl, short and slender limbs, alternated carpal bones, and broad and flat ungual phalanges. Cervical vertebrae short. Complete brachyodont dentition, an anterior extension of the masseteric fossa onto the body of the dentary below the m3, partially hidden in lateral view, by the mandibular ramus. P1–2/1–2 with a main mesial cusp and labiolingually compressed. P3–4 with V-shaped protocone and strong meso-external paracone. M1–2 bilophodont, M3 with well-developed protoloph. No diastema between c–p1–2. The p4 molariform with low and short crested talonid with hypolophid. Trigonid of m1–2 short, formed by a high protolophid and short paracristid, metacristid if present, close to the mesial side of the protolophid; precingulid in m1–2; no paraconid; and labial cingulid on the talonid of m3. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC87B5776CB659F7BEFE0EEF1AFB77	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gelfo, Javier N.;López, Guillermo M.;Bond, Mariano	Gelfo, Javier N., López, Guillermo M., Bond, Mariano (2024): New insights on the anatomy, paleobiology, and biostratigraphy of Xenungulata (Mammalia) from the Paleogene of South America. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 30) 27 (2): 1-34, DOI: 10.26879/1360, URL: https://doi.org/10.26879/1360
03BC87B5776CB656F7B7FB03EE3BFA8C.text	03BC87B5776CB656F7B7FB03EE3BFA8C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carodnia feruglioi Simpson 1935	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Carodnia feruglioi Simpson, 1935</p>
            <p> Synonymy.  Ctalecarodnia cabrerai Simpson, 1935a: 24 , figure 22.  Carodnia cabrerai Paula Couto, 1952: 371 . </p>
            <p>Holotype. MGP-PD 29046, mandible fragment with left m3.</p>
            <p> Hypodigm. MGP-PD 29030a-c type of  Ctalecarodnia cabrerai : MGP-PD 29030a, left p4;  MPEF-PV 1872, right dentary with m2–3 ;  MPEF-PV 1873, left dentary with p4 and part of m1 ;  MPEF-PV 1874, left dentary with m3 ;  MGP-PD 29030 b, left m2? With broken trigonid, and MGP-PD 29030c, right m2? with broken trigonid ;  MGP-PD 29030 d, a fragment of a cusp ;  MGP-PD 29030 e, trigonid fragment of a left m1 ?;  MGP-PD 29033 a, left i3 ?;  MGP-PD 29033 b, mesial lobe of a left M2 ?;  MGP-PD 29047, isolated right I3 ;  MLP-PV 34 -V-22-8: right m3, left and right p2–3 ;   MLP-PV 34 -V-22-9, right p4 (originally assigned to  Ctalecarodnia cabrerai )  ;  UNPSJB-PV 680, a fragment of mandible with left canine and roots of p2–3 ;  UNPSJB-PV 680-1, a fragment of mandible with right m1 ;  UNPSJB-PV 680-2, a fragment of the left mandible with anterior root of m3 ;  UNPSJB-PV 680-3, anterior root of a right m2 . </p>
            <p> Remarks. We refer here to  Carodnia feruglioi a left dentary with p4 and the mesial part of trigonid of the m1 (MPEF-PV 1873), a left dentary with m3 (MPEF-PV 1874,), and a right dentary with m2–3 (MPEF-PV 1872). These specimens were previously described as  Carodnia cf.  C. feruglioi and are probably of the same individual (Gelfo et al., 2008). They were found by Nestor Ronconi in levels of the Peñas Coloradas Formation, between Puerto Visser and Bahía Bustamante (45°17’19” S, 67°01’29” W) in Chubut province, Argentina. The main difference with materials previously assigned as  C. feruglioi is the presence of a postcingulid, which projects from the distolabial side of the hypoconid to the labial cingulid, surrounding the hypoconulid. This feature was also present in the m3 of  C. vieirai as mentioned by Paula Couto (1952) and wrongly mentioned as absent in Gelfo et al. (2008) but missing in  C. feruglioi and apparently in  C. inexpectans (see Antoine et al., 2015: figure 2). Since there are no wear facets present on the distal wall of the talonid in the m3, it can be inferred that there is no functional contact between the distal part of the M3 and the postcingulid of the m3 during the occlusion process. In most mammals, distal wear facets in the m3 are typically confined to the mesial part of the hypoconulid, the postcristid, and the hypocristid, rather than in the postcingulid of the m3 if it is present. Consequently, it is conceivable that the distal wall of the talonid in the m3 remains relatively unaffected by selective pressures associated with chewing, allowing for the passive accumulation of a certain degree of morphological variation, such as the presence or absence of the postcingulid. Based on these dental observations and the overall similitude observed among the three specimens (i.e., MPEF-PV 1872, 1873, 1874) and the holotype of  C. feruglioi , we have confidently attributed them to this species. </p>
            <p> The lot MLP-PV 34-V-22-8 belonging to a right m3 left and right p2–3, and MLP-PV 34-V-22-9 right p4 were first described by Cabrera (1935) but interpreting the p3 as P3, and the p4 as  Ctalecarodnia cabrerai . Simpson (1967) partially illustrated these specimens correctly, and they were also discussed by Vera et al. (2020). However, the latter discussion was based on incomplete casts and several details of these specimens need to be highlighted considering their possible homologies. The main axis of the p2 runs mesiodistal with the protoconid as the main cusp with two main wear facets prcd-h and prcd-b (Figure 3 A-C, G-I). The paracristid projects from it and bifurcates mesially in a strong precingulid which extends in a short portion labially and lingually. A strong distal cristid descends from the protoconid, up to a bifurcation which makes an inverted “Y” in the occlusal view (Figure 3C, I). There is a small bulge or thickening of the distal cristid at the bifurcation point. The short lingual portion of the cristid contacts an entoconid sensu Cabrera (1935). The more labial cristid, here interpreted as cristid obliqua, descends and reaches a high, but not too strong hypoconid at an angle of approximately 90° in labial view (Figure 3C). A postcingulid descends from the hypoconid to the lingual and labial sides. The hypoconulid is a small elevation with a strong wear facet (hd-mb) over the lingual postcingulid, with a soft facet pocgd-ml (Figure 3A, C, I). The p2 structure is comparatively more complex than the p2 of  C. vieirai , where no cusp or cristid was identified by Paula Couto (1952) who just did a topographical description. In the p2 of  C. vieirai , the protoconid is higher and more transversally compressed, the precingulid is less developed, the distal crest bifurcates in a short distolingual cristid with no entoconid associated, and a more distolabial cristid. </p>
            <p>The p3 of MLP-PV 34-V-22-8 is more molarized with the protoconid as the main cusp but associated labially with a strong and a bit lower metaconid (Figure 3 D-F, J-L). The paracristid could be interpreted as in p2 but there is an incipient paraconid? interrupting their continuity and from it, a mesial cristid contacts the precingulid (Figure 3F). Two small basins are delimited distally to the precingulid, the lingual one, which is also mesial to the base of the metaconid, is larger than the labial one. The mesial wear facets are well developed on the labial side (pacd-mb, prcgd-b, prcd-b, prcd-db) (Figure 3L). The talonid is also better defined than in p2, with a short cristid obliqua, and a large hypoconid, which in both teeth shows a clear hd-mb wear facet. A distal and straight cristid also descends from the protoconid lingually, ending in a small entoconid. The talonid basin is larger than the p2 delimited distally by a transverse postcingulid, which lingually seems to end in a small hypoconulid. This last cusp is close to the entoconid but separated from it by a short lingual opening of the talonid basin.</p>
            <p> In contrast to the similar size of p2 and p 3 in  Carodnia feruglioi and the features mentioned above, the p3 of  C. vieirai is smaller than their p2 and differs in the absence of the metaconid and paraconid; also, the lingual distal cristid, is lees projected distally so the talonid basin present a wider lingual opening. Particularly, Paula Couto (1952) mentioned a variable present posterointernal cusp and a hypoconid, united by a smooth ridge. </p>
            <p> The p4 (MLP-PV 34-V-22-9) was initially attributed to  Ctalecarodnia cabrerai by Cabrera (1935), and it was comprehensively described by him and Vera et al. (2020). Hence, this discussion will focus on providing a few additional comments regarding its homologies. The cristid extending mesially from the metaconid, which does not contact the precingulid, as noted by Cabrera (1935), is here interpreted as the metacristid (Figure 3 M-O) as those identified by Vera et al. (2020) in the p4 of MGP-PD 29030a. The protoconid and metaconid are well identified in the protolophid, which is the highest structure of the tooth. The hypolophid is low, transverse, and well differentiated from the postcingulid. The resemblance of this p4, as well as others assigned to  C. feruglioi (see Vera et al., 2020) with the p4 of  C. vieirai is stronger than those between p2–3. The primary distinctions lie in the labial extension of both the postcingulid and precingulid within the Itaboraian taxon. However, the degree of molarization is nearly identical in both species. </p>
            <p> The m3 cusps identification for MLP-PV 34-V-22-8 mostly agrees here with those features referred to by Vera et al. (2020) for the holotype MGP-PD 29046. But, in contrast, the conulid placed mesiolingually to the hypoconid is here identified as plagioconulid (Figure 3 P-R). In  Carodnia feruglioi this cusp is not easily identified even in specimens with scarce wear, since the hypoconid developed a lingual wear facet (hd-l) very quickly. In these specimens, the plagioconulid was probably rapidly erased by wear and integrated into a single wear facet with the hypoconid. Despite this, the presence of plagioconulid seems to be an important derived feature in the m3 of  C. feruglioi . </p>
            <p>Assigned materials. MPEF-PV 564 right dentary with the trigonid of the m2; MPEF-PV 8165 right dentary with part of the canine, and premolars and molars alveoli.</p>
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                 Geographic and stratigraphic provenance.   Both specimens come from the Peñas Coloradas Formation, Rio Chico Group sensu Raigemborn et al. (2010), in Chubut province. MPEF-PV 564 was found by F.J. Goin in the outcrops located 5 km south of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.2953/lat -45.55783)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.2953&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-45.55783">El Gauchito</a>
                 farm (45º13’53.8” S, 67º09’01.9” W). MPEF-PV 8165 was found by one of the authors (JNG) at Bajo Palangana, in a level of red sands partially covered by a fraction of whitish gray conglomerate sands, with a significant degree of weathering at 45º33’28.2” S, 67º17’43.1” W (Figures S1–S 2 in Appendix 1)  . 
            </p>
            <p> Description and comparisons. MPEF-PV 8165 is a fragmentary right jaw more robust than MPEF-PV 564 (Table 1). It was found in several associated pieces that fit together, plus a more posterior portion with remains of the coronoid crest and distal edge of the m3 alveolus (reconstructed in Figure 4 A-C). The rest of the jaw is preserved in two parts, conserved the base of the canine and roots of p1–m2. The canine is transversely fractured practically at the height of the tooth’s neck (Figure 4A, C). The preserved section is rounded (19.24 mm x 17 mm), and three layers of dentine can be observed (Figure 5). While this resembles the different layers of dentin such as hard orthodentine, orthodentine, osteodentine, and vasodentine identified in Xenarthra (Kalthoff, 2011), a microstructural analysis would be necessary to further deepen these types of comparisons. The innermost layer, no more than 0.6 mm wide, surrounds a wide pulp cavity (3.50 mm in diameter) and is only differentiated from the middle layer by its more yellowish coloration. The middle layer is the most homogeneous, compact, and wide (4.56 mm) and is easily differentiated from the outermost portion of dentine by what appears to be a line of fragility. The outermost part does not exceed 1.76 mm in thickness and is well differentiated from the middle layer, and in it, a structure of concentric rings is observed towards the outermost portion. There is practically no preserved enamel, except for a thin layer on some of its edges. Strong vertical striations are observed in the outer part, which also shapes the bony contour of the alveolus. In the canine of  Carodnia vieirai , the enamel is thin and corrugated, so, likely, the dentine crenulations observed in this specimen (MPEF-PV 8165) had a similar layer of enamel, which is not preserved. While the direct observation of specimen UNPSJB-PV 680 has failed to verify the presence of the finely grooved enamel layer described for its canine (Vera et al., 2020), it is still probable that this layer was present as observed in  C. vieirai . Therefore, the observed grooves in UNPSJB-PV 680 are more likely to be associated with the outer layer of dentine, as reported in the present jaw. </p>
            <p> Posterior to the canine there are seven alveoli in the first portion of the dentary, interpreted here as those of p1 (with a single root), and p2–4, (each of two roots). Our loci interpretation as p1–4, rests in what is observed in  Carodnia vieirai , where p1 is small and single-rooted, (Figure 4C). In the occlusal view, the inter-alveolar space between mesial and distal roots of the same premolar is mesiodistally longer than between the alveoli of successive teeth. The labial face of the premolar series is broken. </p>
            <p> The preserved portion of the symphysis is large and robust. The upper surface is labiolingually concave and the lower flat. A small foramen opens mesially, like in  Carodnia vieirai (DGM 333- M, see Paula Couto, 1952). The more mesial part is missing, and it extends backward distal to the p3 locus. Paula Couto (1952) described for  Carodnia vieirai a similar symphysis but in contrast, extended up to the posterior border of p 4 in the type specimen DGM 333-M. We could not directly check this specimen, but in another jaw assigned by him to  C. vieirai (cast AMNH 49848 of DGM 334-M) the symphysis extends to the distal part of p3 as in MPEF-PV 8165 (see also Paula Couto, 1952: plate 37: 1). This last criterion seems to have been followed by (Muizon et al., 2015) when they coded this character for  Carodnia in their matrix. Three oval mental foramina are present below the position of the distal root of p2, p4, and m1 as described for MPEF-PV 564. A rounded fourth smaller foramen is present between the canine and p1, likely corresponding to the one described for  C. vieirai beneath the p1 (Paula Couto, 1952). Another similarly rounded foramen is present in the ventral side of the symphysis (see Figure S3 and 3D image available at http://morphobank.org/permalink/?P5193). A small mental foramen was previously mentioned by Paula Couto (1952) for  C. vieirai , but positioned on the posterior part of the lower border of the symphysis, beneath the canine, rather than medially as observed in MPEF-PV 8165. Towards the distal portion of the MPEF-PV 8165 dentary, two additional smaller foramina are situated beneath the positions of the m2 roots (Figure 4A). The first is almost vertically aligned with the mental foramina, while the second is located below it but more anteriorly. </p>
            <p>The posterior portion of the dentary is fractured distally to the m2, leaving only the ventral edge of the jaw visible at the m3 locus. In this cross-section of the jaw, a relatively large mandibular canal is present at the base. However, at the level of m1, the diameter of the canal is smaller, and in a more central position. The mandibular canal cannot be followed to the back of the jaw since it is broken. The last dentary segment, which bears the distal alveolus of the m3, does not have direct contact with the anterior part.</p>
            <p> MPEF-PV 564 represents a fragmentary right jaw, retaining solely the trigonid of m2 and a fragment of the mesial root of m3 (Figure 4 D-F). The jaw is broken anterior to the p3, preserving only a severely damaged distal portion of the symphysis. Moving distally along the dentary, a small segment of the coronoid crest is visible on the labial side. Unlike  Carodnia vieirai (DGM-333 and DGM-334) and  Carodnia inexpectans (Antoine et al., 2015) , the extensive damage in the distal part of the jaw hinders the possibility of identifying the anterior foramen of the coronoid canal. In contrast to the alveoli surfaces of the distal root of m2 and m3, those of p3–m1 are broken and eroded, not preserving the real upper margin of the bone. The dentary is robust, with a convex ventral profile below the m2–3 and a straight one mesially. At the m1 position, a small portion of the ventral margin of the dentary is missing. Three mental foramina occur in the mandible, each one located, respectively, below the position of the distal root of p2, the p4 as in  Carodnia vieirai (Paula Couto, 1952) , and another one under the m1. The mesial fragment of the m2 preserves the trigonid with a clear transverse protolophid with a wear facet that runs through the length of the lophid and slopes distally. Despite the protoconid and the metaconid being almost integrated into the protolophid, they still retain a rounded external surface, making them easily identified in occlusal view. The mesial part of the trigonid is short and there is no trace of paraconid. A blunt paracristid descends abruptly from the mesial border of the protoconid to the base of the tooth and then runs lingually. A precingulid runs from the lingual side mesial to the protoconid base, up to the metaconid but not reaching the labial margin. The precingulid is undulated, thinner and lower on the lingual side, and thicker and higher near the metaconid. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC87B5776CB656F7B7FB03EE3BFA8C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gelfo, Javier N.;López, Guillermo M.;Bond, Mariano	Gelfo, Javier N., López, Guillermo M., Bond, Mariano (2024): New insights on the anatomy, paleobiology, and biostratigraphy of Xenungulata (Mammalia) from the Paleogene of South America. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 30) 27 (2): 1-34, DOI: 10.26879/1360, URL: https://doi.org/10.26879/1360
03BC87B57763B651F7F8FAC6EB0CFED1.text	03BC87B57763B651F7F8FAC6EB0CFED1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carodnia karuen Gelfo & López & Bond 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Carodnia karuen sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Figure 6 A-D zoobank.org/ 2705DBC8-B740-4FAD-9859-76DD6357CC5A</p>
            <p> Holotype. MLP-PV 90 -II-12-121: right jaw fragment somewhat weathered, with m1 nearly complete and p4 with the basal portion and roots partially preserved.</p>
            <p> Etymology. The species name  karuen means “old” or “ancient” in the extinct language of the Aónikenk people, who inhabited Patagonia before the formation of the nation-states of Chile and Argentina. </p>
            <p>Geographic and stratigraphic provenance. Lower fossil level at Cerro Redondo, east of the Chubut province, Argentina (see Simpson, 1935a). Río Chico Group, Peñas Coloradas Formation, lower Paleocene sensu Clyde et al. (2014). Found</p>
            <p> GELFO, LÓPEZ, &amp; BOND: SOUTH AMERICAN  XENUNGULATA by J.L. Prado in a Museo de La Plata field trip directed by Rosendo Pascual in 1991. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Medium-size xenungulate, smaller than  Carodnia vieirai and larger than  Etayoa bacatensis , and somewhat larger than  C. feruglioi . Protolophid of m1 with a strong metaconid and a bit smaller protoconid. Trigonid basin not open lingually but is enclosed by large and well-defined paracristid and metacristid, which are closely pressed against the mesial side of the protolophid in the m1. Precingulid strong and forms a conspicuous shelf as in  C. inexpectans but differs from it for being higher and better developed on the lingual side. Hypolophid lower than protolophid, with a strong hypoconid and entoconid. Unlike all other  Carodnia species , in which the cristid obliqua is absent in the first molar,  C. karuen has a short cristid obliqua extending from the hypoconid up to the base of the distal wall of the trigonid, closer to the lingual side of the protoconid. Also differs from  Carodnia feruglioi and  C. vieirai for a short entocristid similar to those present in the m3 of  C. inexpectans but differing from it in being higher, and almost at the same height as the hypolophid. Broad talonid basin, open lingually. </p>
            <p> Description and comparisons. The mesiodistal length of m1 measures 18.21 mm, while the labiolingual dimension is 13.49 mm. The jaw presents two loci preserved, the mesial one with the roots of and part of the enamel of the tooth at the neck is here interpreted as a p4 (Figure 6). The distal one is an m1 with a nearly complete crown structure. The loci assignation rests in the preserved structure of this last tooth, which matches with those present in m1–2 of all  Carodnia species. In addition, the roots of the preceding tooth here interpreted as a p4, preserve a distolingual enamel portion of the taloned, which is below the level of the precingulid of the succeeding tooth. This suggests that the more mesial dental piece erupted after the distal one, which agrees with the interpretation of a p4 and m1 for these teeth, following the usual order of eruption in most placental mammals. The lower portion of the jaw is broken, the ramus is robust, high, and at least three times the height of the m1 crown. The lingual side of the dentary is convex, and the labial side is something concave. In contrast to the known jaws of  C. feruglioi (UNPSJB-PV 680-1, MPEF-PV 564, and MPEF-PV 8165) there is no foramen in the labial side of the dentary below the mesial root of m1. The p4 is only preserved by a distolingual portion of enamel against the mesial root of the m1, a short piece of dentine at the talonid, and the mesial and distal roots. The roots are mesiodistally compressed and broken on the labial side. The mesial fracture of the jaw exposes the trigonid root of p4, which in frontal view is deep about the high of the preserved dentary. </p>
            <p> The m1 is well preserved, with the trigonid somewhat higher, wider, and longer than the talonid. This tooth shows an almost labiolingually oriented bilophodont structure characteristic of  Carodniidae . At the mesiolingual side of the trigonid, the enamel is broken and absent from the base of the crown exposing the dentine in the metaconid position. A strong precingulid is sloping down to the labial side and despite being broken, it seems that is not expanded over the labial and lingual side of the tooth. The protolophid like those of the m1 of  Carodnia vieirai , is mesially concave in occlusal view, with the cutting plane of the lophid parallel to the one of the hypolophid. The wear facets prld-d and hyld-d are equally developed. The metaconid can be distinguished from the protolophid by a strong enamel edge that bends at the lingual tip of the lophid. The protoconid is not so clearly observed from its occlusal outline. In contrast to  C. vieirai or the m 2–3 in  C. feruglioi and  C. inexpectans where no cristids are developed mesial to the protolophid,  C. karuen has a conspicuous paracristid and metacristid. The paracristid abruptly descends mesiolingually from the labial end of the protolophid, and progressively bends lingually, to the mesial base of the trigonid. The short metacristid projects mesiolabially from the metaconid almost reaching the lingual end of the paracristid. Mesially the paracristid and metacristid are close together but their contact, closing the trigonid, is inferred since a portion of enamel is missing. At the mesial base of the tooth and below most of the lower part of the paracristid, there is a remnant of a strong precingulid, which leans from the lingual side of the trigonid to a more basal position in the labial side. </p>
            <p> The hypolophid is the principal structure of the talonid and with a similar development to other  Carodnia species. In the hypoconid sector of the hypolophid, a smooth cristid obliqua descends up to the base of the distal wall of the trigonid more approximately to the protoconid area. The cristid obliqua is smooth and runs mesiolingually, so the short talonid basin, which is open lingually, is also closed labially by it. The entoconid could be identified in the hypolophid by an enlargement at the lingual end, like the one observed in the metaconid but ovoid in outline rather than circular, and with thinner enamel. A very short entocristid runs mesiolingually from the entoconid. The entocristid delimited a short but high lingual edge of the talonid, which in contrast to the protolophid and the hypolophid lacked any wear. Behind the hypolophid base, a short portion of a strong and flat postcingulid is preserved. Even though the cingulid is far from being complete, it appears to have formed a long ledge or step in the distal part of the molar. The anterior root of m1 is stronger than the posterior one, with both roots being mesiodistally compressed and swollen. </p>
            <p> There are certain similarities between  C. karuen and in general, with the m1 of  Carodnia species , and the first molar of the  Pyrotheria Carolozittelia tapiroides Ameghino, 1901 (MACN A-10666) and  Carolozittelia cf.  C. tapiroides (MACN 17985) described by Kraglievich (1957). Both exhibit a bilophodont pattern with a slightly larger protolophid than the hypolophid (usually described in them as “metalophid” and “entolophid”, respectively), the wear facets prld-d and hypld-d, and the presence of enamel crenulations. However, significant differences can be highlighted, particularly with  C. karuen , such as the absence in  C. tapiroides of a metacristid resulting in a lingually open trigonid, a more robust paracristid in the region of the protoconid, the absence of an oblique cristid, a hypolophid of nearly equal height to the protolophid, and a greatly expanded labial postcingulid forming a large distal ledge. These differences, plus the structure of the third lobe in the m3 of  C. tapiroides , set it apart from the typical xenungulate dental pattern of m3 present in  Carodniidae and  Etayoidae . However, considering a possible phylogenetic link between  Xenungulata and  Pyrotheria , as explored by some studies (Gelfo et al., 2008; Muizon et al., 2015),  C. tapiroides exhibits the highest number of shared dental features among them. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC87B57763B651F7F8FAC6EB0CFED1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gelfo, Javier N.;López, Guillermo M.;Bond, Mariano	Gelfo, Javier N., López, Guillermo M., Bond, Mariano (2024): New insights on the anatomy, paleobiology, and biostratigraphy of Xenungulata (Mammalia) from the Paleogene of South America. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 30) 27 (2): 1-34, DOI: 10.26879/1360, URL: https://doi.org/10.26879/1360
03BC87B57764B652F4CBFE85E811F9F0.text	03BC87B57764B652F4CBFE85E811F9F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notoetayoa Gelfo, Lopez, and Bond 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  NOTOETAYOA Gelfo, López, and Bond, 2008</p>
            <p> Type species.  Notoetayoa gargantuai Gelfo, López, and Bond, 2008</p>
            <p>Figure 7 A-C</p>
            <p>Assigned material. UNPSJB PV766 isolated left p2.</p>
            <p>Geographic and stratigraphic provenance. The tooth was found at “Tiro Federal Coronel Pringles” by Mónica Abril in Gaiman locality, Chubut province, and comes from the white to pink arkosic sandstone of the Rio Chico Group. This level was assigned to Las Flores Formations (Chornogubsky et al., 2023).</p>
            <p> Comments. The specimen was preliminarily identified in the collection of UNPSJB as a p2 of  Carodnia . Considering the common presence in the  Carodnia zone of  C. feruglioi and  Notoetayoa gargantuai (Gelfo et al., 2008) , the similitude of UNPSJB PV766 with the p2  Etayoa bacatensis , the differences with known p2 of  C. feruglioi and  C. vieirai , and their size, is here assigned to  N. gargantuai . </p>
            <p> Description and comparisons. The tooth exhibits similarities to the p2 of  Etayoa bacatensis (GM-32) than to any other SANU, in terms of its labiolingual compression, presence of two mesiodistally aligned roots, a robust and centrally positioned protoconid, and a relatively short and simplified talonid (Figure 7 D-F). These characteristics distinguish it from those of  Carodnia feruglioi and  C. vieirai . However, it differs from  E. bacatensis in its substantially larger size and the absence of cusps in the talonid. The specimen displays a translucent and thin enamel, albeit with surface roughness. Although the roots are missing, there are indications of the presence of two roots, the mesial one larger, as the condition observed in  Etayoa (Villarroel, 1987) . The tooth is labiolingually compressed, with its main axis oriented mesiodistally (16.25 mm x 8.94 mm) and a strong labial wear facet over the enamel of the distal side, which is similar in position and orientation to the hy-mb wear facet in the p2 of  Carodnia feruglioi (MLP-PV 34-V-22-8, Figure 3I), and is here considered homologous to it base on its position since no hypoconid could be identified (Figure 6 B-C: hd-b). The protoconid is the only identifiable cusp, slightly rounded at the base, with a flat wear surface (i.e., prcd-h), and the distal and mesial cristids are present. A strong paracristid descends mesially from the apex of the protoconid and in occlusal view, bends a bit lingually before reaching a small elevation from which two structures depart. The first is an almost vertical cristid in the mesial side of the tooth, and the other is a strong and crenulated precingulid that continues in a lingual cingulid and surrounds the base of the protoconid. In lateral view, the paracristid is a high ridge that forms a mesial and convex blade. A distal cristid, partially broken, also descends from the protoconid apex but not with such an abrupt angle as in the paracristid. Distally, it turns lingually down to the base in a postcingulid. The possible contact of the postcingulid and the lingual cingulid cannot be determined since the enamel is broken. </p>
            <p> In addition to its larger size, there exist other distinguishing features between the p2 of  Notoetayoa and  Etayoa bacatensis (Figure 7). These distinctions include a notably more pronounced mesial bifurcation of the paracristid and the presence of a well-developed lingual cingulum in  Notoetayoa . Conversely, the distal portion of the p 2 in  E. bacatensis is wider and displays two cusps as described by Villarroel (1987), a distal and lower cusp, here identified as the hypoconid (Figure 7 E- F), and on its lingual side, a faint bump, which, regrettably, could not be corroborated in our photographs or casts. This latter feature may be homologous to the entoconid of the p2 found in  Carodnia feruglioi (Figure 3C). </p>
            <p> The p2 of  Notoetayoa also differs from the p2 of  C. feruglioi and  C. vieirai . Despite the paracristid in these species being shorter and bifurcates mesially as in  Notoetayoa , the precingulid is strong in  C. feruglioi and extends in a short portion labially and lingually (Figure 3C), while in  C. vieirai (DGM 334) is a sharp ridge with the lingual portion of the precingulid more extended over the base of the protoconid. Probably the vertical cristid here identified in  Notoetayoa is homologous to the labial component of the precingulid in  Carodnia , but with a modified position consequence of the lingual bend of the paracristid. Other differences with  Notoetayoa rest in the further development of the talonid cups in the  Carodnia species.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC87B57764B652F4CBFE85E811F9F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gelfo, Javier N.;López, Guillermo M.;Bond, Mariano	Gelfo, Javier N., López, Guillermo M., Bond, Mariano (2024): New insights on the anatomy, paleobiology, and biostratigraphy of Xenungulata (Mammalia) from the Paleogene of South America. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 30) 27 (2): 1-34, DOI: 10.26879/1360, URL: https://doi.org/10.26879/1360
