identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B887F5FFFAFFE7FF47FFA8BF272BE0.text	03B887F5FFFAFFE7FF47FFA8BF272BE0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hesperiidae	<div><p>FAMILY:  HESPERIIDAE</p><p>Genus  Abantis Hopffer, 1855 .</p><p>Abantis bicolor (Trimen, 1864)</p><p>Bicoloured Paradise Skipper; Wegkruip Dartelaartjie</p><p>Steve E. Woodhall</p><p>NT B1ab(iii)</p><p>Endemic</p><p>Type locality:  Bashee River, Kaffraria  .</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.  Abantis bicolor is a distinctive species that cannot easily be mistaken for other members of its genus. All subpopulations show some variation in the extent of the black upper side markings, and this variation appears to be consistent across subpopulations. Flight range is based on behaviour on sites where males are found on hilltops and females lower down on flowers; typically these sites are of the order of 1 000 m apart.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces in South Africa, in the coastal and coastal hinterland regions from Nqileni in the south to Nkandla in the north. Historically it occurred further south near East London.</p><p>Habitat: Males are usually found on hill tops near or in moist scarp forests, or forest/grassland mosaics, in the coastal hinterland and hillsides. Both sexes may be found on flowers, or perching on prominent shrubs and trees, close to forest edges.</p><p>Vegetation   types: CB3 KwaZulu-Natal  Coastal Belt Grassland,   CB4  Pondoland-Ugu Sandstone Coastal Sourveld,   CB5  Transkei Coastal Belt,   CB6 KwaZulu-Natal Coastal Belt Thornveld, FOz5 Scarp Forest, FOz7 Northern Coastal Forest, Gs20 Moist Coast Hinterland Grassland, SVs5 KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld, (CB3 KwaZulu-Natal  Coastal Belt Grassland)  .</p><p>Assessment rationale: This is an uncommon, habitatrestricted endemic species, known from seven subpopulations in central to southern coastal KwaZulu-Natal province, and the adjoining north-eastern section of the Eastern Cape province, in South Africa (EOO 16 447 km 2). EOO has declined since the previous assessment (EOO 18743 km 2) and historically (EOO 29 000 km 2). The butterfly is present in well-protected nature reserves such as Nkandla and Ongoye Forests, Krantzkloof Nature Reserve near Durban, and Umtamvuna Nature Reserve near Port Edward. However, known sites within these are far apart. Over the entire range, the population is mostly not severely fragmented because most of the AOO is within fairly homogeneous forested areas (with the possible exception of the Westville and Illovo sites). Outside the nature reserves the taxon’s forest habitat is under threat from agriculture and informal human settlements. At least one protected area (Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve) has been subject to a successful land claim and hence faces the same threats. One location, at Palmiet Nature Reserve in Westville, Durban, has produced no sightings of the butterfly in the past 18 years and the site where the sightings were made has been concreted over. The location at Illovo (Mpongolwana) is inside an area already threatened by informal agriculture and settlement, and overgrazing. Some of the sites in its known AOO are under severe threat and its AOO is expected to decline in future. There are 15 locations. The colonies around Port St Johns form six separate locations, three of which are under threat (alien plant invasion – two locations, and urbanisation – one location). All these colonies may come under threat from development due to the planned N2 road extension and the urbanisation that is likely to accompany this. This would have the effect of reducing the number of locations to 10. Therefore, a continued decline in the area of suitable habitat is expected. EOO is under 20 000 km 2 which puts it inside the Vulnerable threshold but the number of locations is just over 10, just outside the Vulnerable threshold. The taxon thus qualifies globally under the IUCN criteria as Near Threatened under criterion B.</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: The EOO has declined since the previous assessment from 18 743 km 2 to 16 447 km 2, due to its apparent disappearance from its southern locations (East London area) and increasing threats across its range, but due to the number of locations being 15 this is still within the Near Threatened (B1) threshold. There were significant threats during the previous assessment that were not considered, and this taxon should have been assessed as Near Threatened then too. The  Red List criteria were therefore wrongly applied previously. The status change from Least Concern to Near Threatened is therefore a non-genuine change.</p><p>Threats: Subpopulations occurring outside of protected</p><p>areas are threatened from habitat destruction by agriculture and housing, in the form of informal settlements. The sites at Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve may come under threat from both of these, due to a recent successful land claim. Invasive alien plants also pose a threat to the early stages of the taxon in the Port St Johns area, in forests where its host plant probably grows, and alien plants are poorly controlled. Although the host plant is not known, such invaders can form dense stands that shade out and displace indigenous vegetation. The subpopulations in the south, along the Eastern Cape province coast, may face future threats from development pressures as a result of a planned highway (N2) linking Durban and East London.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: The known subpopulations outside current protected areas need protection from human encroachment and alien plant invasion. Monitoring of all subpopulations is required to establish overall population, distribution and trends. Research required into its life history and ecology/habitat requirements.</p><p>Genus  Kedestes Watson, 1893 .</p><p>Kedestes barberae bunta Evans, 1956</p><p>Cape Freckled Ranger; Kaapse Vlakte Gevlekte Wagtertjie</p><p>Andrew S. Morton</p><p>CR B1ab(iii); C2a(i)</p><p>Endemic</p><p>Type locality:  Nr. Steenberg Railway Station, Cape prov.</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to the Western Cape province in South Africa, from a small area of the Cape Flats in and around Strandfontein.</p><p>Habitat: Stands of  Imperata cylindrica growing in damp seeps between dunes, predominantly in Cape Flats Dune Strandveld. The sandy soil where the butterfly is found is mainly alkaline and calcareous.</p><p>Vegetation   types: FS6 Cape  Flats Dune Strandveld .</p><p>Assessment rationale:   A very range restricted endemic taxon from the Western Cape, South Africa (EOO 1 km 2).  There are two locations.  Housing and development on the Cape  Flats has destroyed most suitable habitat for this taxon and it has been reduced to one last population. The drought is also impacting the host plant. Despite efforts to protect the last remaining site, less than 25 adults were recorded during the last flight period in 2016. It therefore qualifies as Critically Endangered under criteria B and C  .</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: The status has not changed from the previous assessment.</p><p>Threats: Heavier vehicular traffic on the Strandfontein road, which bisects the main colony, has increased the incidence of specimens being hit and killed by vehicles and the amount of air-borne toxins and pollutants from exhaust fumes being released into the habitat. It has also increased the risk of fire in the area caused by passing motorists disposing of smoldering cigarette ends. The recent drought in the Cape Town area has led to the seeps becoming drier. Alien vegetation, mainly wattles, has in the past increased the drying out of the seeps and raised the risk of fire frequency and intensity. The constant threat of a road-widening project at the Strandfontein localities looms. The new locality at Pelican Park suffers from some of the same threats, but this site is at least in a Nature Reserve and the threats can more easily be mitigated (see conservation measures).</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: The Cape Town Metro has fenced the Strandfontein portion of the taxon’s habitat, to prevent dumping, and has cleared the habitat of alien plants. A new locality for the butterfly was found in the Pelican Park section of the False Bay Nature Reserve. Ismat Adams' MSc research project, which gathered life-history and ecological data has been successfully completed. A  Kedestes Conservation Committee has been set up including personnel from all stakeholders, including the Cape Town Metro, LSA, University of Cape Town and the Cape Town Environmental Education Trust (CTEET). CTEET have appointed a project manager, Louise Baldwin and the Committee has established a conservation strategy which includes habitat restoration at all occupied sites and a captive rearing programme which aims to increase the number of adults by preventing mortality in the wild.</p><p>Kedestes lenis lenis Riley, 1932</p><p>False Bay Unique Ranger; Valsbaai Unieke Wagtertjie</p><p>Andrew S. Morton</p><p>CR B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)</p><p>Endemic</p><p>which the host plant grows are drying out and the host plant is becoming combustible. Fortunately this taxon also occurs in two municipal reserves managed by the Cape Town Metro where it is well protected at  Pelican Park and Rondevlei. The location at  Steenberg railway station is likely to be no longer viable as consistent surveys over the last five years have resulted in no adults being recorded.  There is a subpopulation at the Cape  Flats Nature Reserve at the  University of the Western Cape.  The reserve management are aware of the butterfly and the reserve is well managed.  Invasive alien plants are causing ongoing habitat degradation at all known subpopulations.  The taxon therefore qualifies globally under the IUCN criteria as Critically Endangered under criterion B  .</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: The nature and intensity of the threats to its already severely fragmented population have increased since the previous assessment. A portion of this habitat along Strandfontein road is due to be lost to an imminent road widening. Drought is causing the damp seeps in which its food plant grows to dry out and the food plant is becoming combustible. The subpopulation at Steenberg Railway station has been lost. Invasive alien plants are causing ongoing habitat degradation. The status change from Endangered to Critically Endangered is therefore genuine.</p><p>Threats: Development across the Cape Flats has destroyed a large portion of suitable habitat. Development includes housing, farming and a large sewage works at Strandfontein. The last remaining suitable habitat is severely fragmented. Some of this habitat is degraded by alien vegetation which dries out the seeps in which the host plant grows. The threat and intensity of fires is enhanced by the flammable alien wattles. The largest subpopulation is bisected by  a major road with ever increasing traffic (causing pollution and fire risk) and an imminent threat of road widening. The converse is true for the subpopulation in Bellville. Fires are far too infrequent and planned burns impossible due to the proximity to the airport where visual clarity is of utmost importance to air traffic.</p><p>Type locality: Cape of  Good Hope .</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to the Western Cape province in South Africa, from Strandfontein, Retreat and Bellville South on the Cape Flats.</p><p>Habitat: Damp areas in Fynbos where its host plant  Imperata cylindrica grows.</p><p>Vegetation   types: FFd5 Cape Flats Sand Fynbos, FS 6 Cape  Flats Dune Strandveld .</p><p>Assessment rationale: This is a range restricted endemic taxon from the Western Cape province, South Africa (EOO 62 km 2). The majority of this taxon’s former habitat has been lost to urban and agricultural development and the population is severely fragmented. There are four remaining locations. The subpopulation at Strandfontein is bisected by  a major road and mortality rates from passing traffic are high. A portion of this habitat along Strandfontein road is likely to be lost to an imminent road widening. The damp seeps in Conservation measures and research required: The Cape Town Metro has fenced the Strandfontein portion of the taxon’s habitat, to prevent dumping, and has cleared the habitat of alien plants. Ismat Adams' MSc research project, which gathered life-history and ecological data has been successfully completed. A  Kedestes Conservation Committee has been set up including personnel from all stakeholders, including the Cape Town Metro, LSA, University of Cape Town and the Cape Town Environmental Education Trust (CTEET). CTEET have appointed a project manager, Louise Baldwin and the Committee has established a conservation strategy which includes habitat restoration at all occupied sites and a captive rearing programme which aims to increase the number of adults by preventing larval mortality in the wild.</p><p>Kedestes niveostriga schloszi Pringle, 1997</p><p>Greyton Dark Ranger; Greyton Donker Wagtertjie</p><p>Andrew S. Morton</p><p>VU B1ab(iii)</p><p>Endemic</p><p>Type locality: Greyton.</p><p>seen and further searches along the  Molenaars River in Du Toit’s Kloof are required to determine the size of this subpopulation. All known locations are experiencing ongoing decline in habitat quality as a result of invasion by alien plants. The taxon thus qualifies globally under the IUCN criteria as Vulnerable under criterion B  .</p><p>Change in status from  SABCA: Since the previous assessment the author of the current assessment has done much field work in order to establish the true status of this taxon. The localities around the type locality are degraded and only one specimen has been seen in the last four years. However, healthy populations have been found in Bain’s Kloof 100 km away (Morton, 2016) and a single specimen was taken at Du Toit’s Kloof since the previous assessment. The EOO has now increased to 578 km 2 and there are six locations. These localities would have existed during the previous assessment. Despite the discovery of new localities the taxon is still under threat as it is experiencing ongoing decline in habitat quality as a result of invasion by alien plants. The status change from Endangered to Vulnerable is therefore non-genuine .</p><p>Threats: The habitat around Greyton has been significantly degraded by human interference (residential encroachment, grazing, etc.). These factors appear to account for the disappearance of the taxon from some of its former localities around Greyton. Two newly discovered subpopulations occur in nature reserves but are still threatened by encroachment of alien vegetation.</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to the Western Cape province in South Africa, previously only known from the foot of the Riversonderend Mountains, near Greyton, but two other subpopulations, at Bain’s Kloof and in Du Toit's Kloof, were discovered by the taxon author in 2015 and 2016, respectively.</p><p>Habitat: Damp riverbed environs in fynbos where its host plant  Pennisetum macrourum grows.</p><p>Vegetation types: FFa2 Breede Alluvium Fynbos, FFg2 Boland Granite Fynbos, FFh7 Greyton Shale Fynbos, FFs10 Hawequas Sandstone Fynbos, FRs12 Central Ruens Shale Renosterveld.</p><p>Assessment rationale:   An endemic taxon from the Western Cape province, South Africa (EOO 578 km 2). There are six locations. This taxon was previously only known from riverine environs around Greyton, which are being degraded and lost as the town of Greyton expands. Several surveys of Greyton over the last five years have resulted in only one individual adult seen in 2015. However, in 2015 the author found the taxon at another locality, 100 km from Greyton, in a nature reserve in Bain’s Kloof. This subpopulation is healthy and in a well-protected area. In 2016 the taxon was found at a third locality, in Du Toit’s Kloof, which also falls within a nature reserve. However, only one specimen was Conservation measures and research required: Further field surveys are required to establish the range and relative abundance of this taxon (surveys in the last two years have resulted in the discovery of two subpopulations). These two subpopulations are within nature reserves, one private (Bastiaan’s Kloof in Bain’s Kloof) and the other (Du Toit’s Kloof) under the control of CapeNature. Continued alien vegetation control is required at both sites. Research is needed into the life history and ecology and the population needs to be monitored at all sites  .</p><p>Relevant literature:</p><p>Morton, A.S. 2016. Discovery of a new locality for the endangered skipper butterfly  Kedestes niveostriga schloszi Pringle &amp; Schlosz, 1997 . Metamorphosis 27: 15–16</p><p>Kedestes sarahae Henning &amp; Henning, 1998</p><p>Cedarberg Ranger; Sederberg Wagtertjie</p><p>Jeremy C.H. Dobson &amp; Chris M. Dobson</p><p>CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)</p><p>Endemic</p><p>Type locality: Cederberg, 920 m, Western Cape province .</p><p>Taxonomy: Morphologically,  Kedestes sarahae is similar to  Kedestes barberae . The subspecies  K. barberae bonsa displays features transitional between K. b.  barbarae and  K. sarahae, and the latter may thus represent another subspecies of  K. barberae . It is recommended that DNA comparisons are undertaken to help resolve the relationship between these taxa.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to the Western Cape province in</p><p>nature of the site. However, extensive searches recently, within apparently suitable habitat nearby, have failed to locate any more butterflies, and thus the assumption has since been proven to be incorrect. It is a very localised species, having an AOO &lt;1 km 2 and one location. During the previous assessment there were no obvious threats. However, the numbers of adults seems to have crashed in recent years, with approximately 10 specimens observed in 2016 (J. Dobson, pers. obs.). The drought is believed to be responsible for the recent decline, culminating in a fire that swept through the locality in December 2016. While this fire was outside the adult butterfly’s flight period, it is believed that early stages of the butterfly may have been destroyed. The previous assessment should have considered fire as a future potential threat and this species should consequently have been listed as Vulnerable D2. The reduction in population size since the 2012 assessment and the current threats of fire and drought, make it Critically Endangered now, and thus the change in status from the previous assessment, which should have been Vulnerable, is genuine.</p><p>Threats: Although this species occurs in a remote area of the Cederberg, it appears to be dependent on patches of  Merxmuellera grass, confined to the banks of a small stream. It is uncertain what the effect of the recent drought will have on this vegetation. In addition, the entire locality was burnt during a fire in September 2017, during the butterfly’s flight period. The consequences of this event will only become apparent during the course of the coming season.</p><p>South Africa, known only from the type locality in the  Cederberg mountains, south-east of Clanwilliam  .</p><p>Habitat: This species has only been recorded from the banks of a small stream in the Cederberg mountains. It appears to be associated with patches of  Merxmuellera grass, in montane fynbos at an altitude of about 920 m.</p><p>Vegetation types: FFs4 Cederberg Sandstone Fynbos.</p><p>Assessment rationale: A range-restricted endemic species known only from one locality in the Cedarberg in the Western Cape province, South Africa (EOO 8 km 2, AOO 8 km 2). There has been a drastic reduction in the number of adults recorded over the last few seasons, and there was a fire Conservation measures and research required: The population needs to be monitored at all sites during the September/October flight period, to establish the full extent of its range and relative abundance. Research is needed into the life history and ecology, and future conservation efforts will be informed by this research.</p><p>Genus  Metisella Hemming, 1934 .</p><p>Metisella meninx (Trimen, 1873)</p><p>Marsh Sylph; Moeras Walsertjie</p><p>Graham A. Henning</p><p>NT C2a(i)</p><p>Endemic</p><p>that burnt the habitat in December 2016. While the fire occurred outside of the butterfly's flight period, it is believed that early stages (larvae and/or pupae) may have been killed. No empirical data are available, but the number of adult butterflies observed in the 2016 season before the fire (J. Dobson, pers. obs.; H. Selb and A. Morton, pers. comm.) appeared to represent an order of magnitude reduction from the 2012 season (H. Selb, pers. comm.). The taxon thus qualifies globally under the IUCN criteria as Critically Endangered under criterion B.</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: The 2012 assessment was based on the assumption that this species would be located within other areas nearby given the extensive and pristine</p><p>more localities are modified and the butterflies occurring at these sites are extirpated. The taxon is a habitat specialist being completely dependent on its host plant and pristine habitat for survival. Currently there are estimated to be less than 12 000 mature individuals in the entire population, with no more than 250 individuals per subpopulation. The change in status from Least Concern to Near Threatened is therefore genuine.</p><p>Threats: Urban encroachment, agriculture and acid minedrainage are current or potential threats. Natural phenomena such as storms and flooding have been recorded as decimating entire colonies overnight (G.A. Henning, pers. obs.). Wetlands, the preferred habitat of this taxon, are being drained and modified throughout the distribution of the taxon.</p><p>Type locality: Potchefstroom, Transvaal Republic.</p><p>Taxonomy: A research paper distinguishing two subspecies from the nominate subspecies is being prepared for publication. One of these putative subspecies comprises the population in Angola.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to the Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces in South Africa, from Magaliesberg in the west to Barberton in the east, and Ladysmith in the south to Vaalwater in the north. Also as a newly differentiated subspecies in Angola.</p><p>Habitat: Marshes and stream banks in wetlands in open grassland, at altitudes of 1 400 to 1 700 m; the marshes are often in headwaters of streams.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: Ongoing monitoring of this taxon should be undertaken, although it is not threatened at present. Research into its taxonomy is ongoing, and needs to include its life history and ecology/habitat requirements.</p><p>Metisella syrinx (Trimen, 1868)</p><p>Bamboo Sylph; Bamboes Walsertjie</p><p>Jeremy C.H. Dobson &amp; Chris M. Dobson</p><p>VU D2</p><p>Endemic</p><p>Vegetation   types: Gh 15 Carletonville Dolomite Grassland,  Gm 10  Egoli Granite Grassland,  Gm 11 Rand  Highveld Grassland,  Gm 12  Eastern Highveld Grassland,  Gm 14  Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland,  Gm 17  Barberton Montane Grassland,  Gm 30  Steenkampsberg Montane Grassland,  Gm 8  Soweto Highveld Grassland,  Gm 9  Tsakane Clay Grassland,  Gs 4  Northern KwaZulu-Natal  Moist Grassland, SVcb10 Gauteng  
Shale 
Mountain
Bushveld
, SVcb11  
Andesite 
Mountain
Bushveld
, SVcb13  
Loskop 
Mountain
Bushveld
, SVcb17  
Waterberg 
Mountain
Bushveld
, SVcb6  Marikana Thornveld, SVcb9  
Gold Reef 
Mountain
Bushveld
 .</p><p>Assessment rationale: A wide-ranging endemic taxon from the northern and eastern regions of South Africa (EOO 80 348 km 2). Found in very small areas where its host plant can be found in wetlands. There are already dozens of localities where this taxon was previously found which have been destroyed by development. Every year more localities are modified and the butterflies occurring at these sites are extirpated. The taxon is a habitat specialist, being completely dependent on its host plant in riverine or wetland habitats. There are less than 12 000 mature individuals in the entire population, with no more than 250 individuals per subpopulation. The taxon thus qualifies globally under the IUCN criteria as Near Threatened under criterion C.</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: This species is found widely but in very small areas in pristine wetland habitats where its host plant, Rice Grass ( Leersia hexandra), can be found. There are already dozens of localities where this taxon has previously been found but which have been destroyed by development. Since the previous assessment, every year Type locality: On the summit of Gaika's Kop, the highest point of the Amatola Mountains, being about 6,800 feet above sea-level.</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.</p><p>LC Endemic</p><p>Distribution: An endemic to the Eastern Cape province in South Africa, from Gaika's Kop near Hogsback and near Bedford.</p><p>Habitat: Rocky areas, often near the summit of mountains, in montane grassland. Very closely associated with the larval host plant, Mountain Bamboo ( Bergbambos tessellata). For reasons not yet understood, this species is not found in habitats to the north of its known range, where conditions appear to be suitable. These include parts of the Royal Natal National Park and Giants Castle (northern Drakensberg) and mountains above Harrismith and Fouriesburg in the Free State.</p><p>Vegetation types: Gd2 Amathole Mistbelt Grassland.</p><p>Assessment rationale: This is a highly restricted endemic species from the Eastern Cape province, South Africa (EOO 18 km 2, AOO 8 km 2). It has two locations that are not under significant threat at present. It is a very localised butterfly, entirely dependent on a single host-plant,  B. tessellata, which tends to occur near the tops of mountains. The plant itself is not red-listed, however the butterfly only occurs within a relatively small portion of the plant’s regional distribution (the extreme southern extent). Fires, climate change and exploitation are considered to pose plausible future threats to the plant and, consequently, to the butterfly. It therefore qualifies as Vulnerable under criterion D.</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: This species has always been considered a relatively rare habitat specialist. For the 2012 assessment it was considered to occupy a large area from Bedford in the southwest to Drakensberg Gardens in the northeast, with an EOO of about 20 000 km 2. For the current assessment, which was based on verified data, there are only two accepted locality-records, Gaika’s Kop and Bedford, and this would have also been valid for the previous assessment. There has been no change in threats since the previous assessment. Thus, previously it should have been assessed as Vulnerable, and thus the change in status from Least Concern to Vulnerable is non-genuine.</p><p>Threats: There do not appear to be any significant threats at present. Potential future threats include the vulnerability of the larval host plant,  B. tessellata, to fire and to possible exploitation. As this plant is generally found near the tops of mountains, it may be vulnerable to climate change.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: There do not appear to be significant threats at present. The species is entirely dependent on a single, relatively uncommon host plant  B. tessellata . Excessive or unseasonal fires, commercial exploitation of the host plant, or the potential effects of climate change pose future threats.</p><p>Genus  Platylesches Holland, 1896.</p><p>Platylesches dolomitica Henning &amp; Henning, 1997 Spring Hopper; Lente Springertjie</p><p>Jeremy C.H. Dobson &amp; Chris M. Dobson</p><p>Type locality: South Africa: 30km south-east of Steelpoort,  Lydenburg District, Mpumalanga, 8.ix.1995, A. Mayer  .</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Gauteng, Mpumalanga, North West and Limpopo provinces in South Africa, from Carltonville in the south-west to Lydenburg in the north-east.</p><p>Habitat: Found on relatively flat, sandy to rocky slopes where  Parinari capensis occurs. The locations are typically north-facing, between an altitude of 1 300 m and 1 800 m. This species does not occur on hilltops and appears to avoid steep slopes.</p><p>Vegetation   types: SVcb10 Gauteng Shale  Mountain Bushveld, SVcb12  Central Sandy Bushveld, SVcb13  
Loskop 
Mountain
Bushveld
, SVcb17  
Waterberg 
Mountain
Bushveld
, SVcb9  
Gold Reef 
Mountain
Bushveld
 .</p><p>Assessment rationale: This is a relatively widespread endemic species in South Africa (EOO 16 406 km 2). It appears to be fairly resistant to overgrazing and drought. It closely resembles a very common species,  Platylesches ayresii, which is almost always present at the same sites. As a result, it has historically been overlooked. More and more localities are being discovered in recent years and its extent of occurrence has increased significantly. The taxon thus qualifies globally under the IUCN criteria as Least Concern.</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: The status has not changed from the previous assessment.</p><p>Threats: The taxon is widespread and its larval host plant,  P. capensis, is relatively resistant to drought, fire and overgrazing. There do not appear to be any significant threats at present.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: Ongoing surveys should be undertaken to discover new localities for this taxon. More research is required to assess its life history, ecology, population numbers and distribution.</p><p>Genus  Teniorhinus Holland, 1892</p><p>Teniorhinus harona (Westwood, 1881)</p><p>Orange Small Fox; Pylkop Oranjetjie</p><p>André J. Coetzer</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B887F5FFFAFFE7FF47FFA8BF272BE0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mecenero, Silvia;Edge, David A.;Staude, Hermann S.;Coetzer, Bennie H.;Coetzer, André J.;Raimondo, Domitilla C.;Williams, Mark C.;Armstrong, Adrian J.;Ball, Jonathan B.;Bode, Justin D.;Cockburn, Kevin N. A.;Dobson, Chris M.;Dobson, Jeremy C. H.;Henning, Graham A.;Morton, Andrew S.;Pringle, Ernest L.;Rautenbach, Fanie;Selb, Harald E. T.;Van Der Colff, Dewidine;Woodhall, Steve E.	Mecenero, Silvia, Edge, David A., Staude, Hermann S., Coetzer, Bennie H., Coetzer, André J., Raimondo, Domitilla C., Williams, Mark C., Armstrong, Adrian J., Ball, Jonathan B., Bode, Justin D., Cockburn, Kevin N. A., Dobson, Chris M., Dobson, Jeremy C. H., Henning, Graham A., Morton, Andrew S., Pringle, Ernest L., Rautenbach, Fanie, Selb, Harald E. T., Van Der Colff, Dewidine, Woodhall, Steve E. (2020): Outcomes of the Southern African Lepidoptera Conservation Assessment (SALCA). Metamorphosis 31 (4): 1-160, DOI: 10.4314/met.v31i4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.4314/met.v31i4.1
03B887F5FFF1FFE3FF47FFA8BD8E2E3B.text	03B887F5FFF1FFE3FF47FFA8BD8E2E3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lycaenidae	<div><p>FAMILY:  LYCAENIDAE</p><p>Genus  Alaena De Boisduval, 1847 .</p><p>Alaena margaritacea Eltringham, 1929 Wolkberg Zulu; Wolkberg Zoeloe</p><p>André J. Coetzer</p><p>CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)</p><p>Endemic</p><p>Assessment rationale:   This is a highly range-restricted endemic from Limpopo province in South Africa (EOO 8 km 2, AOO 8 km 2).  There are two locations.  When the  Red List status of this species was previously assessed there was only one locality known for the species, the second only having been discovered in 2013.  Unfortunately, both locations fall outside officially protected areas, and are threatened by plantations and other factors associated with commercial operations (change or reduction in fire frequency, invasive species and decreased soil moisture content).  In addition, the quality of the habitat is deteriorating and the two localities are severely fragmented, with little or no corridor for gene flow. The previous 2012 assessment inferred a decline in the number of mature individuals. It was based on observations from the 1980s where hundreds of specimens were seen in a day, compared to the 10 to 30 specimens that are typically seen in a day during recent surveys. However, without detailed quantitative analyses this criterion cannot be used as it may well be a sampling artifact, where surveys are affected by season, weather and sampling effort. Due to the small AOO and EOO, the severely fragmented small subpopulations, and the decline in the quality of the habitat, the status remains Critically Endangered, qualifying under criterion B  .</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: The status has not changed from the previous assessment.</p><p>Threats: The type locality is surrounded by plantations, which prevent the dispersal of specimens, and therefore gene flow, between the subpopulations. Plantations are also known to affect the soil water content and may have a negative impact on the remaining grassland. Due to the risk of damage to the plantations, the fire regime for both locations is no longer natural.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: A buffer zone from the exotic plantation trees and a fire management plan is needed to protect the type locality. Research is needed into the population size, variability and area of occupancy at both known sites.</p><p>Type locality: Haenertzburg.</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to the Limpopo province in South Africa, restricted to two subpopulations in the Wolkberg mountain range.</p><p>Habitat: Steep rocky slopes of Woodbush Granite Grassland associated with lichen-covered rocks. There seems to be a connection between a  Xerophyta species ( Velloziaceae) growing in the area and the butterfly species.  Xerophyta is not listed as a key species for either of the vegetation types, but it is present at both the known localities, and absent from most of the pristine grasslands where the butterfly is also absent.</p><p>Vegetation types: Gm25 Woodbush Granite Grassland, Gm26 Wolkberg Dolomite Grassland. Relevant literature:</p><p>Coetzer, A.J. (2015). Life history and conservation status of  Alaena margaritacea Eltringham, 1929 ( Lepidoptera:  Lycaenidae:  Poritiinae) Metamorphosis 26: 32–37.</p><p>Genus  Aloeides Hübner, 1819 .</p><p>Aloeides barbarae Henning &amp; Henning, 1994</p><p>Barberton Russet; Klein Bruin Kopervlerkie</p><p>Graham A. Henning</p><p>EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)</p><p>Endemic</p><p>Type locality: Barberton, Transvaal, 3 Dec. 1989, N.K. Owen-Johnston.</p><p>Taxonomy: The specimens from Swaziland are in the USA and were studied from photographs supplied. The author is satisfied that they represent this species.</p><p>Distribution: Found in Mpumalanga province in South</p><p>formerly there, road works and trampling by visitors to the reserve. Mining is a potential threat in the reserve.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: A management plan is needed, which limits disturbances (such as fires or grazing) and deterioration of the habitat at all the known sites. Research is needed into the life history and ecology/habitat needs, which includes monitoring of both the habitat and the population.</p><p>Aloeides caledoni Tite &amp; Dickson, 1973</p><p>Caledon Russet; Caledon Kopervlerkie</p><p>Ernest L. Pringle</p><p>LC</p><p>Rare – Low Density</p><p>Endemic</p><p>Africa, on the hills between the Sheba and Fairview mines near Barberton, to Malolotja National Park in Swaziland.</p><p>Habitat: Rocky ridges in sub-montane grassland.</p><p>Vegetation types: Gm16 KaNgwane Montane Grassland, Gm17 Barberton Montane Grassland, SVl12 Kaalrug Mountain Bushveld, SVl3 Granite Lowveld.</p><p>Assessment rationale: A range-restricted species from Mpumalanga province in South Africa and also from Swaziland (EOO 168 km 2, AOO 32 km 2). There are three locations. The habitat is declining in the Mountainlands Nature Reserve due to invasive plants. The taxon thus qualifies globally under the IUCN criteria as Endangered under criterion B.</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: The status has not changed from the previous assessment.</p><p>Threats: The prospect of mining in the Barberton area and the presence of plantations of alien Eucalyptus trees in the vicinity of one of the subpopulations are threats to the continued existence of the butterfly in the area. Fire near or during the flight period is a serious threat to all subpopulations. Grazing and other disturbances is causing ongoing decline to habitat quality. The subpopulation in the Mountainlands Nature Reserve is under threat from habitat modification owing to the effects of grazing by animals not</p><p>Type locality: Cape province: Shaw's Mountain, south of  Caledon .</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to the Eastern Cape and Western Cape provinces in South Africa, from Caledon in the west to Nieu-Bethesda in the east.</p><p>Habitat: Rocky summits and slopes of mountains.</p><p>Vegetation types: FFq3 Matjiesfontein Quartzite Fynbos, FFs12 Overberg Sandstone Fynbos, FFs23 North Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos, FRs6 Matjiesfontein Shale Renosterveld, Gh1 Karoo Escarpment Grassland.</p><p>Assessment rationale:   An endemic species from the Eastern Cape and Western Cape provinces of South Africa (EOO 38 972 km 2). There are six widely separated subpopulations, none of which are threatened. It is clear that the short flightperiod and the localised nature of its colonies have resulted in this taxon being overlooked in its area of distribution. The taxon’s wide distribution indicates that there will, in due course, be many other colonies found. The taxon thus qualifies globally under the IUCN criteria as Least Concern and is nationally classified as Rare (Low Density)  .</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: The status has not changed from the previous assessment.</p><p>Threats: No threats identified. Known colonies are in arid, remote mountainous areas.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: No conservation actions recommended. Research is needed into the taxonomy of the widely scattered populations, life history, ecology, population size, distribution and trends.</p><p>Aloeides carolynnae aurata Pringle, 1994 De Hoop Dark Russet; De Hoop Kopervlerkie</p><p>Ernest L. Pringle</p><p>NT D2</p><p>Endemic</p><p>FRs13 Eastern Ruens Shale Renosterveld.</p><p>Assessment rationale: An endemic taxon from the Western Cape province in South Africa (EOO 900 km 2, AOO 36 km 2). There are six known locations. Although some of these are from within the De Hoop Nature Reserve, and are therefore not threatened, subpopulations occurring outside the reserve are threatened by agricultural developments, alien vegetation, poor fire management and coastal housing development. The taxon thus qualifies globally under the IUCN criteria as Near Threatened under criterion D.</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: The status has not changed from the previous assessment.</p><p>Threats: There are no immediate threats as the majority of this taxon's records are from within the De Hoop Nature Reserve. For populations outside the reserve, agricultural development, new roads or housing could severely impact on the habitats. Fire frequency and grazing also have to be monitored. A number of properties near some of the localities may become available for sale and the associated development has to be monitored. The ecosystem status of the habitat, from a vegetation perspective, is Vulnerable. Invasive alien vegetation remains a future potential threat.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: Research is needed to monitor the population size at the known sites and to locate additional subpopulations; and to establish the life history and ecology including any ant symbionts. When this information is to hand management plans are required for the known the sites, which could include a fire regime to be implemented.</p><p>Type locality:  Witsand, Western Cape province  .</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to the Western Cape province in South Africa, from the De Hoop Nature Reserve near Bredasdorp in the west to the Riversdale district in the east.</p><p>Habitat: Flat, sandy terrain in subcoastal fynbos.</p><p>Vegetation types: FFd9 Albertinia Sand Fynbos, FFl2 De Hoop Limestone Fynbos, FFl3 Canca Limestone Fynbos,</p><p>Aloeides carolynnae carolynnae Dickson, 1983 Slanghoek Dark Russet; Voetheuwel Kopervlerkie</p><p>Fanie Rautenbach</p><p>EN B1ab(i,iii,iv,v)</p><p>Endemic</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B887F5FFF1FFE3FF47FFA8BD8E2E3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mecenero, Silvia;Edge, David A.;Staude, Hermann S.;Coetzer, Bennie H.;Coetzer, André J.;Raimondo, Domitilla C.;Williams, Mark C.;Armstrong, Adrian J.;Ball, Jonathan B.;Bode, Justin D.;Cockburn, Kevin N. A.;Dobson, Chris M.;Dobson, Jeremy C. H.;Henning, Graham A.;Morton, Andrew S.;Pringle, Ernest L.;Rautenbach, Fanie;Selb, Harald E. T.;Van Der Colff, Dewidine;Woodhall, Steve E.	Mecenero, Silvia, Edge, David A., Staude, Hermann S., Coetzer, Bennie H., Coetzer, André J., Raimondo, Domitilla C., Williams, Mark C., Armstrong, Adrian J., Ball, Jonathan B., Bode, Justin D., Cockburn, Kevin N. A., Dobson, Chris M., Dobson, Jeremy C. H., Henning, Graham A., Morton, Andrew S., Pringle, Ernest L., Rautenbach, Fanie, Selb, Harald E. T., Van Der Colff, Dewidine, Woodhall, Steve E. (2020): Outcomes of the Southern African Lepidoptera Conservation Assessment (SALCA). Metamorphosis 31 (4): 1-160, DOI: 10.4314/met.v31i4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.4314/met.v31i4.1
03B887F5FF5EFF40FF47FF61BDFD2836.text	03B887F5FF5EFF40FF47FF61BDFD2836.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nymphalidae	<div><p>FAMILY:  NYMPHALIDAE</p><p>Genus  Cassionympha Dickson, 1981 .</p><p>Cassionympha camdeboo (Dickson, [1981]) Camdeboo Dull Brown; Kamdeboo Bosbruintjie</p><p>Ernest L. Pringle</p><p>LC</p><p>Rare – Restricted Range</p><p>Endemic</p><p>localities for this species. This taxon thus qualifies globally under the IUCN criteria as Least Concern and is classified nationally as Rare (Range Restricted).</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: The status has not changed from the previous assessment.</p><p>Threats: No threats at present.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: No conservation actions recommended. Research is required into its taxonomy, life history and ecology. Better appreciation of its distribution and subpopulation sizes is needed.</p><p>Cassionympha perissinottoi Pringle, 2013 Southern Rainforest Dull Brown; Kusbruintjie</p><p>Ernest L. Pringle</p><p>LC</p><p>Rare – Restricted Range, Habitat Specialist</p><p>Endemic</p><p>Type locality: Eastern Cape province: Aberdeen. Taxonomy:  There are no notable issues  .</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, in the Aberdeen district.</p><p>Habitat: Comparatively moist woodland and scrub at high altitude.</p><p>Vegetation types: NKl2 Eastern Lower Karoo, NKu2 Upper Karoo Hardeveld.</p><p>Assessment rationale:   This is a range restricted endemic species found in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa (EOO 30 km 2). There are two known subpopulations, which are not threatened and are in remote areas. Further exploration of this area will in all likelihood reveal further</p><p>Type locality: Cape Aghulas, Western Cape.</p><p>Taxonomy: Although there is no lack of clarity about the differences between this taxon and its close congeners, all records from the southern Cape for  Cassionympha cassius and  C. detecta will have to be reexamined, because many could represent this new species. Until this is done, its</p><p>distribution will remain unclear.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to the Western Cape province of South Africa, currently known only from Cape Agulhas and Pringle Bay but probably also occurring elsewhere in the southern Cape.</p><p>Habitat: This taxon seems to prefer wetlands, but can also be found in nearby milkwood forests.</p><p>Vegetation types: FFd6 Hangklip Sand Fynbos, FFs12 Overberg Sandstone Fynbos, FS7 Overberg Dune Strandveld.</p><p>Assessment rationale: This is a range-restricted endemic species from the Western Cape province in South Africa (EOO 117 km 2).There are currently no known threats. The taxon thus qualifies globally under the IUCN criteria as Least Concern and is nationally classified as Rare (Restricted Range and Habitat Specialist).</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: Not previously assessed. Threats: There are no known threats at present.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: No conservation measures required at present but research is needed into its life history, ecology, population trends and distribution. Because this taxon has only recently been identified, it is not known which of the subpopulations from the southern Cape belong to this species, and which belong to closely related taxa. Until this has been investigated properly its distribution will remain uncertain.</p><p>Relevant literature:</p><p>Pringle, E.L. 2013. A new species of  Cassionympha Van Son ( Nymphalidae:  Satyrinae) from the southern coast of the Western Cape, with a discussion of its possible evolutionary origins. Metamorphosis 24: 38–43.</p><p>Genus  Charaxes Ochsenheimer, 1816 .</p><p>Charaxes druceanus solitaria Henning &amp; Henning, 1992 Blouberg Silver-barred  Charaxes; Blouberg Silwerstreep Dubbelstert</p><p>André J. Coetzer</p><p>LC</p><p>Rare – Restricted Range</p><p>Endemic</p><p>Type locality: South Africa,  Blouberg, Northern Transvaal, 10-13.x.1985  .</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Limpopo province in South Africa, limited to the upper forests of the Blouberg inselberg near Poleni.</p><p>Habitat: The taxon is found in montane forests at higher altitudes of the Blouberg mountain.</p><p>Vegetation types: FOz4 Northern Mistbelt Forest, Gm24 Northern Escarpment Afromontane Fynbos, Gm28 Soutpansberg Summit Sourveld, SVcb21 Soutpansberg Mountain Bushveld.</p><p>Assessment rationale: This is a range restricted endemic from Limpopo province, South Africa (EOO 20 km 2). The records indicate an EOO of 1 km 2 and AOO of 8 km 2, and the maximum inferred EOO and AOO, based on unexplored but suitable habitat, is less than 20 km 2. This taxon is confined to the upper forests of the Blouberg. Even though there are plausible threats, such as deforestation by the local communities and unseasonal fires, these are not considered serious enough to rapidly push the species to critically endangered status, and consequently the species does not qualify for a Vulnerable status. There are rumors of proposed mining activity in the area, but these could not be confirmed at the time of the assessment, and were not considered a current threat. If, however, mining is approved for the mountain, this taxon should be reassessed. It thus qualifies as Least Concern according to the Global IUCN criteria and is listed as Rare (Restricted Range) in South Africa.</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: The status has not changed from the previous assessment.</p><p>Threats: As the taxon is confined to the uppermost stretches of forest on the Blouberg, a long-term increase in temperature and consequent reduction in forest cover may push it to extinction, but is not currently considered a threat. Grazing by livestock, the main land-use on this communally owned mountain, is not considered a threat as it should not have a serious impact on the  Syzygium trees (the host plant of the taxon).</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: No conservation actions are currently required. Research is needed into its taxonomy and ecological/habitat requirements, as well as any possible threats.</p><p>Relevant literature:</p><p>Coetzer, A.J. 2014. Exploring the Blouberg. Babbel Blues 1: 10–14.</p><p>Charaxes marieps Van Someren &amp; Jackson, 1957 Marieps Charaxes;  Marieps Dubbelstert</p><p>Bennie H. Coetzer</p><p>LC</p><p>Rare – Restricted Range</p><p>Endemic</p><p>Habitat: Montane temperate forest, forest edges and rocky ledges.</p><p>Vegetation types: FOz4 Northern Mistbelt Forest, Gm23 Northern Escarpment Quartzite Sourveld.</p><p>Assessment rationale:   A rare range restricted endemic (EOO &lt;24 km 2) occurring only in a single forest in Mpumalanga province, South Africa.  It is assessed as  Least Concern as no specific threats are currently known. Nationally it is classified as Rare (Restricted Range)  .</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: The status has not changed from the previous assessment.</p><p>Threats: This species occurs in a small area that is either inaccessible or conserved. There are currently no recorded threats.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: No conservation actions required since a large part of its distribution area is either currently conserved or inaccessible.</p><p>Charaxes xiphares occidentalis Pringle, 1995</p><p>Southern Forest-king  Charaxes; Langeberg Boskoning Dubbelstert</p><p>Andrew Morton</p><p>LC</p><p>Extremely Rare</p><p>Endemic</p><p>Type locality: Transvaal, Mariepskop.</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Mpumalanga province, South Africa, where it only occurs in the forest of one mountain, Mariepskop. There are older records from Graskop, Mt Sheba Nature Reserve (Pennington), Ceylon Forest near Sabie (Hull) – all referenced in Pringle et al. (1994). Since there are no recent records from these other sites they have not been taken into account for this assessment.</p><p>Type locality: Grootvadersbosch, Swellendam 1- 6 November, 1940 (Transvaal Museum).</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to the Western Cape province in South Africa, in the Swellendam area in a single forest. Also possibly found in forest pockets in the general area and along forested streams.</p><p>Habitat: Temperate montane forest, in forests, forest edges and along forested river valleys.</p><p>Vegetation types: FFc1 Swellendam Silcrete Fynbos, FFs16 South Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos, FOz1 Southern Afrotemperate Forest.</p><p>Assessment rationale:   This range restricted taxon is endemic to the Western Cape province, South Africa (EOO 6 km 2). It is protected together with the forest in which it flies in the Grootvadersbos Nature Reserve. This is the largest remaining forest in the south-western Cape. This taxon is a habitat specialist and only occurs in this forest where its larval host plant,  Scutia myrtina, grows under the canopy. There are no immediate threats to this taxon. The taxon thus qualifies globally under the IUCN criteria as Least Concern and is nationally classified as Extremely Rare  .</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: The status has not changed from the previous assessment.</p><p>Threats: The Western Cape is experiencing a severe drought. This may have a negative impact on population numbers in future. This taxon is found in damp forested areas where its host plant Cat-thorn ( S. myrtina) grows. Any negative impact on the abundance of the larval host plant could have an effect on the abundance of the species. There are presently no notable signs of the drought's impact on the butterfly.</p><p>Habitat: Temperate and montane forests and forest edges.</p><p>Vegetation types: FOz4 Northern Mistbelt Forest, Gm24 Northern Escarpment Afromontane Fynbos, Gm28 Soutpansberg Summit Sourveld, SVcb21 Soutpansberg Mountain Bushveld.</p><p>Assessment rationale:   A range restricted endemic taxon occurring only in the forests of the  Blouberg Mountain in Limpopo province, South Africa (EOO &lt;76 km 2). There are no significant threats to this taxon. It therefore qualifies globally as Least Concern and nationally as Rare (Restricted Range)  .</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: This taxon only occurs at Grootvadersbosch Nature Reserve and is well managed by CapeNature, who have been informed of its occurrence. The life history is well known but further research into its population size and distribution is necessary.</p><p>Charaxes xiphares staudei Henning &amp; Henning, 1992 Blouberg Forest-king  Charaxes; Blouberg Boskoning Dubbelstert</p><p>André J. Coetzer</p><p>LC</p><p>Rare – Restricted Range</p><p>Endemic</p><p>Type locality: South Africa,  Blouberg, Northern Transvaal, 10-13.x.1985, W. &amp; H. Staude  .</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Limpopo province in South Africa, from the forests of the Blouberg.</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: The status has not changed from the previous assessment.</p><p>Threats: No known threats.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: No conservation actions are currently required. Research is needed into its taxonomy and ecological/habitat requirements, as well as any possible threats.</p><p>Relevant literature:</p><p>Coetzer, A.J. 2014. Exploring the Blouberg. Babbel Blues 1: 10–14.</p><p>Genus  Coenyropsis van Son, 1958 .</p><p>Coenyropsis natalii poetulodes Vári, 1971</p><p>Wolkberg Lined Orange Ringlet; Strydpoort Skimbruintjie</p><p>André J. Coetzer</p><p>LC</p><p>Endemic</p><p>therefore now considerably larger. There are few, if any, threats that could have a serious impact on the population size or the area of occurrence of the taxon. The taxon thus qualifies globally and nationally under the IUCN criteria as Least Concern.</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: The main reason why the status has changed from the previous assessment is due to new distribution records being used. In the past, it was assessed only from records coming from Tubex and Chuniespoort area. During the current assessment, a new record from Ohrigstad was included and verified by the collector. This has increased the AOO and EOO dramatically. While there are still some gaps in the distribution, the range and potentially suitable habitat where this taxon is now found does not justify any threatened status. The first assessment should therefore have also been Least Concern, therefore the status change from Data Deficient to Least Concern is not genuine.</p><p>Threats: Although the taxon has a restricted range, it currently faces no threats. Specimens often frequent steep rocky slopes where neither fire nor livestock grazing is a notable threat.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: Surveys need to be undertaken at the known localities as well as in the area between Ohrigstad and Tubex. Visits to Chuniespoort and Tubex have shown that there are still large stretches of suitable habitat where it could occur at the right time of year. If it can be found research is needed into its taxonomy, life history and ecology, as well as its population size and distribution.</p><p>Genus  Cymothoe Hübner, [1819] .</p><p>Cymothoe alcimeda clarki Stevenson, 1940 Amatola Battling Glider; Amatola Alsie Witkoppie</p><p>Ernest L. Pringle</p><p>LC Endemic</p><p>Type locality: Chuniespoort.</p><p>Type locality: Hogs Back in the Eastern Cape province.</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.</p><p>Taxonomy: The validity of this subspecies has been questioned, but since no taxonomic studies have been done using modern scientific techniques such as genetics, it is assumed to be valid for this assessment.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Limpopo province in South Africa, from the western Wolkberg near Chuniespoort to Ohrigstad.</p><p>Habitat: Rank grassy slopes at altitudes of 1 000 to 1 500 m, in mixed savanna/grassland.</p><p>Vegetation types: SVcb26 Ohrigstad Mountain Bushveld, SVl3 Granite Lowveld.</p><p>Assessment rationale:  A restricted endemic taxon from Limpopo province, South Africa (EOO 752 km 2). This taxon was previously listed as Data Deficient because of its small distribution. The 2012 assessment did not include the Ohrigstad record. The record identification was confirmed by G. Henning (pers. comm.), and the range of the taxon is</p><p>Genus  Dingana van Son, 1955</p><p>Dingana alaedeus Henning &amp; Henning, 1984 Wakkerstroom Widow; Wakkerstroom Weduwee</p><p>Graham A. Henning</p><p>NT B1a</p><p>Endemic</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to the Eastern Cape province in South Africa, known from several forests in the Amatole mountains from near Fort Beaufort in the west to Stutterheim in the east.</p><p>Habitat: Afromontane forest, specifically on the edges and in clearings.</p><p>Vegetation types: FOz3 Southern Mistbelt Forest, Gd1 Amathole Montane Grassland, Gs17 Tarkastad Montane Shrubland, SVs7 Bhisho Thornveld.</p><p>Assessment rationale: This is an endemic taxon from the Eastern Cape province in South Africa (EOO 1 302 km 2). There are at least 21 subpopulations and it is not threatened at present. Most of these forests are protected by law, even though the laws are poorly implemented. There is a future concern of habitat degradation by alien plant invasions and loss of habitat to pine and blue-gum plantations. The taxon thus qualifies globally under the IUCN criteria as Least Concern.</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: The previous assessment used the incorrect information. It was previously placed in the Vulnerable category because the forest habitat was presumed threatened. The fact is that this species occurs in very extensive forests, and is widespread within them. There is no evidence of any population decline over time and it should have been assessed as Least Concern previously. To make matters worse for this argument, the species actually uses a host plant that is very widespread, and is actually a pioneer plant that likes disturbance. So mismanaging the forests would probably favour it. The status change from Vulnerable to Least Concern is therefore non-genuine.</p><p>Threats: Even though the forests in the Amatole mountain range fall mostly within protected areas, there is a future potential threat of degradation of habitat due to alien plant invasions and loss of habitat to pine plantations. There are real problems in the Eastern Cape province concerning jurisdiction over these forests, as well as implementation of conservation measures. This has resulted in paralysis in the coordination and implementation of adequate natural forest conservation in this region.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: This taxon occurs in forests, which could be threatened by the expansion of plantations and uncontrolled encroachment by alien species. Research is needed into its taxonomy, distribution and population size/trends.</p><p>Type locality: Transvaal, Wakkerstroom.</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to the KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga provinces in South Africa, from around Wakkerstroom in Mpumalanga and in neighbouring KwaZulu-Natal province.</p><p>Habitat: Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland at high altitude, along steep, grassy slopes below the rocky ridges of the escarpment. The habitat comprises steep south-facing grassy slopes, gullies and nearby grassland, associated with populations of Ouhout,  Leucosidea sericea . It has been found at altitudes above 1 900 m.</p><p>Vegetation types: Gm14 Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland.</p><p>Assessment rationale:   A range-restricted endemic species from the  Wakkerstroom area in Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal provinces, South Africa (EOO 153 km 2). There are six locations, with a potential plausible future threat of habitat</p><p>modification from fire, drought and alien invasive plants. Mining and farming are also possible threats, as are overgrazing and unseasonal fires during the flight period. The taxon thus qualifies globally under the IUCN criteria as Near Threatened under criterion B.</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: The status has not changed from the previous assessment.</p><p>Threats: While the habitat is fairly remote there is a threat of modification from fire, drought and alien invasive plants. Mining and farming are also possible threats as are overgrazing and unseasonal fires during the flight period. However, the threats are unlikely to impact the species very quickly due to the nature of habitat.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: Further exploration of the area around Wakkerstroom, Utrecht and Groenvlei is required to identify additional subpopulations. Research is needed into its life history, ecology/habitat requirements, and monitoring of known subpopulations is recommended to determine the population size and trends.</p><p>Dingana clara (van Son, 1940)</p><p>Wolkberg Widow; Wolkberg Weduwee</p><p>Justin D. Bode</p><p>EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)</p><p>Endemic</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Limpopo province in South Africa, in the Wolkberg at Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve near Tzaneen in the south to just south of Haenertsburg in the north.</p><p>Habitat: Flies on high altitude Protea slopes. Seems to prefer steep, south-facing, grassy slopes, alongside rocks.</p><p>Vegetation types: FOz4 Northern Mistbelt Forest, Gm23 Northern Escarpment Quartzite Sourveld, Gm26 Wolkberg Dolomite Grassland.</p><p>Assessment rationale: Endemic to the Wolkberg centre of endemism in Limpopo province in South Africa (EOO 238 km 2, AOO 32 km 2), this taxon is known from four locations that are under threat from afforestation and unseasonal fires. The taxon is an altitudinal specialist and climate change could pose a future threat. The taxon thus qualifies globally under the IUCN criteria as Endangered under criterion B.</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: The status has not changed from the previous assessment.</p><p>Threats: As this taxon occurs in the Mesic Highveld Grassland Bioregion its habitat is vulnerable to fires (both wildfires and human induced fires), as well as to droughts and possibly global temperature changes. Due to the steep slopes that the butterfly prefers, and the fact that some of the colonies are in a nature reserve, it is unlikely that human development (apart from afforestation) will be a threat in the near future. However, it is likely that afforestation in the past has resulted in habitat loss. Due to the species being an altitudinal specialist, it is possible that climate change could have an impact in the future, however, the nature of this impact is currently unknown.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: Because of its very restricted range, further research into this species and its distribution, as well as careful monitoring of the status of its subpopulations, is recommended. Two of the subpopulations fall in the Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve, but even here a habitat management plan, which includes an appropriate fire regime, is required to protect the ecological processes required by this taxon.</p><p>Dingana dingana (Trimen, 1873)</p><p>Midlands Widow; Dingaan se Weduwee</p><p>Kevin N.A. Cockburn</p><p>EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) Endemic</p><p>Type locality: Malan Spruit, Natal.</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa, from the Estcourt and Mooi River regions and west towards Greytown.</p><p>Type locality:  Wolkberg, Pietersburg district, Transvaal  .</p><p>Habitat: Grassland, usually among large dolerite or</p><p>sandstone boulders, at an altitude of 1 300 m to 1500 m.</p><p>Vegetation   types: Gs 8 Mooi River Highland  Grassland .</p><p>species. This has been coupled with a lack of habitat connectivity and habitat fragmentation. Changed fire frequency due to adjacent plantations as well as for fodder management is also a threat. Continuous grazing on communal grazing areas is exerting pressure on habitats. Gas exploration and potential future fracking activity pose  a major threat to this taxon, as the area has been targeted for exploratory drilling.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: No subpopulations have been found in conservation areas. Survey of likely habitats is needed to identify additional subpopulations. Most subpopulations are on privately owned farmland with one or two on public or state land. The Mooi River subpopulation on public land needs a management plan. The relevant landowners on farmland should be included in an awareness program. Research is needed into its life history, ecology/habitat requirements, and monitoring of known subpopulations is recommended to determine the population size and trends.</p><p>Dingana fraterna Henning &amp; Henning, 1996</p><p>Stoffberg Widow; Stoffberg Weduwee</p><p>Graham A. Henning</p><p>CR B1ab(iii,v); C2a(ii)</p><p>Endemic</p><p>Assessment rationale:   This range-restricted endemic is from the  Midlands in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa (EOO 130 km 2, AOO 52 km 2).  There are three locations.  The habitat is subjected to increasing human impact and grazing pressures. Increasing numbers of livestock, in particular small stock, are expected to cause degradation of the habitat at some of the localities. The grassland is a fire-climax vegetation type, and increased demand for fodder is leading to alteration of burning times and the reduction in fuel loads. These changes are expected to change the vegetation composition over time. Impacting factors, mentioned above, are being observed at present. At one of the three locations for this species no adults from a well-known subpopulation have been seen for more than 10 years. The taxon thus qualifies globally under the IUCN criteria as Endangered under criterion B  .</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: Previously assessed as Vulnerable (B1 &amp; B2) with 6-10 locations, now assessed as Endangered (B1 &amp; B2) with 3 locations. The status of the population has not changed much since the first assessment and threats have not significantly intensified to qualify a downgrade in status. The main reason for the change in status is due to the calculation and interpretation of the number of locations, which should have also been three locations for the first assessment, having made it Endangered then too. The change in status from Vulnerable to Endangered is therefore not genuine.</p><p>Threats: The main threats emanate from agricultural activity and commercial afforestation of  Eucalyptus and  Pinus</p><p>Type locality: South Africa: Mpumalanga,  Stoffberg, 13.x.1996, G.A. Henning  .</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Limpopo province in South Africa, only existing at one locality in Sekhukhuneland. It is locally extinct from Stoffberg in Mpumalanga province.</p><p>Habitat: Grassy, rocky ridges and slopes of the eastern edge of the Highveld plateau in a very limited geological area, the Rashoop Granophyre suite.</p><p>Vegetation   types: Gm 11 Rand Highveld Grassland, ( Gm 11 Rand  Highveld Grassland)  .</p><p>Assessment rationale: An endemic species from Limpopo province, South Africa (EOO 4 km 2). There is one location and the population is small. There is decline in EOO, AOO, habitat, number of subpopulations and number of mature individuals because of the loss of one of the two known locations, mainly due to fires during the flight period. The taxon thus qualifies globally under the IUCN criteria as Critically Endangered under criteria B and C.</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: A new locality for this species was recently found and thus it is no longer Possibly Extinct. It still occurs in a very restricted range and faces threats from untimely fires, thus the change in status from possibly Extinct to Critically Endangered is non-genuine.</p><p>Threats: The main threat to this species is untimely fires (both natural and human-induced). Fires during the flight period of the adults could destroy a large part of the reproductive population. The larvae may survive a fire in certain instars, but no published information on this is available. The main locality is near a human settlement, and cattle are grazed on the common land. There is potential for some agricultural development. Nearby mining operations may also pose a threat. Possible invasive plant threat from nearby Black Wattle ( Acacia mearnsii) infestation.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: There are currently no conservation measures in place, but a detailed management plan is recommended for this taxon. Special attention should be given to appropriate fire regimes as well as to the constant threat of mining and agricultural activities in the area. The current research programme should expand to include the life history and ecology/habitat requirements, with monitoring of the population size, distribution and trends.</p><p>Dingana jerinae Henning &amp; Henning, 1996</p><p>Krantzberg Widow; Kransberg Weduwee</p><p>Justin D. Bode</p><p>VU D2</p><p>Endemic</p><p>Type locality: Limpopo,  Kransberg .</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Limpopo province in South Africa, in the Waterberg near Thabazimbi.</p><p>Habitat: Grassy slopes and rocky ledges on mountains.</p><p>Vegetation types: Gm29 Waterberg-Magaliesberg Summit Sourveld.</p><p>Assessment rationale: A range-restricted endemic of the Waterberg Mountains of Limpopo province (EOO 4.1 km 2), known from two locations which are potentially threatened by climate change induced devastating fires, which could wipe out one or both of the locations and bring the taxon to CR or EX. The taxon thus qualifies globally under the IUCN criteria as Vulnerable under criterion D.</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: New information in the form of validated distribution records, and incorrect application of the  Red List criteria where future potential threats were not taken into consideration during the first assessment, mean that the change in status from Least Concern to Vulnerable is non-genuine. It would have been Vulnerable during the first assessment too.</p><p>Threats: A devastating fire during the flight period of the adults could threaten the existence of this species, especially since the two subpopulations are so close to each other. Increasing temperatures and droughts have brought about this situation.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: It is recommended that the subpopulations are monitored for any changes in the habitat and that an appropriate fire regime is instituted. Research is needed into its life history, ecology/habitat requirements, and monitoring of known subpopulations is recommended to determine the population size and trends.</p><p>Genus  Dira van Son, 1955 .</p><p>Dira swanepoeli isolata van Son, 1955</p><p>Blouberg Northern Autumn Widow; Blouberg Weduwee</p><p>André J. Coetzer</p><p>VU D2</p><p>Endemic</p><p>several locations for this butterfly on the Blouberg mountain, there is no control over these unseasonal fires and grazing. The taxon thus qualifies under the IUCN criteria as Vulnerable under criterion D.</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: This taxon was previously assessed as Least Concern because no threats were believed to affect the population, based on records from the 1980s and early 1990s. In recent years, additional data became available, both from records collected in 2013 as well as from personal communication with botanists who work extensively on the mountain. The threat of untimely fires was discovered, which should have been taken into account for the first assessment as a future potential threat, having made it Vulnerable (D2) then too. Hence the change in status from Least Concern to Vulnerable is not genuine.</p><p>Threats: The taxon is a grassland-forest ecotone specialist and is only known to occur on the Blouberg, Limpopo province. Population numbers can be seriously affected by untimely fires during the flight period, and local people are known to burn grasslands on the mountain to promote grass growth for grazing. Therefore, while grazing by livestock may not be  a major direct threat because the taxon normally occurs on rocky ridges, uncontrolled burning of grasslands during the flight period could be very serious.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: A monitoring system should be put in place to gain a better understanding of this taxon and its habitat requirements. It is recommended that the local community be made aware of this endemic taxon and of the effects that unseasonal fires and livestock grazing may have on its population.</p><p>Relevant literature:</p><p>Coetzer, A.J. 2014. Exploring the Blouberg. Babbel Blues 1: 10–14.</p><p>Genus  Neita van Son, 1955 .</p><p>Neita lotenia (van Son, 1949) Loteni Large Ringlet; Drakensberg Bergbruintjie Type locality: Blaauwberg, Northern Transvaal.</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.</p><p>Kevin N.A. Cockburn</p><p>LC</p><p>Rare – Low Density</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Limpopo province in South Africa, on the southern and eastern slopes of the Blouberg.</p><p>Habitat: Rocky ridges on montane grassy slopes and plateaus and grassy areas between thicker woodland on the eastern side of the mountain.</p><p>Vegetation types: FOz4 Northern Mistbelt Forest, Gm28 Soutpansberg Summit Sourveld.</p><p>Assessment rationale: A range restricted endemic from the Blouberg mountain in Limpopo province, South Africa (EOO &amp; AOO 16 km 2). This taxon was listed as Rare in the previous 2012 assessment. However, the 2012 assessment was conducted using only a few old specimen records from the 1980s and early 1990s and without practical experience of the habitat where the taxa occurs. Recent surveys have revealed threats that were unknown in 2012, namely the unseasonal fires which the local people use to promote grassland growth and livestock grazing. While there are</p><p>Genus  Neptis Fabricius, 1807</p><p>Neptis serena serena Overlaet, 1955 Serene Sailer; Kalm Swewer</p><p>Ernest L. Pringle</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B887F5FF5EFF40FF47FF61BDFD2836	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mecenero, Silvia;Edge, David A.;Staude, Hermann S.;Coetzer, Bennie H.;Coetzer, André J.;Raimondo, Domitilla C.;Williams, Mark C.;Armstrong, Adrian J.;Ball, Jonathan B.;Bode, Justin D.;Cockburn, Kevin N. A.;Dobson, Chris M.;Dobson, Jeremy C. H.;Henning, Graham A.;Morton, Andrew S.;Pringle, Ernest L.;Rautenbach, Fanie;Selb, Harald E. T.;Van Der Colff, Dewidine;Woodhall, Steve E.	Mecenero, Silvia, Edge, David A., Staude, Hermann S., Coetzer, Bennie H., Coetzer, André J., Raimondo, Domitilla C., Williams, Mark C., Armstrong, Adrian J., Ball, Jonathan B., Bode, Justin D., Cockburn, Kevin N. A., Dobson, Chris M., Dobson, Jeremy C. H., Henning, Graham A., Morton, Andrew S., Pringle, Ernest L., Rautenbach, Fanie, Selb, Harald E. T., Van Der Colff, Dewidine, Woodhall, Steve E. (2020): Outcomes of the Southern African Lepidoptera Conservation Assessment (SALCA). Metamorphosis 31 (4): 1-160, DOI: 10.4314/met.v31i4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.4314/met.v31i4.1
03B887F5FF4CFF57FF47FFA8BA6E2154.text	03B887F5FF4CFF57FF47FFA8BA6E2154.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Papilionidae	<div><p>FAMILY  PAPILIONIDAE</p><p>Genus  Papilio Linnaeus, 1758 .</p><p>Papilio ophidicephalus entabeni van Son, 1939 Soutpansberg Emperor Swallowtail; Soutpansberg Koningswaelstert</p><p>Bennie H. Coetzer</p><p>LC</p><p>Endemic</p><p>Vegetation   types: FOz4  Northern Mistbelt Forest, SVcb21  Soutpansberg Mountain
Bushveld
, SVcb22 VhaVenda Miombo  .</p><p>Assessment rationale: An endemic taxon from Limpopo province in South Africa (EOO 2 416 km 2). Listed nationally as rare in 2012 but new data collected over the past five years shows that this taxon has a wider occurrence along the Soutpansberg than was previously known. The taxon thus qualifies globally under the IUCN criteria as Least Concern.</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: The status has not changed from the previous assessment.</p><p>Threats: Housing developments along the eastern end of the mountain could have a small impact on subpopulations in that area, but this is not suspected to cause significant declines in the numbers of the population as a whole.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: No conservation measures recommended.</p><p>Papilio ophidicephalus transvaalensis van Son, 1939 Transvaal Emperor Swallowtail; Houtbos Koningswaelstert</p><p>Bennie H. Coetzer</p><p>LC Endemic</p><p>Type locality:  Northern Transvaal, Entabeni, Zoutpansberg range  .</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Limpopo province in South Africa, occurring on the Blouberg and in the Soutpansberg Mountain range from Vivo in the west to Mphaphuli in the east.</p><p>Habitat: Forests on the Blouberg and Soutpansberg. From high altitude forests in the Entabeni area down to riverine forests in the eastern part of its range.</p><p>Type locality:  North Transvaal, Woodbush, Pietersburg District  .</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Limpopo province in South Africa, from near Polokwane in the west to Ofcolaco in the east.</p><p>Habitat: Temperate forest in mountainous areas.</p><p>Vegetation   types: FOz4  Northern Mistbelt Forest,  Gm 23  Northern Escarpment Quartzite Sourveld,  Gm 25  Woodbush Granite Grassland, Gm 26 Wolkberg Dolomite Grassland ,</p><p>SVcb26 Ohrigstad Mountain Bushveld, SVl8 Tzaneen Sour Bushveld.</p><p>Assessment rationale: Endemic to the Limpopo province Wolkberg Centre of Endemism in South Africa (EOO 1 032 km 2). There are a large number of subpopulations and there are no significant current threats. Many more subpopulations have been discovered and its range has extended since it was listed as rare in 2012. Thus the taxon qualifies globally under the IUCN criteria as Least Concern.</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: The status has not changed from the previous assessment.</p><p>Threats: Plantations could be extended as the area is widely used for pine plantations. At present no such developments are foreseen and if this occurs on a small scale it could have a small impact on subpopulations in that area.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: No conservation measures recommended.</p><p>Papilio ophidicephalus zuluensis van Son, 1939</p><p>Zulu Emperor Swallowtail; Zoeloeland Koningswaelstert</p><p>Adrian J. Armstrong</p><p>LC</p><p>Rare – Restricted Range, Habitat Specialist</p><p>Endemic</p><p>Type locality: Zululand, Eshowe.</p><p>Taxonomy: There are no notable issues.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa, in parts of central Zululand, from Dlinza Forest in the south-east to Qudeni Forest in the north-west.</p><p>Habitat:   Scarp and mistbelt forests to the north of the Thukela River Valley in  central Zululand, KwaZulu-Natal province  .</p><p>Vegetation   types: FOz3 Southern Mistbelt Forest, FOz5 Scarp Forest,  Gs 20  Moist Coast  Hinterland Grassland,  Gs 9 Midlands  Mistbelt Grassland .</p><p>Assessment rationale: A range-restricted taxon endemic to central Zululand in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa (EOO 193 km 2). This taxon is known from three subpopulations occurring in isolated scarp forest patches. While there are no current threats, climate change, in particular higher ambient temperature in the western and central parts of the distribution of this taxon, is expected to have an impact on the population of this forest-specialist taxon through habitat alteration. Although the population is naturally fragmented, the expected decrease in habitat intactness and the impacts of climate change is likely to increase the fragmentation of the population. Decline in the taxon's EOO and AOO may occur in the next few decades, but the exact impact on the taxon cannot be determined owing to the ameliorating effects that microhabitat diversity might have. The taxon thus qualifies globally under the IUCN criteria as Least Concern and is nationally classified as Rare (Restricted Range and Habitat Specialist).</p><p>Change in status from SABCA: The status has not changed from the previous assessment.</p><p>Threats: Climate change and habitat fragmentation are expected to affect the population in the future. Over the next few decades, temperatures are expected to be much higher in the western and central parts of the taxon's distribution, causing habitat alteration. Habitat intactness is expected to decrease in the eastern and central parts of the taxon's extent of occurrence.</p><p>Conservation measures and research required: Encouraging the planting of host plants in gardens next to or near forests through awareness campaigns might assist in increasing the population. Research into its distribution, life history and ecology is needed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B887F5FF4CFF57FF47FFA8BA6E2154	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mecenero, Silvia;Edge, David A.;Staude, Hermann S.;Coetzer, Bennie H.;Coetzer, André J.;Raimondo, Domitilla C.;Williams, Mark C.;Armstrong, Adrian J.;Ball, Jonathan B.;Bode, Justin D.;Cockburn, Kevin N. A.;Dobson, Chris M.;Dobson, Jeremy C. H.;Henning, Graham A.;Morton, Andrew S.;Pringle, Ernest L.;Rautenbach, Fanie;Selb, Harald E. T.;Van Der Colff, Dewidine;Woodhall, Steve E.	Mecenero, Silvia, Edge, David A., Staude, Hermann S., Coetzer, Bennie H., Coetzer, André J., Raimondo, Domitilla C., Williams, Mark C., Armstrong, Adrian J., Ball, Jonathan B., Bode, Justin D., Cockburn, Kevin N. A., Dobson, Chris M., Dobson, Jeremy C. H., Henning, Graham A., Morton, Andrew S., Pringle, Ernest L., Rautenbach, Fanie, Selb, Harald E. T., Van Der Colff, Dewidine, Woodhall, Steve E. (2020): Outcomes of the Southern African Lepidoptera Conservation Assessment (SALCA). Metamorphosis 31 (4): 1-160, DOI: 10.4314/met.v31i4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.4314/met.v31i4.1
03B887F5FF42FF56FF47FFA8BF272874.text	03B887F5FF42FF56FF47FFA8BF272874.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pieridae	<div><p>FAMILY  PIERIDAE</p><p>Genus  Colotis Hübner, [1819] .</p><p>Colotis celimene amina (Hewitson, 1866) Lilac Tip; Boomwagter</p><p>André J. Coetzer</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B887F5FF42FF56FF47FFA8BF272874	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mecenero, Silvia;Edge, David A.;Staude, Hermann S.;Coetzer, Bennie H.;Coetzer, André J.;Raimondo, Domitilla C.;Williams, Mark C.;Armstrong, Adrian J.;Ball, Jonathan B.;Bode, Justin D.;Cockburn, Kevin N. A.;Dobson, Chris M.;Dobson, Jeremy C. H.;Henning, Graham A.;Morton, Andrew S.;Pringle, Ernest L.;Rautenbach, Fanie;Selb, Harald E. T.;Van Der Colff, Dewidine;Woodhall, Steve E.	Mecenero, Silvia, Edge, David A., Staude, Hermann S., Coetzer, Bennie H., Coetzer, André J., Raimondo, Domitilla C., Williams, Mark C., Armstrong, Adrian J., Ball, Jonathan B., Bode, Justin D., Cockburn, Kevin N. A., Dobson, Chris M., Dobson, Jeremy C. H., Henning, Graham A., Morton, Andrew S., Pringle, Ernest L., Rautenbach, Fanie, Selb, Harald E. T., Van Der Colff, Dewidine, Woodhall, Steve E. (2020): Outcomes of the Southern African Lepidoptera Conservation Assessment (SALCA). Metamorphosis 31 (4): 1-160, DOI: 10.4314/met.v31i4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.4314/met.v31i4.1
