identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0604255BFFE9FFE1FDED70C3FB1DFE0F.text	0604255BFFE9FFE1FDED70C3FB1DFE0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chalcis Fabricius 1787	<div><p>Chalcis Fabricius</p><p>Chalcis Fabricius, 1787: 272 . Type species: Sphex sispes Linnaeus, 1761, by subsequent designation of Westwood (1839: 65).</p><p>Smiera Spinola, 1811: 147 . Type species Sphex sispes Linnaeus, 1761, by subsequent designation of Curtis (1833: 472). Synonymy by Gahan and Fagan (1923: 31).</p><p>Smicra Spinola, 1837: 1 . Unjustified emendation of Smiera .</p><p>Bouček (1951), Delvare (1992) and Saguiah et al. (2020) give diagnoses of the genus and its host associations; hence, this information is not repeated here.</p><p>Note</p><p>The key to the Oriental species of Chalcis (Ranjith and Priyadarshanan 2023) erroneously mentions petiole with tubercle-like projections anteriorly and posteriorly. On examination of the holotype of C. biligiriensis, and type images of C. edentata and C. gibsoni, it is understood that the posterior upturned coxal flange accommodating the metafemur is recognised as the posterior tubercle on the petiole.</p><p>Thus, a modified key from Narendran (1989) including C. biligiriensis is prepared and provided for easy identification of Chalcis occurring in the Indian subcontinent.</p><p>Key to species of Chalcis Fabricius occurring in the Indian subcontinent (females only)</p><p>1. Ventral margin of metafemur with all denticles of similar size (Figures 1, 27) ......... 2</p><p>– Ventral margin of metafemur with basal tooth/denticle large, followed by several shorter denticles (Figures 13, 33) ................................................................................................. 3</p><p>2. Metafemur black with yellow patches at basal and apical ends (Figure 1), with conspicuous inner basal tooth present (Ranjith and Priyadarsanan 2023, fig. 3A); frons with yellow macula on inner margin of eye; lower face, raised (Figure 2); propodeum with very short a median carina (Ranjith and Priyadarsanan 2023, fig. 1E) ............................................................................................................................................ C. biligiriensis</p><p>– Metafemur entirely black, no yellow patch on surface (Figure 27), without an inner basal tooth; frons entirely black, no yellow macula on inner margin of eye (Figure 25); area below scrobe without a raised area (Figure 25); propodeum with a median carina reaching halfway (Figure 26) .................................................. C. edentata</p><p>3. Metafemur ventrally with 12–14 denticles, basal one very large, curving forward (Figure 13); metasoma at most brown-black; frons with yellow macula slightly removed from inner margin of eye (Figure 11); apex of mesoscutellum distinctly produced, apical margin truncate (Figure 12) ........................................ C. bipatrus sp. n.</p><p>– Metafemur ventrally with 17–19 denticles, basal one not large as in alternate, not curved (Figure 33); metasoma red-brown; frons without any yellow macula; apex of mesoscutellum weakly emarginate, apical margin rounded (Figure 32) ... ... C. gibsoni</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0604255BFFE9FFE1FDED70C3FB1DFE0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Binoy, C.;Sureshan, P. M.	Binoy, C., Sureshan, P. M. (2025): A new species of Chalcis Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae: Chalcidinae) and a review of the regional species from the Indian subcontinent. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 983-996, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2472437, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2472437
0604255BFFE8FFE1FEAD7390FEC4FA8C.text	0604255BFFE8FFE1FEAD7390FEC4FA8C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chalcis biligiriensis Ranjith and Priyadarshanan	<div><p>Chalcis biligiriensis Ranjith and Priyadarshanan</p><p>(Figures 1–7)</p><p>Chalcis biligiriensis Ranjith and Priyadarshanan, 2023, pp. 436–437 . Holotype ♀, India: Karnataka, Chamarajanagar, Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve, ZSIK Regd. No. ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV.25476. [ZSIK] examined.</p><p>Short description</p><p>Represented by holotype alone. Funicles with short peg-like sensilla (Figure 3); MOD: OOD: POD = 1: 2.1: 1 (Figure 4); preorbital carina weakly represented (Figure 2); malar sulcus straight (Figure 5); pronotum, mesosoma and mesoscutellum coarsely punctate with well-impressed setigerous puncture, pubescence long, white, arising from middle of punctures (Figure 4); interspaces on mesoscutum and mesoscutellum smooth, raised, punctures larger on mesoscutellum with wider interspaces; apex of mesoscutellum emarginate (Figure 4); propodeum with a short median carina anteriorly, remainder coarsely rugose; metacoxa as long as petiole, not reaching the base of gaster; metafemur twice as long as wide; inner basal tooth present (see Figure 3A of Ranjith and Priyadarsanan 2023); dorsal surface with numerous setigerous pits, ventrally with 16 denticles of similar size; fore wing sub-hyaline, sparsely setose, mv 1.2 × pmv, pmv 3.1 × stv (Figure 1); petiole 3.1 × as long as wide and 3.5 × as long as high; petiole anteriorly with a raised sharp tubercle, and a pair of laterally running carinae (Figure 6); metasoma globose, Gt1 largest, as long as 0.8× entire length of metasoma; Gt3–Gt6 telescopic and retracted under Gt2 (Figure 6).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>India: Karnataka.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0604255BFFE8FFE1FEAD7390FEC4FA8C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Binoy, C.;Sureshan, P. M.	Binoy, C., Sureshan, P. M. (2025): A new species of Chalcis Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae: Chalcidinae) and a review of the regional species from the Indian subcontinent. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 983-996, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2472437, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2472437
0604255BFFE8FFEBFE1A77F5FC62FF24.text	0604255BFFE8FFEBFE1A77F5FC62FF24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chalcis bipatrus Binoy & Sureshan 2025	<div><p>Chalcis bipatrus Binoy sp. n.</p><p>Chalcis gibsoni Narendran, 1989 (Iqbal et al. 2015, p. 112) misidentification.</p><p>(Figures 8–15, 16–22)</p><p>Type locality</p><p>Holotype ♀, INDIA: Kerala, Kozhikode district, collected near mangroves, Perumthuruthy, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.74844&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.331028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.74844/lat 11.331028)">Elathur</a> (11°19 ʹ 51.7”N, 75°44 ʹ 54.4”E, 15 m above mean sea level), 08 January 2022, Coll . C . Binoy [SEMCC] . Paratype: ♀, same detail as holotype [SEMCC]; 1♂, PAKISTAN, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=71.473335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.02" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 71.473335/lat 34.02)">Peshawar</a> (34°1.2 ʹ N, 71°28.4 ʹ E, 359 m above mean sea level), 12 April 2013, Coll . Toheed Iqbal [UAP] .</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Species name bipatrus in Latin essentially means ‘two homelands’ or ‘from two countries’, reflecting the species’ presence in both India and Pakistan. The name captures the idea of the species being native to or found in two distinct geographical regions also.</p><p>Recognition</p><p>Chalcis bipatrus sp. n. is characterised by the following combination of characters: metafemur ventrally with 12–14 denticles, the basal denticle notably large and curving forward; metasoma uniformly brown-black; frons bearing a yellow macula slightly removed from the inner margin of eye; mesoscutellum distinctly produced posteriorly, with truncate apical margin. The new species exhibits dense, long pubescence on the head and legs, medial carina on the frons extending nearly to ocellar region, and petiole with anterior tubercle and lateral carinae. Sexual dimorphism is evident in the metafemur denticle count (13 in females, 11 in males) and the presence of a median row of long erect setae on the mesoscutellum in males.</p><p>Description</p><p>Holotype, ♀ (Figures 8–15). Body length 5.64 mm, length of fore wing 3.59 mm.</p><p>Colour. Body black with the following parts coloured as follows:eyes pale golden yellow with black patches, ocelli golden brown; frons black with yellow macula near scrobe; clypeus red-brown, mandible red-brown; tegulae pale yellow; wing lamina with deep brown infumation, brown veins; all coxae black, mid and metafemur black with apex yellow; metafemur black with base yellow extending onto the basal curved denticle, sub-apical third yellow; all tibiae pale brown; petiole yellow-brown with base medially and laterally red-brown; pubescence on head, thorax, propodeum and legs dense, long, and yellow-brown; hypopygium red-brown, apex paler.</p><p>Head. Head finely rugose with dense long pubescence,1.83× as wide as long in frontal view; interantennal projection wide, not raised, scrobe weakly excavate, with medial carina running along centre of face, almost reaching ocellar region (Figure 11, arrow); occiput weakly rugose, posteriorly striate; eyes glabrous, 2.6× as long as malar area laterally (Figure 9); antenna with scape reaching at most anterior ocellus,setose,as long as fl2 to fl6 combined;relative length of antennomeres in the ratio 4.8: 1: 1.2: 1.5: 1.6: 1.6: 1.4: 1.2: 1: 1.1: 0.7: 0.7; POD 1.1× OOD (Figure 10); pre- and postorbital carinae absent (Figures 9, 11).</p><p>Mesosoma. Pronotum dorsally with close pits, interstices rugose, yellow pubescence arising from each pit; posterior margin of pronotum conspicuously emarginate; diameter of the pit on mesoscutum increases posteriorly, interspace smooth anteriorly, turning coriaceous posteriorly; mesoscutum 1.4× as broad as long; mesoscutellum 1.7× as long as wide with small closely arranged setigerous pits, single yellow-brown seta arising from each pit; apex of mesoscutellum conspicuously produced posteriorly, apical margin truncate (Figure 12, arrow); propodeum densely and coarsely rugate; wings with dark brown infumation, moderately setose on lamina; mv long, 1.1× pmv (Figure 14); metafemur with dense yellow-brown setae, inner basal tooth present, ventrally with large basal denticle, curving followed 13 progressively shorter denticles; metatibia arching (Figure 13).</p><p>Metasoma. Metasoma globose, 1.2× as long as mesosoma; petiole yellow-brown, 0.7× as long as metacoxa, anteriorly with a raised tubercle, laterally carinate, carina almost reaching posterior end (Figure 15, black arrow); terga dorsally smooth, with sparse conspicuous pubescence arising from rows of pits at posterior margin; Gt1 long, as long as 0.7× total length of metasoma,with pair of short lateral carina (Figure 15,white arrow); hypopygium faintly setose.</p><p>Male (Figures 16–22). Similar to female holotype in colour and mensuration. Body length 2.3 mm. Metafemur with inner basal tooth, outer surface with basal and sub-apical yellow patches (Figure 20); yellow macula on frons (Figure 18); median carina on scrobe long, reaching at most the ocellar area (Figure 18, arrow); apex of mesoscutellum well emarginate, apical margin truncate (Figure 19). Apart from evident sexual dimorphism, metafemur with 11 denticles on ventral margin, basal one straight, similar in size to that of remaining serrulation (metafemur with 13 serrulations on ventral margin; basal one largest, curving in holotype); mesoscutellum with median row of long erect brown setae (absent in holotype).</p><p>Differential diagnosis. Chalcis bipatrus sp. n. resembles C. gibsoni in having metafemur with a prominent inner basal tubercle, the basal denticle large, followed by short well-spaced denticles; propodeum irregularly rugate; identical punctation on mesosoma; pmv at most as long as mv; metacoxa long, exceeding the base of gaster. The new species differs from C. gibsoni in having metasoma black vs metasoma red-brown in C. gibsoni (Figure 29); metafemur with basal denticle curving, followed by 13 short denticles vs metafemur with basal denticle straight, followed by 18 short denticles in C. gibsoni (Figure 33); metafemur with sub-apical third yellow vs metafemur with two non-confluent yellow patches subapically in C. gibsoni (Figure 33); head and legs conspicuously setose vs setosity comparatively low in C. gibsoni (Figures 2, 30); apex of mesoscutellum produced posteriorly, truncate at apical margin vs apex of mesoscutellum slightly emarginate, rounded at apical margin (Figure 32); interantennal tubercle not raised, conspicuous medial carina at midline of frons, almost reaching ocellar region vs interantennal carina raised, medial carina very short in C. gibsoni (Figure 31); frons rugulose, with yellow patch at scrobal margin vs frons punctate, black, without any yellow patch in C. gibsoni (Figure 31); POD 1.1× OOD vs POD 1.5× OOD in C. gibsoni (Figure 30).</p><p>Chalcis bipatrus sp. n. resembles C. biligiriensis in having yellow patches on frons (Figure 2), but can be differentiated on the basis of characters given in the key to species. Chalcis bipatrus sp. n. can be differentiated from C. edentata based on characters in the key.</p><p>Condition of paratype male</p><p>Mounted on card-point, antenna missing.</p><p>Host</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Oriental (India: Kerala); Palaearctic (Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0604255BFFE8FFEBFE1A77F5FC62FF24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Binoy, C.;Sureshan, P. M.	Binoy, C., Sureshan, P. M. (2025): A new species of Chalcis Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae: Chalcidinae) and a review of the regional species from the Indian subcontinent. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 983-996, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2472437, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2472437
0604255BFFE2FFEBFE7B7362FD87FB79.text	0604255BFFE2FFEBFE7B7362FD87FB79.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chalcis edentata Narendran 1989	<div><p>Chalcis edentata Narendran, 1989</p><p>Chalcis edentata, 1989, p. 202. Holotype ♀, Taiwan: Wushe, alt. 1150 m, 26.iv.1983 [AEI]</p><p>(Figures 23–28)</p><p>Short description</p><p>Represented by females only. Black with following parts variable: eye, and ocellus silvercoloured; pro and meso femora brown, apices yellow-brown; pro and meso tibia brown with base and apex yellow-brown; metatibia with curving apex yellow-brown (Figure 27); all tarsi yellow-brown; tip of hypopygium brown (Figure 23). Funicles with short peg-like sensilla (as on C. biligiriensis) (Figure 25); MOD: OOD: POD = 1: 1.3: 2 (Figure 24); pre-and postorbital carina absent (Figures 23, 25); interantennal process conspicuous, scrobe with distinct median carina, almost reaching ocellar area (pers. comm. Brandon Claridge); pronotum, mesosoma coarsely rugose punctate with well impressed punctures, interspaces carinate, raised; punctures larger on mesoscutellum with narrow carinate interspaces; pubescence short, sparse; apex of mesoscutellum emarginate, rounded; propodeum with median carina anteriorly running halfway, remainder rugose; metacoxa as long as petiole, not reaching the base of gaster, polished on dorsal surface with long setae (Figure 26); metafemur twice as long as wide; inner basal tooth absent (pers. comm. Brandon Claridge); dorsal surface with setigerous pits and moderate setosity, ventrally with 17 denticles of similar size (Figure 27); fore wing sub-hyaline with sparse setosity, mv 1.1× pmv; petiole anteriorly with a raised sharp tubercle; metasoma globose, dorsal surface polished, laterally with setigerous pits having golden setae.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Taiwan: Wushe (Narendran 1989).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0604255BFFE2FFEBFE7B7362FD87FB79	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Binoy, C.;Sureshan, P. M.	Binoy, C., Sureshan, P. M. (2025): A new species of Chalcis Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae: Chalcidinae) and a review of the regional species from the Indian subcontinent. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 983-996, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2472437, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2472437
0604255BFFE2FFEEFE0076B9FEB9FC14.text	0604255BFFE2FFEEFE0076B9FEB9FC14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chalcis gibsoni Narendran 1987	<div><p>Chalcis gibsoni Narendran, 1987</p><p>Chalcis gibsoni Narendran, 1987, p. 8 . Holotype ♀, India: Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, viii.1952 [CNC] (Figures 29–34)</p><p>Short description</p><p>Based on holotype. Black with following parts variable: eye, and ocellus yellow-brown; clypeus and mandible red-brown; scape and pedicel brown, following antennomeres brown; pro and mesofemora brown, apices yellow-brown; tegula yellow; pro and mesofemora red-brown with apex yellow; metafemur brown with basal yellow patch extending onto basal denticle, sub-apical non-confluent yellow patches (Figure 33); pro and mesotibiae red-brown with base and apex pale yellow; metatibia brown; petiole red-brown; metasoma red-brown, hypopygium brown (Figure 29). Funicles with short peg-like sensilla (Figure 31); MOD: OOD: POD = 1.1: 1.3: 2.5 (Figure 30); pre-and postorbital carina absent; interantennal process conspicuous, scrobe with short median carina (Figure 31); pronotum and mesoscutum coarsely punctate with well-impressed punctures, interspaces carinate; punctures larger on mesoscutellum, slightly wider interspace; pubescence long, sparse; apex of mesoscutellum emarginate, rounded; propodeum rugate (Figures 30, 32); metacoxa longer than petiole, reaching beyond base of gaster; dorsal surface of metacoxa polished, ventrally with setigerous pits; metafemur 1.8 × as long as wide; inner basal tooth present; dorsal surface of metafemur with setigerous pits and moderate setosity, ventrally with 19 denticles, basal one largest, straight (Figure 33); fore wing with brown infumation, with moderate setosity; petiole anteriorly with a raised sharp tubercle, laterally carinate; metasoma globose, dorsal surface polished, Gt2 onwards laterally with setigerous pits having short setae (Figure 29).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>India: Kerala, Odisha, Tamil Nadu; Nepal: Madhesh Province; Indonesia: Bogor (Narendran 1987, 1989).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0604255BFFE2FFEEFE0076B9FEB9FC14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Binoy, C.;Sureshan, P. M.	Binoy, C., Sureshan, P. M. (2025): A new species of Chalcis Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae: Chalcidinae) and a review of the regional species from the Indian subcontinent. Journal of Natural History 59 (13 - 16): 983-996, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2025.2472437, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2472437
