identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
1137F67FFF8A0D33FF3EFD81FC48FE9B.text	1137F67FFF8A0D33FF3EFD81FC48FE9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sternoptychidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Sternoptychidae</p>
            <p> The cranial bones in the four species of  Argyropelecus examined are quite thin and some appear to have a reticulate structure. They also have a prominent bony ridge running longitudinally along each frontal bone (Fig. 1A, C). The ridge starts rostral to the orbit, and becomes more medial, so that between the orbits, the left and right longitudinal ridges nearly touch. Caudal to the orbits, the ridges are more lateral at their posterior end. </p>
            <p> The SO, PO and MD canals are present in four species of  Argyropelecus (  A. hemigymnus ,  A. aculeatus Valenciennes, 1850 ,  A. affinis Garman, 1899 ,  A. lychnus Garman, 1899 ) as revealed in cleared and stained material, histology, µCT images and via examination of whole preserved specimens. Cleared and stained specimens and µCT images show no evidence of bony canal pores that would suggest the presence of completely ossified canals. However, bony troughs in the preoperculum and along the mandible indicate the presence of partially ossified PO and MD canals, respectively (Fig. 1B, D, E). The skin covering the PO and MD canals is very thin and often damaged, making the interpretation of canal morphology difficult, but histological analyses of three specimens of  A. aculeatus confirmed the presence of incompletely ossified SO, PO and MD canals (Table 1). Infraorbital bones and an infraorbital (IO) canal are both absent. </p>
            <p> The SO canal is in close association with the longitudinal bony ridge in the frontal bone in all four species of  Argyropelecus examined. This feature was studied in detail in  A. aculeatus (Figs 2, 3B). Each ridge starts rostral to the orbit, extends caudally and medially, so that the left and right longitudinal ridges nearly touch between the orbits. Caudal to the orbits, the ridges are situated laterally before terminating (Fig. 2). The SO canal starts rostral to the orbit and medial to the bony ridge. The first SO neuromast is found in the skin overlying the frontal bone (Fig. 2). The next SO canal neuromast is enclosed only by soft tissue. The left and right canals merge into a single canal medial to the orbits, between the ridges, and the left and right canal neuromasts are found within a single median canal. Caudal to the orbits, the two SO canals are separate and SO canal neuromasts are found within the left and right SO canals. Each SO canal extends laterally passing through the bony ridge as a short ossified canal containing a neuromast. The canal opens to the surface, and the next neuromast (a SO canal neuromast homologue, given its similarity in size to enclosed canal neuromasts) is found on the skin surface (Fig. 2). </p>
            <p> In  A. aculeatus , the MD canal is only partially ossified, appearing as a trough containing two canal neuromasts covered by a thin epithelium. The PO canal originates just caudal to the posterior end of the MD canal and varies in morphology along its length. The first PO neuromast sits in a fully ossified canal below a preopercular spine, but the portion of the PO canal oriented dorso-ventrally is a narrow trough enclosed by a thin epithelium and contains three neuromasts. </p>
            <p> Histological analysis showed that canal neuromasts are present in the SO, PO and MD canals of  A. aculeatus . The neuromasts varied in size among and within canals and with body size, but all appear to be elliptical or diamond shaped with a major axis parallel to the axis of the canal (Marranzino, 2016). In whole specimens, the canal neuromasts appear as opaque, white, oval structures sitting in bony troughs (visible only if the epithelium covering the trough was absent); neuromast, which is out of the plane of section. Scale bar = 100 µm. © President and Fellows of Harvard College. their locations were confirmed in histological material. Neuromasts are present in troughs in the preopercular and anguloarticular bones in whole preserved  A. hemigymnus . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1137F67FFF8A0D33FF3EFD81FC48FE9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marranzino, Ashley N;Webb, Jacqueline F	Marranzino, Ashley N, Webb, Jacqueline F (2018): Flow sensing in the deep sea: the lateral line system of stomiiform fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (4): 945-965, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx090, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/4/945/4812143
1137F67FFF880D32FC86FEC4FD52FDC6.text	1137F67FFF880D32FC86FEC4FD52FDC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gonostomatidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Gonostomatidae</p>
            <p> Examination of whole preserved  Gonostoma elongatum Gunther, 1878 revealed enclosed lateral line canals. Thin, needle-like bones and partially ossified canals were revealed in µCT reconstructions, and a fully ossified canal was also present in the supracleithrum (Table 1). A bifurcated bony longitudinal ridge is found in the frontal bone rostral to the orbit, which merges into a single ridge at the level of the anterior edge of the orbit (Fig. 3D). The enclosed, but partially ossified SO canal starts rostral to the orbit at the level of the anterior naris and medial to the longitudinal ridge. Caudal to the orbit, epithelial canal pores are found lateral to the ridge suggesting that the canal extends laterally through it. The presence of a trough in the preoperculum and epithelial canal pores in the opercular region indicates that the PO canal is enclosed, but only partially ossified. Epithelial canal pores are not present in the mandible indicating the absence of an MD canal. Three epithelial canal pores ventral to the orbit suggest the presence of an IO canal, but IO bones could not be resolved in µCT images suggesting that the IO canal is unossified or weakly ossified. Epithelial canal pores at the posterior margin of the skull indicate the presence of OT, PT and ST canals, which appear to be incompletely ossified based on µCT data and a fully ossified canal is present in the supracleithrum. </p>
            <p> Cleared and stained specimens of  Cyclothone (  C. acclinidens Garman, 1899 ,  C. alba Brauer, 1906 ,  C. pseudopallida Mukhacheva, 1964 ,  C. signata Garman, 1899 ) and µCT reconstruction of  C. microdon (Gunter, </p>
            <p> are bilaterally symmetrical (here, in dorsal view), but are described with reference to the ridge(s) on one side of the head. A, ridge absent in  Cyclothone ,  Bathophilus ,  Malacosteus and  Neonesthes . B, one longitudinal ridge extends dorsally from the frontal bone. The longitudinal ridge extends medially, meeting the ridge on the other side of the head medial to the orbits without fusing, in  Argyropelecus and  Ichthyococcus . C, one longitudinal ridge is present, but does not meet with or fuse with the ridge on the other side of the head in  Aristostomias ,  Idiacanthus ,  Flagellostomias ,  Pachystomias and  Tactostoma . D, one longitudinal ridge is present in the frontal bone, but bifurcates rostral to the orbit, in  Gonostoma ,  Echiostoma and  Eustomias . E, two longitudinal bony ridges extend from the frontal bone, but they never meet or fuse with the ridges on the other side of the head in  Astronesthes and  Opostomias . 1878) revealed thin, needle-like cranial bones. In contrast to  Gonostoma and other stomiiforms (see below), all lateral line canals (and troughs indicating the presence of partially ossified canals) are absent, and there is no evidence of a bony longitudinal ridge on the dorsal surface of the frontal bone (Figs 1F, G, 3A; Table 1). Examination of whole preserved specimens (  C. acclinidens ,  C. alba ,  C. braueri Jespersen and Taning, 1926 ,  C. microdon ,  C. parapallida Badcock, 1982 ,  C. pallida Brauer, 1902 ,  C. pseudopallida ,  C. signata ) showed no evidence of epithelial canal pores that would suggest the presence of incompletely ossified canals. Histology (  C. microdon ) confirmed the absence of either soft tissue canals or ossified cranial lateral line canals. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1137F67FFF880D32FC86FEC4FD52FDC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marranzino, Ashley N;Webb, Jacqueline F	Marranzino, Ashley N, Webb, Jacqueline F (2018): Flow sensing in the deep sea: the lateral line system of stomiiform fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (4): 945-965, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx090, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/4/945/4812143
1137F67FFF890D32FF0CFD0EFDDBFBDE.text	1137F67FFF890D32FF0CFD0EFDDBFBDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phosichthyidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Phosichthyidae</p>
            <p> Ichthyococcus ovatus (Cocco, 1838) has broad, flat bones (unlike the needle-like bones in other taxa) that are quite thin and difficult to differentiate from soft tissue in µCT reconstructions. Both fully and partially ossified lateral line canals are present (Table 1). Canal pores are absent in the frontal bone, but a longitudinal bony ridge is present (Fig. 3B) suggesting that an enclosed, but partially ossified, SO canal is present (similar to  Argyropelecus ). The PO canal is ossified with one prominent bony pore ventrally, but in lateral view, µCT cannot resolve the canal, so it was interpreted as being weakly ossified or only partially ossified. A trough in what appears to be the dentary bone was interpreted as an incompletely ossified MD canal. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1137F67FFF890D32FF0CFD0EFDDBFBDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marranzino, Ashley N;Webb, Jacqueline F	Marranzino, Ashley N, Webb, Jacqueline F (2018): Flow sensing in the deep sea: the lateral line system of stomiiform fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (4): 945-965, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx090, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/4/945/4812143
1137F67FFF890D3FFF0CFB04FB9DFB1C.text	1137F67FFF890D3FFF0CFB04FB9DFB1C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stomiidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Stomiidae</p>
            <p> Canal morphology in representatives of 13 stomiid genera showed considerable variation among taxa. Examination of three whole preserved  Astronesthes niger Richardson, 1845 , one  A. niger prepared histologically and three µCT reconstructions of  A. gemmifer Goode &amp; Bean, 1896 revealed both epithelial canal pores and bony pores, indicating the presence of enclosed and fully ossified SO, PO, MD and IO canals, as well as canals extending caudally from the SO canal (probably OT, PT and ST canals; Table 1). Two longitudinal ridges (inner, outer) extend dorsally from each frontal bone, but never fuse into a single ridge, or meet medially (Fig. 3E). The SO canal begins near the nares, medial to the two bony ridges, and then caudal to the orbit it passes through the outer longitudinal ridge so that it is lateral to both ridges at the canal’s posterior end. Histological material (  A. niger ) confirmed that the SO canal is fully ossified and that SO canal neuromasts vary in diameter (78–128 µm, n = 3). Epithelial canal pores are present in the skin of  A. niger at the posterior margin of the skull indicating the presence of one or more canals caudal to the SO canal (the OT, PT and/or ST canals). These canals appear to be enclosed and are either partially or fully ossified, but only some of the canals could be resolved in µCT reconstructions. Bony and epithelial canal pores are visible on the ventral (horizontal) arm of the preoperculum indicating the presence of an enclosed and fully ossified PO canal. The MD canal has an unusually high number of bony and epithelial canal pores and appears to be fully ossified rostrally, but is partially ossified caudally (represented by a trough). A single epithelial canal pore is found ventral to the orbit in whole preserved specimens, indicating the presence of an incompletely ossified IO canal. This was confirmed in histological material (  A. niger ) in which one IO neuromast (~80 µm in diameter) was observed, but the IO canal could not be resolved in µCT reconstructions of  A. gemmifer . </p>
            <p> Examination of one whole preserved  Echiostoma barbatum Lowe, 1843 and µCT reconstructions of three other specimens revealed the presence of epithelial and bony canal pores, respectively (Table 1). The cranial bones are thin, making them difficult to visualize in µCT reconstructions. Two longitudinal bony ridges (inner, outer) are present in the frontal bone rostral to the orbit and merge into a single ridge medial to the orbits (Fig. 3E). The SO canal begins medial to the ridges at the level of the nares and extends laterally through the bony ridges caudal to the orbit. The SO canal appears to be partially ossified (a trough is present), but is fully enclosed (indicated by the presence of epithelial canal pores) more caudally. A bony trough and epithelial canal pores indicate the presence of fully enclosed and partially ossified canals caudal to the SO canal (probably OT, PT and ST canals). The PO canal appears to be fully ossified in the ventral portion of the preoperculum, but is enclosed and only partially ossified in the dorsal portion of the canal. Bony and epithelial pores along the mandible indicate that the MD canal is enclosed and fully ossified rostrally, and enclosed but incompletely ossified caudally (appearing as a trough, Fig. 4F). IO bones could not be resolved in µCT reconstructions, and IO epithelial pores were not visible, indicating the absence of an IO canal. </p>
            <p> A µCT reconstruction of one  Aristostomias tittmanni Welsh, 1923 revealed SO, MD and PO canals (Table 1; Figs 4A–E, 5A). A single bony longitudinal ridge is present (Fig. 3C). The SO canal begins rostral to the orbit as a partially ossified canal (a trough in the nasal bone) and is fully ossified medial to the longitudinal ridge. Caudal to the orbit the SO canal extends laterally through the ridge. The canal is narrow, but the canal pores appear to be relatively large compared to those in other taxa (Fig. 4B). A fully ossified PO canal in the form of a hollow tube with pores at either end is found in the preoperculum. An MD canal is indicated by the presence of bony pores in the rostral portion of the mandible and a trough is found more caudally (Fig. 4E) indicating only partial ossification. Neither IO bones nor bony pores were visible in the posterior region of the skull in µCT images, indicating the absence of these canals. </p>
            <p> Two µCT reconstructions of  Malacosteus niger Ayres, 1848 and  Malacosteus sp. revealed several canals that were difficult to differentiate from the surrounding soft tissue (Table 1; Fig. 5D). The SO canal is fully ossified, but µCT 3D reconstructions show that a longitudinal bony ridge is absent (Fig. 3A). Troughs in the preoperculum and in the rostral portion of the dentary indicate the presence of partially ossified PO and MD canals, respectively (Fig. 5D). Neither IO bones nor bony pores in the posterior region of the skull were visible indicating the absence of these canals. </p>
            <p> Two µCT reconstructions of  Neonesthes capensis (Gilchrist &amp; von Bonde, 1924) and  Neonesthes sp. revealed both fully and partially ossified canals, which are narrow with relatively large bony pores, similar to those in  Aristostomias (Table 1; Fig. 5B). A longitudinal bony ridge in the frontal bone is absent (Fig. 3A). Bony pores in the frontal and preopercular bones indicate the presence of fully ossified SO and PO canals, respectively. A µCT reconstruction reveals that the MD canal is well ossified rostrally, but is incompletely ossified more caudally, appearing as a trough in the bone. Infraorbital bones could not be resolved in µCT images suggesting the absence of an IO canal. Bony pores and a trough in the bone located caudal to the SO canal suggest the presence of fully and partially ossified canals, respectively, at the posterior margin of the skull. </p>
            <p> Three µCT reconstructions of  Pachystomias sp. revealed well-ossified narrow canals with small canal pores (Table 1, Fig. 5C). A longitudinal bony ridge extends dorsally along the length of the frontal bone (Fig. 3C). The SO canal starts rostral to the orbit and medial to the bony ridge as an incompletely ossified canal, which is fully ossified rostral to the orbit, but remains medial to the bony ridge along its entire length. The PO canal is fully ossified ventrally, but only partially ossified dorsally (represented by a trough). A trough in the mandible indicates the presence of an incompletely ossified MD canal. Infraorbital bones could not be resolved in µCT images. An ossified canal with two pores is visible caudal to the termination of the SO canal indicating the presence of another canal (Fig. 5C). </p>
            <p> A µCT reconstruction of  Rhadinesthes decimus (Zugmayer, 1911) revealed thin cranial bones that could not be easily differentiated from surrounding soft tissue. However, 2D cross-sections (as in  A. tittmanni , Fig. 4D) indicate the presence of several cranial canals (Table 1). The SO canal appears to be fully ossified, but a longitudinal bony ridge is not present. The PO canal is fully ossified ventrally, but appears to be only partially ossified more dorsally. A fully ossified MD canal is present, but IO, PT, ST or OT canals could not be visualized. </p>
            <p> Canal pores in the skin of a whole preserved  Bathophilus filifer (Garman, 1899) indicate the presence of SO, PO and MD canals that are enclosed and either partially or fully ossified. An enclosed SO canal starts rostral to the orbit but a longitudinal bony ridge is not present (Fig. 3A). Epithelial canal pores indicate the presence of a canal caudal to the SO canal (probably the OT canal). Epithelial canal pores are visible in the opercular region and on the mandible, indicating the presence of fully enclosed PO and MD canals, respectively. Epithelial canal pores are not present ventral to the orbit suggesting the absence of an IO canal. </p>
            <p> Examination of one whole preserved  Eustomias hulleyi Gomon &amp; Gibbs, 1985 revealed small epithelial pores indicating the presence of several canals (Table 1). A longitudinal bony ridge in the frontal bone bifurcates rostral to the orbit, but merges into a single ridge at the level of the orbit (Fig. 3D). An enclosed SO canal is present at the level of the posterior naris, medial to the bifurcated longitudinal ridge and appears to extend laterally through the ridge, terminating caudal to the orbit. An epithelial canal pore caudal to the SO canal suggests the presence of another canal at the posterior margin of the skull (probably the OT canal). Epithelial canal pores are found in the opercular region and on the mandible indicating the presence of enclosed PO and MD canals, respectively. Epithelial canal pores are not present ventral to the orbit suggesting the absence of an IO canal. </p>
            <p> One whole preserved  Flagellostomias boureei (Zugmayer, 1913) was studied and revealed epithelial canal pores indicating the presence of several enclosed canals (Table 1). A single bony longitudinal ridge extends dorsally from the frontal bone (Fig. 3C). The SO canal appears to remain medial to the longitudinal ridge along its entire length. Epithelial canal pores caudal to the end of the SO canal suggest the presence of the OT canal. Epithelial canal pores are visible in the opercular region and the rostral portion of the mandible, indicating the presence of enclosed PO and MD canals, respectively. Two canal pores in the epithelium rostral and ventral to the orbit, suggest the presence of an IO canal. </p>
            <p> Two whole preserved  Idiacanthus antrostomus Gilbert, 1890 have small epithelial canal pores on the head suggesting the presence of enclosed cranial canals that are either partially or fully ossified (Table 1). A longitudinal bony ridge extends dorsally from the frontal bone (Figs 3C, 8C). The SO canal begins at the level of the posterior naris, medial to the bony ridge, extends lateral to the bony ridge, and terminates caudal to the orbit. Smaller epithelial canal pores appear to be associated with a canal at the posterior margin of the head, probably the OT canal. Pores are not visible in the opercular region, suggesting the absence of a PO canal. Epithelial canal pores in the rostral portion of the mandible and ventral to the orbit indicate the presence of enclosed MD and IO canals, respectively. </p>
            <p> Examination of one whole preserved  Opostomias micripnus (Günther, 1878) revealed the presence of epithelial canal pores (Table 1). Two longitudinal bony ridges (inner and outer) extend dorsally from the frontal bone and extending caudal to the orbit, but they are not fused (Fig. 3E). The fully enclosed SO canal begins rostral to the orbit, sitting medial to both the inner and outer bony ridges. The canal then extends laterally through the inner bony ridge and then through the outer bony ridge, and is found lateral to both ridges before terminating. The SO canal terminates caudal to the orbit. Epithelial canal pores are found caudal to the posterior end of the SO canal indicating the presence of enclosed canals, probably the OT, PT and ST canals. Epithelial canal pores in the opercular region indicate the presence of an enclosed PO canal. A large number of epithelial canal pores along the mandible and three pores ventral to the orbit indicate the presence of enclosed MD and IO canals, respectively. </p>
            <p> The study of one whole preserved  Tactostoma macropus Bolin, 1939 revealed a single longitudinal bony ridge extending dorsally from the frontal bone (Fig. 3C). The SO canal originates rostral to the anterior naris and medial to the bony ridge and extends laterally through the bony ridge caudal to the orbit. Caudal to the posterior-most SO canal pore, epithelial canal pores indicate the presence of what is probably the OT canal, which appears to be partially ossified. Epithelial canal pores in the opercular region indicate the presence of an enclosed PO canal. A large number of MD pores (ten) are present, extending halfway along the length of the mandible, but the canal continues caudally as an open trough. Two epithelial canal pores rostral and ventral to the orbit indicate the presence of an enclosed IO canal. </p>
            <p>SUPERFICIAL NEUROMAST DISTRIBUTIONS</p>
            <p> A proliferation of hundreds to thousands of small, round, white, domed structures is found on the head and trunk in  A. hemigymnus , in other species of  Argyropelecus and in representatives of four other genera of  Stomiiformes (Table 2). These structures were initially observed in whole preserved specimens and their identity as SNs was confirmed with SEM (based on the presence of a kinocilium and multiple stereocilia on the apical surface of each hair cell) and transverse histological sections (showing typical arrangement of hair cell nuclei and more basal support cell nuclei). SN proliferations were indicated in an additional six stomiid genera, for a total of 17 species representing 11 genera in three of the four families of stomiiform fishes. These small SNs are morphologically distinct from the small, complex photophores (light producing organs) that are broadly distributed in these fishes (Marranzino, 2016). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1137F67FFF890D3FFF0CFB04FB9DFB1C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marranzino, Ashley N;Webb, Jacqueline F	Marranzino, Ashley N, Webb, Jacqueline F (2018): Flow sensing in the deep sea: the lateral line system of stomiiform fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (4): 945-965, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx090, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/4/945/4812143
1137F67FFF840D3EFC86FB40FDEFF97D.text	1137F67FFF840D3EFC86FB40FDEFF97D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sternoptychidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Sternoptychidae</p>
            <p> Hundreds of small, round, white, domed structures (~50–100 µm in diameter) were found on the head and body of four species of  Argyropelecus (Table 2; Fig. 6). These are densely placed, with six to eight per millimetre in linear series. They were also found on the caudal fin (  A. hemigymnus ; Fig. 6C) and pectoral fins (  A. aculeatus ). Histology (  A. aculeatus ; Fig. 7C, D) and SEM (in  A. hemigymnus ; Fig. 7F, G) confirmed that these structures are SNs (Fig. 7). SEM revealed linear series of oval neuromasts with a longer axis parallel to the line in which they are situated. The sensory hair cells have very long kinocilia and are restricted to an area in the centre of each neuromast (Fig. 7G). Hair cell orientation is defined by the location of the kinocilium relative to the multiple stereocilia on the surface of each hair cell. Hair cell orientation determines the axis of best physiological sensitivity of the neuromast, which in this case is perpendicular to the line of neuromasts (parallel with the rosto-caudal axis of the fish). Histological analysis of a portion of the head </p>
            <p>Neuromast counts in stomiiforms are conservative estimates for one side of head and body in whole preserved specimens. * Sumi et al. (2015).</p>
            <p>† Hirota et al. (2015).</p>
            <p>‡ Sato et al. (2017).</p>
            <p>§ Asaoka, Nakae &amp; Sasaki (2010).</p>
            <p>|| Asaoka, Nakae &amp; Sasaki (2012).</p>
            <p>¶ Asaoka, Nakae &amp; Sasaki (2014).</p>
            <p> (  A. aculeatus ; 39-mm standard length, SL) revealed hundreds of SNs (Fig. 6B, 7C, D). An examination of whole preserved specimens revealed that all four species of  Argyropelecus demonstrated a similar proliferation and distribution of SNs, with ~220 SNs in one  A. lychnus , and ~420 SNs in one  A. affinis (Fig. 6A). Variability in specimen condition resulted in notable variation in the number of SNs observed. Comparison of SN number and distributions in multiple specimens of the same species revealed as many as ~356 SNs on one side of the head and body of  A. aculeatus (Fig. 6B) and as many as ~521 SNs on one side of the head and body of  A. hemigymnus (Fig. 6C; Table 2). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1137F67FFF840D3EFC86FB40FDEFF97D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marranzino, Ashley N;Webb, Jacqueline F	Marranzino, Ashley N, Webb, Jacqueline F (2018): Flow sensing in the deep sea: the lateral line system of stomiiform fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (4): 945-965, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx090, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/4/945/4812143
1137F67FFF850D39FF0CF8A5FD6FF8CC.text	1137F67FFF850D39FF0CF8A5FD6FF8CC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gonostomatidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Gonostomatidae</p>
            <p> Hundreds of small, round, white, domed structures (~30–40 µm in diameter) were interpreted to be SNs and stand out against the darkly pigmented skin of the head and elongated trunk of  G. elongatum (Fig. 8B, D). They occur on the head and in vertical lines that run around the circumference of the trunk between large photophores in each body segment. In a small individual (50-mm SL), ~500 SNs are present on one side of the head and more than 500 are present on one side of the trunk. In some cases, SNs are located between depressions in a linear series (Fig. 8E), supporting the interpretation that the depressions are actually the locations of SNs that had been damaged and lost. Accounting for these missing SNs, it is likely that there are more than 1200 SNs on one side of the body in one specimen of  G. elongatum . </p>
            <p> Examination of specimens of five species of  Cyclothone that had an intact epidermis (  C. acclinidens ,  C. braueri ,  C. microdon ,  C. pseudopallida ,  C. signata ), revealed numerous, small, round, domed was obtained by studying several specimens of  C. microdon , which revealed more than 530 SNs on one side of the head and trunk (Table 2). </p>
            <p> Figure 6. Superficial neuromast distribution in  Argyropelecus spp. Distribution of SNs in (A)  A. affinis , (B)  A. aculeatus (based on 11 fish) and (C)  A. hemigymnus (based on five fish), drawn from whole preserved specimens. Outlines from Baird (1971). Blue, superficial neuromasts; red, canal neuromasts. Neuromasts are enlarged to enhance visibility. </p>
            <p> structures (SNs; ~55–80 µm in diameter) on the head and trunk. They are found in lines and clusters in similar locations on the head and trunk and on the pectoral, pelvic and caudal fins (Fig. 8A) in all species. Histology (  C. microdon ) confirmed their identity as SNs, but SEM (  C. signata ) revealed only a few SNs in which the sensory hair cells could be visualized. An examination of four whole preserved  C. microdon revealed several hundred SNs on one side of the head and trunk in a single specimen. Due to variation in specimen condition, a more complete assessment of neuromast distribution </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1137F67FFF850D39FF0CF8A5FD6FF8CC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marranzino, Ashley N;Webb, Jacqueline F	Marranzino, Ashley N, Webb, Jacqueline F (2018): Flow sensing in the deep sea: the lateral line system of stomiiform fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (4): 945-965, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx090, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/4/945/4812143
1137F67FFF820D39FC86FEFAFB0BF91A.text	1137F67FFF820D39FC86FEFAFB0BF91A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stomiidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Family  Stomiidae</p>
            <p>Well-preserved specimens of representative stomiids had SNs appearing as numerous small, white, domed structures (30–40 µm in diameter) arranged in lines that stand out against the darkly pigmented skin of the head and trunk (Fig. 8G).</p>
            <p> Acknowledging the damage to the epidermis on the head and body, it was determined that ~214 SNs are present on the head and more than 2000 SNs are present on the elongated trunk (Fig. 8C, G) of a specimen of  I. antrostomus . An assessment of the number and distribution of SNs and small depressions on the skin (see above) provides a conservative estimate of well over 2000 SNs on one side of the head and trunk. A similar number and distribution of SNs was found in a specimen of  T. macropus , with ~450 SNs on the head and over 1840 SNs in discrete vertical lines running around the circumference of the trunk, with one line of neuromasts per body segment. Additional SNs were found on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the trunk and SNs form horizontal lines between the vertical lines found on each body segment (not counted). Thus, a conservative estimate suggests that this specimen of  T. macropus has ~2286 SNs on one side of the head and trunk (Table 2). </p>
            <p> Specimens of other stomiids (  A. niger ,  B. filifer ,  E. barbatum ,  E. hulleyi ,  F. boureei and  O. micripnus ) had a damaged epidermis with no evidence of the small, white, domed structures seen in other taxa. However, numerous small depressions were observed on the head and in discrete vertical lines around the circumference of their body (one per body segment, between serial photophores; Fig. 8F) as in  Gonostoma ,  Idiacanthus and  Tactostoma . Histological analysis of one  A. niger confirmed the presence of numerous, closely placed SNs in vertical lines on the head (Fig. 8H, I). These SNs are smaller than canal neuromasts and morphologically distinct from photophores, which are convex and rise above the surrounding epithelium (Fig. 8F). They are densely placed in vertical lines (with as many as 13 in a single vertical row) in the same locations as depressions observed in whole preserved specimens of  A. niger (and in other stomiids). This confirms the interpretation that the small depressions in the skin are the locations of SNs that were damaged and lost. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1137F67FFF820D39FC86FEFAFB0BF91A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marranzino, Ashley N;Webb, Jacqueline F	Marranzino, Ashley N, Webb, Jacqueline F (2018): Flow sensing in the deep sea: the lateral line system of stomiiform fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (4): 945-965, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx090, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/4/945/4812143
