taxonID	type	description	language	source
1137F67FFF8A0D33FF3EFD81FC48FE9B.taxon	description	The SO, PO and MD canals are present in four species of Argyropelecus (A. hemigymnus, A. aculeatus Valenciennes, 1850, A. affinis Garman, 1899, A. lychnus Garman, 1899) as revealed in cleared and stained material, histology, µCT images and via examination of whole preserved specimens. Cleared and stained specimens and µCT images show no evidence of bony canal pores that would suggest the presence of completely ossified canals. However, bony troughs in the preoperculum and along the mandible indicate the presence of partially ossified PO and MD canals, respectively (Fig. 1 B, D, E). The skin covering the PO and MD canals is very thin and often damaged, making the interpretation of canal morphology difficult, but histological analyses of three specimens of A. aculeatus confirmed the presence of incompletely ossified SO, PO and MD canals (Table 1). Infraorbital bones and an infraorbital (IO) canal are both absent. The SO canal is in close association with the longitudinal bony ridge in the frontal bone in all four species of Argyropelecus examined. This feature was studied in detail in A. aculeatus (Figs 2, 3 B). Each ridge starts rostral to the orbit, extends caudally and medially, so that the left and right longitudinal ridges nearly touch between the orbits. Caudal to the orbits, the ridges are situated laterally before terminating (Fig. 2). The SO canal starts rostral to the orbit and medial to the bony ridge. The first SO neuromast is found in the skin overlying the frontal bone (Fig. 2). The next SO canal neuromast is enclosed only by soft tissue. The left and right canals merge into a single canal medial to the orbits, between the ridges, and the left and right canal neuromasts are found within a single median canal. Caudal to the orbits, the two SO canals are separate and SO canal neuromasts are found within the left and right SO canals. Each SO canal extends laterally passing through the bony ridge as a short ossified canal containing a neuromast. The canal opens to the surface, and the next neuromast (a SO canal neuromast homologue, given its similarity in size to enclosed canal neuromasts) is found on the skin surface (Fig. 2). In A. aculeatus, the MD canal is only partially ossified, appearing as a trough containing two canal neuromasts covered by a thin epithelium. The PO canal originates just caudal to the posterior end of the MD canal and varies in morphology along its length. The first PO neuromast sits in a fully ossified canal below a preopercular spine, but the portion of the PO canal oriented dorso-ventrally is a narrow trough enclosed by a thin epithelium and contains three neuromasts. Histological analysis showed that canal neuromasts are present in the SO, PO and MD canals of A. aculeatus. The neuromasts varied in size among and within canals and with body size, but all appear to be elliptical or diamond shaped with a major axis parallel to the axis of the canal (Marranzino, 2016). In whole specimens, the canal neuromasts appear as opaque, white, oval structures sitting in bony troughs (visible only if the epithelium covering the trough was absent); neuromast, which is out of the plane of section. Scale bar = 100 µm. © President and Fellows of Harvard College. their locations were confirmed in histological material. Neuromasts are present in troughs in the preopercular and anguloarticular bones in whole preserved A. hemigymnus.	en	Marranzino, Ashley N, Webb, Jacqueline F (2018): Flow sensing in the deep sea: the lateral line system of stomiiform fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (4): 945-965, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx090, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/4/945/4812143
1137F67FFF880D32FC86FEC4FD52FDC6.taxon	description	Cleared and stained specimens of Cyclothone (C. acclinidens Garman, 1899, C. alba Brauer, 1906, C. pseudopallida Mukhacheva, 1964, C. signata Garman, 1899) and µCT reconstruction of C. microdon (Gunter, are bilaterally symmetrical (here, in dorsal view), but are described with reference to the ridge (s) on one side of the head. A, ridge absent in Cyclothone, Bathophilus, Malacosteus and Neonesthes. B, one longitudinal ridge extends dorsally from the frontal bone. The longitudinal ridge extends medially, meeting the ridge on the other side of the head medial to the orbits without fusing, in Argyropelecus and Ichthyococcus. C, one longitudinal ridge is present, but does not meet with or fuse with the ridge on the other side of the head in Aristostomias, Idiacanthus, Flagellostomias, Pachystomias and Tactostoma. D, one longitudinal ridge is present in the frontal bone, but bifurcates rostral to the orbit, in Gonostoma, Echiostoma and Eustomias. E, two longitudinal bony ridges extend from the frontal bone, but they never meet or fuse with the ridges on the other side of the head in Astronesthes and Opostomias. 1878) revealed thin, needle-like cranial bones. In contrast to Gonostoma and other stomiiforms (see below), all lateral line canals (and troughs indicating the presence of partially ossified canals) are absent, and there is no evidence of a bony longitudinal ridge on the dorsal surface of the frontal bone (Figs 1 F, G, 3 A; Table 1). Examination of whole preserved specimens (C. acclinidens, C. alba, C. braueri Jespersen and Taning, 1926, C. microdon, C. parapallida Badcock, 1982, C. pallida Brauer, 1902, C. pseudopallida, C. signata) showed no evidence of epithelial canal pores that would suggest the presence of incompletely ossified canals. Histology (C. microdon) confirmed the absence of either soft tissue canals or ossified cranial lateral line canals.	en	Marranzino, Ashley N, Webb, Jacqueline F (2018): Flow sensing in the deep sea: the lateral line system of stomiiform fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (4): 945-965, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx090, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/4/945/4812143
1137F67FFF890D3FFF0CFB04FB9DFB1C.taxon	description	Examination of one whole preserved Echiostoma barbatum Lowe, 1843 and µCT reconstructions of three other specimens revealed the presence of epithelial and bony canal pores, respectively (Table 1). The cranial bones are thin, making them difficult to visualize in µCT reconstructions. Two longitudinal bony ridges (inner, outer) are present in the frontal bone rostral to the orbit and merge into a single ridge medial to the orbits (Fig. 3 E). The SO canal begins medial to the ridges at the level of the nares and extends laterally through the bony ridges caudal to the orbit. The SO canal appears to be partially ossified (a trough is present), but is fully enclosed (indicated by the presence of epithelial canal pores) more caudally. A bony trough and epithelial canal pores indicate the presence of fully enclosed and partially ossified canals caudal to the SO canal (probably OT, PT and ST canals). The PO canal appears to be fully ossified in the ventral portion of the preoperculum, but is enclosed and only partially ossified in the dorsal portion of the canal. Bony and epithelial pores along the mandible indicate that the MD canal is enclosed and fully ossified rostrally, and enclosed but incompletely ossified caudally (appearing as a trough, Fig. 4 F). IO bones could not be resolved in µCT reconstructions, and IO epithelial pores were not visible, indicating the absence of an IO canal. A µCT reconstruction of one Aristostomias tittmanni Welsh, 1923 revealed SO, MD and PO canals (Table 1; Figs 4 A – E, 5 A). A single bony longitudinal ridge is present (Fig. 3 C). The SO canal begins rostral to the orbit as a partially ossified canal (a trough in the nasal bone) and is fully ossified medial to the longitudinal ridge. Caudal to the orbit the SO canal extends laterally through the ridge. The canal is narrow, but the canal pores appear to be relatively large compared to those in other taxa (Fig. 4 B). A fully ossified PO canal in the form of a hollow tube with pores at either end is found in the preoperculum. An MD canal is indicated by the presence of bony pores in the rostral portion of the mandible and a trough is found more caudally (Fig. 4 E) indicating only partial ossification. Neither IO bones nor bony pores were visible in the posterior region of the skull in µCT images, indicating the absence of these canals. Two µCT reconstructions of Malacosteus niger Ayres, 1848 and Malacosteus sp. revealed several canals that were difficult to differentiate from the surrounding soft tissue (Table 1; Fig. 5 D). The SO canal is fully ossified, but µCT 3 D reconstructions show that a longitudinal bony ridge is absent (Fig. 3 A). Troughs in the preoperculum and in the rostral portion of the dentary indicate the presence of partially ossified PO and MD canals, respectively (Fig. 5 D). Neither IO bones nor bony pores in the posterior region of the skull were visible indicating the absence of these canals. Two µCT reconstructions of Neonesthes capensis (Gilchrist & von Bonde, 1924) and Neonesthes sp. revealed both fully and partially ossified canals, which are narrow with relatively large bony pores, similar to those in Aristostomias (Table 1; Fig. 5 B). A longitudinal bony ridge in the frontal bone is absent (Fig. 3 A). Bony pores in the frontal and preopercular bones indicate the presence of fully ossified SO and PO canals, respectively. A µCT reconstruction reveals that the MD canal is well ossified rostrally, but is incompletely ossified more caudally, appearing as a trough in the bone. Infraorbital bones could not be resolved in µCT images suggesting the absence of an IO canal. Bony pores and a trough in the bone located caudal to the SO canal suggest the presence of fully and partially ossified canals, respectively, at the posterior margin of the skull. Three µCT reconstructions of Pachystomias sp. revealed well-ossified narrow canals with small canal pores (Table 1, Fig. 5 C). A longitudinal bony ridge extends dorsally along the length of the frontal bone (Fig. 3 C). The SO canal starts rostral to the orbit and medial to the bony ridge as an incompletely ossified canal, which is fully ossified rostral to the orbit, but remains medial to the bony ridge along its entire length. The PO canal is fully ossified ventrally, but only partially ossified dorsally (represented by a trough). A trough in the mandible indicates the presence of an incompletely ossified MD canal. Infraorbital bones could not be resolved in µCT images. An ossified canal with two pores is visible caudal to the termination of the SO canal indicating the presence of another canal (Fig. 5 C). A µCT reconstruction of Rhadinesthes decimus (Zugmayer, 1911) revealed thin cranial bones that could not be easily differentiated from surrounding soft tissue. However, 2 D cross-sections (as in A. tittmanni, Fig. 4 D) indicate the presence of several cranial canals (Table 1). The SO canal appears to be fully ossified, but a longitudinal bony ridge is not present. The PO canal is fully ossified ventrally, but appears to be only partially ossified more dorsally. A fully ossified MD canal is present, but IO, PT, ST or OT canals could not be visualized. Canal pores in the skin of a whole preserved Bathophilus filifer (Garman, 1899) indicate the presence of SO, PO and MD canals that are enclosed and either partially or fully ossified. An enclosed SO canal starts rostral to the orbit but a longitudinal bony ridge is not present (Fig. 3 A). Epithelial canal pores indicate the presence of a canal caudal to the SO canal (probably the OT canal). Epithelial canal pores are visible in the opercular region and on the mandible, indicating the presence of fully enclosed PO and MD canals, respectively. Epithelial canal pores are not present ventral to the orbit suggesting the absence of an IO canal. Examination of one whole preserved Eustomias hulleyi Gomon & Gibbs, 1985 revealed small epithelial pores indicating the presence of several canals (Table 1). A longitudinal bony ridge in the frontal bone bifurcates rostral to the orbit, but merges into a single ridge at the level of the orbit (Fig. 3 D). An enclosed SO canal is present at the level of the posterior naris, medial to the bifurcated longitudinal ridge and appears to extend laterally through the ridge, terminating caudal to the orbit. An epithelial canal pore caudal to the SO canal suggests the presence of another canal at the posterior margin of the skull (probably the OT canal). Epithelial canal pores are found in the opercular region and on the mandible indicating the presence of enclosed PO and MD canals, respectively. Epithelial canal pores are not present ventral to the orbit suggesting the absence of an IO canal. One whole preserved Flagellostomias boureei (Zugmayer, 1913) was studied and revealed epithelial canal pores indicating the presence of several enclosed canals (Table 1). A single bony longitudinal ridge extends dorsally from the frontal bone (Fig. 3 C). The SO canal appears to remain medial to the longitudinal ridge along its entire length. Epithelial canal pores caudal to the end of the SO canal suggest the presence of the OT canal. Epithelial canal pores are visible in the opercular region and the rostral portion of the mandible, indicating the presence of enclosed PO and MD canals, respectively. Two canal pores in the epithelium rostral and ventral to the orbit, suggest the presence of an IO canal. Two whole preserved Idiacanthus antrostomus Gilbert, 1890 have small epithelial canal pores on the head suggesting the presence of enclosed cranial canals that are either partially or fully ossified (Table 1). A longitudinal bony ridge extends dorsally from the frontal bone (Figs 3 C, 8 C). The SO canal begins at the level of the posterior naris, medial to the bony ridge, extends lateral to the bony ridge, and terminates caudal to the orbit. Smaller epithelial canal pores appear to be associated with a canal at the posterior margin of the head, probably the OT canal. Pores are not visible in the opercular region, suggesting the absence of a PO canal. Epithelial canal pores in the rostral portion of the mandible and ventral to the orbit indicate the presence of enclosed MD and IO canals, respectively. Examination of one whole preserved Opostomias micripnus (Günther, 1878) revealed the presence of epithelial canal pores (Table 1). Two longitudinal bony ridges (inner and outer) extend dorsally from the frontal bone and extending caudal to the orbit, but they are not fused (Fig. 3 E). The fully enclosed SO canal begins rostral to the orbit, sitting medial to both the inner and outer bony ridges. The canal then extends laterally through the inner bony ridge and then through the outer bony ridge, and is found lateral to both ridges before terminating. The SO canal terminates caudal to the orbit. Epithelial canal pores are found caudal to the posterior end of the SO canal indicating the presence of enclosed canals, probably the OT, PT and ST canals. Epithelial canal pores in the opercular region indicate the presence of an enclosed PO canal. A large number of epithelial canal pores along the mandible and three pores ventral to the orbit indicate the presence of enclosed MD and IO canals, respectively. The study of one whole preserved Tactostoma macropus Bolin, 1939 revealed a single longitudinal bony ridge extending dorsally from the frontal bone (Fig. 3 C). The SO canal originates rostral to the anterior naris and medial to the bony ridge and extends laterally through the bony ridge caudal to the orbit. Caudal to the posterior-most SO canal pore, epithelial canal pores indicate the presence of what is probably the OT canal, which appears to be partially ossified. Epithelial canal pores in the opercular region indicate the presence of an enclosed PO canal. A large number of MD pores (ten) are present, extending halfway along the length of the mandible, but the canal continues caudally as an open trough. Two epithelial canal pores rostral and ventral to the orbit indicate the presence of an enclosed IO canal. SUPERFICIAL NEUROMAST DISTRIBUTIONS A proliferation of hundreds to thousands of small, round, white, domed structures is found on the head and trunk in A. hemigymnus, in other species of Argyropelecus and in representatives of four other genera of Stomiiformes (Table 2). These structures were initially observed in whole preserved specimens and their identity as SNs was confirmed with SEM (based on the presence of a kinocilium and multiple stereocilia on the apical surface of each hair cell) and transverse histological sections (showing typical arrangement of hair cell nuclei and more basal support cell nuclei). SN proliferations were indicated in an additional six stomiid genera, for a total of 17 species representing 11 genera in three of the four families of stomiiform fishes. These small SNs are morphologically distinct from the small, complex photophores (light producing organs) that are broadly distributed in these fishes (Marranzino, 2016).	en	Marranzino, Ashley N, Webb, Jacqueline F (2018): Flow sensing in the deep sea: the lateral line system of stomiiform fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (4): 945-965, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx090, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/4/945/4812143
1137F67FFF840D3EFC86FB40FDEFF97D.taxon	description	Neuromast counts in stomiiforms are conservative estimates for one side of head and body in whole preserved specimens. * Sumi et al. (2015). † Hirota et al. (2015). ‡ Sato et al. (2017). § Asaoka, Nakae & Sasaki (2010). || Asaoka, Nakae & Sasaki (2012). ¶ Asaoka, Nakae & Sasaki (2014). (A. aculeatus; 39 - mm standard length, SL) revealed hundreds of SNs (Fig. 6 B, 7 C, D). An examination of whole preserved specimens revealed that all four species of Argyropelecus demonstrated a similar proliferation and distribution of SNs, with ~ 220 SNs in one A. lychnus, and ~ 420 SNs in one A. affinis (Fig. 6 A). Variability in specimen condition resulted in notable variation in the number of SNs observed. Comparison of SN number and distributions in multiple specimens of the same species revealed as many as ~ 356 SNs on one side of the head and body of A. aculeatus (Fig. 6 B) and as many as ~ 521 SNs on one side of the head and body of A. hemigymnus (Fig. 6 C; Table 2).	en	Marranzino, Ashley N, Webb, Jacqueline F (2018): Flow sensing in the deep sea: the lateral line system of stomiiform fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (4): 945-965, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx090, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/4/945/4812143
1137F67FFF850D39FF0CF8A5FD6FF8CC.taxon	description	Examination of specimens of five species of Cyclothone that had an intact epidermis (C. acclinidens, C. braueri, C. microdon, C. pseudopallida, C. signata), revealed numerous, small, round, domed was obtained by studying several specimens of C. microdon, which revealed more than 530 SNs on one side of the head and trunk (Table 2). Figure 6. Superficial neuromast distribution in Argyropelecus spp. Distribution of SNs in (A) A. affinis, (B) A. aculeatus (based on 11 fish) and (C) A. hemigymnus (based on five fish), drawn from whole preserved specimens. Outlines from Baird (1971). Blue, superficial neuromasts; red, canal neuromasts. Neuromasts are enlarged to enhance visibility. structures (SNs; ~ 55 – 80 µm in diameter) on the head and trunk. They are found in lines and clusters in similar locations on the head and trunk and on the pectoral, pelvic and caudal fins (Fig. 8 A) in all species. Histology (C. microdon) confirmed their identity as SNs, but SEM (C. signata) revealed only a few SNs in which the sensory hair cells could be visualized. An examination of four whole preserved C. microdon revealed several hundred SNs on one side of the head and trunk in a single specimen. Due to variation in specimen condition, a more complete assessment of neuromast distribution	en	Marranzino, Ashley N, Webb, Jacqueline F (2018): Flow sensing in the deep sea: the lateral line system of stomiiform fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (4): 945-965, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx090, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/4/945/4812143
1137F67FFF820D39FC86FEFAFB0BF91A.taxon	description	Acknowledging the damage to the epidermis on the head and body, it was determined that ~ 214 SNs are present on the head and more than 2000 SNs are present on the elongated trunk (Fig. 8 C, G) of a specimen of I. antrostomus. An assessment of the number and distribution of SNs and small depressions on the skin (see above) provides a conservative estimate of well over 2000 SNs on one side of the head and trunk. A similar number and distribution of SNs was found in a specimen of T. macropus, with ~ 450 SNs on the head and over 1840 SNs in discrete vertical lines running around the circumference of the trunk, with one line of neuromasts per body segment. Additional SNs were found on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the trunk and SNs form horizontal lines between the vertical lines found on each body segment (not counted). Thus, a conservative estimate suggests that this specimen of T. macropus has ~ 2286 SNs on one side of the head and trunk (Table 2). Specimens of other stomiids (A. niger, B. filifer, E. barbatum, E. hulleyi, F. boureei and O. micripnus) had a damaged epidermis with no evidence of the small, white, domed structures seen in other taxa. However, numerous small depressions were observed on the head and in discrete vertical lines around the circumference of their body (one per body segment, between serial photophores; Fig. 8 F) as in Gonostoma, Idiacanthus and Tactostoma. Histological analysis of one A. niger confirmed the presence of numerous, closely placed SNs in vertical lines on the head (Fig. 8 H, I). These SNs are smaller than canal neuromasts and morphologically distinct from photophores, which are convex and rise above the surrounding epithelium (Fig. 8 F). They are densely placed in vertical lines (with as many as 13 in a single vertical row) in the same locations as depressions observed in whole preserved specimens of A. niger (and in other stomiids). This confirms the interpretation that the small depressions in the skin are the locations of SNs that were damaged and lost.	en	Marranzino, Ashley N, Webb, Jacqueline F (2018): Flow sensing in the deep sea: the lateral line system of stomiiform fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (4): 945-965, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx090, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/183/4/945/4812143
