identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
177D87CEFF92FFE73883FBCEFDB5FB8A.text	177D87CEFF92FFE73883FBCEFDB5FB8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lamnidae Bonaparte 1835	<div><p>Family: Lamnidae Bonaparte, 1835</p><p>Genus: † Macrorhizodus Glikman, 1964</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/177D87CEFF92FFE73883FBCEFDB5FB8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Artüz, M. Levent;Sakinç, Mehmet	Artüz, M. Levent, Sakinç, Mehmet (2025): Description of a new species, Xiphodolamia maliki sp. nov. and the shark teeth of Middle Eocene (Lutetian) aged Soğucak Formation in Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey. Zootaxa 5646 (4): 527-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.4.3
177D87CEFF92FFE93883FB7EFD1DFE03.text	177D87CEFF92FFE93883FB7EFD1DFE03.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrorhizodus praecursor (Leriche 1905)	<div><p>† Macrorhizodus cf. praecursor (Leriche, 1905)</p><p>Material: Thirty-one poorly preserved teeth in the Malik Sayar Collection. 10 anterior teeth, 3 intermediate teeth, 9 lateral teeth, and 9 symphysial teeth were bulk-stored with their original labels and re-QR coded under the number MS10-001.00 (Fig. 3a).</p><p>Locality: On the eastern shore of the Küçükçekmece Lagoon (Fig. 4; 5) in the Lutetian-aged level, Soğucak Formation (Fig. 6).</p><p>Description and remarks: The fossilised set of 30 teeth is attributed to Macrorhizodus spp. based on distinct morphological characteristics. Each tooth displays a slender, elongated crown with a smooth, non-serrated cutting edge, typical of this genus. The crowns are labio-lingually compressed, narrow, and triangular, with a hook-like, dagger-shaped form terminating in a sharp apex. The distal edge is slightly convex, while the mesial edge is straight or subtly concave. The crown is symmetrical and angled, with a convex labial face and a slightly concave lingual face, and an apron is present on the labial surface. The basal portions of the root are missing, hindering assessment of lateral cusplets. These features, including the smooth edges, symmetrical triangular shape, and lack of serrations or basal cusps, align with diagnostic characteristics of genus Macrorhizodus .</p><p>While poor preservation and absence of roots are observed, possibly due to fossilisation conditions or handling, the morphology of these specimens is consistent with Macrorhizodus cf. praecursor, a species noted for its broad distribution in the Tethys Ocean during the Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene (Popov et al. 2024). Some studies restrict M. praecursor to the Lutetian stage (e.g., Trif et al. 2019; Asan et al. 2022), while others extend its range from the Eocene into the Oligocene (e.g., Cappetta, 1987; Otero et al. 2015). This species has been reported in various regions, including the lowermost Bartonian of Transylvanian Basin, Romania (Trif, 2019), the Middle Eocene of Dnieper-Donets Basin, Ukraine (Kovalchuk et al. 2023), and the Eocene Lutetian deposits of Virginia's Piney Point Formation (Ward and Wiest, 1990).</p><p>These morphological traits and the characteristic shape, size, and stratigraphic positioning of the specimens support classification within genus Macrorhizodus, consistent with cf. praecursor (Leriche, 1905) as referenced by Ebersole et al. (2019) and Cappetta (2012). This represents the first documented occurrence of genus Macrorhizodus within the Middle Eocene (Lutetian) Soğucak Formation in Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey.</p><p>Autecology: During the Lutetian age, a presumed extinct ancestral taxon of I. oxyrinchus, Macrorhizodus praecursor, likely inhabited ancient oceans as a pelagic predator. This genus is known for its highly migratory behaviour, and its fossil form during the Lutetian age would likely have had a similar ecological niche as its extant counterparts. Based on findings from fossil specimens, it is suggested that the Macrorhizodus praecursor during the Lutetian age would have played a role in the marine ecosystem as an efficient and powerful apex predator, preying on a various smaller marine animals (Uhen, 2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/177D87CEFF92FFE93883FB7EFD1DFE03	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Artüz, M. Levent;Sakinç, Mehmet	Artüz, M. Levent, Sakinç, Mehmet (2025): Description of a new species, Xiphodolamia maliki sp. nov. and the shark teeth of Middle Eocene (Lutetian) aged Soğucak Formation in Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey. Zootaxa 5646 (4): 527-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.4.3
177D87CEFF9CFFE83883FC40FC18FD5F.text	177D87CEFF9CFFE83883FC40FC18FD5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Otodus sokolovi (Jaeckel 1895)	<div><p>† Otodus sokolovi (Jaeckel, 1895)</p><p>Material: Two anterior teeth in the Malik Sayar Collection (Fig. 3 B). BA09-001.00; BA09-001.01 .</p><p>Locality: On the eastern shore of the Küçükçekmece Lagoon (Fig. 4; 5) in the Lutetian-aged level, Soğucak Formation (Fig. 6).</p><p>Description and remarks: The two fossilised teeth exhibit characteristic features consistent with the genus Otodus . It has a large, robust crown with a triangular outline and finely serrated cutting edges along the entire length. The serrations are uniform, indicative of efficient shearing functions. The distal cutting edge is convex, while the mesial edge is predominantly straight with slight convexity in the upper third. Lateral cusps are not preserved, likely lost during fossilisation or post-mortem processes, but their positions are discernible, distinguishing it from some related species. The lingual side displays a well-developed neck, while the root is broad and thick, showing minor wear and chipping on the mesial side.</p><p>The specimens show two well-preserved Otodus sokolovi teeth with distinctive morphological features that aid in the identification of this species. Both teeth present the classic triangular shape with robust crowns and wide bases. The crowns are broad and triangular with relatively smooth surfaces. The enamel is well preserved, showcasing a clean, sharp edge along the lateral sides. The cutting edges are finely serrated, with serrations extending from the apex of the crown to the base. These serrations are regular and fine, consistent with typical O. sokolovi dental traits.</p><p>The larger tooth (BA09-001.00) measures approximately 51.7 mm in total and 32.5 mm in crown length, fitting well within the typical size range for O. sokolovi teeth (Fig. 3 B a–b). The smaller tooth (BA09-001.01) (46.6 mm in total, 31.4 mm crown length) is on the smaller end for O. sokolovi teeth but still within a typical range, retaining the triangular shape (Fig. 3 B c–d), though slightly more compact, likely representing a lateral tooth from a different position in the jaw. The smaller tooth likely belongs to a relatively young individual, as typical underdeveloped cusplet formation can be observed on the right side in the labial direction of the tooth (Fig. 3 B). The roots appear thick and robust, though somewhat eroded. The visible root structure in both teeth is characteristic of the genus, with a broad base supporting the crown. The bifurcation is not clearly visible due to wear and fossilisation, but its general thickness and curvature indicate a strong attachment point in life.</p><p>The serrations are sharp and closely spaced, which is typical of O. sokolovi teeth and essential for distinguishing them from related species. In the larger tooth, the serrations are particularly well preserved along the mesial and distal edges, tapering evenly toward the apex. The serrations in the smaller tooth show slight wear, though they remain identifiable and regular.</p><p>Despite their excellent preservation, the lateral cusplets are missing, likely due to fossilisation or post-mortem processes. However, aside from this, both teeth exhibit remarkable preservation, particularly with regard to the enamel and serration integrity. Both teeth show some wear at the root and slight discolouration from fossilisation and overall preservation of the teeth is good.</p><p>These teeth, collected by Malik Sayar from the Küçükçekmece stone quarries between 1954 and 1955, are the first record of Otodus sokolovi teeth from the Lutetian-aged level of the Soğucak Formation in Turkey.</p><p>Autecology: Otodus sokolovi was a dominant apex predator in marine ecosystems about 47.8– 41.3 m.y. ago (Lutetian, early Middle Eocene), as well as in the Tethys realm around the African-Eurasian shallow marine habitats (Diedrich, 2013). As a highly specialised macropredator, it primarily inhabited warm coastal environments, though fossil evidence indicates its presence in a variety of marine habitats, ranging from shallow coastal waters to deeper offshore regions (Popov et al. 2024).</p><p>Its size, estimated at over 5 meters in length (Trif et al. 2016), allowed O. sokolovi to target large marine vertebrates, including cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and sirenians), pinnipeds (seals), and large fish (Diedrich, 2013). Juveniles likely occupied more sheltered coastal nurseries, preying on smaller fish and marine mammals until they reached sizes that allowed them to transition to open-ocean environments.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/177D87CEFF9CFFE83883FC40FC18FD5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Artüz, M. Levent;Sakinç, Mehmet	Artüz, M. Levent, Sakinç, Mehmet (2025): Description of a new species, Xiphodolamia maliki sp. nov. and the shark teeth of Middle Eocene (Lutetian) aged Soğucak Formation in Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey. Zootaxa 5646 (4): 527-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.4.3
177D87CEFF9DFFEB3883FAA3FCF5FA00.text	177D87CEFF9DFFEB3883FAA3FCF5FA00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xiphodolamia maliki Artüz & Sakinç 2025	<div><p>Xiphodolamia maliki sp. nov.</p><p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: D1138F87-2F78-430C-9DBD-E9A83B19B639</p><p>Fig. 7</p><p>Material: Forty-four mostly poorly preserved teeth in the Malik Sayar Collection</p><p>Material examined: Holotype: After measurements were taken and it was photographed in its entirety before preparation, it was prepared as a section slide and recorded with the QR code number LA60-001.00 (Fig. 7 a–d) and added to the Malik Sayar Collection. Paratypes: 23 anterior teeth, 2 intermediate teeth, 14 lateral teeth, and 5 symphysial teeth were bulk-stored in the Malik Sayar Collection with their original labels and re-QR coded under the number AK14-009.00.</p><p>Locality: On the eastern shore of the Küçükçekmece Lagoon (Fig. 4; 5) in the Eocene Epoch, Lutetian-aged level, Soğucak Formation (Fig. 6).</p><p>Description based on holotype teeth:</p><p>The teeth are laterally compressed, exhibiting a narrow, triangular, dagger-shaped crown with sharp edges along both borders. The crown typically presents a slightly sigmoid curvature along the mesial cutting edge, while the posterior edge is obtuse. The construction of the root reveals a strong labio-lingual flattening, where both sides appear compressed, causing the processes to run parallel and obliquely; occasionally, one process is shorter than the other.</p><p>The crown is smooth, without basal cusps, serrations, or folds on the labial or lingual surfaces of the dentin. The broad crown extends fully to the root, which is quadrangular and lacking lateral denticles. A faint lingual groove is present on the root, containing a small nutrient foramen at its summit. The lingual crown face is convex, featuring a distinct uvula flanked by deep depressions on both sides. In labial view, the crown face is flat, while the mesial cutting edge is straight in profile. The distal cutting edge transitions at an acute angle into a distal heel, separated by a notch.</p><p>Some teeth display signs of poor preservation, particularly in the root region, which may be attributed to fossilisation processes or post-collection storage conditions.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/177D87CEFF9DFFEB3883FAA3FCF5FA00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Artüz, M. Levent;Sakinç, Mehmet	Artüz, M. Levent, Sakinç, Mehmet (2025): Description of a new species, Xiphodolamia maliki sp. nov. and the shark teeth of Middle Eocene (Lutetian) aged Soğucak Formation in Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey. Zootaxa 5646 (4): 527-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.4.3
177D87CEFF9FFFEA3883FC2BFBF4F9FB.text	177D87CEFF9FFFEA3883FC2BFBF4F9FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xiphodolamia barbadica (Casier 1958)	<div><p>Xiphodolamia barbadica</p><p>The fossil teeth of Xiphodolamia barbadica lack lateral cusplets and feature a deep, prominent transverse groove. The tooth cervix, defined as the distance between the basal ledge and the root, is distinctly visible on the labial view, while it appears narrower on the lingual view. On the labial side, the basal ledge is positioned lower, with noticeable transverse ridges extending across the surface.</p><p>The tooth exhibits an orthodont structure, with an enameloid layer constituting approximately 1/1053 of the total tooth length. The enameloid is relatively thick and displays folds on its labial surface. The enameloid layer is approximately 1/11 the thickness of the pallial dentin. The pallial dentin layer is robust and rigid, making up about 1/96 of the total length, and shows no porosity. The orthodentin layer, which accounts for roughly 1/8 of the tooth length, contains well-organised small dentinal tubules. These tubules have a diameter ratio of approximately 1/10 compared to other tubules scattered throughout the orthodentin and distributed in the axial direction. They are aligned in a single row at the pallial dentin-orthodentin junction, both peripherally and in the axial plane (Fig. 8A, 8B /e). A thin pulp cavity runs axially through the tooth and is nearly the same thickness as the dentinal tubules (Fig. 8A; 8B). The osteodentin in the root is rigid and exhibits a homogeneous structure.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/177D87CEFF9FFFEA3883FC2BFBF4F9FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Artüz, M. Levent;Sakinç, Mehmet	Artüz, M. Levent, Sakinç, Mehmet (2025): Description of a new species, Xiphodolamia maliki sp. nov. and the shark teeth of Middle Eocene (Lutetian) aged Soğucak Formation in Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey. Zootaxa 5646 (4): 527-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.4.3
177D87CEFF9FFFEA3883F987FB02F803.text	177D87CEFF9FFFEA3883F987FB02F803.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xiphodolamia ensis (Leidy 1877)	<div><p>Xiphodolamia ensis</p><p>The fossil teeth of Xiphodolamia ensis are characterised by the absence of lateral cusplets and a well-defined transverse groove. The tooth cervix appears as a fine line on both the labial and lingual views. Similar to X. eoceana, the basal ledge in X. ensis is positioned lower, with short transverse ridges visible on the labial side.</p><p>The tooth exhibits an orthodont structure, with a thin enameloid layer featuring folds on the labial surface of the dentin constituting approximately 1/1236 of the total tooth length. The enameloid layer is approximately 1/12 the thickness of the pallial dentin. A large pulp cavity runs axially through the tooth, with the enameloid making up about 1/1236 of the total tooth length, the pallial dentin accounting for 1/99, and the orthodentin roughly 1/9 of the overall length. The pallial dentin layer is rigid and lacks porosity, while the orthodentin contains numerous large dentinal tubules, which are not organised in a specific pattern. The pulp cavity is distinctly thicker than the dentinal tubules. The osteodentin in the root is rigid and displays a homogeneous structure (Fig. 8C, 8D).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/177D87CEFF9FFFEA3883F987FB02F803	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Artüz, M. Levent;Sakinç, Mehmet	Artüz, M. Levent, Sakinç, Mehmet (2025): Description of a new species, Xiphodolamia maliki sp. nov. and the shark teeth of Middle Eocene (Lutetian) aged Soğucak Formation in Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey. Zootaxa 5646 (4): 527-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.4.3
177D87CEFF99FFEC3883FF43FE55FDCB.text	177D87CEFF99FFEC3883FF43FE55FDCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xiphodolamia eoceana Woodward 1889	<div><p>Xiphodolamia eoceana</p><p>In Xiphodolamia eoceana fossil teeth, lateral cusplets are absent, and the transverse groove is clearly pronounced. The tooth cervix forms a thin line visible on both the labial and lingual views. The basal ledge is situated lower, with short transverse ridges present on the labial view.</p><p>The tooth exhibits an orthodont structure, with folds present on the labial surface of the dentin. The thin enameloid layer is approximately 1/12 the thickness of the pallial dentin. A wide pulp cavity runs along the length of the tooth. The pallial dentin layer is rigid and lacks porosity, while the orthodentin layer contains numerous large dentinal tubules, which are arranged without a specific pattern. The thickness of the enameloid layer constitutes approximately 1/1200 of the total tooth length, while the pallial dentin accounts for about 1/97, and the orthodentin represents roughly 1/8 of the overall tooth length. The osteodentin in the root is rigid and exhibits a homogeneous structure (Fig. 8E, 8F).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/177D87CEFF99FFEC3883FF43FE55FDCB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Artüz, M. Levent;Sakinç, Mehmet	Artüz, M. Levent, Sakinç, Mehmet (2025): Description of a new species, Xiphodolamia maliki sp. nov. and the shark teeth of Middle Eocene (Lutetian) aged Soğucak Formation in Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey. Zootaxa 5646 (4): 527-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.4.3
177D87CEFF99FFEC3883FD5BFBCDFBAF.text	177D87CEFF99FFEC3883FD5BFBCDFBAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xiphodolamia maliki Artüz & Sakinç 2025	<div><p>Xiphodolamia maliki sp. nov.</p><p>In Xiphodolamia maliki sp. nov. fossil teeth, there are no lateral cusplets, and the transverse groove is thin and narrow. The tooth cervix is a fine line on both the labial and lingual views (Fig. 7 a-d). In apical teeth, it forms a distinct "D" shape in lateral section, with the flat side facing the lingual side. Unlike other species in the genus, X. maliki sp. nov. lacks transverse ridges on the labial view, with an all-around smooth surface below the basal ledge.</p><p>The tooth exhibits an orthodont structure, with the external surface covered by a robust and smooth enameloid layer, free of folds on both the labial and lingual surfaces. The enameloid layer constitutes approximately 1/12 of the thickness of the pallial dentin layer. The pallial dentin layer is rigid and represents a ratio of about 1/87 of the total tooth length. The orthodentin layer has a slightly porous structure, with irregularly arranged, sparse, and thin tubules, containing a pulp cavity that extends from the root to the apex, accounting for a diameter ratio of approximately 1/10 of the total tooth length. The proportions of the enameloid and orthodentin to the total tooth length are 1/1072 and 1/8, respectively. The osteodentin in the root is sparsely porous (Fig. 8G, 8H).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/177D87CEFF99FFEC3883FD5BFBCDFBAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Artüz, M. Levent;Sakinç, Mehmet	Artüz, M. Levent, Sakinç, Mehmet (2025): Description of a new species, Xiphodolamia maliki sp. nov. and the shark teeth of Middle Eocene (Lutetian) aged Soğucak Formation in Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey. Zootaxa 5646 (4): 527-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.4.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.4.3
