identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
292E87EAFFE7FF8BFF15590839061A45.text	292E87EAFFE7FF8BFF15590839061A45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anopheles stephensi	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anopheles stephensi mosquito collection and P47Rec sequence eXtraction </p>
            <p> Anopheles stephensi DNA generated from previous studies [6, 43] were used for the analyses described below. Tese source specimens were part of a September– November 2018 collection from northeastern and eastern Ethiopian cities Semera and Kebridehar as a part of our previously published studies as previously described [6, 43]. Briefly, mosquitoes (n = 7) were collected using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps and pyrethrum spray collection in houses, and larvae and pupae were sampled using the WHO dipping approach. Te mosquito specimens were collected and handled following ethical guidelines as previously described by Balkew et al. in 2020 [6], and a materials and data-sharing agreement was established between Baylor University and Jigjiga University. DNA was extracted from the dissected heads and thoraxes of the mosquitos using the Qiagen DNeasy kit. Once the DNA was extracted, the P47Rec ortholog in  An. stephensi was amplified using two primer pairs. Te first pair (forward—5 ′ -TGGCAAATG ACTAACGTGGA-3 ′, reverse—5 ′ -GTGTTGCCAGTT CGCTGTAA-3 ′) amplified the second and third exons, while the second pair (forward—5-GTGAGCAGCTGT ACGTTGGA-3 ′, reverse—5-AAAACGGAAGGCATG TCATAA-3 ′) amplified the fourth exon. Sequences were aligned using the MUSCLE program and a maximum likelihood tree was generated using the RAxML version 2.0 program [44]. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/292E87EAFFE7FF8BFF15590839061A45	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gunarathna, Isuru;Spear, Joseph D.;Carter, Tamar E.	Gunarathna, Isuru, Spear, Joseph D., Carter, Tamar E. (2024): Multi-locus investigation of AnopheLeS-mediated selective pressure on PLaSModiUM FaLCiparUM in Africa. Parasites & Vectors (530) 17 (1): 1-16, DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06604-y, URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-024-06604-y
292E87EAFFEFFF83FF1E5AC8391D1FE5.text	292E87EAFFEFFF83FF1E5AC8391D1FE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anopheles gambiae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Diversity in  An. gambiae genes HPX15 and APN1 </p>
            <p> In contrast to P47Rec, both HPX15 and APN1 were highly diverse at the amino acid level. Phylogenetic analysis supported multiple distinct groups for HPX15 (bootstrap values&gt; 70) but not for APN1 (bootstrap values &lt;70). Te observed subspecies differentiation in HPX15 indicates the potential for this gene to serve as a driver of selection on its matching P. falciparum gene in the parasite. Further investigation of this locus coupled with the identification of its corresponding P. falciparum surface proteins will elucidate whether vector-population-mediated selective pressure is occurring. We anticipate detecting signatures of balancing selection in the HPX15 ligand(s) protein within P. falciparum populations across Africa due to the subpopulation variation observed at this locus on  An. gambiae . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/292E87EAFFEFFF83FF1E5AC8391D1FE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gunarathna, Isuru;Spear, Joseph D.;Carter, Tamar E.	Gunarathna, Isuru, Spear, Joseph D., Carter, Tamar E. (2024): Multi-locus investigation of AnopheLeS-mediated selective pressure on PLaSModiUM FaLCiparUM in Africa. Parasites & Vectors (530) 17 (1): 1-16, DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06604-y, URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-024-06604-y
292E87EAFFEEFF82FF1E5B89390D19E5.text	292E87EAFFEEFF82FF1E5B89390D19E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anopheles stephensi	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Implications for  An. stephensi invasion in Africa </p>
            <p> Given that Pfs 47 in African P. falciparum populations exhibited signals of neutral evolution in relation to the current sympatric vector populations (  An. gambiae ,  An. funestus , etc.), we aimed to investigate how the evolution of Pfs47 might be influenced by the introduction of  An. stephensi . As an initial step, we examined the P47Rec ortholog in  An. stephensi . Since the P47Rec coding sequence in  An. gambiae in Africa was fully conserved, we wanted to investigate the number of amino acid changes in P47Rec ortholog in invasive  An. stephensi . We compared the amino acid sequence of the P47Rec ortholog in  An. stephensi from Ethiopia with the  An.gambiae sequence and found 18 amino acid differences. Tese findings combined with phylogenetic analysis indicating differentiation between  An. stephensi and the African species (  An. gambiae bootstrap value = 100 and  An. funestus bootstrap value = 100) support the potential for new P. falciparum haplotype compatibilities in Africa with the arrival, spread, and establishment of the invasive  An. stephensi . In addition, the phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between P47Rec in the invasive  An. stephensi and the SDA500  An. stephensi strain (bootstrap = 100). Te SDA500 strain is known to be highly susceptible to both I248L haplotypes in Pfs 47 in P. falciparum [18]. If the Pf47Rec was the gene that underwent artificial selection leading to higher susceptibility, it is possible the same patterns of susceptibility would be observed in  An. stephensi with the similar P47Rec sequence. Terefore, the presence of similar P47Rec sequences (leading to high susceptibility) in the invasive  An. stephensi may facilitate the gradual emergence of more Pfs47 haplotypes in Africa. However, other genes may also influence the susceptibility of the SDA500 strain. To accurately determine the characteristics of  An. stephensi —Plasmodium compatibility in Ethiopia, experimental infections are necessary to validate these hypotheses. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/292E87EAFFEEFF82FF1E5B89390D19E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gunarathna, Isuru;Spear, Joseph D.;Carter, Tamar E.	Gunarathna, Isuru, Spear, Joseph D., Carter, Tamar E. (2024): Multi-locus investigation of AnopheLeS-mediated selective pressure on PLaSModiUM FaLCiparUM in Africa. Parasites & Vectors (530) 17 (1): 1-16, DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06604-y, URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-024-06604-y
