identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
3A6A0146184B1A2CFF7BFF1F96F2FD4F.text	3A6A0146184B1A2CFF7BFF1F96F2FD4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton adenocalyx Baillon 1864	<div><p>1. Croton adenocalyx Baillon (1864: 344) .— Oxydectes adenocalyx (Baill.) Kuntze (1891: 610) . Type:— BRAZIL. Piauí: s.dat., G. Gardner 2309 (lectotype designated here, P 00623668!; isolectotypes, A 00277243!, A 00257874!, B† [photo F 5048!], G 00434412!, K 000186111!, K 000186112!, L 0016143!, P 00222700, W 0060082!, W 0067221!).</p><p>Croton adenocalyx is a shrub exclusively from the Caatinga domain in northeastern Brazil (Ceará, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, and Sergipe). It is found in well-drained to clayey-rocky soils, between 103 and 811 m elevation.</p><p>Notes:— Croton adenocalyx resembles Croton rudolphianus, differing from it by pistillate sepal morphology (sepals ovate-lanceolate with stipitate glands in C. adenocalyx vs. sepals oblong to spatulate without glands in C. rudolphianus), and style division (tetrafid with 12 stigmatic tips in C. adenocalyx vs. multifid with 14 stigmatic tips in C. rudolphianus). This species was described based on a collection from P, Gardner 2309. However, two specimens were found in the P herbarium. Therefore, we choose a collection that perfectly fits the morphological description of the species and that is virtually available at P.</p><p>Representative specimens:— BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Norte: Luís Gomes, Cachoeira do Relo, 22 April 2015, M. Oliveira 6046 (HRSN 29360, HUEFS 0230518!, RB 01109425!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A6A0146184B1A2CFF7BFF1F96F2FD4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny;Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha;Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny, Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2025): Synopsis of Croton section Barhamia subsection Barhamia (Euphorbiaceae). Phytotaxa 705 (2): 162-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3
3A6A0146184B1A2CFF7BFD5F9009FB56.text	3A6A0146184B1A2CFF7BFD5F9009FB56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton aemulus B. Barbosa & Carneiro-Torres	<div><p>2. Croton aemulus B. Barbosa &amp; Carneiro-Torres (in Barbosa et al. 2018: 262). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-41.09039&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.336445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -41.09039/lat -16.336445)">Type</a>:— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Jequitinhonha. Serra de areia no topo da serra, 16º20’11.2”S, 41º5’25.4”W, 1088 m, 21 November 2015, B.L.R. Barbosa, D.S. Carneiro-Torres, M.S. Silva &amp; J.F.C. Oliveira 19 (holotype, HUEFS 231971!; isotypes, ALCB, K, M, MBM, MO, NY, P, RB, SP, SPF).</p><p>Croton aemulus is a shrubby species endemic to Mata Escura Biological Reserve, in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The species can be found in Cerrado domain, growing on sandy soil (Barbosa et al. 2018), between 800 and 1134 m elevation.</p><p>Notes:— Croton aemulus is morphologically similar to C. graomogolensis, primarily in its pistillate and staminate flowers. However, the two species can be readily distinguished by their stipules (resembling a bunch of grapes in C. graomogolensis vs. lanceolate in C. aemulus).</p><p>Representative specimens:— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Jequitinhonha, ca. 47 km ao sul de Pedra Azul, na estrada para Jequitinhonha, 20 October 1988, R.M. Harley, A.M. Giulietti, B.L. Stannard, D.J.N. Hind, C. Kameyama, J. Prado, P. Rudall, R. Simão, N. Taylor &amp; D. Zappi 25240 (MO 1370597, NY 03791797!, SP 0266958!, SPF 00078999!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A6A0146184B1A2CFF7BFD5F9009FB56	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny;Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha;Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny, Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2025): Synopsis of Croton section Barhamia subsection Barhamia (Euphorbiaceae). Phytotaxa 705 (2): 162-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3
3A6A0146184B1A2CFF7BFB57958AF95E.text	3A6A0146184B1A2CFF7BFB57958AF95E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton betulaster Muller Argoviensis 1873	<div><p>3. Croton betulaster Müller Argoviensis (1873: 201) .— Oxydectes betulaster (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze (1891: 613) . Type:— BRAZIL. Bahia: “in sylvis Catingas inter Sincora et Maracas, in locis aridis”, November, C.F.P. von Martius Obs. 1983 (holotype, M 0089096! [photo F 6596!], M 00899095!, M 00899097!; isotype, G 00434458!).</p><p>Croton betulaster is a shrubby species that occurs in Brazil, mainly in the state of Bahia, ranging from 700 to 1800 m elevation. This species is found in Caatinga and Cerrado domains, typically growing on sandy soils between rocks.</p><p>Notes:— The holotype of Croton betulaster consists of a single specimen mounted on three herbarium sheets. Label data associated with the cited collections (M 00899095, M 0089096, M 00899097) indicate that they belong to the same specimen. Furthermore, the specimen M 0089096 shows morphological characteristics that most accurately represent the species.</p><p>Representative specimen:— BRAZIL. Bahia: Palmeiras, Morro do Pai Inácio, lado direito da trilha para o topo, 12°27’22.8”S 41°28’23.1”W, 1253 m elevation, 25 January 2024, N.G. Burilli &amp; L.S.F. Rachid 22 (HUFSP 002126!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A6A0146184B1A2CFF7BFB57958AF95E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny;Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha;Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny, Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2025): Synopsis of Croton section Barhamia subsection Barhamia (Euphorbiaceae). Phytotaxa 705 (2): 162-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3
3A6A0146184B1A2DFF7BF94F97DBFE6F.text	3A6A0146184B1A2DFF7BF94F97DBFE6F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton essequiboensis Bentham 1843	<div><p>4. Croton essequiboensis Klotzsch ex Bentham (1843: 49) .— Barhamia essequiboensis (Klotzsch ex Benth.) Klotzsch (1853: 104) ≡ Croton populifolius var. essequiboensis (Klotzsch ex Benth.) Müller Argoviensis (1866: 654) . Type:— GUYANA. Essequibo, 1838, M.R. Schomburgk 33 (first step lectotype designated by van Ee (2011), second-step lectotype designated here, G 00434477!; isolectotypes, A 00063010!, BR 855291!, FI 011635!, FI 011636!, G 00434476!, G-DC 00312517!, K 000254436!, 000254437!, L 0145332!, P 00587445!, U 0006797!, UPS V-668421, W 163348 upper right, W).</p><p>This shrubby to arborescent species occurs in Brazil, French Guyana, Guyana and Venezuela, at elevations ranging from 100 to 120 m. This species is found in the Amazon domain, typically growing on Riparian woodland and scrub, sandy soil.</p><p>Notes:— van Ee (2011) designated M.R. Schomburgk 33 (G) as the lectotype but did not specify which of the two specimens was selected as the lectotype. Therefore, we decided to select the most representative specimen, with morphological characteristics present that allow the identification of the species from the G herbarium (G 00434477) as the second-step lectotype for the species.</p><p>Representative specimens:— GUYANA. Essequibo: U. Takutu-U. South Rupununi savannas, Dadanawa, along Rapununi River, 2°50’N 59°31’W, 100–120 m elevation, Riparian woodland and scrub, sandy soil, 17 June 1989, L.J. Gillespie 1610 (NY 03978878!, US 00517562!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A6A0146184B1A2DFF7BF94F97DBFE6F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny;Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha;Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny, Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2025): Synopsis of Croton section Barhamia subsection Barhamia (Euphorbiaceae). Phytotaxa 705 (2): 162-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3
3A6A0146184A1A2DFF7BFE3F9055FD4F.text	3A6A0146184A1A2DFF7BFE3F9055FD4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton glandulosodentatus Pax & Hoffmann 1923	<div><p>5. Croton glandulosodentatus Pax &amp; Hoffmann (1923: 176) . Type:— BRAZIL. Piauí: Campo Grande, 1914, P. von Luetzelburg 12680 (holotype, M 0086093! [photo F 19477!]; isotype, NY 00246543!).</p><p>A shrubby species exclusively from the Caatinga domain in northeastern Brazil, in the states of Bahia, Ceará, and Piauí. It occurs from 396 to 700 m elevation, growing on sandy soil.</p><p>Representative specimen:— BRAZIL. Bahia: Canudos, Estrada de chão sentido Parque Nacional de Canudos (Bendengó), 9º54’47”S, 39º3’60”W, 396 m, 30 June 2007, D.S. Carneiro-Torres 988 (HUEFS 0121825!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A6A0146184A1A2DFF7BFE3F9055FD4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny;Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha;Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny, Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2025): Synopsis of Croton section Barhamia subsection Barhamia (Euphorbiaceae). Phytotaxa 705 (2): 162-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3
3A6A0146184A1A2DFF7BFD5F94FCFAA2.text	3A6A0146184A1A2DFF7BFD5F94FCFAA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton glutinosus Muller Argoviensis 1873	<div><p>6. Croton glutinosus Müller Argoviensis (1873: 200) .— Oxydectes glutinosa (Müller Argoviensis) Kuntze (1891: 613) . Type:— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: “in deserto Minarum ad Serra de S. Antonio, Bananal praed.”, s.dat., C.F.P. von Martius Obs. 1514 (lectotype designated here, M 0086092!; isolectotype, G 00434540!). Remaining syntypes:— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: “In virgultosis deserti inter fl. S. Franc. et Min. Novas”, s.dat., C.F.P. von Martius s.n. (M 0086094!); Bahia: “in sylvis catingas ad Maracas”, November, C.F.P. von Martius s.n. (M 0086091!, photo F 6603!).</p><p>Croton glutinosus is a shrubby species that occurs only in the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais, Brazil. It is found growing from 750 to 1477 m elevation in Atlantic Forest, Caatinga and Cerrado domains on sandy to clayey-rocky soils.</p><p>Notes:— When this species was first described, Müller Argoviensis cited three specimens in the protologue: two for the state of Minas Gerais: “ Habitat in prov. Minas Geraës, in deserto ad Serra de S. Antonio, Martius Obs. 1514 (M 0086092, G 00434540) ; S. Francisco et Minas Novas, Martius s.n. (M 0086094) and one for the state of Bahia: “nee non silvis Cantigas et Maracas, Martius s.n. (M 0086091)”. Once it is necessary to designate a lectotype, we choose the specimen with Martius collector number and annotated in handwriting by Müller Argoviensis, stored at M (M 0086092) .</p><p>Representative specimen:— BRAZIL. Bahia: Mucugê, Povoado Caraíbas, em frente ao inselberg Capão do Correia, 13°01’09.6”S 41°25’57.3”W, 1007 m elevation, under rocks, 27 January 2024, N.G. Burilli &amp; L.S.F. Rachid 36 (HUFSP 002126!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A6A0146184A1A2DFF7BFD5F94FCFAA2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny;Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha;Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny, Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2025): Synopsis of Croton section Barhamia subsection Barhamia (Euphorbiaceae). Phytotaxa 705 (2): 162-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3
3A6A0146184A1A2DFF7BFA0B97D0F8AA.text	3A6A0146184A1A2DFF7BFA0B97D0F8AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton graomogolensis B. Barbosa & Carneiro-Torres	<div><p>7. Croton graomogolensis B. Barbosa &amp; Carneiro-Torres (in Barbosa et al. 2018: 264). Type:— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Grão Mogol, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.891003&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.556889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.891003/lat -16.556889)">Início da Trilha do Barão</a>, lado esquerdo, 16º33’24.8”S, 42º53’27.6”W, 873 m, 20 November 2015, B.L.R. Barbosa, D.S. Carneiro-Torres, M.S. Silva &amp; J.F.C. Oliveira 17 (holotype, HUEFS 0231969!; isotypes, ALCB, K, M, MBM, MO, NY, P, RB, RN 00007388!, SP, SPF).</p><p>A shrubby species endemic to the state of Minas Gerais, in southeastern Brazil, found only in the municipalities of Grão Mogol and Serranópolis de Minas (Barbosa et al. 2018). It occurs in the Cerrado domain, from 867 to 1100 m elevation.</p><p>Notes:— This species is morphologically similar to Croton muscicapa but differs by having staminate flowers with a greater number of stamens (14–17 in C. graomogolensis vs. 11 in C. muscicapa), as also highlighted by Barbosa et al. (2018). The species also resembles C. aemulus (see comments under C. aemulus).</p><p>Representative specimens:— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Grão Mogol, Serra do Grão Mogol, 22 March 1938, J.F.W. Markgraf 3517 (F V0192294F!, RB 00083798!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A6A0146184A1A2DFF7BFA0B97D0F8AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny;Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha;Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny, Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2025): Synopsis of Croton section Barhamia subsection Barhamia (Euphorbiaceae). Phytotaxa 705 (2): 162-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3
3A6A0146184A1A2AFF7BF8039440FC33.text	3A6A0146184A1A2AFF7BF8039440FC33.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton guianensis Aublet 1775	<div><p>8. Croton guianensis Aublet (1775: 882) .— Croton subluteus Lamarck (1786: 210), nom. illeg.— Oxydectes guianensis (Aublet) Kuntze (1891: 611) . Type:—FRENCH GUYANA. Cayenne, s.dat., J.B.C.F. Aublet s.n. (lectotype designated here, BM 015177111!; isolectotypes, W 0356899! [photo F 32528!], S-R-10522!).</p><p>Croton tafelbergicus Croizat (1948: 401) . Type:— SURINAME. Sipaliwini: Tafelberg, south of East Ridge, 900 m altitude, 1 September 1944, B. Maguire 24582 (holotype, A 00047445!; isotypes, K 000254412!, NY 00262963!, U 0145910!, US 00109771!).</p><p>Croton guianensis is a shrubby to arborescent species, found in Brazil (Roraima, Amapá), French Guyana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela. It occurs from 80 to 710 m elevation in the Amazon domain, typically on sandstone and moist soil.</p><p>Notes:— In accordance with Article 9.12 of International Code of Nomenclature (Turland et al. 2018), the designation of a lectotype is required. We have selected the specimen BM 015177111, as it is the one that most accurately represents the species morphologically and given that it is housed in the herbarium where Aublet’s original collection is deposited. This specimen was used for both original species description and its illustration.</p><p>Although section Barhamia is characterized by the absence of glands at the acropetiolar region (van Ee et al. 2011), Croton guianensis has stipitate glands at the base of the leaves, a feature clearly visible in the original illustration and cited in the protologue of the species. Due to the presence of this characteristic, we could have chosen to exclude the species from the group. However, one of the phylogenetic studies with molecular data carried out with the genus Croton has sampled a specimen of C. guianensis, Berry 5535 (MICH 1544158, MO 1370537; accession numbers AY971215, AY971303, respectively), and the species emerged among others from section Barhamia (Berry et al. 2005) . Furthermore, the species share morphological characteristics with members of the section Barhamia (e. g. stellate indumentum, serrate margins, pinnate venation, glandular stipules, terminal and bisexual inflorescences, sepals of pistillate flowers glandular, and tetrafid styles). Therefore, we decide provisionally to maintain this species in the section until further studies are carried out on the systematics and evolutionary history of the group.</p><p>Representative specimens:— GUYANA. Dadanawa: Rupununi, 2º49’N, 59º 31’W, 6 June 1995, M.J. Jansen- Jacobs, B.J.H. ter Welle, C. Gustafsson &amp; V.James 3947 (K 004622729!, MBM 223992!, MO 1370533!, NY 03979189!, US 00602113!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A6A0146184A1A2AFF7BF8039440FC33	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny;Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha;Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny, Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2025): Synopsis of Croton section Barhamia subsection Barhamia (Euphorbiaceae). Phytotaxa 705 (2): 162-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3
3A6A0146184D1A2BFF7BFC7A94F5FE4E.text	3A6A0146184D1A2BFF7BFC7A94F5FE4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton hircinus Ventenat 1803	<div><p>9. Croton hircinus Ventenat (1803: 50) . Lectotype (designated by van Ee 2011):— FRANCE. Cultivated at “Jardin de La Malmaison”, “ Croton hircinum ” in Ventenat (1803: tab. 50). Epitype (designated by van Ee 2011):— M. Adanson 19005 (P, not found).</p><p>Croton populifolius Lamarck (1786: 205), nom. illeg. [non C. populifolius Swartz (1788: 101), nom. illeg., nec C. populifolius Miller (1768: 101)]. — Croton tiliifolius Persoon (1807: 585), nom. illeg. [non C. tiliifolius Lamarck (1786: 206)]. Type:—SAINT DOMINGUE. s.dat., Lamarck Herbarium s.n. (lectotype P (P-LA 00382037), designated by van Ee &amp; Berry 2009: 138).</p><p>Croton isertii Geiseler (1807: 24) . Type:— MARTINIQUE. s.dat., s.coll. s.n. (C?).</p><p>Croton hispidus Kunth (1817: 72) .— Barhamia hispida (Kunth) Klotzsch (1853: 104) . Type:— VENEZUELA. Caracas: 1800, A.J.A. Bonpland 655 (holotype, P 00669856!; isotype, B-W 17884-010!).</p><p>Barhamia panamensis Klotzsch (1853: 104) . Type:— PANAMA. Coclé: near Natá, s.dat., B.C. Seemann 201 (BM 015177110!).</p><p>Croton odoratus Ridley (1891: 58–59) . Type:— BRAZIL. Pernambuco: Fernando de Noronha, hills above S. Antonio Bay, 16 August 1887, H.N. Ridley, T.S. Lea &amp; G.A. Ramage “108” (lectotype designated here K 000254448!; isolectotypes, BM 000947399!, GH 47367!, K 000254447!).</p><p>Croton margaritensis Johnston (1905: 689) . Type:— VENEZUELA. Nueva Esparta: Island of Margarita, San Juan Bautista, 700 m elevation, 28 August 1903, J.R. Johnston 50 (lectotype designated here GH 00047194!; isolectotypes, GH 00047193!, US 00109612!).</p><p>Croton curassavicus Boldingh (1914: 51) . Type:— CURAÇAO. Barber: Hills near Barber, 1909, I. Boldingh 5179 (holotype, U 0001881!; isotypes, K 00185969!, L 0234226!, NY 00083336!).</p><p>Croton allenii Standley (1939: 289) . Type:— PANAMA. Coclé: Antón, vicinity of Antón, 8 August 1938, R.E. Woodson, P.H. Allen &amp; R.J. Seibert 1711 (holotype, F 0056015!; isotypes, A 0047079!, NY 00246444!, US 00109495!).</p><p>Croton hircinus is a shrubby to arborescent species, found in Brazil (Roraima, Pernambuco), Colombia, Curaçao, Guyana, Grenada, Martinique, Panama, Saint Domingue, Saint Vicent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela. It occurs from 50 to 1000 m elevation, on hydromorphic soils, in the Amazon, Caribbean and Los Llanos domains, abundant on riverbanks.</p><p>Notes:— Here we follow previous works (D’Arcy 1987, Hokche et al. 2008, and van Ee et al. 2009) in which Croton hircinus was treated in a broad sense with all species cited above as its synonyms.</p><p>Croton odoratus has been recorded for the Island of Fernando de Noronha. During the search for the type, we found specimens collected by H.N. Ridley, T.S. Lea, and G.A. Ramage (‘108’) in several herbaria. Given the need to designate a lectotype, we selected the specimen K 000254448, where the author worked. This specimen was chosen for its distinctive morphological characteristics, such as the presence of inflorescences, which facilitates its identification.</p><p>The author of the species Croton margaritensis, John Robert Johnston, designated his collection number 50 as the type of material in the protologue.There are however more than one specimens associated with this collection.Therefore, we have decided to designate a lectotype (GH 00047194) that best represents its morphological characteristics, in addition to the presence of an illustration probably produced by the author.</p><p>Representative specimen:— TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO. Trinidad: St. Armés, 25 June 1889, W.E. Broadway 3838 (NY 01426175!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A6A0146184D1A2BFF7BFC7A94F5FE4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny;Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha;Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny, Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2025): Synopsis of Croton section Barhamia subsection Barhamia (Euphorbiaceae). Phytotaxa 705 (2): 162-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3
3A6A0146184C1A2BFF7BFE5D90E0FC41.text	3A6A0146184C1A2BFF7BFE5D90E0FC41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton longibracteatus Martinez Gordillo & de Luna 2005	<div><p>10. Croton longibracteatus Martínez Gordillo &amp; de Luna (2005: 568) . Type:— BRAZIL. Bahia: 7–10 km de Seabra- Itaberaba oeste de Lençóis, 27 May 1980, R.M. Harley, G.L. Bromley, A.M. de Carvalho, J.M. Soares Nunes, J.L. Hage &amp; E. B. dos Santos 22675 (holotype, NY 02840479!; isotypes, CEPEC 32296, IPA 0032942, K 001181432!, SPF 00037817!, US 2999471!).</p><p>Croton longibracteatus is a shrubby species endemic to the Caatinga domain in Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil (Barbosa et al. 2018). It grows in white quartzitic sand soil, between rocks, between 300 and 1260 m elevation.</p><p>Notes:— This species is frequently misidentified in herbaria as Croton muscicapa . One of these specimens is the isotype deposited in US herbarium (US 2999471) which is still erroneously determined as C. muscicapa . However, both species are easily distinguished due to several morphological characteristics, as indicated in Barbosa et al. (2018), among which the easiest to identify is the size of the bracts of staminate flowers (2–3 mm long in C. musicapa vs. 3–12 mm long in C. longibracteatus).</p><p>Representative specimen:— BRAZIL. Bahia: Mucugê, Trilha atrás do Cemitério Bizantino (Santa Izabel), borda da trilha. 13°00’26.7”S 41°22’41.5”W, 1055 m, 24 January 2024, N.G. Burilli &amp; L.S.F. Rachid 5 (HUFSP 002064!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A6A0146184C1A2BFF7BFE5D90E0FC41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny;Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha;Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny, Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2025): Synopsis of Croton section Barhamia subsection Barhamia (Euphorbiaceae). Phytotaxa 705 (2): 162-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3
3A6A0146184C1A2BFF7BFC6D97F6F9C7.text	3A6A0146184C1A2BFF7BFC6D97F6F9C7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton muscicapa Muller Argoviensis 1873	<div><p>11. Croton muscicapa Müller Argoviensis (1873: 199) .— Oxydectes muscicapa (Müller Argoviensis) Kuntze (1891: 613) . Type:— BRAZIL. Bahia: “in Serra do Gado bravo prope Villa Nova da Rainha”, April, C.F.P. von Martius Obs. 2260 (lectotype designated here M 0086068! [photo F 6610!]; isolectotype, M 0089109!).</p><p>Croton muscicapa is a shrubby species endemic to the Atlantic Forest, Caatinga and Cerrado domains in Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil. It grows in sandstone outcrops with lithic and hydromorphic soils, between 293 to 1260 m elevation.</p><p>Notes:— Müller Argoviensis cited a single collection in the protologue from the state of Bahia: “Habitat in prov. Bahia in Serra do Gado bravo prope Villa Nova da Rainha, Martius Obs. 2260 ”. However, two duplicates corresponding to this description and collection number are currently deposited in the M herbarium (M 0089109, M 0086068). We decided to select the specimen (M 0086068) bearing the original blue label found on other specimens collected by Martius. Additionally, it is important to mention that this species is often misspelled with the orthographic variant “ Croton muscicarpa ” in numerous herbarium collections. However, here we emphasize the correct spelling, as established by the author, as C. muscicapa .</p><p>Representative specimens:— BRASIL. Bahia: Jacobina, Estrada que liga Jacobina a Morro do Chapéu, ca. de 1 Km de Jacobina, Ramal que leva a Cachoeira do Alves, ca. 10 km da estrada principal, 26 October 1995, A.M. Amorim 1748 (CEPEC, RB 00684475!, SP 0290884!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A6A0146184C1A2BFF7BFC6D97F6F9C7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny;Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha;Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny, Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2025): Synopsis of Croton section Barhamia subsection Barhamia (Euphorbiaceae). Phytotaxa 705 (2): 162-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3
3A6A0146184C1A2BFF7BF9E494CBF7D8.text	3A6A0146184C1A2BFF7BF9E494CBF7D8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton rhexiifolius , Baillon 1864	<div><p>12. Croton rhexiifolius Baillon (1864: 313) .— Oxydectes rhexiifolia (Baillon) Kuntze (1891: 612) . Type:— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: “Cattingas près Bon-Jardin”, 1816, A. de Saint-Hilaire, B1 1560 (lectotype designated here P 00634665!; isolectotypes, A 00047395!, P 00634664!, P 00222703).</p><p>Croton rhexiifolius is a shrub endemic from Brazil, known only from the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais. It occurs from 570 to 900 m elevation, exclusively to the Caatinga domain, typically on sandstone soil.</p><p>Notes:— In the protologue of C. rhexiifolius, Baillon cited a single collection: “A.S.H., Prov. de Minas-Geräes, cat. B1, n 1560.” However, two specimens of it are deposited in the P herbarium, where Baillon worked (P 00634665, P 00634664). Therefore, we here designate a lectotype for this species. We selected the specimen that best represents the species morphologically, as well as with handwritten annotations from Baillon.</p><p>Representative specimens:— BRASIL. Bahia: Iramaia, estrada que liga Iramaia a Barra da Estiva km 38 (10 km ao SE do povoado de Jequiti “Novo Acre ”). 13°30’S 41°10’W, 570 m, 24 March 1988, S. Ginzbarg 863 (CEPEC, SP 0271348!, F V0193273F!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A6A0146184C1A2BFF7BF9E494CBF7D8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny;Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha;Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny, Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2025): Synopsis of Croton section Barhamia subsection Barhamia (Euphorbiaceae). Phytotaxa 705 (2): 162-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3
3A6A0146184F1A28FF7BFF1F94CDFD97.text	3A6A0146184F1A28FF7BFF1F94CDFD97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton rudolphianus Muller Argoviensis 1866	<div><p>13. Croton rudolphianus Müller Argoviensis (1866: 654) .— Oxydectes rudolphiana (Müller Argoviensis) Kuntze (1891: 612) . Type:— BRAZIL. s.loc., s.dat., Rudolphianus s.n. (holotype, G-DC 00312511!, photo F 7098!).</p><p>This shrubby species occurs in Brazil, mainly distributed in the Atlantic Forest, Caatinga and Cerrado domains (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, and Pernambuco). It occurs from 224 to 1138 m elevation, in rock outcrops, on clayey soil.</p><p>Notes:— This species is morphologically similar to Croton urticifolius, which has led to several misidentifications in Brazilian herbaria. However, it is possible to identify morphological differences between these two species based on their leaf margin (irregular serrate in C. rudolphianus vs. doubly serrate margin in Croton urticifolius) and capsules indumentum (glabrous in Croton rudolphianus vs. hirsute to pubescent in Croton urticifolius).</p><p>Representative specimens:— BRASIL. Bahia: Iaçu, Lage Preta, encosta do Iselberg, 380 m elevation, 12º50’25” S, 39º58’13” W, 20 February 2005, F. França 5119 (CEPEC, HUEFS 0092907!, MBM 321732!, NY 01112553!, RB 00517909!, SP 0452622!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A6A0146184F1A28FF7BFF1F94CDFD97	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny;Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha;Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny, Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2025): Synopsis of Croton section Barhamia subsection Barhamia (Euphorbiaceae). Phytotaxa 705 (2): 162-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3
3A6A0146184F1A29FF7BFD179131FDC3.text	3A6A0146184F1A29FF7BFD179131FDC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton urticifolius Lamarck 1786	<div><p>14. Croton urticifolius Lamarck (1786: 213) .— Oxydectes urticifolia (Lamarck) Kuntze (1891: 613) . ≡ Barhamia urticifolia (Lamarck) Klotzsch (1853: 104) . ≡ Croton urticifolius var. genuinus Müller Argoviensis (1873: 204), nom. inval. Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, “Montagne des Capac”, July 1767, P. Commerson s.n. (lectotype designated here P-HIS 00222697!; isolectotypes, A 00277234!, MPU 091713!, P 00222698).</p><p>Croton multispicatus Vellozo (1831: pl. 75).— Barhamia multispicata (Vellozo) Klotzsch (1853: 104) . Type:— J.M. de Conceição Vellozo, Flora Fluminensis, t. 75 “monaee. monad. Croton multispicatum ” 1831 (lectotype designated by van Ee 2011). Epitype (designated by van Ee 2011):— BRAZIL. No locality, 1838, C.F.P. von Martius Herb. Fl. Bras. 162 (K 000254357!; isoepitypes, G-DC 00312499!, GH 47357!, L 2212203!, M 0242026!, MO 2942435!).</p><p>Calypteriopetalon brasiliensis Hasskarl (1857: 531) . Type:— BRAZIL. “sua sponte e solo brasiensi in hort. bot. bogoriense enata species et nunc aberrima ibi florens et fructificans”, s.dat., s.coll. s.n. (holotype, U 1256082!).</p><p>Ocalia lantanifolia Didrichsen (1857: 139) . Type:— BRAZIL. s.dat., N.T. Lund s.n. (lectotype designated here C 10025593!; isolectotype, C 10025594!).</p><p>Croton bahiensis Müller Argoviensis (1865: 127) .— Oxydectes bahiensis (Müll. Arg.) Kuntze (1891: 611) ≡ Croton urticifolius var. bahiensis (Müll. Arg.) Müller Argoviensis (1873: 204) . Type:— BRAZIL. Bahia, 1832, J.S. Blanchet 363 (lectotype designated here G-DC 00312510!). Remaining syntype:— BRAZIL. Bahia: “Cachoeira Pcia Bahiensis”, 1857, G. Casaretto 2073 (G-DC 00312509!).</p><p>Croton urticifolius var. intermedius Müller Argoviensis (1873: 204) . Type:— BRAZIL. Bahia: “siccis montosis ad Cachoeira”, s.dat., C.F.P. von Martius Obs. 2193 (holotype, M 089085!).</p><p>Croton urticifolius var. stipularis Müller Argoviensis (1873: 204) . Type:— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Uberaba, s.dat., A.F. Regnell 1081 (holotype, S 07-12768!; isotypes, BR 008801104!, BR 008805003!).</p><p>Croton urticifolius var. accedens Müller Argoviensis (1873: 204) . Type:— BRAZIL. Bahia: Feira de Santana, February 1819, C.F.P. von Martius s.n. (lectotype designated here M 0089087!). Remaining syntype:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: “In pascuis siccis collium prope Sebastianapolin”, s.dat., C.F.P. von Martius s.n. (M 0089088!).</p><p>Croton klaenzei Müller Argoviensis (1873: 202) .— Oxydectes klaenzei (Müll. Arg.) Kuntze (1891: 613) . Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: “inter Fazenda de Baretto et Barra do Furado”, September 1815, H.W. Klaenze 32 (holotype, BR 0000008760227!). Syn. nov.</p><p>Croton urticifolius is a shrubby species. It occurs in Brazil and Bolivia. In Brazil, it is found in northeastern (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Piauí, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe) and southeastern (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro), in Atlantic Forest, Caatinga and Cerrado domains. It grows from 50 to 1250 m elevation, in sandy or rocky soils.</p><p>Notes:— We select a lectotype with characteristics that better represent the species; the specimen P 00222697 presents grayish branches, the leaf architecture is evident, with pubescent trichomes on both surfaces of the leaves; pistillate flowers display spatulate sepals, and the capsules are globose, with indumentum pubescent to tomentose.</p><p>Ocalia lantanifolia was originally described by Didrichsen based exclusively on a specimen collected by Lund in Brazil. However, correspondence with the Herbarium C revealed the existence of two syntypes attributed to Lund’s collection from Brazil. To promote taxonomic stability, we designated specimen (C 10025593) as the lectotype, as it bears Didrichsen’s annotations and original illustrations.</p><p>When Croton bahiensis was first described, Müller Argoviensis cited two specimens in the protologue for the state of Bahia: G. Casaretto 2073 (G-DC 00312509) and J.S. Blanchet 363 (G-DC 00312510). Since it is necessary to designate a lectotype, we preferred to select the specimen with the most precisely description of the locality, stored in G-DC herbarium (G-DC 00312509).</p><p>Müller Argoviensis cited two localities in the protologue for Croton urticifolius var. accedens: “Habitat in prov. Bahia, ad Feira de S. Anna: Martius” (M 0089088) and “et in pascuis siccis collium prope Rio de Janeiro: Martius” (M 0089087). To designate a lectotype, we prefer to choose the specimen with Müller Argoviensis’s handwriting.</p><p>Finally, by checking the prologue and type material cited for Croton klaenzei, and comparing it with that of C. urticifolius, we concluded that both taxa should be considered the same entity due to their extremely similar morphological characteristics, such as branches grayish with indumentum pubescent; leaf blade ovate, apex acuminate, base cordate, margin serrate, pubescent on both surfaces and discolorous. In addition, both species has the same geographical distribution, occurring in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.</p><p>Representative specimens:— BRASIL. Rio de Janeiro: Próximo Recreio dos Bandeirantes, 22 December 1964, W. Hoehne 5938 (IAC, NY 03791812!, SP 0119419!, SPF 00017356!, UEC 147747!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A6A0146184F1A29FF7BFD179131FDC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny;Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha;Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi	Burilli, Nicolas Giovanny, Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2025): Synopsis of Croton section Barhamia subsection Barhamia (Euphorbiaceae). Phytotaxa 705 (2): 162-172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.705.2.3
