identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
3C4287CE4C5322367AD9FB7DC204BC75.text	3C4287CE4C5322367AD9FB7DC204BC75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Afromygale Zonstein 2020	<div><p>Genus Afromygale n. gen.</p><p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 501CAA13­6CCD­403E­933C­7DF46ADBD12E.</p><p>Type species: Afromygale rukanga n. sp., by present designation.</p><p>Etymology: Afromygale is a combination of the Latinized prefix Afro ­ (that means African) and the historical genus name Mygale used in the first half of XIX century for most mygalomorph species known at that time (later, Mygale Latreille, 1802 in the Araneae was found to be preoccupied by Mygale Cuvier, 1800 in the Mammalia and replaced by Avicularia Lamarck, 1818); the gender is feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis: A controversial set of the diagnostic characters found in members of Afromygale n. gen. could indicate their similarity to several mygalomorph families (see Discussion). Nevertheless, the genus can be easily distinguished from all other groups of African mygalomorphs where spiders are known to possess tarsi I–IV provided with the biserially toothed paired claws and lacking tarsal tufts:</p><p>(a) from the Cyrtaucheniidae ( Cyrtauchenius Thorell, 1869, Acontius Karsch, 1879 and Ancylotrypa Simon, 1889) – by a well defined and highly elevated eye tubercle, by a short and straight thoracic fovea and by the absence of a true cheliceral rastellum;</p><p>(b) from the Entypesidae ( Hermacha Simon, 1889, Entypesa Simon, 1902 and Lepthercus Purcell, 1902) – by a considerably shorter apical segment of PLS (triangular vs. digitiform) and by the absence of the metatarsal preening combs;</p><p>(c) from the Bemmeridae ( Spiroctenus Simon, 1889, where males possess teeth on the tarsal claws arranged in one S­shaped row, and Homostola Simon, 1892, where the male characters are unknown) – by an elevated eye tubercle, by the absence of both the metatarsal preening combs and a well­developed rastellum, and by the biserially toothed tarsal claws in males;</p><p>(d) from the Nemesiidae (North­African species of Nemesia Audouin, 1826, Iberesia Decae &amp; Cardoso 2006, and Amblyocarenum Simon, 1892) – by a shorter straight thoracic fovea, by a much longer and slender male palpal tibia, by the absence of cheliceral rastellar teeth, and from members of the first two genera – by an unmodified male tibia I lacking megaspines;</p><p>(e) from Pionothele Purcell, 1902 (the only African genus of Pycnothelidae known hitherto), which species share with members of Afromygale n. gen. a reduced unpaired tarsal claws – in having an anteriorly narrowed sternum, acuspulate maxillae and thickened legs III–IV vs. subcircular sternum, armed maxillae and equally slen­ der legs I–IV in males of Pionothele spp. (Figs 2, 6, 14 cf. Figs 24, 34; Zonstein 2016, figs 1, 4, 9, 12; Bond &amp; Lamb 2019, figs 2, 3).</p><p>Additionally, males of Afromygale n. gen. differ from all other male pycnothelids in having a very characteristic pterygoid (or a fin­shaped) keel located at the base of the embolus. The similar structures, one or several, if present in males in other pycnothelid genera are differently constructed (Figs 9, 10, 17, 18 cf. Forster 1968, figs 451–453; Main 1972, figs 10, 14, 18, 20; Goloboff 1995, figs 66A–C, 67E, 74C–E, 80E–G, 95E, 96D, Passanha et al. 2014, figs 4–6, 9–11, 13, 24–26, 29–31, 34–36, 39–41, 44–46, 48–50, 53–55; Pérez­Miles et al. 2014, fig. 4A; Indicatti et al. 2017, figs 7–9, 12–14, 17–19, 21, 22, 41–46, 49–51, 56–58.</p><p>Description: Medium­sized mygalomorphs (body length 14.8–16.8 mm). Carapace low, oval and densely hirsute, with cephalic part almost indistinctly elevated over thoracic portion. Clypeus narrow. Thoracic fovea short, deep and straight. Eye tubercle, carrying all eight eyes, well defined and highly elevated. Chelicerae without mound and rastellar spines or teeth; dorsodistal cheliceral edge with dense brush of thickened hairs and spikes. Fang without serration. Labium moderately long and narrow, nearly subquadrate, without cuspules. Sternum narrowed anteriorly. Labiosternal sigilla fused. Anterior and medium sternal sigilla small submarginal. Posterior sternal sigilla minute, oval and located remotely from sternal margin. Maxillae trapezoidal, acuspulate at least in males. Male palpal tibia long, slender and subcylindrical, without spines. Cymbium short, subglobular and aspinose. Embolus tapered with one pronounced keel at its base. Leg formula 4123, legs III and IV insufficiently thicker than legs I and II. Male tibia I unmodified, without megaspines. Metatarsal preening combs absent. Metatarsi I–IV ventrally either entirely ascopulate or with a few scopuliform hairs near distal edge. Male tarsi I–IV flexible and pallid ventrally ( A. pinnipalpis n. sp.) or rather entire and rigid ( A. rukanga n. sp.). Short, fine, entire and relatively dense ventral scopula well developed on tarsi I–III but absent on tarsus IV. Trichobothria arranged in two convex rows on tibiae, one straight row on metatarsi and one relatively narrow zigzag row on tarsi. Tarsal organ low and domed. Paired claws on tarsi I–IV broad and biserially dentate with numerous teeth. Unpaired tarsal claw always present, though reduced in size (more in A. pinnipalpis n. sp., less in A. rukanga n. sp.), and very sharply curved downwards. Two pairs of spinnerets: PMS medium­sized, PLS relatively thick and short with apical segment certainly shortened. All spigots uniform and visually appear belonging to the same type (MAS not evident, only AC type present). State of maxillary serrula, male intercheliceral glands and female characters unknown.</p><p>Species included: A. pinnipalpis n. sp. and A. rukanga n. sp., both currently known only from males.</p><p>Distribution: Southern Kenya and northeastern Tanzania (Fig. 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C4287CE4C5322367AD9FB7DC204BC75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zonstein, Sergei L.	Zonstein, Sergei L. (2020): On Afromygale, a new mygalomorph spider genus from East Africa (Araneae: Pycnothelidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (1): 131-146, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4392942, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4392941
3C4287CE4C54223A7ADBFF52C096B853.text	3C4287CE4C54223A7ADBFF52C096B853.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Afromygale rukanga Zonstein 2020	<div><p>Afromygale rukanga n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 2–11)</p><p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8BB71496­ EF44­4006­82C7­2BF0F460BA 2F.</p><p>Etymology: The specific epithet is a toponym (a noun in apposition) referring to the type locality: the environs of the Rukanga village .</p><p>Diagnosis: The new species differs from Afromygale pinnipalpis n. sp. by a posteriorly narrower sternum, as well as by a number of the male characters: a relatively narrow (as broad as long) tegulum, an angularly ending embolic keel, and a longer distal portion of the embolus (vs. a posteriorly broader sternum, a broader than long tegulum, an obtuse­ending keel, and a shorter distal embolus; Figs 6, 9, 10 cf. Figs 15, 19, 20).</p><p>Description: Male (holotype). Total length 16.75. Habitus as in Fig. 2.</p><p>Colour in alcohol: carapace and most part of palps and legs medium ginger brown; eye tubercle brown to dark brown; chelicerae medium reddish brown; labium brownish orange; sternum, all coxae including maxillae, palpal tibia, cymbium, metatarsi and tarsi of legs I–IV yellowish brown; abdomen ventrally light brownish orange with pale brownish yellow spinnerets, dorsally light greyish brown with brown pattern consisting of narrow interrupted longitudinal median stripe and several pairs of lateral spots.</p><p>Cephalothorax dorsally and ventrally as in Figs 3 and 6, respectively. Carapace 6.62 long, 5.13 wide. Eye tubercle as in Fig. 4. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.23 (0.31), ALE 0.32, PLE 0.26, PME 0.15, AME­AME 0.16 (0.08), AME­ ALE 0.14 (0.10), ALE­PLE 0.09, PLE­PME 0.05, PME­PME 0.62. Cheliceral furrow with 8 promarginal teeth and 20–22 minute mesobasal denticles (Fig. 5). Male intercheliceral tumescence not reliably evident. Labium 0.82 long, 1.11 wide. Sternum 3.56 long, 2.52 wide.</p><p>Palp and leg structures. Tibia and metatarsus I as in Fig. 7. Spines (entire palp and tarsi I–III aspinose). Leg I: femur d1–1–1–1–1, pd0–1–1, rd0–1–1; patella p0–1; tibia p1(0)–1(0)–1, v1(0)–2(1)–2; metatarsus p1–1(0), v1–1–3. Leg II: femur d1–1–1–1, pd0–1–1, rd1(0)–1–1(0); patella p0–1; tibia p0–1–1, v2–2–3; metatarsus p1–1, v2–2–3. Leg III: femur d1–1–1–1, pd1–1–1, rd1–1–1; patella p1–1; tibia d1–1, p1–1–1(2), r1–1, v2–2–3; metatarsus d1–1–2, p1–1–1–1, r1–1–1, v2–2–3. Leg IV: femur d1–1–1–1–1–1(0), pd0, rd1–1–1; tibia p0–1–1–0, r0–1–1–0, v2–2–3; metatarsus d0–1–1–1, p1–1–1–1, r1–1–1, v2–2–3; tarsus r1. Trichobothria: 2 rows of 11–13 each on tibiae I–IV (7–8 in each row on palpal tibia), 15–18 on metatarsi, 12–14 on tarsi, 9 on cymbium. Scopula entire on tarsi I–III, distal and rudimentary on metatarsi I and II, absent on tarsus IV. PTC I–IV: outer and inner margins with 7–8 and 6–7 teeth, respectively. Unpaired claw on tarsi I–IV present, less reduced in size than in following species. Leg measurements:</p><p>Palp I II III IV</p><p>Femur 4.26 5.95 5.32 4.58 6.69</p><p>Patella 2.16 3.09 2.32 2.27 3.08</p><p>Tibia 2.91 4.02 3.80 3.11 5.03</p><p>Metatarsus – 4.41 4.08 4.57 6.37</p><p>Tarsus 1.12 2.60 2.56 2.74 3.12</p><p>Total 10.45 20.07 18.08 17.27 24.29</p><p>Distal segments of pedipalp and copulatory organ as in Fig. 8. Embolus tapering and slightly twisted, basoventrally with pterygoid membranous keel having longitudinal fold and acute distalmost edge (Figs 9, 10).</p><p>Spinnerets (Fig. 11). PMS: length 0.69, diameter 0.26. PLS: maximal diameter 0.79; length of basal, medial and apical segments 1.30, 0.72, 0.73; total length 2.75; apical segment triangular.</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Holotype: ♂ Kenya: Taita-Taveta County: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.8333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.65/lat -3.8333333)">Mt Kasigau</a> 1–3 km SE Rukanga Village, 3°50'S 38°39'E, pitfall trap, 1–7.xii.2001, E. Selempo (RMCA­ARA­213003). The holotype is in a good condition.</p><p>Distribution: The species is known only from the type locality.</p><p>Ecology: According to the label data, the holotype was collected in a pitfall trap in the montain forest. The label does not mention the altitude, but in conformity with the Google Earth satellite imagery data its possible range should be limited to values from 1500 m (the summit of Mt Kasigau) to 600 m (the altitude of the surrounding cultivated plains).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C4287CE4C54223A7ADBFF52C096B853	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zonstein, Sergei L.	Zonstein, Sergei L. (2020): On Afromygale, a new mygalomorph spider genus from East Africa (Araneae: Pycnothelidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (1): 131-146, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4392942, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4392941
3C4287CE4C59223E7AACFD83C004BBAE.text	3C4287CE4C59223E7AACFD83C004BBAE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Afromygale pinnipalpis Zonstein 2020	<div><p>Afromygale pinnipalpis n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 12–21)</p><p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 7109E3DB­243C­4AB2­98EB­77A459624647.</p><p>Etymology: The species name is a Latin adjective composed of nouns pinna (a fin) and palpus (a palp), thus meaning ‘fin­palped’. The specific epithet refers to a fin­shaped membranous embolic keel characteristic for this species.</p><p>Diagnosis: The new species differs from Afromygale rukanga n. sp. by a posteriorly broader sternum, as well as by a number of the male characters: by a relatively wide (broader than long) tegulum, an obtuse­ending embolic keel, and a shorter distal portion of the embolus (vs. a posteriorly narrower sternum, a narrower tegulum, an angularly ending keel, and a longer distal embolus; Figs 15, 19, 20 cf. Figs 6, 9, 10).</p><p>Description: Male (holotype). Total length 14.80.</p><p>Colour in alcohol: carapace and most part of palps and legs medium to dark ochre brown, with cephalic portion of carapace noticeably lighter than thoracic part; darkened eye tubercle brown; chelicerae dark brownish orange; labium, sternum, all coxae including maxillae, entire palp, and distal segments of legs I–IV pale yellowish brown; abdomen and spinnerets pale ochre brown, darker brown dorsal abdominal pattern, as in preceding species, formed by narrow dashed median stripe and several pairs of short lateral chevrons.</p><p>Cephalothorax dorsally and ventrally as in Figs 12 and 15, respectively. Carapace 6.61 long, 6.18 wide. Eye tubercle as in Fig. 13. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.24 (0.32), ALE 0.32, PLE 0.25, PME 0.18, AME­AME 0.12 (0.04), AME­ ALE 0.07 (0.03), ALE­PLE 0.09, PLE­PME 0.03, PME­PME 0.61. Chelicerae, each carrying dense brush of partially broken setae on distal edge, as in Fig. 14. Cheliceral furrow with 7–8 promarginal teeth and about 30 mesobasal denticles arranged as in A. rukanga n. sp. Male intercheliceral tumescence and maxillary serrula indiscernible. Labium 0.81 long, 1.34 wide. Sternum 3.54 long, 3.02 wide.</p><p>Palp and leg structures. Tibia and metatarsus I as in Fig. 16; tarsus I as in Fig. 17. Spines (palpal patella and patella IV, palpal tibia, cymbium and tarsi I–IV aspinose): Palp: femur d0–1–1–1, pd1. Leg I: femur d1–1–1–1, pd0–1(0)–1, rd1(0)–1–0; patella p1; tibia p0–1–1, v2–2–1; metatarsus p0–1–0, v0–1–2. Leg II: femur d1–1–1–1, pd1–1–0, rd0–1–0; patella p0–1; tibia p0–1–1, v2–2–3; metatarsus p1–1–1, v2–2–2. Leg III: femur d1–1–1–1, pd1–1–0, rd0–1–0; patella p2(1)–2(1)–2; tibia d1–1, p1–1, r1–1, v2–2(1)–2; metatarsus d1–1–1, p1–1–1–1, r1–1–1, v2–1–2. Leg IV: femur d1–1–1–1, rd0–0–1; tibia p0–1–1, r1–1–1, v2–2–3(2); metatarsus d1–1–1, p1–1–1, r1–1–1, v2–1–0–1–3. Trichobothria: 2 rows of 7–8 each on tibiae I–IV (6–7 in each of two rows on palpal tibia), 10–12 on metatarsi, 12–15 on tarsi, 8–9 on cymbium. Scopula entire on tarsi I–III, absent on metatarsi I–IV and on tarsus IV. PTC I–II and III–IV with 7–9 and 6–8 teeth on each margin, respectively. Unpaired claw on tarsi I–IV very small, more reduced in size than in preceding species.</p><p>Leg measurements:</p><p>Palp I II III IV</p><p>Femur 4.48 5.91 5.52 4.69 6.60</p><p>Patella 2.19 2.74 2.49 2.14 2.76</p><p>Tibia 3.18 4.10 3.69 2.89 4.94</p><p>Metatarsus – 4.27 3.97 4.38 5.75</p><p>Tarsus 1.12 2.43 2.40 2.49 2.78</p><p>Total 10.97 19.45 18.07 16.59 22.83</p><p>Distal segments of pedipalp and copulatory organ as in Fig. 18. Embolus short, tapering and curved, carrying proximally longitudinal and semi­transparent membranous keel with obtuse distalmost edge (Figs 19, 20).</p><p>Spinnerets (Fig. 21). PMS: length 0.69, diameter 0.28. PLS: maximal diameter 0.68; length of basal, medial and apical segments 1.27, 0.67, 0.72; total length 2.66; apical segment triangular.</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Holotype: ♂ Tanzania: Arusha Region: surroundings of Arusha (“Ost­Afrika, Arüscha”, according to the original label), collector and collection date remain unknown, most probably the spider was collected during the German Ost­Afrika period, between 1890 and 1914 (SFM 3122). This specimen stored in alcohol for several decades was found to be somewhat bleached and contaminated by debris; the left legs are partially separated and kept together with the spider in the same vial: femur to tarsus I, metatarsus and tarsus II, tibia to metatarsus III, and tarsus IV.</p><p>Distribution: The species is known only from the type locality.</p><p>Ecology: Unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C4287CE4C59223E7AACFD83C004BBAE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zonstein, Sergei L.	Zonstein, Sergei L. (2020): On Afromygale, a new mygalomorph spider genus from East Africa (Araneae: Pycnothelidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (1): 131-146, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4392942, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4392941
