identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
3C40AA365626FFC675A65D1D5E1CCD26.text	3C40AA365626FFC675A65D1D5E1CCD26.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Helicina inaequistriata Pilsbry, MNRJ 1900	<div><p>Helicina inaequistriata Pilsbry, 1900</p><p>(Figures 2 (A–E), 12(A–C))</p><p>Records in PNM da Cidade  sta. 5, 5 May 2022 [2 spm, MNRJ 22770]; sta. 4, 19 May 2022 [1 spm, MNRJ 22781]; sta. 18, 22 December 2022 [1 spm];  sta. 2, 5, 15, 2 July 2024 [4 spm, MNRJ 61774] .</p><p>Description of radula (MNRJ 22781)</p><p>Formula n-4-1-4-n; central tooth broad, V-shaped, up to 87 µm wide, composed of two nearly rectangular halves, the proximal portion with a slight overlap of one half above the other, the distal portion slightly reflected/folded; lateral teeth L1–L2 irregularly rectangular, with a change of curvature at 30–35% (L1) or 20–30% (L2) of tooth length, from a nearly straight base to the remaining portion pointing towards L4, up to 33 µm (L1) or 35 µm (L2) long, up to 16 µm (L1) or 18 μm (L2) wide at mid-portion; L3 nearly columnar, with a wider base but narrower distal edge (often with a triangular projection below distal edge) than L1–L2, nearly straight or slightly pointing towards L4, up to 27 µm long, 20 µm wide at mid-portion; L1 without cusps on the smooth distal edge, L2–L3 with minute (Continued) cusps (often 5–7) on the serrated distal edge; L4 teeth broad, discoid, up to 29 µm long, 84 µm wide, with a lateral (outer) part comprising 24–38% of tooth width, remaining part with up to 18 small, triangular cusps on the serrated distal edge, with outermost cusps more reduced than median and innermost cusps; marginal teeth much elongated, filiform, up to 92 µm long, with three to four (M1) or four to six (M2 and beyond) small triangular cusps on its distal end; outer marginal teeth with distal portion (and cusps) more reduced and directed downwards compared to inner marginal teeth.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>This taxonomic identification follows the illustrated lectotype of  H. inaequistriata (from Raiz da Serra, Cubatão, São Paulo state) in the website of the Malacology collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University (ANSP), in addition to a topotype imaged by Simone (2006). This is apparently the first description and illustration of the radula of this species. Compared with radulae of other Brazilian species of  Helicina (Colley 2008; Junqueira 2011; Vasconcelos 2015; Simone 2018), the V-shaped morphology of the central tooth of  H. inaequistriata is remarkably different (Figure 12 (B,C)).</p><p>Geographic distribution</p><p>Brazil: Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo states (Salvador et al. 2014). In Rio de Janeiro state, the species was previously recorded from Arraial do Cabo (Salvador et al. 2014) and Duque de Caxias (Lima et al. 2017); regarding the records from Ilha Grande, these are possibly related to other species (Vasconcelos 2015). Some specimens from the city of Rio de Janeiro were identified as  Helicina angulata Sowerby II, 1842 (Rangel et al. 2021), but the illustrated specimen possibly consists of the same species figured here, requiring further investigation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C40AA365626FFC675A65D1D5E1CCD26	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo;Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima;Salgueiro, Fabiano	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo, Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima, Salgueiro, Fabiano (2025): Shells, teeth and DNA: land snails from an urban forest in Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 129-169, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580
3C40AA36562DFFC475815CD65DE4CDCE.text	3C40AA36562DFFC475815CD65DE4CDCE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neocyclotus prominulus (d'Orbigny 1837)	<div><p>Neocyclotus prominulus (d’Orbigny, 1837)</p><p>(Figures 2 (F–H), 12(D–K))</p><p>Records in PNM da Cidade sta.  1, 5 April 2022 [3 sh, MNRJ 23828; 1 sh, MNRJ 23838; 1 spm, MNRJ 23829]; sta . 1, 14 May 2022 [1 sh]; sta.  8, 13 August 2022 [1 spm, MNRJ 22884]; sta . 15, 5 November 2022 [1 spm].</p><p>Description of jaw (MNRJ 23829)</p><p>Jaw V-shaped or triangular (depending on the orientation), with a median line separating the two nearly rectangular plates, each measuring 767 µm long; masticatory border with 11–12 triangular/trapezoidal projections in each plate, increasing in height from 35 µm (first, proximal projection) to 87 µm (ninth or tenth, distal); each projection consisting of one or two (first and last projections) to eight rectangular subunits/scales (ninth or tenth projections), assuming a nearly rectilinear or slightly oblique orientation, apparently having the same width among different projections; scales adjacent to the masticatory border or on the opposite margin with squared shape, 12–17 µm long; scales in the middle portion of the plate with a rectangular shape, 21–25 µm long, 9–12 µm wide (length:width ratio up to 2.6), assuming a slight oblique orientation in relation to the squared scales; most scales completely rugose, with micro-pores disposed in a trabecular matrix, except by the continuous border.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Simone (2004) described and illustrated the operculum and radula of this species, but only partly described the morphology of the jaw and did not illustrate it. In relation to this structure, he cited a ‘surface constituted by several oblique striae’, which probably consists in the rectangular scales found in the middle portion of the jaw plate (Figure 12 (F–I)).</p><p>Geographic distribution</p><p>Brazil: Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Paraná states (Simone 2006), including the city of Rio de Janeiro (eg Rangel et al. 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C40AA36562DFFC475815CD65DE4CDCE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo;Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima;Salgueiro, Fabiano	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo, Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima, Salgueiro, Fabiano (2025): Shells, teeth and DNA: land snails from an urban forest in Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 129-169, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580
3C40AA365630FFDA75CC5C1A5E51CDCE.text	3C40AA365630FFDA75CC5C1A5E51CDCE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Allopeas micra (d'Orbigny 1835)	<div><p>Allopeas micra (d’Orbigny, 1835)</p><p>(Figure 3A)</p><p>Record in PNM da Cidade sta.  14, 5 November 2022 [3 sh, MNRJ 24581]; sta .  14, 2 July 2024 [3 spm, MNRJ 61772] .</p><p>Geographic distribution</p><p>Pan-American (Simone 2006), including the city of Rio de Janeiro (eg Lopes et al. 2012; Rangel et al. 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C40AA365630FFDA75CC5C1A5E51CDCE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo;Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima;Salgueiro, Fabiano	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo, Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima, Salgueiro, Fabiano (2025): Shells, teeth and DNA: land snails from an urban forest in Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 129-169, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580
3C40AA365631FFD875AB5C385D85CD3F.text	3C40AA365631FFD875AB5C385D85CD3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Beckianum beckianum (Pfeiffer 1846)	<div><p>Beckianum beckianum (Pfeiffer, 1846)</p><p>(Figure 3 (B))</p><p>Record in PNM da Cidade sta.  17, 22 December 2022 [1 sh, MNRJ 24540]; sta .  14, 2 July 2024 [2 sh, MNRJ 37125] .</p><p>Geographic distribution</p><p>Mexico to Brazil, southward to São Paulo state (Simone 2006); including the city of Rio de Janeiro (eg Alexandre et al. 2017; Rangel et al. 2021). It has been introduced in Hawaii and Europe (Cowie et al. 2008; Horsák et al. 2020).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C40AA365631FFD875AB5C385D85CD3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo;Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima;Salgueiro, Fabiano	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo, Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima, Salgueiro, Fabiano (2025): Shells, teeth and DNA: land snails from an urban forest in Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 129-169, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580
3C40AA365633FFDE75725CE95D36CA3D.text	3C40AA365633FFDE75725CE95D36CA3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dysopeas muibum Marcus and Marcus 1968	<div><p>Dysopeas muibum Marcus and Marcus, 1968</p><p>(Figure 3 (C))</p><p>Record in PNM da Cidade sta.  14, 5 November 2022 [1 sh, MNRJ 24354] .</p><p>Geographic distribution</p><p>Brazil: Minas Gerais (Pilate et al. 2013; Simone and Salvador 2016), Rio de Janeiro (Alexandre et al. 2017; Tomaz et al. 2018) and São Paulo (type locality) states, including the city of Rio de Janeiro (Alexandre et al. 2017). The record from Goiás (Salvador et al. 2017) is actually of  B. beckianum .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C40AA365633FFDE75725CE95D36CA3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo;Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima;Salgueiro, Fabiano	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo, Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima, Salgueiro, Fabiano (2025): Shells, teeth and DNA: land snails from an urban forest in Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 129-169, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580
3C40AA365634FFDC758458145E04C8AC.text	3C40AA365634FFDC758458145E04C8AC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptinaria unilamellata (d'Orbigny 1838)	<div><p>Leptinaria unilamellata (d’Orbigny, 1838)</p><p>(Figures 3 (D–G), 13)</p><p>Records in PNM da Cidade sta.  3, 5 April 2022 [2 spm, MNRJ 23834]; sta .  3, 5 May 2022 [2 spm, MNRJ 22771]; sta . 3, 10 September 2022 [1 sh]; sta.  5, 17 September 2023 [1 sh, MNRJ 36402]; sta .  14, 17 September 2023 [1 spm, MNRJ 61527]; sta .  14, 2 July 2024 [1 spm, MNRJ 61770] .</p><p>Description of radula (MNRJ 23834)</p><p>Formula 20 + 13 + 1 + 13 + 20; central tooth with a rectangular basal shaft and distal portion cordiform, much reduced, reaching 8 µm long; inner lateral teeth with a rectangular/squared basal shaft and distal portion with a wide basal plate, a major cusp 1 and a minor cusp 2, with L1 and L2 sometimes with a third, near obsolete cusp in its innermost portion; the pointed cusps of inner lateral teeth (especially L1) gradually become longer and lanceolate (achieving their acme in L7/L8), but outer lateral teeth have a reduced cusp 1, gradually assuming a nearly rectangular shape; L1 up to 24 µm long, 16 µm wide, L7/L8 up to 32 µm long, 10 µm wide, L13 up to 21 µm long, 6 µm wide; marginal teeth without discernible cusps (despite some irregularities at the distal border in inner teeth), gradually progressing from rectangular in M1 to square or trapezoidal, short, in outer teeth; M1 up to 19 µm long, 6 µm wide, M20 up to 9 µm long.</p><p>Description of radula (MNRJ 61527)</p><p>Formula 15 + 13 + 1 + 13 + 15; central tooth with a rectangular basal shaft and distal portion cordiform, much reduced, reaching 9 µm long; inner lateral teeth with a rectangular/squared basal shaft and distal portion with a wide basal plate, a major cusp 1 and a minor cusp 2, with L1 and L2 sometimes with a third, near obsolete cusp in its innermost portion; the pointed cusps of inner lateral teeth (especially L1) gradually become longer and lanceolate (achieving their acme in L7/L8), but outer lateral teeth have a reduced cusp 1, gradually assuming a nearly rectangular shape; L1 up to 21 µm long, 15 µm wide, L7/L8 up to 28 µm long, 10 µm wide, L13 up to 22 µm long, 8 µm wide; marginal teeth without main cusps but with many (up to 10–12) minute, often united, thread-like irregularities at the distal border (mainly in the outer teeth), teeth gradually progress from sub-rectangular in M1 to brush-like in outer teeth; M1 up to 19 µm long, 7 µm wide, M15 up to 13 µm long.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>This is an ovoviviparous species (Carvalho et al. 2009), and one adult (10 mm long) had seven embryos in the uterus (Figure 3 (E)), reaching up to 0.9 mm long. The number of embryos per adult is similar to those recorded by Dutra (1988) – up to eight embryos – and Carvalho et al. (2009), with a mean of 6.7 embryos (but up to 11 or more embryos).</p><p>Araújo and Keller (1993) studied some anatomical features of  L. unilamellata, but not its radula. After a bibliographic search comprising this name and its most cited synonym,  Leptinaria lamellata (Potiez and Michaud, 1838), the single description of a radula on this widespread species seems to be by Fischer and Crosse (1894) – and reproduced by Pilsbry (1906) – showing many similarities to the radulae illustrated here (Figure 13). Despite the gradual morphological transition from innermost lateral teeth to outer marginal teeth, we opted to define lateral teeth as those having one or two (asymmetrical) pointed cusps, and marginal teeth as those without main cusps.</p><p>Prior to this study, a single COI sequence of this species was available at GenBank, belonging to a specimen identified as  L. lamellata (synonym of  L. unillamelata) by Fontanilla et al. (2017), from the Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro (specimen not illustrated). Despite nearly identical shells (Figure 3 (D,F,G)) and radulae (Figure 13), one of the two specimens sequenced in the present study matched 100% with the specimen from the Botanical Garden, whereas the other specimen had a great COI divergence (p-distance: 9.5%, for 650 nt) (Table 2). Apparently, the widespread  L. unillamelata is currently composed of a species complex, demanding further studies in order to precisely define the geographic boundaries of each lineage.</p><p>Geographic distribution Widespread in Central/South America (Simone 2006), including Brazil (Araújo and Keller 1993; Simone 2006) and the city of Rio de Janeiro (eg Alexandre et al. 2017; Rangel et al. 2021). It has been introduced in French Polynesia and Europe (Lima et al. 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C40AA365634FFDC758458145E04C8AC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo;Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima;Salgueiro, Fabiano	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo, Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima, Salgueiro, Fabiano (2025): Shells, teeth and DNA: land snails from an urban forest in Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 129-169, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580
3C40AA365636FFDC75B35AF35C9DCFF6.text	3C40AA365636FFDC75B35AF35C9DCFF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Subulina octona (Bruguiere 1789)	<div><p>Subulina octona (Bruguière, 1789)</p><p>(Figure 3 (H))</p><p>Records in  PNM da Cidade sta .  14, 2 July 2024 [1 spm, MNRJ 61771] .</p><p>Geographic distribution</p><p>Globally widespread due to introductions (Herbert 2010; Manganelli et al. 2024), including the city of Rio de Janeiro (eg Alexandre et al. 2017; Rangel et al. 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C40AA365636FFDC75B35AF35C9DCFF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo;Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima;Salgueiro, Fabiano	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo, Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima, Salgueiro, Fabiano (2025): Shells, teeth and DNA: land snails from an urban forest in Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 129-169, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580
3C40AA365636FFDD75A65CD55C0BC8FD.text	3C40AA365636FFDD75A65CD55C0BC8FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Streptaxis contusus (Ferussac 1821)	<div><p>Streptaxis contusus (Férussac, 1821)</p><p>(Figures 4–5)</p><p>Records in PNM da Cidade sta.  5, 19 February 2022 [1 sh, MNRJ 23804]; sta .  2, 5 April 2022 [1 spm, MNRJ 23835; 1 sh, MNRJ 23831]; sta .  4, 5 April 2022 [1 sh, MNRJ 23837]; sta .  5, 5 May 2022 [2 sh, MNRJ 22773, MNRJ 22774]; sta .  6, 14 May 2022 [1 spm, MNRJ 22783]; sta .  6, 19 May 2022 [1 spm, MNRJ 22778]; sta .  5, 10 September 2022 [1 sh, MNRJ 24291]; sta . 6, 22 December 2022 [1 spm,  MNRJ 24539]; sta . 2, 17 September 2023 [3 spm]; sta.  5, 17 September 2023 [3 spm, of which 1 sampled, MNRJ 61526]; sta .  2, 2 July 2024 [1 spm, MNRJ 61768] .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Because no adult live specimen of  
S. 
contusus was found at PNM da Cidade (except empty shells), we sequenced the DNA of four juveniles and one sub-adult (Figures 4–5) in order to confirm that they represent the same species, despite the considerable change in shell dimensions and the absence of change in shell orientation (only observed in adults – Figure 5 (E)).</p><p>One juvenile (MNRJ 22783; Figure 4 (H–J)) was found following the mucus trail of an adult of  Thaumastus cf. taunaisii, situated 1 m away. In 17 September 2023, one juvenile of  S. contusus at sta. 2 followed the mucus trail of a juvenile of  T. cf. taunaisii, but the predation was not confirmed in spite of their proximity (Supplementary material 2), whereas at sta. 5 one juvenile was found above an adult empty shell of  T. cf. taunaisii and another juvenile was found eating the remains of  Leptinaria unilamellata . One juvenile (MNRJ 24539; Figure 4 (C–E)) was found following the mucus trail of a juvenile of  Solaropsis brasiliana, situated 1 m away. When put near the slug  Phyllocaulis boraceiensis in the laboratory, the same streptaxid spent several minutes smelling the mucus, but  P. boraceiensis was much faster, avoiding predation. The sub-adult (Figure 5 (C,D)) was found with the head-foot inside a juvenile empty shell of  T. cf. taunaisii . Based on literature records, other land snails are also eaten by  S. contusus (Rezende et al. 1962), including species of  Thaumastus (Krauss 1962; Jurberg et al. 1988).</p><p>Geographic distribution: Brazil: Ceará, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Santa Catarina states (Barros 1994; Simone 2006; Salvador 2018), including the city of Rio de Janeiro (Rezende et al. 1962; Alexandre et al. 2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C40AA365636FFDD75A65CD55C0BC8FD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo;Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima;Salgueiro, Fabiano	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo, Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima, Salgueiro, Fabiano (2025): Shells, teeth and DNA: land snails from an urban forest in Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 129-169, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580
3C40AA365637FFD275985C4B5BA7CBE3.text	3C40AA365637FFD275985C4B5BA7CBE3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cochlorina aurisleporis (Bruguiere 1792)	<div><p>Cochlorina aurisleporis (Bruguière, 1792)</p><p>(Figure 6 (B–F))</p><p>Records in PNM da Cidade sta.  11, 10 September 2022 [1 spm, MNRJ 24292]; sta . 14, 22 December 2022 [2 spm].</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The COI divergence (p-distance: 4.1%, for 653 nt) between the present DNA sequence and that from Praia Grande, São Paulo state (Salvador et al. 2023), demands further investigation whether  C. aurisleporis is constituted of more than one species or whether it has a considerable population structure.</p><p>Geographic distribution</p><p>Brazil: Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states (Simone 2006; Salvador et al. 2023), including the city of Rio de Janeiro (Lanzieri and Almeida 1964).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C40AA365637FFD275985C4B5BA7CBE3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo;Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima;Salgueiro, Fabiano	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo, Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima, Salgueiro, Fabiano (2025): Shells, teeth and DNA: land snails from an urban forest in Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 129-169, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580
3C40AA365638FFD07586581F5CF3C9EC.text	3C40AA365638FFD07586581F5CF3C9EC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thaumastus taunaisii (Ferussac 1822)	<div><p>Thaumastus cf. taunaisii (Férussac, 1822)</p><p>(Figures 7–9, 14)</p><p>Records in PNM da Cidade sta. 2, 5 April 2022 [2 sh, MNRJ 23833]; sta. 5, 5 May 2022 [1 spm, MNRJ 22772]; sta. 2, 14 May 2022 [1 sh]; sta. 5, 14 May 2022 [2 sh]; sta. 6, 14 May 2022 [1 spm, MNRJ 22782]; sta. 2, 19 May 2022 [1 sh and 1 spm, with spawning]; sta. 2, 13 August 2022 [6 spm, of which 1 sampled, MNRJ 22886]; sta. 5, 13 August 2022 [1 spm]; sta. 6+, 13 August 2022 [2 spm]; sta. 9, 13 August 2022 [3 spm]; sta. 10, 13 August 2022 [1 sh]; sta. 2, 10 September 2022 [5 spm]; sta. 5, 10 September 2022 [1 sh]; sta. 6, 10 September 2022 [2 spm]; sta. 2, 5 November 2022 [19 spm]; sta. 5, 5 November 2022 [8 spm]; sta. 6, 5 November 2022 [1 spm]; sta. 9, 5 November 2022 [10 spm]; sta. 10, 5 November 2022 [1 spm]; sta. 12, 5 November 2022 [1 spm]; sta. 13, 5 November 2022 [15 spm]; sta. 16, 5 November 2022 [1 spm]; sta. 2+, 22 December 2022 [2 spm]; sta. 6, 22 December 2022 [2 spm]; sta. 22, 22 December 2022 [2 spm]; sta. 23, 22 December 2022 [1 spm]; sta. 24, 22 December 2022 [1 sh]; sta. 13, 13 May 2023 [2 spm, MNRJ 36789]; sta. 2, 17 September 2023 [32 spm]; sta. 5, 17 September 2023 [4 sh, of which 1 sampled, MNRJ 36403]; sta. 22, 17 September 2023 [10 spm].</p><p>Description of jaw (MNRJ 22772)</p><p>Jaw curve, 2.4 mm long (if stretched), with 12 plates, each nearly rectangular but with varying width (123–321 µm); several (~30) longitudinal micro-spiral threads along the entire extension of the jaw, covering plates and the spaces between them.</p><p>Description of radula (MNRJ 22772)</p><p>Formula 32-1-32; central tooth narrow, pointed, up to 87 µm long, with a main, nearly rounded cusp projecting over the U-shaped base, which has two distal points of contact with the main cusp that can be interpreted as secondary cusps; lateral/marginal teeth decreasing in size from the innermost teeth L1 (up to 97 µm long) to L12 (up to 81 µm long) and L30–L32 (up to 44 µm long); innermost lateral teeth with a wide base and a major, triangular cusp bordered by two small cusps, the one proximal to the central tooth (cusp 1) extremely reduced, almost indistinct, and the one distal to the central tooth (cusp 3) a small protuberance; outermost teeth gradually have a narrowed base and a considerable reduction of cusp 2’s length, with last teeth (L30–L32) assuming a trapezoidal shape.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>This species was by far the most common gastropod found in PNM da Cidade, mainly in winter/spring (Supplementary material 3). Its taxonomic identification requires caution due to the historical confusion with and strong resemblance to  Thaumastus magnificus (Grateloup, 1840), supposedly differentiated by slight features of the shell and reproductive system (Barros et al. 1991). Some anatomical features of the dissected specimens are more similar to those of  T. taunaisii, such as the reduced number of jaw plates (12 in specimens from PNM da Cidade vs 15 in  T. magnificus and 10–11 in  T. cf. taunaisii; Barros et al. 1991) and the presence of seven groups of ovarian follicles (Figure 9) vs five groups in  T. magnificus (Barros et al. 1991) . In contrast, other (subjective) anatomical features are closer to those of  T. magnificus, such as: reduced fertilisation complex; strong constriction in the middle portion of the spermathecal duct; and, inside the phallus muscular sheath, the vas deferens forms a narrow ring (but see a similar narrow ring of  T. taunaisii in Jurberg et al. 1988, fig. 16) (Barros et al. 1991). Both species were recorded from the city of Rio de Janeiro (Jurberg et al. 1988; Barros et al. 1991; Rangel et al. 2021), and future studies should confirm whether they are indeed distinct, ideally by comparing DNA sequences. Because  T. taunaisii was described earlier and has the city of Rio de Janeiro as type locality, whereas  T. magnificus was originally cited from Peru but further stated as having Brazil as type locality (Breure 1978), we prefer to adopt the former name.</p><p>Two large individuals of  T. cf. taunaisii (up to 80 × 32 mm) were temporarily kept in the laboratory (Figure 8 (D–F)), and the eggs plus one juvenile derived from their mating (Figure 8 (G) were released back into the conservation unit. The specimens coupled but did not spawn when reared in the terrarium with many leaves and a little soil; when much more soil was added to the terrarium, the single remaining specimen buried and spawned 30 eggs (maximum length: 10.4 mm), similarly to a conspecific specimen observed in situ, buried and with a smaller spawning (Figure 8 (B,C)). Jurberg et al. (1988) also observed some eggs laid in buried nests. Other ex situ observations largely agreed with those detailed in Jurberg et al. (1988), including activity mainly during the night or on very humid, mild or cold days with addition of water and food. The two specimens voraciously fed on lettuce, and fed as well on kale, yam, carrot, pumpkin, and string bean and much less on fruit (persimmon) peel, but they did not feed on dead leaves (leaf litter).</p><p>Geographic distribution</p><p>Brazil: Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Santa Catarina states (Simone 2006), including the city of Rio de Janeiro (Jurberg et al. 1988; Rangel et al. 2021), and possibly also Piauí and Espírito Santo states (Jurberg et al. 1988). Jurberg et al. (1988) argued for a more restricted geographic range, only from the city of Rio de Janeiro, claiming a need for more anatomical data from other sites in order to confirm a wider range.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C40AA365638FFD07586581F5CF3C9EC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo;Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima;Salgueiro, Fabiano	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo, Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima, Salgueiro, Fabiano (2025): Shells, teeth and DNA: land snails from an urban forest in Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 129-169, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580
3C40AA36563AFFD075B05A2E5BA7CFD1.text	3C40AA36563AFFD075B05A2E5BA7CFD1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leiostracus perlucidus (Spix 1827)	<div><p>Leiostracus perlucidus (Spix, 1827)</p><p>(Figure 6 (A))</p><p>Record in PNM da Cidade sta.  6, 19 May 2022 [1 sh, MNRJ 22779] .</p><p>Geographic distribution</p><p>Brazil: Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo states (Simone 2006; Simone and Salvador 2016), including the city of Rio de Janeiro (Rangel et al. 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C40AA36563AFFD075B05A2E5BA7CFD1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo;Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima;Salgueiro, Fabiano	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo, Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima, Salgueiro, Fabiano (2025): Shells, teeth and DNA: land snails from an urban forest in Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 129-169, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580
3C40AA36563AFFD075D65C485CA2CD91.text	3C40AA36563AFFD075D65C485CA2CD91.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinus ciliatus (Gould 1846)	<div><p>Rhinus ciliatus (Gould, 1846)</p><p>(Figure 10 (A))</p><p>Record in PNM da Cidade sta.  7, 22 December 2022 [1 sh, MNRJ 24541]; sta .  7, 17 September 2023 [1 sh, MNRJ 36404] .</p><p>Geographic distribution</p><p>Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state (Simone 2006), including the city of Rio de Janeiro (eg Alexandre et al. 2017; Rangel et al. 2021; Salles and Oliveira 2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C40AA36563AFFD075D65C485CA2CD91	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo;Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima;Salgueiro, Fabiano	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo, Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima, Salgueiro, Fabiano (2025): Shells, teeth and DNA: land snails from an urban forest in Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 129-169, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580
3C40AA36563BFFD475A859BE5D03CAED.text	3C40AA36563BFFD475A859BE5D03CAED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solaropsis brasiliana (Deshayes 1832)	<div><p>Solaropsis brasiliana (Deshayes, 1832)</p><p>(Figures 10 (B), 15)</p><p>Records in PNM da Cidade sta.  1, 5 April 2022 [1 sh, MNRJ 23830]; sta .  2, 5 April 2022 [1 spm, MNRJ 23832]; sta .  3, 19 May 2022 [1 sh, MNRJ 22780]; sta .  7, 19 May 2022 [1 spm, MNRJ 22777]; sta .  3, 13 August 2022 [1 spm, MNRJ 22885]; sta . 15, 5 November 2022 [1 sh, juvenile]; sta. 16, 5 November 2022 [1 sh]; sta. 6, 22 December 2022 [1 spm, juvenile]; sta. 19, 22 December 2022 [1 sh, juvenile]; sta. 21, 22 December 2022 [2 spm, juveniles].</p><p>Description of radula (MNRJ 23832)</p><p>Formula 25-32-1-32-25; central tooth monocuspid, triangular-lanceolate, with sharp serrated edges, up to 56 µm long; lateral teeth very similar to the central tooth (but slightly narrower), monocuspid, triangular-lanceolate, with sharp serrated edges (mainly in inner lateral teeth; smooth edges in outer lateral teeth), up to 57 µm (L1) or 51 µm (L32) long; marginal teeth bicuspid, smooth edges; inner marginal teeth up 48 µm long (M1), with elongated, lanceolate mesocone, 2.5–2.7x longer than ectocone; outer marginal teeth up 27 µm long (M24), short, triangular mesocone, 1.3–1.4x longer than ectocone.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The radula of  S. brasiliana was described and illustrated by Cuezzo et al. (2018). The present description agrees well with the former – which, however, did not include the radular formula. We considered the marginal teeth to be those that are bicuspid and slightly smaller than the outer lateral teeth (Figure 15 (D)), although there is a gradual (not abrupt) transition between them.</p><p>Geographic distribution</p><p>Brazil: Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro states, including the city of Rio de Janeiro (Cuezzo et al. 2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C40AA36563BFFD475A859BE5D03CAED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo;Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima;Salgueiro, Fabiano	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo, Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima, Salgueiro, Fabiano (2025): Shells, teeth and DNA: land snails from an urban forest in Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 129-169, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580
3C40AA36563EFFD4758E5BCB5CBDCF89.text	3C40AA36563EFFD4758E5BCB5CBDCF89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lilloiconcha pleurophora (Moricand 1846)	<div><p>Lilloiconcha pleurophora (Moricand, 1846)</p><p>(Figure 10 (F,G))</p><p>Record in PNM da Cidade sta.  7, 17 September 2023 [1 sh, MNRJ 36405] .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The present identification for this poorly-studied species follows the drawing by Pilsbry (1900, pl. XII, figs. 4–5), which was reproduced by Simone (2006, fig. 894A), and the syntype photographed by Breure and Tardy (2020, figs. 86–88).</p><p>Geographic distribution</p><p>Brazil: Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul states (Simone 2006; Miquel et al. 2007), not previously recorded from the city of Rio de Janeiro.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C40AA36563EFFD4758E5BCB5CBDCF89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo;Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima;Salgueiro, Fabiano	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo, Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima, Salgueiro, Fabiano (2025): Shells, teeth and DNA: land snails from an urban forest in Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 129-169, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580
3C40AA36563EFFD575B35C2F5FC0CBC4.text	3C40AA36563EFFD575B35C2F5FC0CBC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tamayoa banghaasi (Thiele 1927)	<div><p>Tamayoa banghaasi (Thiele, 1927)</p><p>(Figure 10 (D,E))</p><p>Record in PNM da Cidade sta.  3, 5 April 2022 [1 spm, MNRJ 23836]; sta .  14, 2 July 2024 [3 sh, MNRJ 37126] .</p><p>Geographic distribution</p><p>Brazil: Paraíba to Rio de Janeiro states (Salvador et al. 2022), including the city of Rio de Janeiro (Alexandre et al. 2017; Rangel et al. 2021), or southwards to Santa Catarina, westward to Mato Grosso (Santos and Monteiro 2001); Paraguay (Simone 2006; Barbosa 2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C40AA36563EFFD575B35C2F5FC0CBC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo;Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima;Salgueiro, Fabiano	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo, Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima, Salgueiro, Fabiano (2025): Shells, teeth and DNA: land snails from an urban forest in Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 129-169, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580
3C40AA36563FFFD575955D2E5C28CDCE.text	3C40AA36563FFFD575955D2E5C28CDCE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyllocaulis boraceiensis Thome 1972	<div><p>Phyllocaulis boraceiensis Thomé, 1972</p><p>(Figure 10 (C))</p><p>Record in PNM da Cidade sta. 20, 22 December 2022 [1 spm; piece of foot removed for DNA analysis, but specimen not sampled].</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Further investigation is needed of the COI divergence (p-distance: 3.6%, for 503 nt) between the present DNA sequence and that from São Paulo city, SE Brazil (Gomes et al. 2010), to determine whether  P. boraceiensis includes more than one species or whether it has a considerable population structure.</p><p>Geographic distribution</p><p>Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina states (Gomes et al. 2010), including the city of Rio de Janeiro (Rangel et al. 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C40AA36563FFFD575955D2E5C28CDCE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo;Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima;Salgueiro, Fabiano	Fernandes, Maurício Romulo, Alexandre, Guilherme de Lima, Salgueiro, Fabiano (2025): Shells, teeth and DNA: land snails from an urban forest in Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil. Journal of Natural History 59 (1 - 4): 129-169, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2446580
