taxonID	type	description	language	source
41640955FFD38B23FFCBB7CD95F1FE02.taxon	description	– Jean Baptiste Bassand (1680 – 1742) (two specimens) – French physician in Vienna (Veendorp & Baas Becking 1938: 106). England – Philip Miller (1691 – 1771) (14 specimens) — Superintendent of the Chelsea Physic Garden (Veendorp & Baas Becking 1938: 110, Stafleu & Cowan 1981, Vol. 3: 491). Miller visited the Leiden botanical garden in 1727 (Miller 1735). Presumably on behalf of Boerhaave, Adriaan van Royen sent Miller rare plants from the Leiden botanical garden (Veendorp & Baas Becking 1938: 110). – Isaac Rand (1674 – 1743) (one specimen) — Director of the Chelsea Physic garden (1724 – 1743) (Stafleu & Cowan 8 Letter A. van Royen (28 March 1738) to Linnaeus (Linnaean correspondence L 0245). 9 Letter A. van Royen (12 April 1738) to Linnaeus (Linnaean correspondence L 0248). 10 Letter D. van Royen (7 June 1763) to Linnaeus (Linnaean correspondence L 3269). 11 Four letters by D. van Royen to C. Gómez-de Ortega, written in 1784 – 1787, are in the Real Jardin Botanico in Madrid (Sign. AJB, Div. I, 20, 5, 29; Sign. AJB, Div. I, 20, 5, 30; Sign. AJB, Div. I, 20, 5, 31; AJB, Div. I, 20, 5, 32). 1983, Vol. 4: 576). Correspondent of Boerhaave (Veendorp & Baas Becking 1938: 109, Wesseling 2019: 241). – Richard Richardson (1663 – 1741) (one specimen) — Physician and botanist in Brierley (South Yorkshire, England) where he lived in Brierley Hall which had its own botanical garden. Richardson matriculated at Leiden University on 26 September 1687, and lodged for three years with Hermann (Dandy 1958: 194). – James Sherard (1666 – 1737) (four specimens) — Apothecary, brother of the great botanist William Sherard (1659 – 1728). Owner of a country house and a garden with many exotic plants in Eltham (Kent) of which a catalogue (Hortus Elthamensis) was published by Johann Jacob Dillenius (1684 – 1747) in 1732. France – Charles François de Cisternay du Fay (1698 – 1739) (ten specimens) — Supervisor of the Jardin du Roi (now Jardin des Plantes, Paris). In 1735 and 1736 Cisternay du Fay sent seeds of Egyptian plants. 12 – Antoine de Jussieu (1686 – 1758) and his brother Bernard de Jussieu (1699 – 1777) (Only five specimens of the ones ascribed to Antoine or Bernard in the Naturalis database (https: // bioportal. naturalis. nl /) were sent by one of them) — Antoine was appointed professor of botany at the Jardin du Roi in Paris in 1710. In 1722 Bernard became assistant demonstrator of plants there. He kept this post for the rest of his life. In 1759 Bernard was asked to develop a botanical garden at the Petit Trianon (Versailles). One letter of A. van Royen (10 September 1752) to B. de Jussieu is in the archives of Naturalis. – Claude Richard (1705 – 1784) (one specimen) — Head gardener at the Trianon garden (Versailles) (Duris 1993: 61 – 62). Germany – Johann Bartholomeus Adam Beringer (1670 – 1738) (three specimens) — Professor of medicine 1695 – 1740. In 1695 he was commissioned to bring herbs and trees from The Netherlands to rearrange the Würzburg botanical garden (Buchner 1932: 483). – Johann Ernst Hebenstreit (1703 – 1757) (two specimens) — Anatomist and explorer. Professor at Leipzig in 1729. He travelled in North Africa (1731 – 1735). – Lorenz Heister (one specimen) — After David van Royen had become professor of botany, he continued the correspondence with Heister. 13 – Albrecht von Haller (c. 250 specimens) — Swiss physician and naturalist, practising in Göttingen (Germany), 1736 – 1753. Author of Enumeratio Methodica Stirpium Helvetiae Indigenarum (1742). In 1738 he sent Adriaan van Royen a collection of more than 100 mosses. 14 In his letter (3 March 1739) Adriaan asked for seeds of plants from the Harz Mountains (Germany) and the Rhaetian Alps (Suringar 1866: 262). In return, Adriaan sent a considerable number of materials from the Leiden garden to Von Haller and was one of the main suppliers of new species for Von Haller’s garden (Gradstein & Schwerdtfeger 2009: 14 – 16). Italy – Giuseppe Monti (1682 – 1760) (two specimens) — Professor of botany and head of the botanical garden in Bologna (Veendorp & Baas Becking 1938: 109). 12 Note in collection management archives of Naturalis. 13 https: // www. bavarikon. de / search? lang = de & terms = royen (last accessed 12 November 2022). 14 Letter A. von Haller (24 November 1738) to Linnaeus (Linnaean correspondence L 0261). – Giulio Pontedera (1688 – 1757) (four specimens) — Professor of botany and head of the botanical garden of the university of Padua (Chmielewski 2011: 98). Russia – Traugott Gerber (1710 – 1743) (three specimens) — German physician and botanist who, shortly after he had obtained his MD, was called to Moscow by Tsarina Anna Ivanovna (1693 – 1740) to lay out a medicinal garden and teach the use of herbs. In 1739 and 1741 he led botanical expeditions in Russia. When in 1742 his position at the medicinal garden was discontinued, Gerber went to Finland as a physician in the Russian army. 15 Six letters of A. van Royen to T. Gerber are in the Waller Manuscript Collection, Uppsala University Library (Ms benl- 00618 - 00623). – Johann Gottfried Heinzelman (fl. 1731 – 1737) (one specimen) — German physician. Travelled on a botanical journey with Gerber to the Volga and Don rivers around 1732. 16 – Gottlob Schober (1670 – 1739) (one specimen) — Graduate of Utrecht University. Schober lived in Moscow from 1715 until his death. In 1717 – 1720 he visited the Lower Volga Region as well as the northern and northwestern shores of the Caspian Sea (Sokoloff et al. 2002: 133). One of his letters (Moscow, 31 August 1731) to A. van Royen is in the Waller Manuscript Collection, Uppsala University Library (Ms benl- 00617). Spain – Rouveroij (? –?) (two specimens) — Corresponded also with Boerhaave (Wesseling 2019: 241), but nothing else is known about him. Sweden – Eric Gustaf Lidbeck (1724 – 1803) (one specimen) — Curator of the botanical garden in Lund (Stafleu & Cowan 1981, Vol. 3: 10). Lidbeck met Adriaan van Royen in Leiden when he visited The Netherlands in 1752. 17 Three letters of A. van Royen (1753 – 1755) are in Lidbeck’s correspondence. 18 – Carl Linnaeus (1707 – 1778) (three specimens) — In Linnaeus’s correspondence there is one letter of Linnaeus to A. van Royen and 25 letters by A. van Royen to Linnaeus, all written between 1737 and 1753 (https: // www. alvin-portal. org /, last accessed 24 April 2022). Switzerland – Johannes Gessner (three specimens) — Corresponded with A. van Royen (Boscani Leoni 2017: 72) and also with J. F. Gronovius (Boschung 1996: 76). The Netherlands – Herman Boerhaave (c. 90 specimens; see Offerhaus et al. 2022) — Adriaan van Royen’s teacher and predecessor. – Johannes Burman — Professor of botany in Amsterdam from 1731. Johannes obtained his doctorate on 12 March 1728. In honour of this occasion A. van Royen wrote a Latin verse for his friend that was added to Burman’s dissertation (Burman 1728). Johannes did the same for Adriaan who promoted on 23 March and his verse is printed in Adriaan’s dissertation (A. van Royen 1728). Despite their friendship, the number of herbarium specimens that Johannes sent directly to Adriaan seems very small. By far the majority of the specimens attributed to Burman in the IDC guide (Thijsse 1998 – 2002, Thijsse & Veldkamp 2003) are probably specimens from the herbarium of Albinus (see Appendix 3). 19 Several letters of A. van Royen to J. Burman are in the Leiden University Library (Special collections, BPL 885). 15 https: // www. gerbera. org / traugott-gerber / (last accessed 24 April 2022). 16 https: // plants. jstor. org / (last accessed 24 April 2022). 17 Letter by E. G. Lidbeck (19 August 1752) to Linnaeus (Linnaean correspondence L 1463). 18 https: // www. alvin-portal. org / (last accessed 24 April 2022). – Johannes de Gorter (1689 – 1762) (one specimen) — Professor of medicine at Harderwijk University. Promotor at Linnaeus’s doctorate in Harderwijk. – Johan Frederik Gronovius — Author of Flora Virginica. Adriaan van Royen undoubtedly received herbarium specimens directly from Gronovius. However, identifying particular Gronovius’ specimens as belonging to one of the Van Royens is problematic, because Meerburg also had a set of Gronovius material (see Handwritings below).	en	Thijsse, G., Mabberley, D. J., Baas, P. (2023): Exploring the Leiden ‘ Van Royen herbarium’: History and scientific significance of the herbarium specimens of Adriaan (1704 - 1779) and David van Royen (1727 - 1799). Blumea 68 (2): 85-138, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.02.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.02.02
41640955FFD48B21FC84B3809028FC4D.taxon	description	– Nicolaus Joseph von Jacquin (1727 – 1817) (11 specimens) — He sent a parcel of dried plants to David van Royen. On the sheet of Valeriana celtica L. (L 0100990; Caprifoliaceae) the original cut-out address has been pasted. David is mentioned as ‘ Universitatis patriae rectori’. Since David held the position of rector only once, in 1763 / 1764, Jacquin must have sent him these plants in that time. In 1763, Jacquin was professor of chemistry and mineralogy at Schemnitz (now Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia). 20 One letter of D. van Royen (19 January 1762 or 1764) to Von Jacquin is in the Waller Manuscript Collection, Uppsala University Library (Ms benl- 00595). Other letters are in the Naturhistorischen Museum, Wien and in the Österreichische Nazionalbiblio- thek (Ladurner 2016). Denmark / Norway – Martin Vahl (1749 – 1804) (two specimens) — Danish- Norwegian botanist who travelled in Europe 1783 – 1785 (Stafleu & Cowan 1986, Vol. 6: 629). England – Joseph Banks (1743 – 1820) (ten fern specimens) — The explorer and botanist Banks met David van Royen in Leiden in 1773 (Schilling 2015: 114). – John Ellis (1710? – 1776) (two specimens) — Irish-born merchant in London, agent for West Florida 1764, for Domi- nica 1770. Ellis imported many American seeds (Stafleu & Cowan 2000, Suppl. VI: 313). – Philip Miller (four specimens) — Corresponded also with A. van Royen (see the correspondents of A. van Royen). – Humphry Waldo Sibthorp (1713 – 1797) (one specimen) — Sherardian professor of botany at Oxford (Stafleu & Cowan 1985, Vol. 5: 577). Letters of H. W. Sibthorp to D. van Royen are in the Leiden University library (Special collections BPL 1886 and BPL 1900). France – Louis-Guillaume LeMonnier (1717 – 1799) (11 specimens) — Professor at the Jardin du Roi, Paris (1758 – 1786) (Stafleu & Cowan 1979, Vol. 2: 842). 19 The majority of the Burman specimens encountered in the general herbarium of the Rijksherbarium are duplicates from the Burman herbarium and were never part of the ‘ Van Royen herbarium’. The often scrappy specimens in general lack their original labels; the only information provided on the sheet was written by C. L. Blume. Such specimens are included in the general historical herbarium collection of Naturalis. After the death of Burman’s son, Nicolaas Laurens, Nicolaas’s herbarium, including the specimens of his father (c. 29 000), was sold to the banker and naturalist Benjamin Delessert (1773 – 1844). It appears that when Blume visited Paris in 1830 (Den Ouden 1979: 133), he was given permission by Delessert to select duplicates for the Rijksherbarium. On that occasion, Blume seems to have taken an unknown number of specimens from Burman’s herbarium, including specimens from Houttuyn. When Lasègue (1845: 347) wrote that part of Burman’s herbarium was in the Leiden Rijksherbarium, he was probably referring to these duplicates. Moreover, it is known that Delessert was prepared to exchange plants with the Leiden Academy herbarium (Karstens 1983: 9). 20 https: // en. wikipedia. org / wiki / Mining _ Academy _ (Bansk % C 3 % A 1 _ % - C 5 % A 0 tiavnica). – Jacob Reinbold Spielmann (1722 – 1783) (31 specimens) — Professor of botany and medicine in Strasbourg (Fries 1909: 252). Germany – Johann Friedrich Gmelin (1748 – 1804) (eight specimens) — Professor of medicine and chemistry in Tübingen, later in Göttingen (Stafleu & Cowan 1976, Vol. 1: 955). Gmelin matriculated at Leiden University in 1769 (Du Rieu 1875: 1097). Author of Enumeratio stirpium agro Tubingensi indigenarum (Gmelin 1772). – Lorenz Heister — After Adriaan van Royen had resigned as professor of botany, David continued the correspondence with Heister. 21 Italy – Carlo Allioni (1728 – 1804) (nine specimens) — Professor of botany at the medical faculty of the Turin Athenaeum (Stafleu & Cowan 1992, Suppl. I: 76). Correspondent of David van Royen (Luciano 2013: 420). – Gabriele Brunelli (1728 – 1797) (two specimens) — Professor of botany, head of the Bologna botanical garden. – Vitaliano Donati (1717 – 1762) (two specimens) — Venetian biologist and apothecary (Stafleu & Cowan 1976, Vol. 1: 670) in Turin. – Giovanni Marsili (1727 – 1794) (eight specimens) — Professor of botany and curator of the Padua botanical garden (Stafleu & Cowan 1981, Vol. 3: 311). He visited David van Royen in Leiden, probably in 1758. 22 – Giuseppe Monti (1682 – 1760) (three specimens) — See A. van Royen’s correspondents. After Adriaan van Royen had resigned as professor of botany, David continued the correspondence with Monti. – Angelo Attilio Tilli (1710 – 1781) (two specimens) — Professor of botany in Pisa. Spain – Casimiro Gómez-de Ortega (1740 – 1818) (12 specimens) — Director of the botanical garden in Madrid (Stafleu & Cowan 1981, Vol. 3: 847). Four letters by D. van Royen to C. Gómez-de Ortega, written in 1784 – 1787, are in the Real Jardin Botanico in Madrid (Sign. AJB, Div. I, 20, 5, 29; Sign. AJB, Div. I, 20, 5, 30; Sign. AJB, Div. I, 20, 5, 31; AJB, Div. I, 20, 5, 32). Sweden – Peter Jonas Bergius (1730 – 1790) (50 specimens) — Professor of natural history and medicine at the collegium medicum in Stockholm (Stafleu & Cowan 1976, Vol. 1: 190). – Engelbert Gother (1708 – 1775) (81 specimens) — Stockholm ‘ handelsborgmästare’ (‘ mayor of commerce’) and one of the directors of the Rörstrand porcelain factory (Fries 1908: 243). In 1764 he sent an unknown number of Swedish plants to David van Royen. See Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw. (L 0423523) ‘ Inventa a Engelb: Gothero Upsaliae, qui Eam Ao 1764 Davidi van Royen in Hollandiam misit una cum aliis plantis Suesicis’. 23 – Eric Gustaf Lidbeck (1724 – 1803) (one specimen) — See Adriaan van Royen’s Swedish correspondents. Five letters by D. van Royen are in Lidbeck’s correspondence. Switzerland – Horace-Benedict de Saussure (1740 – 1799) (three specimens) — Naturalist and professor of philosophy in Geneva. 21 https: // www. bavarikon. de / search? lang = de & terms = royen (last accessed 12 October 2022). 22 Letter D. van Royen (3 March 1761) to Linnaeus (Linnaean correspondence L 2891). Album amicorum J. le Francq van Berkheij. Vol. 1, fol. 8 r (National Library of The Netherlands, The Hague, KW 132 F 13 / 1). 23 Letter D. van Royen (1 March 1767) to Linnaeus (Linnaean correspondence L 3884). Travelled in France, The Netherlands, England, Sicily and the Alps (Stafleu & Cowan 1985, Vol. 5: 70). – Johann Jakob Dick (1742 – 1775) (c. 20 specimens) — Clergyman and amateur botanist. Pupil of Von Haller and tutor of Von Haller’s daughter. He collected specimens for him when Von Haller was writing his Enumeratio Methodica Stirpium Helvetiae Indigenarum (Von Haller 1742). Dick’s herbarium was bought by Banks in 1775 and is now at BM (De Beer 1955: 325, 1958: 143). Letters of Dick to D. van Royen are in the Leiden University Library (Special collections BPL 1900). – (Johann Georg) Locher (1739 – 1787) (four specimens) — First director of the botanical garden in Wiedikon (Zürich). He studied in Leiden under Adriaan and David van Royen and graduated in 1761 (Rudio 1896: 207 – 208). A shipment of seeds from the botanical garden in Zurich which had been received from Berbice (Guyana) from one Werndli was sent to David van Royen (Rudio 1896: 201). The Netherlands – Johannes Burman and N. L. Burman — In 1769, N. L. Burman became his father’s assistant and he succeeded him in 1777. Specimens with labels stating that they originated from the Amsterdam Hortus, most probably ended up in the ‘ Van Royen herbarium’ via Burman father and son.	en	Thijsse, G., Mabberley, D. J., Baas, P. (2023): Exploring the Leiden ‘ Van Royen herbarium’: History and scientific significance of the herbarium specimens of Adriaan (1704 - 1779) and David van Royen (1727 - 1799). Blumea 68 (2): 85-138, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.02.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.02.02
41640955FFD48B21FC84B3809028FC4D.taxon	description	– Hieronymus David Gaubius (1705 – 1780) (one specimen) — Leiden professor of medicine and chemistry. – Johannes Frederik Gronovius and L. T. Gronovius — See Gronovius in correspondents of A. van Royen. – Martinus Houttuyn (two specimens) — Author of Natuurlyke historie of uitvoerige beschryving der dieren, planten, en mineraalen (Houttuyn 1761 – 1785), based largely on the principles of the 12 th edition of Linnaeus’s Systema Naturae (1766 – 1768). One letter of Houttuyn (23 December? 1773) to D. van Royen is in the Waller Manuscript Collection, Uppsala University Library (Ms benl- 00410).	en	Thijsse, G., Mabberley, D. J., Baas, P. (2023): Exploring the Leiden ‘ Van Royen herbarium’: History and scientific significance of the herbarium specimens of Adriaan (1704 - 1779) and David van Royen (1727 - 1799). Blumea 68 (2): 85-138, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.02.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.02.02
41640955FFD48B21FC84B3809028FC4D.taxon	description	25 Letter D. de Gorter (16 July 1761) to Linnaeus (Linnaean correspondence L 2933). 26 Letter D. de Gorter (Wijk bij Duurstede, 10 March 1762) to Linnaeus (Linnaean correspondence L 3049). – Eduard Sandifort (1742 – 1814) (four specimens) — Sandifort received his doctorate from Leiden University in 1763 and worked as a general practitioner in The Hague. In 1771, he became professor of anatomy and surgery at Leiden University. He gave D. van Royen some seaweed specimens that were probably collected by the German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas (1741 – 1811) who graduated in Leiden in 1759. Sandifort travelled in The Netherlands and to London but settled in The Hague. In 1767 he was invited by Catherine II of Russia to become professor at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (Wendland 1992: 62). His son Gerard was acting director of the Leiden botanical garden from 1819 to 1823. – Martin Wilhem Schwencke (1707 – 1785) — Professor of botany in The Hague and owner of a private botanical garden (Thijsse 2021). Where labels indicate that the origin is a garden in The Hague, then this must have been Schwencke’s garden. After Schwencke’s death the rare plants growing in his garden were auctioned. 27 Some plants were bought for the Leiden botanical garden. – Hendrik Twent (1743 – 1788) (one specimen) — Son-in-law of Gaubius and mayor of Leiden. – Steven Jan van Geuns and Matthias van Geuns. (c. 40 specimens) — Utrecht professors of botany. – Murk van Phelsum (1730 – 1799) (10 specimens) — Studied in Harderwijk. After his PhD he became a physician in Bolsward, from 1764 in Sneek. His own collection, comprising nine book herbaria is held at the University Museum in Groningen.	en	Thijsse, G., Mabberley, D. J., Baas, P. (2023): Exploring the Leiden ‘ Van Royen herbarium’: History and scientific significance of the herbarium specimens of Adriaan (1704 - 1779) and David van Royen (1727 - 1799). Blumea 68 (2): 85-138, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.02.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.02.02
41640955FFD68B21FFCBB653905BFA65.taxon	description	– Rijk Tulbagh (1699 – 1771) — Governor of the Dutch Cape Colony from 27 February 1751 to 11 August 1771. Sri Lanka – Imam Willem Falck (1736 – 1785) — Governor of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) between 1765 and 1785. Two letters (Colombo 26 January and 5 February 1781) from Falck to D. van Royen are in the Naturalis archives. Indonesia (Java) – Johannes Themans (? –?) (one specimen) — VOC physician in Batavia. There is one letter from Themans (1776) to D. van Royen in the Leiden University library (Special collections BPL 609).	en	Thijsse, G., Mabberley, D. J., Baas, P. (2023): Exploring the Leiden ‘ Van Royen herbarium’: History and scientific significance of the herbarium specimens of Adriaan (1704 - 1779) and David van Royen (1727 - 1799). Blumea 68 (2): 85-138, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.02.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.02.02
41640955FFCF8B38FC84B76595F6F7FA.taxon	description	46 With the exception of three specimens (Teucrium chamaedrys L. subsp. germanicum (F. Herm.) Rech. f. (L 0836612), T. scordium L. (L 0836611), and Bupleurum rotundifolium L. (L 0836610 )) which he donated to the Botanical Society (Boursse Wils 1848: 520).	en	Thijsse, G., Mabberley, D. J., Baas, P. (2023): Exploring the Leiden ‘ Van Royen herbarium’: History and scientific significance of the herbarium specimens of Adriaan (1704 - 1779) and David van Royen (1727 - 1799). Blumea 68 (2): 85-138, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.02.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.02.02
41640955FFF88B0FFFCBB4DC9283F9E0.taxon	description	The plant collections in the ‘ Van Royen herbarium’ were assembled during the formative years of systematic botany and Linnaean taxonomy (Stafleu 1971: 9) in and around the Leiden botanical garden, which at that time was an internationally acknowledged centre of botanical excellence (Stearn 1961). This generalisation is supported by an analysis of the list of contributors to both Adriaan’s and David’s herbarium, and of their correspondents. They include many great names in English, French, German, Italian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, and Swiss botany of the day, to a high degree overlapping with Linnaeus’s own network from which he obtained plants, literature and correspondence that informed his Species plantarum and other publications. Of the contributors and correspondents of the Van Royens, enumerated in this paper, over 25 figure in Jarvis’s (2007) list of authors and collectors who were important for Linnaeus.	en	Thijsse, G., Mabberley, D. J., Baas, P. (2023): Exploring the Leiden ‘ Van Royen herbarium’: History and scientific significance of the herbarium specimens of Adriaan (1704 - 1779) and David van Royen (1727 - 1799). Blumea 68 (2): 85-138, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.02.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.02.02
41640955FFFE8B08FFCBB14591F0FAF3.taxon	description	Exactly when the enlargement of the garden was fully completed is not known. On 22 July 1738, the elder Gronovius wrote to Richardson that the garden had been expanded as far as the ramparts, but that no one was allowed access (Smith 1821: 172 – 173). By December 1739, the rearrangement of plants according to Linnaeus’ system had been realised and, at least by then, the work on the new garden must have been finished. 56 When Linnaeus arrived in Leiden on 9 October 1737, to say farewell, on his way back to Sweden, Adriaan van Royen was working on a new catalogue of the plants growing in the Leiden botanical garden. 57 Although Linnaeus wanted to return to Sweden as soon as possible, Adriaan managed to persuade him to stay for some time to help him organise the Leiden botanical garden according to his new system. Together they gave the plants new names and designed a new lay-out for the garden 53 Letter J. F. Gronovius (Leiden, 17 March 1739) to Linnaeus (Linnaean correspondence L 0278). 54 Letter J. G. Seeger (Leiden, 20 January 1739) to Linnaeus (Linnaean correspondence L 0268). 55 Letter D. S. A. Büttner (Leiden, 5 October 1748) to A. von Haller, Editions- und Forschungsplattform hallerNet, https: // hallernet. org / data / letter / 00764. 56 Letter J. P. Breyne (23 December 1739) to Linnaeus (Linnaean correspondence L 0311). 57 Letter Linnaeus (8 October 1737) to A. von Haller (Linnaean correspondence L 0216). (Linnaeus 1826: 30 – 31). Linnaeus, who did not want to offend his benefactor, was reluctant to replace Boerhaave’s system with his own. Nevertheless, he felt obliged to help Adriaan and assisted him to devise a taxonomic system of his own (Linnaeus 1826: 30 – 31). This became the ‘ Methodi naturalis praeludium’, published in Prodromus. Linnaeus hoped that his delay in Leiden would not be too long. 58 He expected to leave in February 1738, but at the end of January he fell severely ill and had to stay in bed for six weeks. In March he was well enough to return to Clifford’s ‘ Hartekamp’ to regain his strength and in May he left The Netherlands (De Gorter 1778: 127, Gistel 1873: 111, Jackson 1923: 166). 59 So, effectively his time spent in Leiden lasted less than four months. Apart from aiding Adriaan van Royen, Linnaeus was with Gronovius daily, helping him with the writing of Flora virginica (Pulteney 1805: 531). 60 Obviously, then, Linnaeus could not have given Adriaan his undivided attention and, when he left Leiden in March 1738, there was no finished manuscript for a new garden catalogue. On 8 January 1739 Adriaan van Royen wrote to Linnaeus that he could not find the time to devote to his beloved botany be- 58 Letter Linnaeus (8 October 1737) to A. von Haller (Linnaean correspondence L 0216). 59 Letter Linnaeus (March 1738) to A. von Haller (Linnaean correspondence L 0243). 60 Whether Linnaeus always stayed at one and the same address during his stay in Leiden in 1737 / 1738 is not clear. He himself wrote to Von Haller (Stockholm, 23 September 1739) that he stayed with Adriaan van Royen in 1738. cause of all his other activities. He was also pre-occupied by a very disconcerting academic feud with a person he thought of as his friend. It had caused him heartache and anxiety, making it impossible for him to even think of publishing a flora of Leiden. 61 He therefore had decided to publish what he had written so far as a precursor (i. e., Prodromus; A. van Royen 1740). 62 Stoever (1794: 102) wrote that Prodromus was not the work of Adriaan van Royen, but was by Linnaeus. His source may be what he wrote to Linnaeus on 11 January 1739, namely that it was ‘ tota tua est’ (= it is all yours), after he had read the Prodromus [the manuscript?] he had received from Adriaan, but perhaps he meant only that it was fully in accordance with Linnaeus’s ideas on plant classification. 63 Wijnands (1983: 28 – 29) wrote that there is every reason to assume that Linnaeus had contributed substantially to Prodromus, and considered it ‘ as close as anything to a joint work of Adriaan van Royen and Linnaeus’. He estimated that the number of Adriaan van Royen’s specimens that may be relevant for the typification of Linnaean names could be as high as 2 000 – 3 000. These figures he probably based on the number of times Prodromus is cited in the first edition of Species Plantarum (c. 2 000) and the number of taxa included in Prodromus (c. 3 000). It is almost impossible that the text for Prodromus could have been finished before Linnaeus left Leiden. Apart from giving the plants new names together (Linnaeus 1826: 30 – 31), it is more probable that the text was written by Adriaan van Royen himself. Linnaeus’s contribution was probably limited to formulating the new classification system. In the system Adriaan’s influence is obvious, because it is less artificial than that of Linnaeus. According to Stafleu (1971: 161) Adriaan was a major advocate of Linnaeus’s ideas, but first and foremost of his views on generic delimitation and nomenclature, not of his artificial classification system (Stafleu 1971: 161). In contradiction with this is what Linnaeus wrote (1 May 1737) to Von Haller, namely that, except for himself, nobody in The Netherlands cared about genera. Gronovius, Burman and Adriaan van Royen were only interested in herbarium specimens, although Adriaan was now beginning to look into this subject. 64 Gronovius, on the other hand, wrote at about the same time (8 February 1737) to Linnaeus that Adriaan highly praised Genera Plantarum (Linnaeus 1737 b). 65	en	Thijsse, G., Mabberley, D. J., Baas, P. (2023): Exploring the Leiden ‘ Van Royen herbarium’: History and scientific significance of the herbarium specimens of Adriaan (1704 - 1779) and David van Royen (1727 - 1799). Blumea 68 (2): 85-138, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.02.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.02.02
41640955FFFF8B06FFCBB73D9497FE1F.taxon	description	61 Letter A. van Royen (8 January 1739) to Linnaeus (Linnaean correspondence L 0272). 62 That same day A. van Royen wrote to T. Gerber that Prodromus had been sent to the printer (Waller Manuscript Collection, Uppsala University Library, Ms benl- 00621). A. von Haller wrote (11 January 1739) to Linnaeus that he had received Van Royen’s Prodromus (Linnaean correspondence L 0270). This was probably a copy of the manuscript because the first 20 pages were printed in June 1739 (Linnaean correspondence L 0289) and the Prodromus was still in press in July (Linnaean correspondence L 0291). In September it would be published soon (Linnaean correspondence L 0303). Van Royen promised Linnaeus in November to send him a copy of Prodromus as a token of friendship (Linnaean correspondence L 0310). It was sent to Linnaeus in December via J. F. Gronovius (Linnaean correspondence L 0313). 63 Letter A. von Haller (11 January 1739) to Linnaeus (Linnaean correspondence L 0270). 64 Letter Linnaeus (1 May 1737) to A. von Haller (Linnaean correspondence L 0179). 65 Letter J. F. Gronovius (8 February 1737) to Linnaeus (Linnaean correspondence L 0144). new catalogue of the plants in the Leiden botanical garden, Adriaan complained to Von Haller in March that year that he had no time to complete Ericetum (Suringar 1866: 262). 67 In May 1742, however, the copper plates for the prints were ready and Adriaan had a number of sets of proofs made from them. 68 The copper plates were prepared by the Leiden engraver Johannes van der Spyk after the drawings made by the Leiden painter and draughtsman Pieter Cattel (1712 – 1759). In 1753, a manuscript was ready (Linnaeus 1753: 354). 69 In 1756 Ericetum still had not appeared in a final published form. Ultimately, it was scheduled to be issued in the summer of 1761. 70 Why this did not happen is not known, but is probably due to Adriaan van Royen being very occupied with other matters. 71 66 On 24 October 1756 Linnaeus wrote to the French botanist Louis Gérard (1733 – 1819): ‘ Royenus reliquit hortum Leydensem, praxi medica manci- patus; tradidit eum successori, fratris filio, quem dicunt nihil omnino valere. Ego eum non novi. Certus sis quod senior Royenus nihil dabit a meo discessu. Elaboravimus quidem Ericas africanas, sed nunquam prodiere (Translation. [Adriaan] Van Royen left the Leiden botanical garden, having retired from his medical practice; he handed it (the hortus) over to his successor, his brother’s son (David van Royen), who is said to be totally ineffectual. I do not know him. Be assured that Van Royen senior will give nothing since my departure. We did indeed work on African heathers, but they have never come out (been published )) ’ (Linnaean correspondence L 2098). 67 Letter A. van Royen (8 January 1739) to Linnaeus (Linnaean correspondence L 0272). 68 On 30 May 1742 J. F. Gronovius wrote to J. P. Breyne: ‘ De plaaten van het boek van Roeye de Ericis Africanis werden tegenwoordig in het kooper gesneden, en alreeds syn er so veele afgedaan, dat die heer daar al vyf honderd gulden verschooten heft (Translation. The plates for Van Royen’s book on African ericas are now cut into copper, and already so many are finished that it has already cost him five hundred guilders) ’ (Margócsy 2014: 94, 242 note 77). Most of the herbarium specimens Adriaan van Royen studied for his Ericetum are in the ‘ Van Royen herbarium’ and can often be recognised by references to the plate numbers that were made on the sheets by David van Royen. The original drawings (except that for plate 11) and one set of proofs of the plates (except that of plate 16), printed in folio, are in the collection of botanical ‘ icones’ of Naturalis (Fig. 42, 43). On these Leiden proofs, the corrections that had to be made by the engraver are written by Adriaan (see the information given by Pieter Willem Leenhouts (1926 – 2004) in Stafleu & Cowan Vol. 4, 1983) (Fig. 43). These drawings and proofs are not mentioned separately in the auction catalogue of David van Royen’s library (Anonymous 1800), but possibly had been incorporated in the ‘ Van Royen herbarium’ associated with the corresponding herbarium specimens, where they were found by Brugmans. When Brugmans’s library was auctioned in Leiden in 1858 several sets of proofs and Adriaan van Royen’s manuscript of Ericetum, entitled ‘ Collectanea de Ericae genere’, were offered for sale. At this auction the copper plates were also sold. According to the catalogue, one of the auctioned sets of proofs was printed in 1772 on folio-sized paper and was provided with corrections that were written by the ‘ author’ (Anonymous 1858: 6). 72 It seems that it was all bought by the German botanist Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth (1792 – 1857). In any case, at the auction of Wallroth’s library in Berlin by the bookseller and publisher Friedländer & 69 ‘ Numerosum gregem Ericarum AEthiopicarum aliorumque infinita diligentia dudum conquisivit, descripsit, delineavit & absolvit Botanicus vere magnus Ill. Adrian Royenus, quas ut edat publicique juris faciat, omnes Botanici mecum serio efflagitant (Translation. A numerous group of southern African heathers and others he has long collected, described, drawn and handled with infinite care, the truly great botanist, the Very Excellent Adriaan van Royen, and that he edits and publishes them, all botanists with me urge him to do so’.) 70 Letter N. L. Burman (18 July 1761) to Linnaeus (Linnaean correspondence L 2926). 71 Letter N. L. Burman (16 May 1769) to Linnaeus (Linnaean correspondence L 4216). Sohn in 1859, the set of proofs David van Royen had printed in 1772, as well as the manuscript were offered for sale again. 73 The current whereabouts of the manuscript is unfortunately unknown. The 1772 set, on the other hand, ended up in the library of Leipzig University (Ms 2848) (Fuchs 2011: 317). The notes on the proofs turn out to be written by David van Royen and thus not by the ‘ author’ (i. e., Adriaan van Royen) as mentioned in the 1858 and 1859 catalogues. According to the background 72 The description in the catalogue reads: ‘ Ericetum Africanum, formant 40 planches noires, sans texte. Collection très intéressante de quelques ex. parmi lesquels se trouve un exemplaire in folio tiré en 1772 (Janvier), avec les corrections de la main de l’auteur, ainsi que quelq. feuilles MSS. intitulé: Collectanea de Ericae genere. Les planches en cuivre, de l’ouvr age seront vendues à la fois avec cette collection (Translation. Ericetum Africanum, comprising 40 black and white plates, without text. *** Very interesting collection of several copies, among which is a folio copy printed in 1772 (January), with corrections in the author’s hand, as well as some MSS. leaves entitled: Collectanea de Ericae genere. The copper plates, of the publication will be sold at the same time with this collection.) 73 Botanische Bücher-Sammlung aus dem Nachlasse des Dr. F. W. Wallroth, welche am 15. Juni 1859 und den folgenden Tagen öffentlich in unserem Auktions-Lokale Kurstrasse 9 versteigert werden soll. Appendix to Flora oder algemeine botanische Zeitung (42) 19: 1 – 37. Lot 627. Ericetum Africanum. 40 vortrefflich gestochene Kpfrtfln. Auf gross Papier in fol. ohne text. Ein gänzlich unbekannte nicht publizirtes Werk A. v. Royen’s. Jede Tafel ist mit dem Namen u. d. krit. Analyse der darauf abgebildeten Planzen von der Hand des Verfasser versehen. Dazu ein Handschrift des Verfassers von 28 Folioseiten und sehr vielen kleineren Blättern, betitelt: Collectanea de Ericae genere. Translation: Lot 627. Ericetum Africanum. 40 superb copper engravings on large paper in fol. without text. A completely unknown unpublished work by A. v. Royen. Each plate is provided with the name and critical analysis of the depicted plants in the hand of the author. In addition, a manuscript by the author of 28 folio pages and very many smaller sheets, entitled: Collectanea de Ericae genere’. information of this set that is added to the proof of plate I, David had the dirty copper plates cleaned and had them printed in 1772. On these proofs, he wrote his observations and the Linnaean name of the species. Besides, he also copied on the proofs the corrections that Adriaan had made in the past on his set of proofs (now in Naturalis) (Fig. 44, 45). Somehow, two sets of plate proofs commissioned by Adriaan van Royen in the early 1740 s and the copper plates, which were not mentioned in the catalogue, came into the hands of Friedländer, who had organised the auction of Wallroth’s library in 1859. In 1874 Friedländer offered both sets for sale. On one set there was no text, on the other set the names had been written by Adriaan (Friedländer 1874: 417). 74 From the 74 Catalogue description: Royen, A. v., Ericetum Africanum, s. icones Ericearum Africae. 40 tabulae aeneae sine textu. (c. 1740.) 4. Opus ineditum. 4. Mit beigefügten Bestimmungen der Abbildungen von der Hand A. v. Royen’s. 8. 75 Catalogue description (Friedländer 1871): van Royen, Adrian, Ericetum Africanum s. icones Ericearum Africae. 40 tabulae aeneae hucusque ineditae. 4 M. Diese vortrefflich gestochenen Kupferplatten sind im Jahre 1859 aufgefunden und publicirt worden. Catalogue description (Russell 1881: 524): Royen, A. van, (Prof. d. Botanik in Leiden, Ericetum Africanum s. icones Ericearum Africae. 40 tabulae aëneae hucusque ineditae. 4 °. * 12 M. Diese vortrefflich gestochenen Kupferplatten sind im J. 1858 aufgefunden und von uns publicirt worden. Catalogue description (Russell 1891: 966): Royen, Prof. A. V, Ericetum africanum, s. icones Ericearum Africae. C. 1760. (40 tab. aeri incisae.) 4 º. * 20 M. (Abdrücke von d. Orig. - Kupferplatten. Nach Pritzel ein noch unbekanntes Werk. Text existirt nicht. Taf. wurden nach Zeichngn. P. Cat- tell’s von J. v. d. Spyk gestochen. copper plates, Friedländer produced several new sets in quarto, which he offered for sale at least as late until the early 1890 s (Russell 1893: 966). 75 These nineteenth-century impressions reached many libraries, including that of Harvard University (Cambridge, Massachusetts), Natural History Museum, London, the University Library in Vienna and the Erasmus University in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. The only post 1753 set of proofs was printed in 1772. On these prints David van Royen added the latest Linnaean names in manuscript. We therefore conclude that Ericetum Africanum has no nomenclatural significance.	en	Thijsse, G., Mabberley, D. J., Baas, P. (2023): Exploring the Leiden ‘ Van Royen herbarium’: History and scientific significance of the herbarium specimens of Adriaan (1704 - 1779) and David van Royen (1727 - 1799). Blumea 68 (2): 85-138, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.02.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.02.02
41640955FFF18B04FC84B3A390A9F9C4.taxon	description	The speech Adriaan van Royen gave about the history of dis- ease as the basis of medical therapy when he set out his role as Rector Magnificus for the first time in 1743, was in prose (A. van Royen 1743). The subjects of his second and third rectoral ad- dresses, in 1759 and 1771 were both in Latin verse (Suringar 1866: 291). In 1759 he wrote about the control of body and mind (A. van Royen 1759) and, in 1771, and about the illnesses of different age-groups (A. van Royen 1771). When Adriaan demitted office as professor of botany and retired as director of the Leiden botanical garden in 1754 his farewell-address, entitled ‘ When a botanist resigns his profession’, was also in Latin verse (A. van Royen 1754, Molhuysen et al. 1937, Vol. 10: 846). In 1766, on the day that Willem V (1748 – 1806) visited Leiden, Adriaan van Royen recited in the Academy building of the university a Latin poem in which he congratulated Willem on his inauguration as stadholder (A. van Royen 1766). In 1775 he read another Latin poem in the presence of Willem V, this time on the occasion of the second centenary of the University of Leiden (A. van Royen 1775). Before Adriaan spoke, Gaubius gave a more than two-hour lecture in the candle-lit church (Pieterskerk), followed by a speech by Wouter van Doeveren (1730 – 1783). In his poem, Van Royen expounded on the many medical celebrities in the history of the university, but only a few people in the audience would have been able to understand anything that was said. The unfamiliarity with speaking in such a large building, the advanced age of the speakers, and especially the excessive number of people that completely filled the church made this impossible. In addition, those who had not been able to find a seat wandered around the corridors of the church, while the women in the choir held lively conversations to ward off boredom. This caused such a noise throughout the church that many, even those seated near the pulpit, heard little and understood much less (Anonymous 1775: 79 – 81, Schotel 1875: 206). The following year Adriaan van Royen recited in the Academy building a poem on the occasion of his own retirement (A. van Royen 1776). It was inspired by his stay on the Duynsigt estate in Oegstgeest near Leiden, property that his wife had inherited in 1745 after the death of her father. Willem V came to Leiden especially for this occasion (Schotel 1875: 292, Molhuysen et al. 1937, Vol. 10: 847). From his unpublished verses and prose he had written in 1773, it is evident that Adriaan van Royen was a fierce opponent of smallpox inoculation. These manuscripts were found in the 76 Letter A. van Royen (10 November 1739) to Linnaeus (Linnaean correspondence L 0310). family archive of Willem Pieter Sautijn Kluit (1838 – 1894), whose grandmother was Adriaan van Royen’s granddaughter. In some he attacked Van Doeveren, who was a great advocate of this procedure (Van den Bosch 1791: 109, Daniëls 1875: 95 – 107). It is not known where these items are now. Adriaan van Royen was an extra-ordinary member of merit of the prestigious poetry society, ‘ Kunstliefde spaart geen vlijt’ (‘ The love of art spares no efforts’), in The Hague (Höweler 1937: 153). In December 1777 he became a member of the Leiden literary society ‘ Kunst wordt door arbeid verkregen’ (‘ Art is obtained by labour’) (Thobokholt 1983: 176) (Fig. 46). In 1772 this society had purchased the ‘ Panpoëticon Batavûm’, a collection of portraits of all Dutch poets. It was started around 1700 by the wealthy Amsterdam amateur painter and poet Arnoud van Halen (1673 – 1732). He painted the portraits of Dutch poets (male and female), which he placed in a dedicated cabinet and was described by contemporaries as the ‘ treasure chest’ of the Dutch literary canon (Thobokholt 1983: 17, Moerman 1993: 14, Van Deinsen 2016: 11). It was placed in the house of the chairman, the bookseller and poët Cornelis van Hoogeveen (1740 – 1792). In 1778 Adriaan’s portrait was added (Van Hoogeveen 1778: 312) (Fig. 47). 77 Otterspeer (2002), in his history of Leiden University, is less flattering about Adriaan’s poetry and speaks of his ‘ calcified poetry veins’. About his fall in February 1778 Adriaan van Royen wrote his final verse (A. van Royen 1778 a). He died a year later but not before he had col- lated his poetry and had it printed at his own expense (A. van Royen 1778 b, Brender à Brandis 1786: 12). 77 The cabinet was last recorded in 1849 and has since disappeared without a trace (Thobokholt 1983: 45, note 20, Moerman 1993: 14). Of the more than 300 portraits in this cabinet, 80 have been preserved, including that of A. van Royen (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam). APPENDIX 2 – Biographical notes on David van Royen David van Royen was born in Leiden on 26 December 1727. He was the second child of Catharina van den Bergh (1700 – 1779), the daughter of Leiden burgomaster J. van den Berg (h) (1664 – 1755) and David van Royen (1699 – 1764), the elder brother of Adriaan van Royen and secretary of the board of curators of Leiden University. David studied medicine in Leiden and obtained his medical degree in 1752 (D. van Royen 1752). To finish his studies David van Royen made a study tour to Paris and London in 1752 / 1753. 78 In Paris he followed the courses of the famous surgeon and obsterician André Levret (1703 – 1780). He spent much time with his fellow student in Leiden, Wouter van Doeveren, who had arrived in Paris from The Netherlands in August 1752, and with one Büttner, who had come to Paris from England (Van Heiningen 2014: 7, 18 – 26). This was the German botanist David Sigismund August Büttner (1724 – 1768), who had matriculated at Leiden University in 1750 (Du Rieu 1875: 1750). In 1754 David succeeded his uncle as professor of botany and director of the Leiden botanical garden. In his inaugural address he spoke about public gardens as the best tools for the study of plants (D. van Royen 1754). After his inauguration, David van Royen moved to the official residence for the professor of botany (Anonymous 1761: 58). In 1759, he was elected fellow of the the Royal Society in London (https: // royalsociety. org /). That same year David married his niece Barbara van den Burch (1724 – 1768). She was the daughter of Jan Franksz. van der Burch (1696 – 1739), the secretary of the orphanage in Delft, and Maria van Royen (1696 – 1757). After nine years of a marriage that was childless, Barbara died in 1768 at the age of 35 (Molhuysen et al. 1937, Vol. 10: 848). In 1763 / 1764 David van Royen held the position of Rector Magnificus. When he demitted office, he gave a valedictory (but unpublished) lecture ‘ De hodierna rei Herbariae excolendae ratione, ad certitudinem et evidentiam in ea consequendam egregie comparata (excellent suitability of the contemporary method of practising botany to obtain certainty and reliability in this) ’. David retired on 1 June 1786 and against his will he was succeeded by Brugmans; he had wanted to be followed by Thunberg (P. Smith 1832: 156). On 29 April 1799 David van Royen died. To honour David van Royen, Linnaeus named Codon royenii L. after him, but, sadly, the name has to be attributed to Van Royen himself (see scientific significance). A separate engraving of Agave americana L. (Asparagaceae) that had flowered in the garden of J. Schuurmans Stekhoven was published in dedication of David in 1757. The engraving was made by the Leiden artist Abraham Delfos (1731 – 1820) after a drawing made by Haarlem painter Jacobus Luberti Augustini (1748 – 1822), who distributed this print (Fig. 48).	en	Thijsse, G., Mabberley, D. J., Baas, P. (2023): Exploring the Leiden ‘ Van Royen herbarium’: History and scientific significance of the herbarium specimens of Adriaan (1704 - 1779) and David van Royen (1727 - 1799). Blumea 68 (2): 85-138, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.02.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.02.02
