taxonID	type	description	language	source
406AE2746C44FFC8F286FC9A71606616.taxon	description	(Figures 1 – 3, 14, 20, 28, 33)	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C44FFC8F286FC9A71606616.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ocaria arpoxais can be identified by: (1) the curved VFW white postmedian line, (2) the VFW white suffusion, dense and limited to the apex, and (3) a more developed VHW black and orange cubital spot (Fig. 14).	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C44FFC8F286FC9A71606616.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Thecla arpoxais Godman & Salvin was described based on a single male specimen [holotype], from Chitra, Panama, deposited at the NHMUK with the following labels: Type // Chitra, Panama. Arcé. // T. arpoxais G. & S. [reverse: Type. Sp. figured.] // Godman-Salvin Coll. 1911. – 93. B. C. A. Lep. Rhop. Thecla arpoxais, G. & S. // B. M. TYPE no. Rh. 710 // Thecla arpoxais Godman & Salvin, 1887 HOLOTYPE // NHMUK 015203053.	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C44FFC8F286FC9A71606616.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species flies from Mexico to western Ecuador (Fig. 28).	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C44FFC8F286FC9A71606616.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Since its description, O. arpoxais has been associated with the species O. ocrisia and O. thales (Godman & Salvin 1887). Draudt (1920) expanded this concept by considering it a senior synonym of the South American Andean species, O. clepsydra. He also placed O. arpoxais in the thales group of Thecla Fabricius which was closely related to the ocrisia group. Comstock & Huntington (1959) questioned the relationships proposed by Draudt suggesting that O. arpoxais and O. clepsydra should be interpreted as distinct taxa. d’Abrera (1995) and Robbins (2004 a) reached the same conclusion as Draudt, placing the species within the genus Ocaria. Here, we confirm that O. arpoxais is a species endemic to Central America and the Trans-Andean region, the only member of the arpoxais group with this distribution. Natural history. There are no records of O. arpoxais attracted to fish bait in sampling made in western Ecuador. However, there are records of males and females feeding on flowers between 0830 and 1220 hours (Busby, pers. obs.).	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C44FFC8F286FC9A71606616.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MEXICO. Veracruz. 1 ♂, Los Tuxtlas, vii – viii. 2009, CF-LYC- 1105 *, gen. prep. K. Florczyk CFCF 015, illustrated on Fig. 2 (CF); 1 ♀, Catemaco, 23. vii. 1985, R. C. Busby leg., illustrated on Fig. 3 (RCB); 1 ♀, Volcan San Martin, 1200 m, 20. viii. 2023, B. Lopez leg. (collection Lopez, Mexico). Oaxaca. 1 ♂, Metates, 15. iv. 2018, B. Lopez leg. (CF). PANAMA. 1 ♂, HOLOTYPE Thecla arpoxais, Chitra, Arcé, Godman & Salvin coll., NHMUK 015203053 * (NHMUK). ECUADOR. Esmeraldas. 2 ♂, 12 km Lita-San Lorenzo Road, Rio Chuchuvi, 850 m, 0 ° 53.1 ’ N, 78 ° 30.9 ’ W, 26. iii. 2011 & 14. vii. 2011, Aldas & R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 1 ♂, 12 km Lita-San Lorenzo Road, Rio Chuchuvi, 800 m, 0 ° 53.1 ’ N, 78 ° 30.9 ’ W, 26. iii. 2003, I. Aldas & R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 2 ♂, Alto Tambo, 850 m, viii. 2000, I. Aldas & R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 1 ♂, 8 km Lita-Alto Tambo Road, Rio Chuchuvi, 800 m, v. 2002, I. Aldas & R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 1 ♀, Guimbicito, 140 m, 0 ° 57.2 ’ N, 78 ° 45.9 ’ W, v. 2016, I. Aldas & R. C. Busby leg. (RCB). Carchi. 1 ♂, El Babozo, 950 m, 0 ° 53.1 ’ N. 78 ° 26.5 ’ W, 17. vi. 2011, I. Aldas & R. C. Busby leg. (RCB). Pichincha. 3 ♂, 5 km Nanegal-Garcia Moreno Rd, 1375 – 1700 m, 00 ° 09.2 ’ N, 78 ° 39.4 ’ W, 29. v. 2007, 11. ix. 2009, 11. ix. 2009, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 6 ♂, 5 km Nanegal-Garcia Moreno Rd, 1375 – 1700 m, 00 ° 09.2 ’ N, 78 ° 39.4 ’ W, 17. vi. 2012, 12. vi. 2013, 3. vi. 2014, 19. vi. 2014, 19. vi. 2014, 27. vi. 2014, I. Aldas & R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 1 ♂, 12 km Nanegal-La Perla Rd, La Perla, 1300 m, 27. v. 2007 (RCB); 5 ♀, 5 km Nanegal-Garcia Moreno Rd, 1375 – 1700 m, 0 ° 09.2 ’ N, 78 ° 39.4 ’ W, 29. xii. 2006, 25. v. 2007, 10. vi. 2007, 29. v. 2008, 6. vi. 2008, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB).	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C45FFC8F286FE6371F5605D.taxon	description	(Figures 1, 6 – 7, 16, 22, 26, 31, 35)	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C45FFC8F286FE6371F5605D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ocaria cinerea is characterized by the following: (1) DFW blue covering most of the inner margin in males; (2) VFW white suffusion extending to CuA 1, often to CuA 2; (3) VHW light-blue line in CuA 2 – 2 A displaced downward; (4) VHW cells M 2 – CuA 1 and CuA 1 – CuA 2 with sparse submarginal white scales between postmedian line and distal margin; and (5) VHW cubital spot either a tiny black mark or absent (Fig. 16).	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C45FFC8F286FE6371F5605D.taxon	materials_examined	Type Material. The description of Thecla cinerea Lathy was based on a single male [holotype] (Fig. 6), from Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, deposited at the MNHN with the following labels: Thecla ♀ undulata Hew. St. Cath. // Thecla ♂ cinerea, Lathy spec [imen]. Typicum // MNHN, Paris EL 84502 // NHM - B. Huertas Prél. Tissu 23.2.2024 ADN-EL 84502.	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C45FFC8F286FE6371F5605D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is an endemic lowland Atlantic Forest only found in the eastern areas of the southern Brazilian states, from Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul (Fig. 31).	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C45FFC8F286FE6371F5605D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Despite its restricted distribution, the name has been misused to a similar and closely allied species endemic to the tropical eastern foothills of the Andes (d’Abrera 1995, Robbins 2004 a, Lamas et al. 2021). Morphological and DNA evidence confirm there are two distinct taxa, with the widespread Andean species described below as O. delphinae sp. nov. The label transcribed above on the holotype of O. cinerea is very peculiar. It identifies the male holotype as a female of Thecla undulata Hewitson (currently in Brevianta K. Johnson, Kruse & Kroenlein) and lists the locality “ St. Cath. ”, likely referring to Santa Catarina state, Brazil. However, the holotype is unequivocally male, exhibits no resemblance to B. undulata, and, according to the original description, was collected in Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil. In his comprehensive review of the type material of Neotropical Lycaenidae at the MNHN, Johnson (1991) did not mention this label. Instead, he reported a label associated with the type of Thecla cinerea bearing the text “ Rio Grande ”, which is no longer associated with the holotype. The holotype specimen was photographed with this label in a complementary work on the MNHN type material (Faynel & Bálint 2004), but the authors didn’t detect the problem. We conclude that the ‘ peculiar’ label most likely was mixed with that of another specimen. Natural history. There is little information on natural behavior. Males from Joinville were collected on a lowelevation summit known as Serrinha, suggesting they were hilltoping, a trait observed in other species of Ocaria.	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C45FFC8F286FE6371F5605D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro. 1 ♀, Petrópolis, Morro da Independência, 900 m, 31. viii. 1936, P. Gagarin leg., DZ 62.460 (DZUP). Santa Catarina. 1 ♂, Joinville, 23. xi. 1941, DZ 62.457 (DZUP); 1 ♂, same locality, 3. x. 1967, H. Miers leg., AMC 379 (AMC); 1 ♂, same locality, Serrinha, 200 m, 4. v. 1978, O. Mielke & H. Miers leg., DZ 62.455 (DZUP); 1 ♀, same locality, 2. ix. 1982, O. Mielke leg. DZ 62.458, illustrated on Fig. 7 (DZUP); 1 ♂, same locality, 20. iii. 2010, O. Mielke & G. Moreira leg., DZ 62.454 * (DZUP); 3 ♂, same locality, 01. xi. 2017 (x 2), 17. xii. 2017, Rank leg., DZ 62.461 *, DZ 62.462, DZ 62.463 * (DZUP); 1 ♀, São Bento do Sul, 10. v. 1975, DZ 62.459 (DZUP); 1 ♀, same locality, 600 m, 24. ii. 1971, DZ 62.456 (DZUP); 2 ♂, same locality, 830 m, 1. iii. 2005, CF-LYC- 1697 * & CF-LYC- 1710 * (CF); 1 ♂, same locality, Morro da Igreja, 500 – 850 m, 17. v. 2003, A. Moser & I. Rank leg., AMC 381 (AMC); 1 ♀, same locality, Rio Vermelho, 850 m, 3 – 5. vi. 2002, I. Rank leg., AMC 380 (AMC); 1 ♂, same locality, 2. iii. 2017, CF-LYC- 1390 * (CF). Rio Grande do Sul. 1 ♂, HOLOTYPE Thecla cinerea, MNHN EL 84502, ADN-EL 84502 *, illustrated on Fig. 6 (MNHN).	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C45FFC4F286F8BB71256302.taxon	description	(Figures 1, 8 – 9, 17, 21, 28, 34)	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C45FFC4F286F8BB71256302.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ocaria clepsydra is characterized by: (1) significant amount of submarginal white suffusion on the ventral surface of both wings; (2) white scales forming a contiguous band on the VFW; (3) VHW white band displaced basally in the apex where it reaches the postmedian line; and (4) dorsal color in both males and females of a lighter shade of blue than other members of the arpoxais group (Fig. 17).	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C45FFC4F286F8BB71256302.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. The description of Thecla clepsydra H. H. Druce was based on at least one male from Bogotá, Colombia, deposited at the British Museum, currently, NHMUK. A syntype bearing the following labels is deposited at the NHMUK: SYN-TYPE // Type // Bogota // T. clepsydra ♂ TYPE. H. H. Druce. // B. M. TYPE No. Rh. 711 // Thecla clepsydra H. H. Druce, 1907 SYNTYPE // NHMUK 010432777.	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C45FFC4F286F8BB71256302.taxon	discussion	Radissima torresi Le Crom & Johnson was described from a male with very worn wings from Cerro Aguacatal, Quinchia, Risaralda, Colombia (currently Riosucio, Caldas, Colombia), deposited at ICN-MHN with the following labels: J. - F. LECROM Cerro Aguacatal Quinchia, Risaral. 15 / v / 93 1600 m leg: J. Salazar // L. 10 // 67 68 // HOLOTIPO // Radissima torresi Le Crom & Johnson, 1993 // ICN-L 11132.	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C45FFC4F286F8BB71256302.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This Andean species flies from western Venezuela to southern Peru at an altitude ranging from 1100 to 2100 m (Fig. 28).	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C45FFC4F286F8BB71256302.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Draudt (1924) regarded O. clepsydra as a junior synonym of O. arpoxais, a classification challenged by Comstock & Huntington (1959). d’Abrera (1995) and Robbins (2004 a) treated O. clepsydra as a valid species. Ocaria clepsydra possesses traits easily diagnosable that differentiate it from other members of the arpoxais species group. In the original description, the author says it recalls O. aholiba. While there is some dorsal similarity on the wings, the ventral surface of the wings of O. clepsydra is much closer to O. arpoxais and O. cinerea. We viewed images of the type of Radissima torresi, a specimen in poor condition with very rubbed ventral wings. The DFW blue area limit is well-rounded and not pointed like in O. arpoxais, O. cinerea and the new species. Also, the DHW black margins are wide and the placement of the CuA 2 – 2 A element in the VHW postmedian line is downward. Finally, the contiguous white submarginal suffusion across both VFW and VHW is consistent with O. clepsydra, and confirms its status as a junior synonym of O. clepsydra (Robbins 2004 a). Natural history. Males of O. clepsydra have been observed setting up mating territories on a mid-mountain hilltop in Rodriguez de Mendoza (Faynel, pers. obs.). They were flying at a height of 3 – 4 m at 0920 hours. Females of O. clepsydra have also been found on flowers in western Ecuador between 1375 – 1700 m (Busby, pers. obs.). Lamas et al. (2021) report one male “ attracted to fish / urine bait above San Pedro ” in the Cosñipata valley, Peru.	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C45FFC4F286F8BB71256302.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. VENEZUELA. 1 ♂, Sierra de Merida, 3000 m, 4. vi. 1898, Briceno leg., NHMUK 015203054 * (NHMUK). COLOMBIA. Antioquia. 1 ♂, Fredonia, Cerro Bravo, 2500 m, 5 ° 55 ’ 60 ” N, 75 ° 42 ’ 00 ” W, 31. viii. 2018, C. Prieto leg., CP Lep 1429 * (RCCP). Cundinamarca. 1 ♂, Cerro Quinini, 2000 m, 14. vi. 1998, J. F. Le Crom leg. (JFLC); 1 ♂, Bogotá, SYNTYPE Thecla clepsydra, NHMUK 010432777 * (NHMUK). Caldas. 1 ♂, Miraflores, 15. ii. 1998, J. A. Salazar leg. (JFLC); 1 ♂, Cerro Botero, Quinchia, 30. viii. 1994, Reinel leg. (JFLC); 1 ♂, 15. xi. 1998, Salazar leg. (JFLC); 1 ♂, Riosucio, Cerro Clavijo, 1500 m, 05 ° 21 ’ 40 ’’ N, 75 ° 40 ’ 26 ’’ W, xii. 1998, J. A. Salazar leg. SM- 5691 (IAVH); 1 ♂, Riosucio, Cerro Sinifaná, 1850 m, 23. xii. 1998, J. A. Salazar leg., CF-LYC- 1121 * (CF). Cauca. 1 ♂, Santa Rosa, Rio Villalobos, 1000 m, 01 ° 22 ’ 42 ’’ N, 76 ° 31 ’ 55 ’’ W, viii. 1994, J. A. Salazar leg., SM- 5709 (IAVH); 1 ♂, Popayan, Cerro La tetilla, 2 ° 33 ’ 23 ’’ N, 76 ° 40 ’ 05 ’’ W, 1 – 14. vii. 2013, Prieto leg. (CF); 2 ♂, same locality, 1800 m, 25. i. 2019, E. Burbano leg., CP Lep 1729 * & CP Lep 1729 * (RCCP); 1 ♂, same locality, 1850 m, 24. vii. 2018, C. Prieto leg., CP Lep 1293 * (RCCP). Quindio. 1 ♂, Circasia, Vda. Membrilla, El Silencio, 1700 m, 8 – 10. vi. 1999, D. Tobar leg. (JFLC). Risaraldas. 1 ♂ Quinchia, Cerro Batero, 30. viii. 1994, C. Reinel leg. (JFLC). Valle del Cauca. 1 ♂, Cali, San Antonio, 2100 m, 14. ix. 2004, C. Prieto leg. (RCCP). ECUADOR. Carchi. 1 ♂, Chical, 1391 m, 0 ° 57.7 ’ N, 78 ° 12.2 ’ W, 19. viii. 2016, I. Aldas & R. C. Busby leg. (RCB). Pichincha. 1 ♂, 5 km Nanegal-Garcia Moreno Rd, 1375 – 1700 m, 0 ° 09.2 ’ N, 78 ° 39.4 ’ W, 16. vi. 2010, 3 – 4. vii. 2010, 12. v. 2014, I. Aldas & R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 1 ♂, same locality, 1. vi. 2010, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 1 ♀, same locality, 27. v. 2014, I. Aldas & R. C. Busby leg., illustrated on Fig. 9 (RCB). Tungurahua. 1 ♂, Banos, 1850 m, i. 2002, i. 2002, I. Aldas & R. C. Busby leg. (RCB). Napo. 1 ♂, 10 km El Chaco-El Reventador Rd, 1800 – 1950 m, 0 ° 16.5 ’ S. 77 ° 45.6 ’ W, 21. ii. 2008, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 1 ♂, same locality, 1800 – 1900 m, 0 ° 16.5 ’ S, 77 ° 45.6 ’ W, 14. i. 2007, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 1 ♂, same locality, Cascabel, 1500 m, 0 ° 11.9 ’ S, 77 ° 43.5 ’ W, 8. ix. 2010, I. Aldas & R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 1 ♀, 10 km El Chaco-El Reventador Rd, 1800 – 1950 m, 0 ° 16.5 ’ S. 77 ° 45.6 ’ W, 2. i. 2012, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB). Pastaza. 1 ♂, km 25 Puyo-Tena, xii. 2016, Delassisse leg., CF-LYC- 1325 *, gen. prep. K. Florczyk CFCF 014 (CF). Morona Santiago. 1 ♂, 14 km. W. of Macas, Rio Abanico, 1600 m, 25. ix. 1998, 27. ix. 1998, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); Nueva Tarqui, 1150 m, 28. ix. 2000, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 1 ♂, Rio Abanico, 1600 m, 2 ° 15.0 S, 78 ° 12.1 W, 12. ix. 2000, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 1 ♂, 1 km E. Rio Abanico, 1600 m, 2 º 15.4 ’ S, 78 ° 11.7 W, 15. x. 2002, 21. ix. 2003, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 1 ♂, Morona (Las Antenas), Chupianza Chico, 20.2 S 83 °, 2 ° 43.9 ’ S, 15. i. 2021, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 1 ♂, 2 km N of San Isidro, 1250 – 1450 m, 2 ° 11.9 ’ S, 78 ° 09.4 ’ W, 19. ix. 2012, 30. ix. 2012, 30. ix. 2012, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB). Zamora Chinchipe. 1 ♂, Zamora, ridge W. of town, 1450 m, 4 04.5 ’ S, 78 ° 58.1 ’ W, 18. v. 2000, 18. v. 2000, 18. ix. 2000, 24. ix. 2001, 6. x. 2002, 6. x. 2002, 11. v. 2004, 10. x. 2007, 10. x. 2007, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB). PERU. Cajamarca. 1 ♂, Tabaconas, Tabaconas river, 2000 m, 1912, A. E. & F. Pratt leg. (MNHN). Amazonas. 1 ♀, Numparque, Rio Marañon, 1000 m, x. 2006, AMC 383 (AMC); 1 ♂, Rodríguez de Mendonza, 1915 m, 6 ° 23 ’ S 77 ° 27 ’ W, 25. vii. 2023, C. Faynel leg., Poste 9 h 17, CF-LYC- 2017 (CF); 2 ♂, same locality, 2085 m, 20. vi. 2022 & 27. vi. 2022, L. Lopez-Calderon leg. (CF); 1 ♂, same locality, 2135 m, 19. xi. 2023, C. Lopez-Calderon leg. (CF); 1 ♂, same locality, 2000 m, 11. vi. 2023, A. Lopez-Calderon leg. (CF). San Martin. Nueva Cajamarca, 900 m, 5 ° 57 ’ S, 77 ° 19 ’ W, vi. 2020, C. M. Zevallos leg., RCCFXPL 4 C 01 * (CF). Huánuco. 1 ♂, Tingo Maria, Rio Huattaga (CF). Puno. 2 ♂, Sandia, Caserio de Pichari, 850 m, 25. ix. 2010, William leg., CFC 18767 *, illustrated on Fig. 8, CFC 19048 * (FILS).	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C4EFFC3F286FF7F722660C6.taxon	description	(Figures 1, 12 – 13, 19, 30, 36)	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C4EFFC3F286FF7F722660C6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The ventral markings on Ocaria sadiei species set it apart from the others in this group. Key characters include: (1) the dark brown patch at VFW apex; (2) the white splotches on the VHW; and (3) a thin blue metallic line along the VHW basal half of the costal margin (Fig. 19).	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C4EFFC3F286FF7F722660C6.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Weeks (1901) described this species without stating a precise number of specimens, but based on likely, a single male specimen from Coroico, Bolivia. A syntype bearing the following labels is deposited at the MCZ: COROICO, BOLIVIA. APRIL 20, 1899 COLL. A. G. WEEKS, JR. // AG Weeks Collection // Thecla sadiei // M. C. Z. Type 16675. The description of Thecla arpoxida Draudt was based on a single male [holotype] from Rio Songo, Bolivia from the Fassl collection. The specimen is currently deposited at MfN with the following labels: Rio Songo Bolivia 750 m Coll. Fassl // arpoxida // HOLOTYE Thecla arpoxida Draudt. The description of Thecla variegata Lathy was based on a single male [holotype] from Bogotá, Colombia, currently deposited at the MNHN with the following labels: Santé Fé de Bogota. // 67. 20. Ex. Coll. Ed. Brabant. 1920. // Thecla variegata, Lathy Spec [imen]. typicum. The description of Lamasa robbinsi K. Johnson was based on the male holotype from Colombia, deposited at AMNH with the following labels: Colombia, S [South]. A [America]. Felipe Ovalle, Q Ac. 33501 // Colombia // HOLOTYPE Lamasa robbinsi K. Johnson.	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C4EFFC3F286FF7F722660C6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This lowland species flies from Colombia to central Bolivia in areas ranging from 300 to 950 m, in a typical Cis-Andean distribution, except for a single record from western Ecuador (Fig. 30).	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C4EFFC3F286FF7F722660C6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. O. sadiei has the most extensive synonymic list within the arpoxais group, with four proposed names. Unaware of its description (Weeks 1901) or its subsequent redescription and illustration (Weeks 1905), Draudt (1920) proposed Thecla arpoxida, referring to wing elements in common with O. arpoxais and Thecla ocrida Hewitson. The latter is a synonym of Gossenia lycabas (Cramer), and shares the same type locality in Bolivia as Thecla sadiei. Later, Lathy (1936) described Thecla variegata from Colombia, suggesting it could be conspecific with Thecla arpoxida. Finally, Johnson (1992) named Lamasa robbinsi based on a specimen from the same type locality as T. variegata. Robbins (2004 a) combined these names under the genus Ocaria and established their synonymy, a conclusion we reinforce based on the direct or indirect examination of the type material. Ocaria sadiei was included in the calesia species group, based on the absence of androconia on the male forewings (Bálint & Costa 2012). However, we confirm here the presence of androconia in males of this species and assign it to the arpoxais group (Figs 1, 19). Natural history. Males have been recorded attracted to rotting-fish bait in eastern Ecuador (Busby, pers. obs.).	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C4EFFC3F286FF7F722660C6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca. 1 ♂, HOLOTYPE Thecla variegata, Santa Fé de Bogota, ex coll. Brabant (MNHN). Boyacá. 1 ♀, Otanche, J. Urbina leg., illustrated on Fig. 13 (JFLC). No locality. 1 ♂, HOLOTYPE Lamasa robbinsi, S. A., Felipe Ovalle, Q, Ac. 33501 (AMNH). ECUADOR. Carchi. 2 ♂, El Babozo, 950 m, 0 ° 53.1 ’ N, 78 ° 26.5 ’ W, 17. vi. 2011, I. Aldas & R. C. Busby leg. (RCB). Orellana. 1 ♂, 1.2 km Dayuma-Cononaco Rd, 325 m, 0 ° 40.7 ’ S. 76 ° 52.4 ’ W, 8. ix. 2011, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB). Napo. 1 ♂, 28 km Tena-Puyo Road, El Capricho, 800 m, 1 ° 11.3 ’ S, 77 ° 49.9 ’ W, 12. ix. 2006, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 10 ♂, 14 km Tena-Puyo Road, Apuya, 600 m, 1 ° 06.7 ’ S, 77 ° 46.9 ’ W, 21. ix. 2005, 6. ix. 2009, 10. ix. 2010, 9. ix. 2010, 6. ix. 2011, 16. ix. 2012, 1. x. 2012, 1. x. 2012, 4. x. 2012, 4. x. 2013, 12. ix. 2015, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 4 ♂, 14 km Tena-Puyo Road, Apuya, 600 m, 1 ° 06.7 ’ S, 77 ° 46.9 ’ W, 18. x. 2010, 10. x. 2011, 13. x. 2011, I. Aldas & R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 1 ♂, 12 km Tena-Puyo Road, Finca San Carlo, 600 m, 1 ° 05.3 ’ S, 77 ° 47.4 ’ W, 15. ii. 2008, Ahrenholz & R. C. Busby leg. (RCB). Pastaza. 1 ♂, Pitirishca, 800 m, 1 ° 57.8 ’ S, 75 ° 52.1 ’ W, 10. ix. 2000, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 1 ♂, 51 km S. of Puyo, Pitirishca, 800 m, 13. ix. 1999, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 1 ♂, 39.4 km Puyo-Villano Rd, 750 m, 1 ° 25.6 ’ S, 77 ° 43.6 ’ W, 1. x. 2016, R. C. Busby leg., illustrated on Fig. 12 (RCB). BOLIVIA. La Paz. 1 ♂, HOLOTYPE Thecla sadiei, Coroico, 20. IV. 1899, A. G. Weeks collection, Type 16675 (MCZ); 1 ♂, Coroico, Vagantes, 5. viii. 2020, G. Siebel leg., CBF-Lep. 1889, CF-LYC- 1904 * (CBF); 1 ♂, HOLOTYPE Thecla arpoxida, Rio Songo [Zongo?], 750 m, Coll. Fassl (MfN).	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C4FFFC1F286FF7F76C96392.taxon	description	(Figures 1, 10 – 11, 18, 23, 25, 31)	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C4FFFC1F286FF7F76C96392.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is characterized by: (1) a wide gap between the thick VFW postmedian line and outer margin which stands in contrast to the outwardly placed, thinner lines in the other members of the species group; (2) a VHW whitish-blue line connecting veins Sc + R 1 to Rs whereas the line stops in the middle of the cell in the other species of the group; and (3) a more developed VHW black and orange cubital spot (Fig. 18).	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C4FFFC1F286FF7F76C96392.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. The description of Arases moseranki was based on a male holotype deposited at HNHM, with the following labels: BRASIL - PR // Pién, 900 m // 10 / 11.02.2001 // Moser & Rank, leg. (according to Bálint 2022).	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C4FFFC1F286FF7F76C96392.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is an Atlantic Forest endemic from southern Brazil, from Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul, flying in areas between 600 and 1800 m (Fig. 31).	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C4FFFC1F286FF7F76C96392.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This uncommon species is parapatric with O. cinerea. While both species are found in the same general region of southern Brazil, O. moseranki comb. nov. is restricted to higher elevation, primarily the plateau regions of the Atlantic moist forest (or Araucaria Forest). In contrast, O. cinerea is found in the lowland Atlantic dense forest, occurring just to the east of O. moseranki comb. nov. O. moseranki comb. nov. was originally described under Arases, a junior synonym of Ocaria (Robbins 2004 a). Based on our findings and those recently published (Robbins et al. 2022), the synonymy between Arases and Ocaria is reestablished. In our Ocaria tree, O. moseranki comb. nov. is shown to be a sister to O. thales, although with low support (Fig. 1). However, based on a review of morphological traits, we believe a strong case can be made for including O. moseranki comb. nov. in the arpoxais group. This is a provisional placement pending further work on the genus Ocaria. Natural history. A male of this species was collected at the summit of Morro do Anhangava (1400 m) at 1000 hours. This specimen exhibited territorial behavior around small trees approximately two meters high. This location is part of the Serra da Baitaca State Park in Quatro Barras, Paraná, Brazil, where a rich fauna of hairstreaks is found.	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C4FFFC1F286FF7F76C96392.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Brazil. Rio de Janeiro. 2 ♂, Nova Friburgo, Muri, Reserva Macaé Acima, Morro São João, 1800 m, 15. iii. 1993 & 7. iii. 2000, Tangerini leg., ex coll. Nirton Tangerini, DZ 62.466 & DZ 62.467 (DZUP). São Paulo. 1 ♂, Campos do Jordão, 1800 m, 5 - 6. iv. 1992, A. Moser leg. AMC 404 (AMC); 1 ♂, same locality, 29. xii. 2005, C. Mielke leg., AMC 405 (AMC); 1 ♂, same locality, 20. ii. 2004, ex coll. Eduardo Alessandro Pereira, CF-LYC- 776 *, gen. prep. K. Florczyk CFCF 010, illustrated on Fig. 10 (CF); 1 ♂, same locality, 22 ° 44 ’ S, 45 ° 35 ’ W, 1630 m, i. 2021, E. A. Pereira leg., CF-LYC- 1666 * (CF); 1 ♀, same municipality, Umuarama, 1800 m, 8 – 15. iii. 1937, P. Gagarin leg., DZ 62.464 (DZUP). Paraná. 1 ♂, Balsa Nova, São Luiz do Purunã, 1000 m, 23 – 24. xii. 2007, L. Beltrami leg., DZ 62.465 * (DZUP); 1 ♂ & 3 ♀, Piên, 900 m, 28. iii. 2000, O. Rank & A. Moser leg, 14. iii. 2000, 10 – 11. ii. 2001, O. Rank & A. Moser leg, 17. iii. 2000, A. Moser leg., AMC 399, AMC 390, AMC 402, AMC 389 (AMC); 1 ♂, Quatro Barras, Morro do Anhangava, 1400 m, 07. iv. 2011, D. Dolibaina leg., DD 876 (DD); 1 ♂, Tijucas do Sul, Serra do Itararé, 800 m, 16 – 17. ii. 2006, A. Moser leg., AMC 398 (AMC). Santa Catarina. 1 ♀, Joaçaba, Nova Petrópolis, 770 m, 23. xii. 2018 – 01. i. 2019, 27 ° 6 ’ 2.57 ” S, 51 ° 36 ’ 32.16 ” W, E. Orlandin & M. Piovesan leg., DZ 62.468 * (DZUP), illustrated on Fig. 11; 1 ♂, São Bento do Sul, Rio Natal, 700 m, 15 – 21. ii. 2004, I. Rank leg., AMC 397 (AMC); 1 ♀, same locality, 600 m, 3 – 6. iv. 2001, A. Moser & I. Rank leg., AMC 391 (AMC); 1 ♀, same locality, 600 m, 8 – 14. vi. 2006, I. Rank leg., AMC 393 (AMC); 1 ♀, same locality, 400 – 700 m, ii. 2003, Rank & Moser leg. AMC 392 (AMC); 1 ♂, São Bento do Sul, Serra Grande, 850 m, 2. viii. 2005, I. Rank leg., AMC 396 (AMC); 2 ♂, Urubici, Morro da Igreja, 1370 m, 15 – 18. iii. 1988, 28 ° 4 ’ 29.66 ” S, 49 ° 31 ’ 4.58 ” W, C. Mielke & E. Joenke leg., AMC 400 * & AMC 401 * (AMC). Rio Grande do Sul. 1 ♂ & 1 ♀ (in copula), Morro Reuter, 700 m, 17. i. 1999, A. Moser leg., AMC 394 & AMC 395 (AMC); 2 ♀, same locality, 4. iii. 2001, 25. iii. 2001, A. Moser leg., AMC 387 & AMC 388 (AMC); 3 ♀, São Francisco de Paula, 900 m, 3. vi. 1991, A. Moser leg., AMC 385, AMC 386 & AMC 403 (AMC).	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C4CFFDEF286FAB37160646F.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: F 5 C 35 DF 6 - 8586 - 4570 - 9 C 62 - E 52076804 DF 0 (Figures 4, 5, 15, 24, 27, 29, 32)	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C4CFFDEF286FAB37160646F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The DFW blue of males Ocaria delphinae sp. nov. (Figs 4, 15) is reduced compared to O. cinerea (Figs 6, 16) and does not reach the middle of cell CuA 1 – CuA 2. There is also less blue along the inner margin of the DFW. Ventrally, the FW submarginal white scales form different patterns. In O. delphinae sp. nov., these scales are concentrated in the apex and get progressively thinner down the outer margin. In contrast, the white scales in O. cinerea cover a broader area in the apex and have a less concentrated, more diffuse look. O. delphinae sp. nov. has less white suffusion on the VHW, limited to the area between veins M 2 and CuA 2. In O. cinerea, the VHW white ranges from the tornus to the apex. Females of these species exhibit the same ventral characters as the males; however, the dorsal blue is reduced in both. O. arpoxais (Figs 2, 3, 14), has similar wing morphology but is restricted to a region extending from Mexico to western Ecuador. This species has a dorsal pattern close to O. delphinae sp. nov., but has more pronounced white in the VFW apex, almost no VHW white, and a postmedian line which bends more acutely in cell M 1 – M 2. In O. clepsydra (Figs 8, 9, 17), the dorsal blue is a lighter color and the placement of the blue markings on the VHW are different. The line from CuA 2 – 2 A has an upward, basally-directed orientation compared to the downward direction in O. delphinae sp. nov. As a result, the area on the VHW surrounded by blue lines and dots is smaller in O. clepsydra. The downward placement of the CuA 2 – 2 A connection creates a more spread-out pattern of lines and dots covering a larger area. A second differentiating character is the blue line or dot which is almost always found in the discal cell of O. clepsydra (exceptions can be found in western specimens). The VHW pattern of O. sadiei (Figs 12, 13, 19) is similar to that of O. clepsydra but can be easily distinguished by the light-colored splotches mixed in with its mostly brown base color. Lastly, the ventral pattern of O. moseranki comb. nov. (Figs 10, 11, 18) has several elements described earlier that allow it to be differentiated from other species, most notable is the large gap between the postmedian line and the outer margin. Molecular diagnosis. An analysis of DNA barcodes (Table 1) reveals a 3.8 % mean divergence between O. delphinae sp. nov. and O. cinerea, the species with which it was confused until now with 20 diagnostic molecular characters (Table 2) while there is 2.7 % with O. arpoxais, making them the closest relatives genetically.	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C4CFFDEF286FAB37160646F.taxon	description	Description. Male (Fig. 4), mean FW length: 16.9 mm (n = 7, SD = 0.79). Blue-violet dorsally with large DFW black costal and outer margins covering more than half of the wing, DHW black costal margin reaching vein M 1. A large double androconial spot on DFW is in the distal half of the discal cell. It is difficult to see in all specimens as it is often covered by dark scales. The basal part of the androconia is a lighter in color and a small arc of light brown scales is often visible at the end of the cell, ranging from M 1 to M 3. Wings ventrally brown with a slight purple tint along the outer border. Similar bluish marks as close congeners O. cinerea and O. arpoxais. Male genitalia (Fig. 24). Valvae broad and rounded at base to just beyond the middle, then narrow abruptly as in O. cinerea. In O. arpoxais, the valvae taper gradually. Gnathos projected dorsally and stuck between the two uncus lobes. Although the gnathos are mobile structures so their position may vary, it is unusual in the Eumaeini to see them not projected ventrally. The other members of Ocaria examined also have this character. Dorsal brush organs not very dense. Contrary to the original description of Ocaria, there is no anterior process on the vinculum supporting them like in Denivia K. Johnson or Brangas Hübner (see Fig. 24, lateral view with brush organs removed). In Ocaria, the brush organs are connected to the vinculum only by a thin membrane. Two cornuti at the end of the penis with the apical one composed of a horseshoe-shaped rank of thorns (Fig. 24, detail in dorsal view). Clench (1970) considered the “ two apical multidentate cornuti, one subapical comutus, not dentate but bluntly acuminate at its distal end ” to be a diagnostic generic character. However, this is not quite accurate, it is the horseshoe-shaped apical multidentate cornutus which is unique in Eumaeini. Short pointed and asymmetrical saccus. Other parts of the genitalia (vinculum, tegumen, uncus) show no special characters. Eighth tergum subrectangular. Females (Fig. 5), mean FW length: 14.7 mm (n = 2, SD = 0.66). Dull blue dorsally with larger black margins than in the males but sharing the same ventral wings patterns. Female genitalia (Fig. 27) look like the other genitalia of the group with ductus seminalis arising from the dorsal of the bursa, located in a more sclerotized part; ductus bursae long and narrow with slightly wider ostium bursae; no signum in the corpus bursae. Eighth tergum of classical subrectangular shape.	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C4CFFDEF286FAB37160646F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype ♂ (Fig. 4): “ PÉROU // Atalaya - Ucayali // X. 2010 // Coll. C. F. n ° 15713 ” [white rectangular label, printed in black], “ prep. gen. CFCF 012 ” [green rectangular label, printed in black], “ CF-LYC- 1091 ” [orange rectangular label, printed in black], “ Holotype ♂ // Ocaria delphinae // Faynel, Fåhraeus & Busby, 2024 ” [red rectangular label, printed in black]. To be deposited in MUSM. Paratypes: COLOMBIA. Putumayo. 2 ♂, Mocoa, 600 m, viii. 95, F. Montero leg., JFDA- 368 * & JFDA- 369 * (JFLC); 1 ♂, Mocoa, 700 m, xi. 95, F. Montero leg. (RCCP). ECUADOR. Napo. 3 ♂, 500 – 800 m, M. Büche leg. (CF); 1 ♂, Capricho, 12. iii. 2007 (CF); 5 ♂, Apuya, 1 ° 06.7 ’ S, 77 ° 46.9 ’ W, 600 m, 24. ix. 2005, 09. ix. 2006, 23. ix. 2008, 24. ix. 2010, R. C. Busby leg., iv. 2006, I. Aldas leg. (RCB); 1 ♂, 12 km Tena-Puyo Rd, 1 ° 05.5 ’ S, 77 ° 46.8 ’ W, 550 m, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 1 ♂, Rio Pimpilala, 1 ° 04.6 ’ S, 77 ° 56.2 ’ W, 900 m, 07. i. 2006, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB). Morona Santiago. 2 ♂, Bomboiza, 3 ° 27.6 ’ S, 78 ° 33.1 ’ W, 850 m, 15. ix. 2000, 29. ix. 2000. R. C. Busby leg. (RCB). 2 ♂, Santiago, 3 ° 02.3 ’ S, 78 ° 00.3 ’ W, 350 m, 20. ix. 2010, R. C. Busby leg., 14. vii. 2010, I. Aldas leg. (RCB); 1 ♂, 10 km E Yunganza, 2 ° 50.0 ’ S, 78 ° 15.0 ’ W, 800 m, E. Aldas leg. (RCB); 3 ♂, 3 km W of Mendez, 2 ° 41.9 ’ S, 78 ° 19.1 ’ W, 950 m, 04. iii. 2009, 21. ix. 2010 (2), R. C. Busby leg. (RCB). Pastaza. 2 ♂, Pitirishca, 1 ° 57.8 ’ S, 77 ° 52.2 ’ W, 800 m, 7. ix. 1999, 10. ix. 2000, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 1 ♂, 45 km Puyo-Arajuno Rd, 1000 m, 23. ix. 1999, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB); 1 ♂, 37 km Puyo-Arajuno Rd, 1 ° 22.6 ’ S, 77 ° 42.6 ’ W, 1100 m, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB). Sucumbios. 1 ♂, Cerro Lumbaqui Norte, 1 ° 01.7 ’ N, 77 ° 19.2 ’ W, 900 – 1000 m, 10. ix. 2005, R. C. Busby leg. (RCB). No locality. 1 ♂, 1500 m, i. 2003, M. Büche leg., AMC 378 * (AMC). PERU. Loreto. 1 ♂, Centro Fuerte, río Momón, ix. 2018 (CF); 1 ♂, Tierra Hermosa, 140 m, 03 ° 20 ’ S, 73 ° 19 ’ W, xi. 2023, J. J. Ramirez leg. (CF); 2 ♂, Agua Blanca, 130 m, 03 ° 56 ’ S, 73 ° 28 ’ W, 19. ii. 2004 & 27. ix. 2003, J. J. Ramírez leg. (MUSM); 1 ♂, El Milagro, 144 m, 03 ° 56 ’ S, 73 ° 22 ’ W, 11. ix. 2011, J. J. Ramírez leg. (MUSM). Huánuco. 1 ♂, Tingo Maria, 1500 – 2000 m, ix. 2010 (CF); 3 ♂, same locality, 670 m, x. 2001 (CF); 1 ♂, same locality, 650 m, iv. 2003, AMC 377 * (AMC); 1 ♂, same municipality, San Juan Pampa, ix. 2023, J. J. Ramirez leg. (CF); 1 ♀, Chaupiyunca, 1800 – 2200 m, viii. 2017, CF-LYC- 1326 *, illustrated on Fig. 5 (CF); 1 ♂, Santa Rosa de Quesada, 8 km S Tingo María, 810 m, 09 ° 22 ’ S, 75 ° 57 ’ W, 3. vi. 1999, T. C. Emmel et al. leg. (MUSM). Madre de Dios. 1 ♂, Albergue Pantiacolla, 400 m, 12 ° 39 ’ S, 71 ° 14 ’ W, 30. x. 2018, S. Kinyon leg. (MUSM). Puno. 1 ♂, Sandia, Caserio de Pichari, 850 m, 25. ix. 2010, William leg., CFC 18212 * (FILS). BOLIVIA. La Paz. 1 ♂, Caranavi, Antena Viluny 1460 m, 15 ° 52 ’ 28 ” S, 67 ° 32 ’ 49 ” W, 09. vi. 2020, G. Siebel leg., CHFC 6993 (CHFC); 1 ♂, same locality, 1477 m, 18. xii. 2021, G. Siebel leg., CBF-Lep. 2029 (CBF); 2 ♂, same municipality, Yungas, 1500 m, - 15.835717 - 67.557762, xii. 2004, AMC 373 * & AMC 374 * (AMC); 2 ♂, same municipality, 1000 – 1500 m, - 15.835717 - 67.557762, i. 2003, M. Büche leg., AMC 375 * & AMC 376 * (AMC). Santa Cruz. 1 ♂, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, E. Bolivia, 1905 / 6, J. Steinbach, Rothschild Bequest B. M. 1939 - I, NHMUK 015203055 * (NHMUK); 1 ♀, Charaplaya, 1300 m, 16 ° S, 65 ° W, vi. 1901, Simons leg., Rothschild Bequest B. M. 1939 - I, NHMUK 015203056 * (NHMUK).	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C4CFFDEF286FAB37160646F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This new species occurs between 130 and 1500 m, along the tropical eastern Andes foothills of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. (Fig. 29)	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C4CFFDEF286FAB37160646F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In the internal relationship recovered for the arpoxais group, O. delphinae sp. nov., O. cinerea, and O. arpoxais form a clade, with the new species more related to the latter than to the species with which it was confused: O. cinerea (Fig. 1). Interestingly, the three species are not sympatric, occurring in a sequence of three distinct biogeographical areas (Figs 28 – 29, 31). Some females are smaller than their male counterparts (Figs 3, 5, 7, 9, 11), although this is not always the case (Fig. 13). Two males and one female of O. delphinae sp. nov. from Bolivia were illustrated under the name O. cinerea (d’Abrera 1995). Natural history. We have records of males perching on a hilltop at 1 to 3 meters between 1010 and 1400 hours (Busby, pers. obs.). Males in the arpoxais group (O. sadiei, O. clepsydra, and O. delphinae sp. nov.) are attracted to rotting-fish bait in eastern Ecuador. This behavior is similar to the findings in the genus Paraspiculatus Johnson & Constantino (Busby et al. 2017) and in situ images show males sucking the liquid that has been spilled on the leaves (Fig. 32 – 36, except O. cinerea). In other genera (Ignata K. Johnson, Erora Scudder, and Strephonota K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom & Salazar), only females are found on baited traps and plants. It is unclear what accounts for these extremes; and what role, if any, this food source plays in reproduction. Females are often uncommon in collections and in the field among other, because they are not attracted to fish bait while males have proven to be easily lured to traps and plants.	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
406AE2746C4CFFDEF286FAB37160646F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Dedicated to the sister of the senior author: Delphine Mosetti (born Faynel). The latinized name ‘ delphinae’ is considered feminine.	en	Faynel, Christophe, Busby, Robert C., Dolibaina, Diego R., Huertas, Blanca, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): A review of the Ocaria arpoxais species group (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of a new species previously confused with O. cinerea (Lathy). Zootaxa 5618 (1): 47-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5618.1.3
