identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
4A4287F8FFDC38587D81A84A024CD554.text	4A4287F8FFDC38587D81A84A024CD554.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Grandilithus Liu & Li 2022	<div><p>Grandilithus Liu &amp; Li, 2022</p><p>Grandilithus Liu &amp; Li, in Liu et al. 2022: 25.</p><p>Type species.  Grandilithus anyuan Liu &amp; Li, 2022, by original designation</p><p>Diagnosis. This genus can be distinguished from the other phrurolithid genera by the carapace white or yellow, the straight posterior eye row, and light marking on the abdomen. The male palpal femur has a well-developed apophysis distally and tibia with single retrolateral apophysis. The epigyne has a goblet-shaped median septum, nearly globular copulatory ducts and convergent, elongated spermathecae.</p><p>Description. Small to medium, body length 3.0–5.0. Carapace white to yellow. Anterior eye row slightly recurved, posterior eye row straight. Chelicerae with two (one long and another short) spine anteriorly. Legs without black-brown annulations or stripes; femur I with 5–7 prolateral spines; femur II with 2–5 prolateral spines; tibia I with 9 or 10 pairs of ventral spines; metatarsus I with 4 pairs of ventral spines. Male with small and thin dorsal scutum, absent in female.</p><p>Male palp: femoral apophysis well developed; tibia with one retrolateral apophysis, tip spine-like, hook-shaped, or otherwise; bulb oval, narrower than cymbium; embolus long, hook-shaped; conductor absent; tegular apophysis present.</p><p>Epigyne: epigynal plate with distinct median septum; copulatory openings small, situated medially on plate; copulatory ducts nearly globular; glandular appendages indistinct, digitiform or mastoid-shaped; spermathecae round or clavate.</p><p>Species composition. 38, including the three described herein.</p><p>Distribution. China, Japan, Vietnam (WSC 2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A4287F8FFDC38587D81A84A024CD554	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Songtao;Mu, Yannan;Zhang, Feng	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFDC385C7D81ADEC0211D2E5.text	4A4287F8FFDC385C7D81ADEC0211D2E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Grandilithus globosus Shi & Mu & Zhang 2025	<div><p>Grandilithus globosus sp. nov.</p><p>Chinese name: ḣkṄĦ</p><p>Figs 1–3, 10</p><p>Type material.   Holotype ♂ (MHBU-Ara-AN2014060801), CHINA: Anhui Province: Xuancheng, Jixi Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.870575&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.145123" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.870575/lat 30.145123)">Fuling, Yonglai Vill., Qingliangfeng, Zhanlingwan</a> (30°8′42.44″N 118°52′14.07″E, 782 m a. s. l.), 08.06.2014, leg. Shanjie Zha.</p><p>Paratypes: 1 ♂ 1♀ (MHBU-Ara-AN2014060801), with same data as holotype .</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word  “ globosus ”, referring to the almost globular copulatory ducts; adjective.</p><p>Diagnosis. The male of the new species resembles that of  G. jingshi Liu &amp; Li, 2022 in having similar shape of bulb, sperm duct, and embolus but can be recognized by: 1) retrolateral tibial apophysis as long as tibia, gradually tapering from the base to the tip (vs shorter than the tibia, suddenly narrows; cf. Fig. 2B–D and fig. 48E–F in Liu &amp; Li (2022)); 2) tegular apophysis tip sharp (vs tip blunt; cf. Fig. 2C and fig. 48D in Liu &amp; Li (2022)); 3) tubercle not prominent (vs prominent; cf. Fig. 2A–C and fig. 48C–E in Liu &amp; Li (2022)).</p><p>The female of the new species resembles that of  G. jingshi Liu &amp; Li, 2022 in having a similar shape of the copulatory duct and connecting tube but can be recognized by: 1) copulatory openings located slightly to the center of copulatory ducts, facing each other (vs located anteriorly, close to each other; cf. Fig. 2E and fig. 50C in Liu &amp; Li (2022)); 2) copulatory openings oval (vs slit-like; cf. Fig. 2E and fig. 50C in Liu &amp; Li (2022)); 3) median septum posteriorly wider (vs anteriorly as wide as posteriorly; cf. Fig. 2E and fig. 50C in Liu &amp; Li (2022)).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype): total length 3.67, carapace 1.75 long, 1.92 wide; abdomen 1.92 long, 1.12 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.12, ALE 0.11, PME 0.09, PLE 0.10; AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.01, ALE– ALE 0.34, PME–PME 0.13, PME–PLE 0.06, PLE–PLE 0.44, ALE–PLE 0.10. EAW 0.58, CRW 0.80, EAW/CRW 0.73, CRW/CW 0.53. MOA width 0.33 long, anterior 0.31, posterior width 0.32. CH 0.15, CH /AME 1.25. Labium 0.18 long, 0.26 wide. Sternum 0.96 long, 0.85 wide. Leg measurements: Ⅰ 9.12 (2.22, 0.62, 2.65, 2.10, 1.53), II 6.91 (1.72, 0.58, 1.84, 1.64, 1.13), III 5.86 (1.56, 0.56, 1.26, 1.59, 0.89), IV 9.36 (2.52, 0.60, 2.22, 2.70, 1.32). Spination: femora I–IV d 1, femora I pl 6, II pl 3, tibiae Ⅰ pv 8 rv 9, II pv 8 rv 7, metatarsi Ⅰ pv4 rv4, II pv 4 rv 3.</p><p>Coloration. Carapace yellow, with subtle black mottling around margin. Abdomen with a small, yellow dorsal scutum anteriorly and black pattern posteriorly. Small, slightly sclerotized area in front of spinnerets with several black setae (Fig. 1A, B). Legs yellow.</p><p>Palp as in Fig 2A–D, 3A–D. Femoral apophysis well-developed. Tibia half as long as femur. Tubercle not prominent. Retrolateral tibial apophysis base wide, tapering, tip spinous, curved towards ventral in retrolateral view, as long as tibia. Sperm duct distinct, tapering. Tegular apophysis near embolic base, with sharp tip in ventral view. Embolus hook-shaped, tip sharp.</p><p>Female: total length 5.01, carapace 1.96 long, 1.70 wide; abdomen 3.05 long, 2.06 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.11, ALE 0.10, PME 0.09, PLE 0.10; AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.01, ALE–ALE 0.35, PME–PME 0.12, PME–PLE 0.07, PLE–PLE 0.44, ALE–PLE 0.10. EAW 0.59, CRW 0.88, EAW/CRW 0.67, CRW/ CW 0.52. MOA 0.33 long, anterior width 0.29, posterior width 0.31. CH 0.14, CH /AME 1.27. Labium 0.20 long, 0.30 wide. Sternum 1.17 long, 0.97 wide. Leg measurements: Ⅰ 9.45 (2.34, 0.68, 2.87, 2.09, 1.47), II 6.43 (1.95, 0.61, 1.29, 1.67, 0.91), III 6.02 (1.54, 0.61, 1.29, 1.67, 0.91), IV 9.35 (2.58, 0.66, 2.23, 2.65, 1.23). Spination: femora I–IV d 1, femora I pl 6, II pl 4, tibiae Ⅰ pv 9 rv 10, II pv 8 rv 8, metatarsi Ⅰ pv5 rv4, II pv 4 rv 3. Legs yellow. Other characters as in male, except: carapace darker; dorsal scutum absent (Fig. 1C).</p><p>Epigyne as in Figs 2E–F, 3E–F.Epigynal plate sclerotized.Median septum posteriorly wider.Copulatory openings oval, located slightly to center of copulatory ducts, facing each other. Copulatory ducts near globular. Connecting tubes slightly curved, shorter than copulatory ducts. Glandular appendages mastoid-shaped. Bursae large, balloon-shaped, basally separated. Spermathecae clavate, slightly separated. Fertilization ducts located at anterior margin of spermathecae. Lower edge of epigyne with a membranous structure, covering 1/3 of spermathecae.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 10).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A4287F8FFDC385C7D81ADEC0211D2E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Songtao;Mu, Yannan;Zhang, Feng	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFD838507D81AABF0211D271.text	4A4287F8FFD838507D81AABF0211D271.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Grandilithus nigromaculatus Shi & Mu & Zhang 2025	<div><p>Grandilithus nigromaculatus sp. nov.</p><p>Chinese name: DZȗkṄĦ</p><p>Figs 4–6, 10</p><p>Type material.   Holotype ♂ (MHBU-Ara-GD2024080701), CHINA: Guangdong Province: Guangzhou, Conghua Dist., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.78803&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.707499" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.78803/lat 23.707499)">Liuxi River</a> (23°42′26.99″N 113°47′16.92″E, 896.1 m a.s.l.), 08.07.2024, leg. Junxia Zhang, Weihang Wang, Zhiyong Yang, Yi Ni.</p><p>Paratypes: 2 ♂ 6♀ (MHBU-Ara-GD2024080701), with same data as holotype .</p><p>Etymology. This species name is a combination of the Latin word “ nigro ” and “ maculatus ”, referring to the black pattern on the carapace of male; adjective.</p><p>Diagnosis. The male of the new species resembles  G. fujian (Fu, Jin &amp; Zhang, 2014),  G. yunyin Liu &amp; Li, 2022,  G. limushan (Fu, Zhang &amp; Zhu, 2010) in having a similarly shaped femoral apophysis and embolus, but can be recognized by:1) the digitiform tegular apophysis curves retrolaterally (Fig. 5B–C) (vs either curves prolaterally as in  G. yunyin (see fig. 68D–E in Liu &amp; Li 2022) or not digitiform as in  G. fujian (see fig. 1C–D in Fu et al. 2014) and  G. limushan (see fig. 42–43 in Fu et al. 2015)); 2) the retrolateral tibial apophysis digitiform tip slightly curved (Fig. 5D) (vs beak-like retrolateral tibial apophysis digitiform tip distinctly curved, as in  G. fujian (see fig. 1C–D in Fu et al. 2014),  G. limushan (see fig. 40 in Fu et al. 2015) and  G. yunyin (see fig. 68F in Liu &amp; Li 2022)).</p><p>The female of the new species resembles  G. fujian (Fu, Jin &amp; Zhang, 2014),  G. florifer (Fu, He &amp; Zhang, 2015), and  G. xiaohuangshan Xu et al., 2023 in having similarly shaped copulatory openings and bursa but can be recognized by: 1) shorter, oval spermathecae (Fig. 5F) (vs long, clavate, as in  G. florifer; (see fig. 28 in Fu et al. 2015),  G. fujian (see fig. 1G in Fu et al. 2014) and  G. xiaohuangshan (see fig. 4F in Xu et al. 2023)); 2) indistinct glandular appendages (Fig. 5F) (vs distinct, as in  G. florifer (see fig. 28 in Fu et al. 2015),  G. fujian (see fig. 1G in Fu et al. 2014) and  G. xiaohuangshan (see fig. 4F in Xu et al. 2023)); 3) longer connecting tubes, equal in length to spermathecae (Fig. 5F) (vs shorter than spermathecae, as in  G. florifer (see fig. 28 in Fu et al. 2015),  G. fujian (see fig. 1G in Fu et al. 2014) and  G. xiaohuangshan, (see fig. 4F in Xu et al. 2023)).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype): total length 3.22, carapace 1.61 long, 1.36 wide; abdomen 1.56 long, 0.80 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.09, ALE 0.09, PME 0.11, PLE 0.09; AME–AME 0.10, AME–ALE 0.09, ALE– ALE 0.33, PME–PME 0.04, PME–PLE 0.03, PLE–PLE 0.27, ALE–PLE 0.08. EAW 0.48, CRW 0.63, EAW/CRW 0.76, CRW/CW 0.47. MOA 0.27 long, anterior width 0.25, posterior width 0.26. CH 0.10, CH /AME 1.11. Labium 0.17 long, 0.22 wide. Sternum 0.92 long, 0.71 wide. Leg measurements: Ⅰ 7.58 (1.89, 0.41, 2.29, 1.76, 1.23), II 6.13 (1.55, 0.32, 1.69, 1.48, 1.09), III 4.92 (1.31, 0.38, 1.06, 1.32, 0.85), IV 8.06 (2.28, 0.46, 1.92, 2.35, 1.05). Spination: femora I–IV d 1, femora I pl 5, II pl 3, tibiae Ⅰ pv 8 rv 8, II pv 8 rv 7, metatarsi Ⅰ pv 4 rv 4, II pv 4 rv 3.</p><p>Coloration. Carapace with black pattern, except near median furrow. Abdomen black, small yellow dorsal scutum anteriorly; irregular, slightly sclerotized area near spinnerets, with black setae (Fig. 4A–B). Legs yellow; femora with black markings.</p><p>Palp as in Figs 5A–D, 6A–D. Femur, tibia and patella black. Femoral apophysis protruding. Tibia half as long as femur. Tubercle indistinct. Prolateral tibial apophysis almost semiround. Retrolateral tibial apophysis tapering, digitiform tip slightly curved, approximately half the length of tibia. Sperm duct distinct, tapering. Tegular apophysis digitiform, curving retrolaterally. Embolus hook-shaped, tip sharp.</p><p>Female. total length 3.20, carapace 1.59 long, 1.34 wide; abdomen 1.55 long, 0.82 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.09, PME 0.10, PLE 0.09; AME–AME 0.11, AME–ALE 0.06, ALE–ALE 0.38, PME–PME 0.05, PME–PLE 0.03, PLE–PLE 0.29, ALE–PLE 0.10. EAW 0.52, CRW 0.78, EAW/CRW 0.67, CRW/ CW 0.52. MOA 0.29 long, anterior width 0.28, posterior width 0.27. CH 0.12, CH /AME 1.20. Labium 0.21 long, 0.27 wide. Sternum 1.13 long, 0.83 wide. Leg measurements: Ⅰ 7.59 (1.88, 0.38, 2.31, 1.78, 1.24), II 6.06 (1.52, 0.36, 1.71, 1.46, 1.01), III 4.96 (1.29, 0.39, 1.09, 1.30, 0.89), IV 8.07 (2.27, 0.48, 1.95, 2.31, 1.06). Spination: femora I–IV d 1, femora I pl 5, II pl 4, tibiae Ⅰ pv 9 rv 9, II pv 8 rv 8, metatarsi Ⅰ pv4 rv4, II pv 4 rv 3. Other characters as in male, except: carapace paler; abdomen with a white patch anteriorly; dorsal scutum absent (Fig. 4C).</p><p>Epigyne as in Figs 5E–F, 6E–F. Epigynal plate sclerotized. Median septum wider at center. Copulatory openings oval, with depression nearby. Copulatory ducts arc-shaped, longer than wider. Connecting tubes U-shaped, shorter than the copulatory ducts. Glandular appendages indistinct. Bursae irregular, separated. Spermathecae oval, thick, contiguous. Fertilization ducts located at anterior margin of spermathecae. Posterior edge of epigyne with membranous structure, covering 1/4 of spermathecae.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 10).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A4287F8FFD838507D81AABF0211D271	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Songtao;Mu, Yannan;Zhang, Feng	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFD438577D81AA360238D433.text	4A4287F8FFD438577D81AA360238D433.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Grandilithus tongren Shi & Mu & Zhang 2025	<div><p>Grandilithus tongren sp. nov.</p><p>Chinese name: NJ仁kṄĦ</p><p>Figs 7–9, 10</p><p>Type material.   Holotype ♂ (MHBU-Ara-GZ2021062001), CHINA: Guizhou Province: Tongren, Shiqian Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.151245&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.335026" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.151245/lat 27.335026)">Gelao Ethnic Culture Vill.</a>, (27°20′6.09″N 108°9′4.48″E, 635 m a. s. l.), 20.06.2021, leg. Junxia Zhang.</p><p>Paratypes: 2♀ (MHBU-Ara-GZ2021062001), with same data as holotype .</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.</p><p>Diagnosis. The male of the new species resembles  G. chongzuo Xu et al., 2023,  G. aobei Liu &amp; Li, 2022 and  G. taiwanicus (Hayashi &amp; Yoshida, 1993) in having a similarly shaped femoral apophysis and embolus but can be recognized by: 1) the digitiform tegular apophysis, with the tip covering the base and pointing retrolaterally (Fig. 8B–C) (vs either the tip not covering the base as in  G. chongzuo (see fig. 2B–C in Xu et al. 2023) and  G. taiwanicus (see figs 16–17 in Kamura 2001) or not digitiform as in  G. aobei (see fig. 41D–E in Liu &amp; Li 2022)); 2) retrolateral tibial apophysis narrower near the tip (Fig. 8B–D) (vs wide near the tip, as in  G. aobei (see fig. 41D–F in Liu &amp; Li 2022),  G. chongzuo (see fig. 2B–D in Xu et al. 2023) and  G. taiwanicus (see figs 16–17 in Kamura 2001)).</p><p>The female of the new species resembles  G. taiwanicus (Hayashi &amp; Yoshida, 1993),  G. xiaohuangshan Xu &amp; Zhang, 2023 and  G. xiaoxiicus (Liu, 2020) in having similarly shaped copulatory openings and copulatory ducts but can be recognized by: 1) indistinct glandular appendages (Fig. 8F) (vs distinct, as in  G. taiwanicus (see fig. 19 in Kamura 2001),  G. xiaohuangshan (see fig. 4F in Xu et al. 2023) and  G. xiaoxiicus (see fig. 21D in Liu et al. 2020)); 2) almost rectangular bursa (Fig. 8F) (vs balloon-shaped as in  G. taiwanicus (see fig. 19 in Kamura 2001) and  G. xiaohuangshan (see fig. 4F in Xu et al. 2023) and oval as in  G. xiaoxiicus (see fig. 21D in Liu et al. 2020)); 3) median septum wider at the center (Fig. 8E) (vs anteriorly wider, as in  G. taiwanicus (see fig. 18 in Kamura 2001),  G. xiaohuangshan (see fig. 4E in Xu et al. 2023) and  G. xiaoxiicus (see fig. 21C in Liu et al. 2020)).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype): total length 3.82, carapace 1.85 long, 1.54 wide; abdomen 1.97 long, 1.10 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.14, ALE 0.12, PME 0.08, PLE 0.11; AME–AME 0.04, AME–ALE 0.01, ALE– ALE 0.31, PME–PME 0.08, PME–PLE 0.05, PLE–PLE 0.37, ALE–PLE 0.09. EAW 0.53, CRW 0.72, EAW/CRW 0.74, CRW/CW 0.47. MOA 0.33 long, anterior width 0.30, posterior width 0.26. CH 0.15, CH /AME 1.07. Labium 0.18 long, 0.26 wide. Sternum 0.99 long, 0.87 wide. Leg measurements: Ⅰ 10.03 (2.34, 0.62, 2.81, 2.42, 1.84), II 8.01 (2.02, 0.62, 2.14, 1.84, 1.39), III 6.33 (1.70, 0.55, 1.31, 1.80, 0.97), IV 10.09 (2.82, 0.60, 2.27, 2.90, 1.50). Spination: femora I–IV d 1, femora I pl 5, II pl 3, tibiae Ⅰ pv 9 rv 9, II pv 8 rv 8, metatarsi Ⅰ pv 4 rv 3, II pv 4 rv 3.</p><p>Carapace yellow, black ripples along margin. Abdomen yellow, small yellow dorsal scutum anteriorly, black patterns beside scutum and posteriorly; slightly sclerotized area near spinnerets with black setae (Fig. 7A–B). Legs yellow.</p><p>Palp as in Fig 8A–D, 9A–D. Femoral apophysis well-developed. Tibia half as long as femur. Tubercle distinct. Prolateral tibial apophysis almost triangular. Retrolateral tibial apophysis tapering, beak-like, as long as tibia. Sperm duct distinct, tapering. Tegular apophysis digitiform, curving ventrally. Embolus hook-shaped, tip sharp.</p><p>Female: total length 4.85, carapace 1.93 long, 1.75 wide; abdomen 2.92 long, 2.24 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.14, ALE 0.12, PME 0.10, PLE 0.11; AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.01, ALE–ALE 0.34, PME–PME 0.10, PME–PLE 0.07, PLE–PLE 0.43, ALE–PLE 0.11. EAW 0.60, CRW 0.82, EAW/CRW 0.73, CRW/ CW 0.47. MOA 0.35 long, anterior width 0.31, posterior width 0.29. CH 0.15, CH /AME 1.07. Labium 0.20 long, 0.30 wide. Sternum 1.15 long, 0.94 wide. Leg measurements: Ⅰ 9.79 (2.41, 0.72, 2.94, 2.10, 1.62), II 7.89 (2.01, 0.60, 2.28, 1.70, 1.30), III 6.56 (1.74, 0.59, 1.46, 1.78, 0.99), IV 9.75 (2.72, 0.61, 2.32, 2.81, 1.29). Spination: femora I–IV d 1, femora I pl 6, II pl 4, tibiae Ⅰ pv 9 rv 10, II pv 8 rv 8, metatarsi Ⅰ pv4 rv4, II pv 4 rv 3. Legs yellow. Other characters as in male, except: carapace darker; abdomen black with a small white patch anteriorly; dorsal scutum absent (Fig. 7C, D).</p><p>Epigyne as in Figs 8E–F, 9E–F. Epigynal plate sclerotized. Median septum wider at center. Copulatory openings oval, separated by median septum. Copulatory ducts oval. Connecting tubes slightly curved, as long as copulatory ducts. Glandular appendages indistinct. Bursae large, almost rectangular, separated. Spermathecae clavate, separated. Fertilization ducts located at anterior margin of spermathecae. Posterior edge of epigyne with membranous structure, covering 1/6 of spermathecae.</p><p>Note. The right copulatory opening in the described female specimen bears a curved ossified structure that extends to the edge of the epigyne.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 10).</p><p>Species-grouping of  Grandilithus</p><p>After reviewing the 35 currently known species of  Grandilithus, we classified them into three species groups based on characteristics of their copulatory organs. The diagnostic characters for males and females are detailed for each species group, followed by a list of all included species (Table 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A4287F8FFD438577D81AA360238D433	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Songtao;Mu, Yannan;Zhang, Feng	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
