taxonID	type	description	language	source
4A4287F8FFDC38587D81A84A024CD554.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Grandilithus anyuan Liu & Li, 2022, by original designation	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFDC38587D81A84A024CD554.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This genus can be distinguished from the other phrurolithid genera by the carapace white or yellow, the straight posterior eye row, and light marking on the abdomen. The male palpal femur has a well-developed apophysis distally and tibia with single retrolateral apophysis. The epigyne has a goblet-shaped median septum, nearly globular copulatory ducts and convergent, elongated spermathecae.	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFDC38587D81A84A024CD554.taxon	description	Description. Small to medium, body length 3.0 – 5.0. Carapace white to yellow. Anterior eye row slightly recurved, posterior eye row straight. Chelicerae with two (one long and another short) spine anteriorly. Legs without black-brown annulations or stripes; femur I with 5 – 7 prolateral spines; femur II with 2 – 5 prolateral spines; tibia I with 9 or 10 pairs of ventral spines; metatarsus I with 4 pairs of ventral spines. Male with small and thin dorsal scutum, absent in female. Male palp: femoral apophysis well developed; tibia with one retrolateral apophysis, tip spine-like, hook-shaped, or otherwise; bulb oval, narrower than cymbium; embolus long, hook-shaped; conductor absent; tegular apophysis present. Epigyne: epigynal plate with distinct median septum; copulatory openings small, situated medially on plate; copulatory ducts nearly globular; glandular appendages indistinct, digitiform or mastoid-shaped; spermathecae round or clavate.	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFDC38587D81A84A024CD554.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China, Japan, Vietnam (WSC 2024).	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFDC385C7D81ADEC0211D2E5.taxon	vernacular_names	Chinese name: ḣkṄĦ	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFDC385C7D81ADEC0211D2E5.taxon	description	Figs 1 – 3, 10	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFDC385C7D81ADEC0211D2E5.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype ♂ (MHBU-Ara-AN 2014060801), CHINA: Anhui Province: Xuancheng, Jixi Co., Fuling, Yonglai Vill., Qingliangfeng, Zhanlingwan (30 ° 8 ′ 42.44 ″ N 118 ° 52 ′ 14.07 ″ E, 782 m a. s. l.), 08.06.2014, leg. Shanjie Zha. Paratypes: 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MHBU-Ara-AN 2014060801), with same data as holotype.	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFDC385C7D81ADEC0211D2E5.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word “ globosus ”, referring to the almost globular copulatory ducts; adjective.	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFDC385C7D81ADEC0211D2E5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The male of the new species resembles that of G. jingshi Liu & Li, 2022 in having similar shape of bulb, sperm duct, and embolus but can be recognized by: 1) retrolateral tibial apophysis as long as tibia, gradually tapering from the base to the tip (vs shorter than the tibia, suddenly narrows; cf. Fig. 2 B – D and fig. 48 E – F in Liu & Li (2022 )); 2) tegular apophysis tip sharp (vs tip blunt; cf. Fig. 2 C and fig. 48 D in Liu & Li (2022 )); 3) tubercle not prominent (vs prominent; cf. Fig. 2 A – C and fig. 48 C – E in Liu & Li (2022 )). The female of the new species resembles that of G. jingshi Liu & Li, 2022 in having a similar shape of the copulatory duct and connecting tube but can be recognized by: 1) copulatory openings located slightly to the center of copulatory ducts, facing each other (vs located anteriorly, close to each other; cf. Fig. 2 E and fig. 50 C in Liu & Li (2022 )); 2) copulatory openings oval (vs slit-like; cf. Fig. 2 E and fig. 50 C in Liu & Li (2022 )); 3) median septum posteriorly wider (vs anteriorly as wide as posteriorly; cf. Fig. 2 E and fig. 50 C in Liu & Li (2022 )).	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFDC385C7D81ADEC0211D2E5.taxon	description	Description. Male (holotype): total length 3.67, carapace 1.75 long, 1.92 wide; abdomen 1.92 long, 1.12 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.12, ALE 0.11, PME 0.09, PLE 0.10; AME – AME 0.06, AME – ALE 0.01, ALE – ALE 0.34, PME – PME 0.13, PME – PLE 0.06, PLE – PLE 0.44, ALE – PLE 0.10. EAW 0.58, CRW 0.80, EAW / CRW 0.73, CRW / CW 0.53. MOA width 0.33 long, anterior 0.31, posterior width 0.32. CH 0.15, CH / AME 1.25. Labium 0.18 long, 0.26 wide. Sternum 0.96 long, 0.85 wide. Leg measurements: Ⅰ 9.12 (2.22, 0.62, 2.65, 2.10, 1.53), II 6.91 (1.72, 0.58, 1.84, 1.64, 1.13), III 5.86 (1.56, 0.56, 1.26, 1.59, 0.89), IV 9.36 (2.52, 0.60, 2.22, 2.70, 1.32). Spination: femora I – IV d 1, femora I pl 6, II pl 3, tibiae Ⅰ pv 8 rv 9, II pv 8 rv 7, metatarsi Ⅰ pv 4 rv 4, II pv 4 rv 3. Coloration. Carapace yellow, with subtle black mottling around margin. Abdomen with a small, yellow dorsal scutum anteriorly and black pattern posteriorly. Small, slightly sclerotized area in front of spinnerets with several black setae (Fig. 1 A, B). Legs yellow. Palp as in Fig 2 A – D, 3 A – D. Femoral apophysis well-developed. Tibia half as long as femur. Tubercle not prominent. Retrolateral tibial apophysis base wide, tapering, tip spinous, curved towards ventral in retrolateral view, as long as tibia. Sperm duct distinct, tapering. Tegular apophysis near embolic base, with sharp tip in ventral view. Embolus hook-shaped, tip sharp. Female: total length 5.01, carapace 1.96 long, 1.70 wide; abdomen 3.05 long, 2.06 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.11, ALE 0.10, PME 0.09, PLE 0.10; AME – AME 0.06, AME – ALE 0.01, ALE – ALE 0.35, PME – PME 0.12, PME – PLE 0.07, PLE – PLE 0.44, ALE – PLE 0.10. EAW 0.59, CRW 0.88, EAW / CRW 0.67, CRW / CW 0.52. MOA 0.33 long, anterior width 0.29, posterior width 0.31. CH 0.14, CH / AME 1.27. Labium 0.20 long, 0.30 wide. Sternum 1.17 long, 0.97 wide. Leg measurements: Ⅰ 9.45 (2.34, 0.68, 2.87, 2.09, 1.47), II 6.43 (1.95, 0.61, 1.29, 1.67, 0.91), III 6.02 (1.54, 0.61, 1.29, 1.67, 0.91), IV 9.35 (2.58, 0.66, 2.23, 2.65, 1.23). Spination: femora I – IV d 1, femora I pl 6, II pl 4, tibiae Ⅰ pv 9 rv 10, II pv 8 rv 8, metatarsi Ⅰ pv 5 rv 4, II pv 4 rv 3. Legs yellow. Other characters as in male, except: carapace darker; dorsal scutum absent (Fig. 1 C). Epigyne as in Figs 2 E – F, 3 E – F. Epigynal plate sclerotized. Median septum posteriorly wider. Copulatory openings oval, located slightly to center of copulatory ducts, facing each other. Copulatory ducts near globular. Connecting tubes slightly curved, shorter than copulatory ducts. Glandular appendages mastoid-shaped. Bursae large, balloon-shaped, basally separated. Spermathecae clavate, slightly separated. Fertilization ducts located at anterior margin of spermathecae. Lower edge of epigyne with a membranous structure, covering 1 / 3 of spermathecae.	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFDC385C7D81ADEC0211D2E5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 10).	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFD838507D81AABF0211D271.taxon	vernacular_names	Chinese name: DZȗk ṄĦ	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFD838507D81AABF0211D271.taxon	description	Figs 4 – 6, 10	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFD838507D81AABF0211D271.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype ♂ (MHBU-Ara-GD 2024080701), CHINA: Guangdong Province: Guangzhou, Conghua Dist., Liuxi River (23 ° 42 ′ 26.99 ″ N 113 ° 47 ′ 16.92 ″ E, 896.1 m a. s. l.), 08.07.2024, leg. Junxia Zhang, Weihang Wang, Zhiyong Yang, Yi Ni. Paratypes: 2 ♂ 6 ♀ (MHBU-Ara-GD 2024080701), with same data as holotype.	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFD838507D81AABF0211D271.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species name is a combination of the Latin word “ nigro ” and “ maculatus ”, referring to the black pattern on the carapace of male; adjective.	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFD838507D81AABF0211D271.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The male of the new species resembles G. fujian (Fu, Jin & Zhang, 2014), G. yunyin Liu & Li, 2022, G. limushan (Fu, Zhang & Zhu, 2010) in having a similarly shaped femoral apophysis and embolus, but can be recognized by: 1) the digitiform tegular apophysis curves retrolaterally (Fig. 5 B – C) (vs either curves prolaterally as in G. yunyin (see fig. 68 D – E in Liu & Li 2022) or not digitiform as in G. fujian (see fig. 1 C – D in Fu et al. 2014) and G. limushan (see fig. 42 – 43 in Fu et al. 2015 )); 2) the retrolateral tibial apophysis digitiform tip slightly curved (Fig. 5 D) (vs beak-like retrolateral tibial apophysis digitiform tip distinctly curved, as in G. fujian (see fig. 1 C – D in Fu et al. 2014), G. limushan (see fig. 40 in Fu et al. 2015) and G. yunyin (see fig. 68 F in Liu & Li 2022 )). The female of the new species resembles G. fujian (Fu, Jin & Zhang, 2014), G. florifer (Fu, He & Zhang, 2015), and G. xiaohuangshan Xu et al., 2023 in having similarly shaped copulatory openings and bursa but can be recognized by: 1) shorter, oval spermathecae (Fig. 5 F) (vs long, clavate, as in G. florifer; (see fig. 28 in Fu et al. 2015), G. fujian (see fig. 1 G in Fu et al. 2014) and G. xiaohuangshan (see fig. 4 F in Xu et al. 2023 )); 2) indistinct glandular appendages (Fig. 5 F) (vs distinct, as in G. florifer (see fig. 28 in Fu et al. 2015), G. fujian (see fig. 1 G in Fu et al. 2014) and G. xiaohuangshan (see fig. 4 F in Xu et al. 2023 )); 3) longer connecting tubes, equal in length to spermathecae (Fig. 5 F) (vs shorter than spermathecae, as in G. florifer (see fig. 28 in Fu et al. 2015), G. fujian (see fig. 1 G in Fu et al. 2014) and G. xiaohuangshan, (see fig. 4 F in Xu et al. 2023 )).	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFD838507D81AABF0211D271.taxon	description	Description. Male (holotype): total length 3.22, carapace 1.61 long, 1.36 wide; abdomen 1.56 long, 0.80 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.09, ALE 0.09, PME 0.11, PLE 0.09; AME – AME 0.10, AME – ALE 0.09, ALE – ALE 0.33, PME – PME 0.04, PME – PLE 0.03, PLE – PLE 0.27, ALE – PLE 0.08. EAW 0.48, CRW 0.63, EAW / CRW 0.76, CRW / CW 0.47. MOA 0.27 long, anterior width 0.25, posterior width 0.26. CH 0.10, CH / AME 1.11. Labium 0.17 long, 0.22 wide. Sternum 0.92 long, 0.71 wide. Leg measurements: Ⅰ 7.58 (1.89, 0.41, 2.29, 1.76, 1.23), II 6.13 (1.55, 0.32, 1.69, 1.48, 1.09), III 4.92 (1.31, 0.38, 1.06, 1.32, 0.85), IV 8.06 (2.28, 0.46, 1.92, 2.35, 1.05). Spination: femora I – IV d 1, femora I pl 5, II pl 3, tibiae Ⅰ pv 8 rv 8, II pv 8 rv 7, metatarsi Ⅰ pv 4 rv 4, II pv 4 rv 3. Coloration. Carapace with black pattern, except near median furrow. Abdomen black, small yellow dorsal scutum anteriorly; irregular, slightly sclerotized area near spinnerets, with black setae (Fig. 4 A – B). Legs yellow; femora with black markings. Palp as in Figs 5 A – D, 6 A – D. Femur, tibia and patella black. Femoral apophysis protruding. Tibia half as long as femur. Tubercle indistinct. Prolateral tibial apophysis almost semiround. Retrolateral tibial apophysis tapering, digitiform tip slightly curved, approximately half the length of tibia. Sperm duct distinct, tapering. Tegular apophysis digitiform, curving retrolaterally. Embolus hook-shaped, tip sharp. Female. total length 3.20, carapace 1.59 long, 1.34 wide; abdomen 1.55 long, 0.82 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.09, PME 0.10, PLE 0.09; AME – AME 0.11, AME – ALE 0.06, ALE – ALE 0.38, PME – PME 0.05, PME – PLE 0.03, PLE – PLE 0.29, ALE – PLE 0.10. EAW 0.52, CRW 0.78, EAW / CRW 0.67, CRW / CW 0.52. MOA 0.29 long, anterior width 0.28, posterior width 0.27. CH 0.12, CH / AME 1.20. Labium 0.21 long, 0.27 wide. Sternum 1.13 long, 0.83 wide. Leg measurements: Ⅰ 7.59 (1.88, 0.38, 2.31, 1.78, 1.24), II 6.06 (1.52, 0.36, 1.71, 1.46, 1.01), III 4.96 (1.29, 0.39, 1.09, 1.30, 0.89), IV 8.07 (2.27, 0.48, 1.95, 2.31, 1.06). Spination: femora I – IV d 1, femora I pl 5, II pl 4, tibiae Ⅰ pv 9 rv 9, II pv 8 rv 8, metatarsi Ⅰ pv 4 rv 4, II pv 4 rv 3. Other characters as in male, except: carapace paler; abdomen with a white patch anteriorly; dorsal scutum absent (Fig. 4 C). Epigyne as in Figs 5 E – F, 6 E – F. Epigynal plate sclerotized. Median septum wider at center. Copulatory openings oval, with depression nearby. Copulatory ducts arc-shaped, longer than wider. Connecting tubes U-shaped, shorter than the copulatory ducts. Glandular appendages indistinct. Bursae irregular, separated. Spermathecae oval, thick, contiguous. Fertilization ducts located at anterior margin of spermathecae. Posterior edge of epigyne with membranous structure, covering 1 / 4 of spermathecae.	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFD838507D81AABF0211D271.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 10).	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFD438577D81AA360238D433.taxon	vernacular_names	Chinese name: NJ 仁k ṄĦ	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFD438577D81AA360238D433.taxon	description	Figs 7 – 9, 10	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFD438577D81AA360238D433.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype ♂ (MHBU-Ara-GZ 2021062001), CHINA: Guizhou Province: Tongren, Shiqian Co., Gelao Ethnic Culture Vill., (27 ° 20 ′ 6.09 ″ N 108 ° 9 ′ 4.48 ″ E, 635 m a. s. l.), 20.06.2021, leg. Junxia Zhang. Paratypes: 2 ♀ (MHBU-Ara-GZ 2021062001), with same data as holotype.	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFD438577D81AA360238D433.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFD438577D81AA360238D433.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The male of the new species resembles G. chongzuo Xu et al., 2023, G. aobei Liu & Li, 2022 and G. taiwanicus (Hayashi & Yoshida, 1993) in having a similarly shaped femoral apophysis and embolus but can be recognized by: 1) the digitiform tegular apophysis, with the tip covering the base and pointing retrolaterally (Fig. 8 B – C) (vs either the tip not covering the base as in G. chongzuo (see fig. 2 B – C in Xu et al. 2023) and G. taiwanicus (see figs 16 – 17 in Kamura 2001) or not digitiform as in G. aobei (see fig. 41 D – E in Liu & Li 2022 )); 2) retrolateral tibial apophysis narrower near the tip (Fig. 8 B – D) (vs wide near the tip, as in G. aobei (see fig. 41 D – F in Liu & Li 2022), G. chongzuo (see fig. 2 B – D in Xu et al. 2023) and G. taiwanicus (see figs 16 – 17 in Kamura 2001 )). The female of the new species resembles G. taiwanicus (Hayashi & Yoshida, 1993), G. xiaohuangshan Xu & Zhang, 2023 and G. xiaoxiicus (Liu, 2020) in having similarly shaped copulatory openings and copulatory ducts but can be recognized by: 1) indistinct glandular appendages (Fig. 8 F) (vs distinct, as in G. taiwanicus (see fig. 19 in Kamura 2001), G. xiaohuangshan (see fig. 4 F in Xu et al. 2023) and G. xiaoxiicus (see fig. 21 D in Liu et al. 2020 )); 2) almost rectangular bursa (Fig. 8 F) (vs balloon-shaped as in G. taiwanicus (see fig. 19 in Kamura 2001) and G. xiaohuangshan (see fig. 4 F in Xu et al. 2023) and oval as in G. xiaoxiicus (see fig. 21 D in Liu et al. 2020 )); 3) median septum wider at the center (Fig. 8 E) (vs anteriorly wider, as in G. taiwanicus (see fig. 18 in Kamura 2001), G. xiaohuangshan (see fig. 4 E in Xu et al. 2023) and G. xiaoxiicus (see fig. 21 C in Liu et al. 2020 )).	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFD438577D81AA360238D433.taxon	description	Description. Male (holotype): total length 3.82, carapace 1.85 long, 1.54 wide; abdomen 1.97 long, 1.10 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.14, ALE 0.12, PME 0.08, PLE 0.11; AME – AME 0.04, AME – ALE 0.01, ALE – ALE 0.31, PME – PME 0.08, PME – PLE 0.05, PLE – PLE 0.37, ALE – PLE 0.09. EAW 0.53, CRW 0.72, EAW / CRW 0.74, CRW / CW 0.47. MOA 0.33 long, anterior width 0.30, posterior width 0.26. CH 0.15, CH / AME 1.07. Labium 0.18 long, 0.26 wide. Sternum 0.99 long, 0.87 wide. Leg measurements: Ⅰ 10.03 (2.34, 0.62, 2.81, 2.42, 1.84), II 8.01 (2.02, 0.62, 2.14, 1.84, 1.39), III 6.33 (1.70, 0.55, 1.31, 1.80, 0.97), IV 10.09 (2.82, 0.60, 2.27, 2.90, 1.50). Spination: femora I – IV d 1, femora I pl 5, II pl 3, tibiae Ⅰ pv 9 rv 9, II pv 8 rv 8, metatarsi Ⅰ pv 4 rv 3, II pv 4 rv 3. Carapace yellow, black ripples along margin. Abdomen yellow, small yellow dorsal scutum anteriorly, black patterns beside scutum and posteriorly; slightly sclerotized area near spinnerets with black setae (Fig. 7 A – B). Legs yellow. Palp as in Fig 8 A – D, 9 A – D. Femoral apophysis well-developed. Tibia half as long as femur. Tubercle distinct. Prolateral tibial apophysis almost triangular. Retrolateral tibial apophysis tapering, beak-like, as long as tibia. Sperm duct distinct, tapering. Tegular apophysis digitiform, curving ventrally. Embolus hook-shaped, tip sharp. Female: total length 4.85, carapace 1.93 long, 1.75 wide; abdomen 2.92 long, 2.24 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.14, ALE 0.12, PME 0.10, PLE 0.11; AME – AME 0.05, AME – ALE 0.01, ALE – ALE 0.34, PME – PME 0.10, PME – PLE 0.07, PLE – PLE 0.43, ALE – PLE 0.11. EAW 0.60, CRW 0.82, EAW / CRW 0.73, CRW / CW 0.47. MOA 0.35 long, anterior width 0.31, posterior width 0.29. CH 0.15, CH / AME 1.07. Labium 0.20 long, 0.30 wide. Sternum 1.15 long, 0.94 wide. Leg measurements: Ⅰ 9.79 (2.41, 0.72, 2.94, 2.10, 1.62), II 7.89 (2.01, 0.60, 2.28, 1.70, 1.30), III 6.56 (1.74, 0.59, 1.46, 1.78, 0.99), IV 9.75 (2.72, 0.61, 2.32, 2.81, 1.29). Spination: femora I – IV d 1, femora I pl 6, II pl 4, tibiae Ⅰ pv 9 rv 10, II pv 8 rv 8, metatarsi Ⅰ pv 4 rv 4, II pv 4 rv 3. Legs yellow. Other characters as in male, except: carapace darker; abdomen black with a small white patch anteriorly; dorsal scutum absent (Fig. 7 C, D). Epigyne as in Figs 8 E – F, 9 E – F. Epigynal plate sclerotized. Median septum wider at center. Copulatory openings oval, separated by median septum. Copulatory ducts oval. Connecting tubes slightly curved, as long as copulatory ducts. Glandular appendages indistinct. Bursae large, almost rectangular, separated. Spermathecae clavate, separated. Fertilization ducts located at anterior margin of spermathecae. Posterior edge of epigyne with membranous structure, covering 1 / 6 of spermathecae. Note. The right copulatory opening in the described female specimen bears a curved ossified structure that extends to the edge of the epigyne.	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFD438577D81AA360238D433.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 10).	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
4A4287F8FFD438577D81AA360238D433.taxon	discussion	Species-grouping of Grandilithus After reviewing the 35 currently known species of Grandilithus, we classified them into three species groups based on characteristics of their copulatory organs. The diagnostic characters for males and females are detailed for each species group, followed by a list of all included species (Table 1).	en	Shi, Songtao, Mu, Yannan, Zhang, Feng (2025): Description of three new species of Grandilithus Liu & Li, 2022 (Araneae: Phrurolithidae) from China. Zootaxa 5575 (2): 267-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.3
