identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
BBD01E0400F05F0FAAC57955AC81217F.text	BBD01E0400F05F0FAAC57955AC81217F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeorus (Caucasiron) guttatus (Braasch & Soldan 1979)	<div><p>Epeorus (Caucasiron) guttatus (Braasch &amp; Soldán, 1979)</p><p>Figs 13, 14</p><p>Iron guttatus Braasch &amp; Soldán, 1979 .</p><p>Epeorus (Iron) guttatus (Braasch &amp; Soldán, 1979): Kluge 1988: 296.</p><p>Epeorus (Caucasiron) guttatus (Braasch &amp; Soldán, 1979): Kluge 1997: 234.</p><p>Iron (Caucasiron) guttatus (Braasch &amp; Soldán, 1979): Braasch 2006 b: 87.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Kazakhstan: Issyk River near Alma-Ata.</p><p>Examined material</p><p>(deposited in IECA). • 1 larva: paratype from type locality. •   1 larva (barcoded specimen: GU 3): Kyrgyzstan: Chuy Region, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=74.48822&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.62905" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 74.48822/lat 42.62905)">left tributary of Ala-Archa River</a>, 1717 m a. s. l., 42°37.743'N, 74°29.293'E (code: 1 Kyrgyz), 26. 05. 2016, Palatov D. M. leg.  •   6 larvae (barcoded specimen: GU 71 K): Kyrgyzstan: Osh Region, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=74.15128&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.491932" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 74.15128/lat 40.491932)">right tributary of Kulun River</a>, 2060 m a. s. l., 40°29.516'N, 74°09.077'E (code: 71 Kyrgyz), 01. 05. 2017, Palatov D. M. leg.  •   3 larvae (barcoded specimen: GU 1): Kyrgyzstan: Osh Region <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=74.17702&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.505" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 74.17702/lat 40.505)">Kara-Bel River</a>, 2135 m. a. s. l., 40°30.300'N, 74°10.621'E (code: 73 Kyrgyz), 01. 05. 2017, Palatov D. M. leg.</p><p>Distribution, habitat, and biology.</p><p>Tian Shan: Kazakhstan (Braasch and Soldán 1979; Kluge 2015), Kyrgyzstan; Pamir: Tajikistan (Kluge 2015) (Fig. 1). The species inhabits mountain streams with rapid turbulent flow and bed substrate formed by stones and boulders (Kluge 2015). The altitude of our sampling sites ranged between 1717 and 2135 m a. s. l. Adults were recorded from May to September (Kluge 2015).</p><p>Main morphological diagnostics of the larva.</p><p>i) femora with a median spot (Fig. 13 I), ii) abdominal sterna with a pair of oblique stripes and a large median macula (Fig. 13 H), iii) coloration of abdominal terga as on Fig. 13 F, G, iv) tergum X with a well-developed posterolateral projection (Fig. 14 L, arrow), v) dorsal surface of femora with rounded spatulate setae (Fig. 14 D), vi) abdominal terga with elongated (sporadically rounded) spatulate setae (Fig. 14 E, F), vii) gill plates VII wide (in natural position from ventral view) (Figs 13 J, 14 J), viii) projection on gill plates III well-developed (Fig. 14 H), ix) denticles along posterior margin of abdominal terga dense, irregular, and pointed (Fig. 14 F).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Morphology. Description of adult stages in Kluge (2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BBD01E0400F05F0FAAC57955AC81217F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hrivniak, Ľuboš;Sroka, Pavel;Godunko, Roman J.;Martynov, Alexander V.;Palatov, Dmitry M.;Bojková, Jindřiška	Hrivniak, Ľuboš, Sroka, Pavel, Godunko, Roman J., Martynov, Alexander V., Palatov, Dmitry M., Bojková, Jindřiška (2025): Discovering diversity of Central Asian and Himalayan Epeorus (Caucasiron) mayflies (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae) using DNA barcoding and morphology. ZooKeys 1234: 89-125, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1234.141196
691B9F9C6D9B5720A5740E797BF2EC19.text	691B9F9C6D9B5720A5740E797BF2EC19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeorus (Caucasiron) himalayensis Hrivniak & Sroka 2025	<div><p>Epeorus (Caucasiron) himalayensis Hrivniak &amp; Sroka sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 3, 4, 5, 6</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype: • male larva: India: Uttarakhand Pradesh, vicinity of Pandukeshwar village, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=79.53513&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.64835" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 79.53513/lat 30.64835)">left tributary of Alakananda River</a>, 2099 m a. s. l., 30°38.901'N, 79°32.108'E (codes: IND 2018 / 7; 39 Gang); 9–11.05. 2018, Martynov A. V., Palatov D. M. leg.  Paratypes: • 12 larvae (barcoded specimens: IN 1, SP 11 - labrum and mandibular incisors mounted on slide, SP 12), 4 male imagoes (reared from larvae; barcoded specimens: IN 7 - genitalia and larval exuvia mounted on slide, IN 8, IN 9), 3 female imagoes (reared from larva; two larval exuviae mounted on slide), 1 male subimago (reared from larva): same data as holotype . •   2 larvae (barcoded specimens: SP 13, SP 22): India: Uttarakhand Pradesh, vicinity of Lambagad village, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=79.53375&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.644033" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 79.53375/lat 30.644033)">Alaknanda River</a>, 1998 m a. s. l.; 30°38.64198'N, 79°32.02500'E (codes: IND 2018 / 8; 40 Gang); 9–11.05. 2018, Martynov A. V., Palatov D. M. leg.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species name himalayensis (Latin) refers to the distribution in the Himalayas.</p><p>Description of larva.</p><p>General coloration yellowish brown with dark brown maculation (Fig. 3). Body length (BL) of late-instar larvae: 15.0 mm (female; n = 1), 11.8–13.1 mm (male; n = 3). Length of cerci approximately 1.2 × body length.</p><p>Head. Shape trapezoidal, slightly rounded (Fig. 3 D, E). Head dimensions of late-instar larvae: length 3.3 mm, width 5.0 mm in female; length 2.5–2.6 mm, width 4.0– 4.1 mm in male. Width / length ratio: 1.48–1.57 (female; n = 8), 1.48–1.64 (male; n = 8). Coloration pattern of dorsal surface consists of: i) paired stripe-like and rounded maculae along epicranial suture, ii) pair of triangular (or blurred) macula near inner edges of eyes, iii) pair of rounded maculae ventrally to lateral ocelli, iv) pale stripes extending from lateral ocelli to lateral edges of head, v) rectangular macula between ocelli, vi) stripe-like and rounded maculae ventrally to median ocellus. Antennae yellowish brown, scapus and pedicellus darkened (Fig. 3 D, E). Dorsal surface covered with short rounded spatulate setae (as on abdominal terga; Fig. 4 E), fine hair-like setae and stick-like setae. Sparse longer and fine hair-like setae located posteriorly to eyes.</p><p>Mouthparts. Labrum (Fig. 4 A) widened anteriorly; anterior margin slightly rounded or nearly straight. Lateral angles rounded. Dorsal surface covered with setae of different size, 4–6 longer bristle-like setae located antero-medially and two bristles antero-laterally (Fig. 4 A, left half). Epipharynx with longer, slightly plumose bristles situated along lateral to anterior margin, cluster of fine, hair-like setae medially (not figured), and group of 6–12 setae of various size (Fig. 4 A, right half). Outer incisors of both mandibles with three apical teeth; outer tooth blunt in both mandibles. Inner incisor of left mandible with three apical teeth (Fig. 4 B), right inner incisor bifurcated (Fig. 4 C).</p><p>Thorax. Prothorax anteriorly narrowed, lateral edges slightly rounded. Metanotum with small blunt posterior-median projection. Dorsal surface covered with hair-like setae, stick-like setae and short rounded spatulate setae (as on abdominal terga and head). Sparse longer, hair-like setae along pro-, meso- and metanotal suture.</p><p>Legs. Coloration on Fig. 3 H, I. Femora with median hypodermal spot, often transversely extended. Base and apex of femora darkened; patella-tibial suture darkened; tarsi proximally and distally darkened. Dorsal surface of femora covered by short rounded spatulate setae (Fig. 4 D), hair-like setae and sparsely distributed stick-like setae. Dorsal edge of femora with blade-like setae. Dorsal margin of tibiae and tarsi with row of dense hair-like setae; ventral margin with irregular row of distally accumulated spines. Tarsal claws with two or three denticles.</p><p>Abdominal terga. Color pattern of abdominal terga consists of transversal stripe along anterior margin of terga I – IX (X), medially extending to: i) triangular or blurred macula on terga II – IV and ii) triangular or T-shaped macula on terga V – IX (median macula on terga VIII and IX widened) (Fig. 3 F, G). Pair of short stripes or spots present antero-laterally to median maculae. Lateral margins with oblique stripe-like maculae on terga I – IX (often dorso-posteriorly extended). Denticles along posterior margin of terga dense, irregular, and pointed (Fig. 4 F). Surface of terga covered with hair-like setae, stick-like setae and rounded spatulate setae (Fig. 4 E, F). Tergum X with short posterolateral projections (Fig. 4 L, arrow). Terga with longitudinal median row of hair-like setae.</p><p>More or less developed posteromedian spine (best expressed on terga VII – IX as on Fig. 11 M, N) were observed in larvae of BL 6.0– 8.2 mm (barcoded specimens SP 12, SP 13, SP 22). Tergal spines were not observed in late instar larvae and last instar larval exuvia from reared adults (barcoded specimens: IN 1, IN 7, IN 8, IN 9).</p><p>Abdominal sterna. Yellowish, with a pattern consisting of more or less defined triangular maculae (Fig. 3 K – N). Nerve ganglia darkened. Sternum IX of female with V-shaped median emargination and numerous hair-like setae (Fig. 4 M).</p><p>Gills. Dorsal surface of gill plate I yellowish and of gill plates II – VII greyish on anterior half, brownish on posterior half. Ventral margin of all gill plates yellowish brown, sometimes pinkish. Projection on gill plate III well developed (Fig. 4 H, arrow). Gill plate VII narrow (in natural position of ventral view, Figs 3 J, 4 J). Dorsal margin of gill plates IV – VII with more or less developed papillae; best expressed on gill plates VI – VII (Fig. 4 I).</p><p>Cerci. Yellowish brown, basally darkened.</p><p>Description of male imago.</p><p>General coloration yellowish brown with dark brown maculation (Fig. 5 A). Body length 11.5–13.0 mm (n = 2); length of cerci approximately 2 × body length. Length of fore wings 14.0– 15.3 mm, hind wings 4.5–5.1 mm.</p><p>Head. Frons yellowish brown; frontal fold dark brown. Antennae yellowish; scapus and pedicellus darkened. Ocelli basally blackish, apically whitish. Compound eyes greyish brown, basally darkened (Fig. 5 B, C). Compound eyes not touching each other (distance between eyes 0.10–0.66 of median ocellus; n = 3) or touching each other (n = 1).</p><p>Thorax. Pronotum dark brown; meso- and metathorax yellowish brown with dark brown maculation. Dorsal surface of mesothorax yellowish brown, median longitudinal suture darkened. Mesothoratic fucasternum yellowish brown to brown. Metathorax with blunt posteromedian projection.</p><p>Wing membrane colorless. Veins dark brown, basally paler. Pterostigmatic area cloudy, with simple cross veins. Costal brace dark brown (Fig. 5 A). Hind wings with short triangular costal projection.</p><p>Femora basally and apically darkened, median spot present. Tibiae basally darkened; claws dark brown (Fig. 5 A, G). Fore legs darker than middle and hind legs. One claw blunt, one claw pointed.</p><p>Abdomen. Color pattern of abdominal terga as described in larva. Tergum X with median macula (Fig. 5 D). Lateral margins with oblique stripe-like maculae on terga I – IX extending dorso-posteriorly, forming transversal stripe-like macula along posterior margin of terga (Fig. 5 D, E). Abdominal sterna with narrow triangular maculae (Fig. 5 F). Styliger yellowish brown; medially slightly convex and sparsely covered by hair-like setae (Fig. 5 H, J). Forceps brown or yellowish, apically paler. Penis lobes brown and basally paler or yellowish, with shallow medio-apical notch (Fig. 5 H, J, arrow), and short spine-like setae on interior edges. Titillators well developed and apically serrated (Fig. 5 H, I). Titillators reach 0.30–0.44 of respective penis lobe length.</p><p>Cerci. Yellowish, basally darkened.</p><p>Description of female imago.</p><p>General coloration yellowish brown with dark brown maculation (Fig. 6 A). Body length 13.0– 15.5 mm (n = 2); length of cerci 2.3 × body length. Length of fore wings 18.2–19.5 mm, hind wings 5.6–6.3 mm.</p><p>Head. Frons yellowish brown; frontal fold brownish. Antennae yellowish; scapus and pedicellus darkened. Ocelli basally blackish, apically whitish. Eyes greyish (Fig. 6 B, C).</p><p>Thorax. Coloration as described in male imago. Wing membrane colorless (area around bullae sometimes darkened; Fig. 6 A). Veins dark brown, basally paler. Pterostigmatic area cloudy, with mostly simple cross veins. Costal brace dark brown. Hind wings with short triangular costal projection. Coloration of legs as in male imago.</p><p>Abdomen. Coloration pattern of abdominal terga and sterna as in male imago (Fig. 6 D – F). Subgenital plate apically narrowed, posterior margin rounded or slightly concave (Fig. 6 G – I). Subanal plate with shallow U-shaped median emargination.</p><p>Description of eggs.</p><p>Oval shaped, dimensions approximately 188 × 101 μm (average values from 6 eggs). Chorionic surface slightly granulated (Fig. 6 K), without distinct structures. One or two visible micropyle, shallow and rounded, located in subequatorial position (~ 12.5 μm in width) (Fig. 6 J, K).</p><p>Main morphological diagnostics of larva.</p><p>i) abdominal sterna with more or less defined triangular maculae (Fig. 3 K – N), ii) coloration of abdominal terga as on Fig. 3 F, G, iii) femora with median spot (Fig. 3 H, I), iv) gill plates VII narrow (in natural position from ventral view; Figs 3 J, 4 J), v) tergum X with short posterolateral projections (Fig. 4 L, arrow), vi) abdominal terga and dorsal surface of femora with rounded spatulate setae (Fig. 4 D – F); denticles along posterior margin of abdominal terga dense, irregular and pointed (Fig. 4 F).</p><p>Main morphological diagnostics of imago.</p><p>i) abdominal sterna with narrow triangular maculae (Figs 5 F, 6 F), ii) coloration of abdominal terga as on Figs 5 D, E, 6 D, E, iii) femora with median spot (Fig. 5 G), iv) wing membrane colourless (Figs 5 A, 6 A) (area of bullae sometimes darkened in female), v) subgenital plate of female rounded or slightly concave (Fig. 6 G – I), vi) subanal plate with shallow median emargination (Fig. 6 H, I), vii) penis lobes not apically widened, with shallow medio-apical notch (Fig. 5 J, arrow), viii) titillators well developed, apically serrated, reaching to 0.30–0.44 of penis lobes in length (Fig. 5 H, J).</p><p>Morphological affinities.</p><p>Larva.  Epeorus (C.) himalayensis sp. nov. is characterised by more or less defined triangular maculae on the abdominal sterna (Fig. 3 K – M). This feature distinguishes  E. (C.) himalayensis sp. nov. from  E. (C.) guttatus, with a pair of oblique stripes and a large median macula (Fig. 13 H), and  E. (C.) extraordinarius, with a longitudinal reddish-brown median macula (Chen et al. 2010). The triangular maculae on abdominal sterna of  E. (C.) himalayensis sp. nov. may be narrowed (Fig. 3 N). Similar oblique stripes are present in  E. (C.) lanceolatus sp. nov. (Fig. 7 F) and  E. (C.) lineatus sp. nov. (Fig. 10 Q).  E. (C.) himalayensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from these species based on rounded spatulate setae on abdominal terga, which are lanceolate in  E. (C.) lanceolatus sp. nov. (Fig. 8 E, F) and elongated spatulate in  E. (C.) lineatus sp. nov. (Fig. 11 E, F). In addition,  E. (C.) himalayensis sp. nov. differs from the latter species by the absence of a median longitudinal line on abdominal sterna (or posteromedian macula; Fig. 10 N – Q). The combination of all morphological characters that distinguish  E. (C.) himalayensis sp. nov. from both related species are given in the section “ Main morphological diagnostics of the larva ”.</p><p>Three other species occur within the eastern part of (E.)  Caucasiron range (Fig. 1), which may belong to  E. (Caucasiron) based on the morphology of larvae. Of these,  E. suspicatus possess oblique stripes on abdominal sterna (Fig. 15 I). However, this species has sparse larger denticles separated by shorter denticles along the posterior margin of abdominal terga (Fig. 16 F), in contrast to dense, irregular, and pointed denticles (Fig. 4 F) in  E. (C.) himalayensis sp. nov. Denticulation along abdominal terga separates  E. (C.) himalayensis sp. nov. also from  E. psi, with basally denticulate spines and shorter denticles (Fig. 18 F). Additionally,  E. (C.) himalayensis sp. nov. differs by a short dorso-apical projection on femora (Fig. 3 H, I) from  E. psi with an elongate and pointed dorso-apical projection on femora (Figs 17 F, 18 M).</p><p>Morphological characters separating  E. kapurkripalanorum from  E. (C.) himalayensis sp. nov. are given in the section “ Remarks on  Iron paraguttatus (Braasch, 1983) and  E. kapurkripalanorum (Braasch, 1983) ”. Considering  E. (Caucasiron) species from the western part of the area,  E. (C.) himalayensis sp. nov. can be easily distinguished by the shape of setae on abdominal terga. It is characterised by rounded spatulate setae, while the extralimital species have fine or basally widened hair-like setae (Hrivniak et al. 2020 b).</p><p>Imago. In the eastern part of  E. (Caucasiron) area, adults of four species have been described so far, namely  E. (C.) guttatus (male and female),  E. (C.) extraordinarius (male and female),  E. psi (male and female) and  E. (C.) lanceolatus sp. nov. (female).  E. (C.) himalayensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from them by the colouration pattern of abdominal sterna, each consisting of a narrow triangular macula (Fig. 6 F). This is in contrast to  E. (C.) guttatus with a pair of oblique stripes and large median macula (Kluge 2015),  E. (C.) extraordinarius with a longitudinal reddish-brown median macula (Chen et al. 2010) and  E. (C.) lanceolatus sp. nov. with fine, slightly curved oblique stripes (Fig. 9 F). From the latter species,  E. (C.) himalayensis sp. nov. can be separated also by a shallow emargination on the posterior margin of subanal plate in female imago (Fig. 6 G – I), which contrasts with the straight posterior margin in  E. (C.) lanceolatus sp. nov. (Fig. 9 H, I).</p><p>Based on male genitalia,  E. (C.) himalayensis sp. nov. differs from  E. (C.) guttatus by longer titillators, reaching at least 1 / 3 of the penis lobes (Fig. 5 H, J), in contrast to short titillators not exceeding styliger in  E. (C.) guttatus (Kluge 2015) . The shape of penis lobes with a shallow medio-apical notch allows  E. (C.) himalayensis sp. nov. to be distinguished from  E. psi, which has apically bifurcated penis lobes with extended latero-apical tip (Eaton 1883–1888; Braasch 2006 b).</p><p>Among the extralimital species,  E. (C.) nigripilosus and  E. (C.) caucasicus show similar coloration pattern of abdominal sterna.  Epeorus (C.) himalayensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from them by relatively narrow penis lobes with a shallow medio-apical notch, because both species have apically widened penis lobes and a deeper medio-apical notch (Braasch 1979).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/691B9F9C6D9B5720A5740E797BF2EC19	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hrivniak, Ľuboš;Sroka, Pavel;Godunko, Roman J.;Martynov, Alexander V.;Palatov, Dmitry M.;Bojková, Jindřiška	Hrivniak, Ľuboš, Sroka, Pavel, Godunko, Roman J., Martynov, Alexander V., Palatov, Dmitry M., Bojková, Jindřiška (2025): Discovering diversity of Central Asian and Himalayan Epeorus (Caucasiron) mayflies (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae) using DNA barcoding and morphology. ZooKeys 1234: 89-125, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1234.141196
98D3F3C8D9755D23BBCCE07E72D7E3F0.text	98D3F3C8D9755D23BBCCE07E72D7E3F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeorus (Caucasiron) lanceolatus Hrivniak & Sroka 2025	<div><p>Epeorus (Caucasiron) lanceolatus Hrivniak &amp; Sroka sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 7, 8, 9</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype: • female larva (barcoded specimen: IN 6 - labrum, leg and tergum VII mounted on slide): India Uttarakhand Pradesh, vicinity of Lambagad village, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=79.53375&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.644033" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 79.53375/lat 30.644033)">Alaknanda River</a>, 1998 m a. s. l.; 30°38.64198'N, 79°32.02500'E (codes: IND 2018 / 8; 40 Gang); 9–11.05. 2018, Martynov A. V., Palatov D. M. leg.  Paratypes: • 1 larva (barcoded specimen: IN 2 - labrum, mandibular incisors and tergum VII mounted on slide), 1 female imago (reared from larva; barcoded specimen: L 38 - larval exuvium mounted on slide): same data as holotype .</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species name lanceolatus (Latin) refers to lanceolate setae on abdominal terga and dorsal surface of femora characteristic for larvae.</p><p>Description of larva.</p><p>General coloration yellowish brown with dark brown to blackish maculation (Fig. 7). BL of late-instar larva 13.87 mm (female; n = 1); male unknown. Length of cerci unknown.</p><p>Head. Shape oval to trapezoidal (Fig. 7 A). Head dimensions of late-instar larva: length 3.5 mm, width 5.7 mm (female; n = 1), male unknown. Head width / length ratio: 1.53 (female; n = 1), male unknown. Coloration pattern of dorsal surface consists of: i) paired stripe-like and rounded maculae along epicranial suture, ii) pair of triangular (or blurred) maculae near inner edges of eyes, iii) pair of rounded maculae ventrally to lateral ocelli, iv) pale stripes extending from lateral ocelli to lateral edges of head, v) blurred or rectangular maculae between ocelli, vi) scattered maculae ventrally to median ocellus. Antennae yellowish brown, scapus and pedicellus darkened. Dorsal surface of head densely covered with elongated lanceolate setae (as on abdominal terga; Fig. 8 E, F), fine hair-like setae and stick-like setae. Sparse longer and fine hair-like setae located posteriorly to eyes.</p><p>Mouthparts. Labrum (Fig. 8 A) widened anteriorly; anterior margin slightly rounded or straight. Lateral angles rounded. Dorsal surface sparsely covered with setae of different size, five or six longer bristle-like setae located antero-medially, and two bristles antero-laterally (Fig. 8 A, left half). Epipharynx with longer, slightly plumose bristles situated along lateral to anterior margin, cluster of fine, hair-like setae medially (not figured), and group of 4–6 setae of various size (Fig. 8 A, right half). Outer incisors of both mandibles with three apical teeth; outer tooth blunt in both mandibles. Inner incisor of left mandible with three apical teeth (Fig. 8 B), right inner incisor bifurcated (Fig. 8 C).</p><p>Thorax. Prothorax anteriorly narrowed, lateral edges slightly rounded. Metanotum with small blunt posteromedian projection. Dorsal surface covered with hair-like setae, stick-like setae, and lanceolate setae (as on abdominal terga and head, Fig. 8 E, F); sparse longer, hair-like setae along pro-, meso- and metanotal suture.</p><p>Legs. Coloration on Fig. 7 B. Femora with medial hypodermal spot, often transversely extended. Base and apex of femora darkened; patella-tibial suture darkened; tarsi proximally and distally darkened. Dorsal surface of femora covered by lanceolate setae, hair-like setae, and sparsely distributed stick-like setae (Fig. 8 E; drawn from late-instar larvae and last instar larval exuvium). Dorsal edge of femora with blade-like setae. Dorsal margin of tibiae and tarsi with row of dense hair-like setae; ventral margin with irregular row of distally accumulated spines. Tarsal claws with 3–4 denticles.</p><p>Abdominal terga. Colour pattern of abdominal terga consists of transversal stripe along anterior margin of terga I – IX (X) medially extending to: i) triangular macula on terga II – IV, ii) T-shaped macula on terga V – VI (VII), and iii) triangular macula on terga (VII) VIII – IX (Fig. 7 C). Pair of short stripes sometimes present antero-laterally to median macula. Lateral margins with oblique stripe-like maculae on terga I – IX. Denticles along posterior margin on terga dense, relatively narrow, irregular, and pointed (Fig. 8 F). Surface of terga covered with hair-like setae, stick-like setae, and lanceolate (sporadically narrow spatulate) setae (Fig. 8 E, F; drawn from late-instar larvae and last instar larval exuvium). Tergum X with well-developed posterolateral projections (Fig. 8 L, M, arrow). Terga with longitudinal median row of hair-like setae. Tergal spines not observed in late-instar larvae and larval exuvium from reared adult.</p><p>Abdominal sterna. Yellowish, with fine oblique stripes (slightly curved in late-instar larvae; Fig. 7 E, F). Nerve ganglia darkened. Sternum IX of female with V-shaped median emargination and numerous hair-like setae (Fig. 8 N).</p><p>Gills. Dorsal surface of gill plate I yellowish; of gill plates II – VII brownish on anterior half, greyish to brownish on posterior half. Ventral margin of all gill plates yellowish. Projection of gill plate III well developed (Fig. 8 H, arrow). Gill plate VII narrow (in natural position of ventral view, Figs 7 D, 8 K). Dorsal margin of gill plates IV – VII with more or less developed papillae; best expressed on gill plates VI and VII (Fig. 8 I).</p><p>Cerci. Yellowish brown, basally darkened.</p><p>Description of female imago.</p><p>General coloration yellowish brown with dark brown to blackish maculation (Fig. 9 A – F). Body length 14.0 mm (n = 1); length of cerci unknown. Length of fore wings 17.5 mm, length of hind wings unknown (broken).</p><p>Head. Frons brownish; frontal fold dark brown (Fig. 9 B, C). Antennae yellowish brown; scapus and pedicellus darkened. Eyes greyish, ocelli basally blackish, apically whitish.</p><p>Thorax. Prothorax dark brown. Mesothorax yellowish brown; median longitudinal suture darkened. Metathorax with short posterior-median blunt projection. Furcasternum dark brown. Wing membrane of fore wings in subimago cloudy, cross veins darkened (Fig. 9 A); hind wings unknown. Femora apically and basally darkened; median spot present (Fig. 9 G). Tibiae apically and basally darkened, tarsi brownish. One claw blunt, one claw pointed.</p><p>Abdomen. Coloration pattern of abdominal terga similar as in late-instar larvae (Fig. 9 D – F). Tergum X with medial macula. Lateral margins with oblique stripe-like maculae on terga I – IX extending dorso-posteriorly, forming transversal stripe-like macula along posterior margin of terga (Fig. 9 D, E). Abdominal sterna with fine, slightly curved oblique stripes (Fig. 9 F). Nerve ganglia darkened. Subgenital plate posteriorly narrowed, posterior margin slightly rounded. Subanal plate posteriorly narrowed; posterior margin straight (Fig. 9 I).</p><p>Cerci. Unknown.</p><p>Description of eggs.</p><p>Oval shaped, dimensions approximately 186 × 110 μm (average values from 7 eggs). Chorionic surface with texture as on Fig. 9 L. One to three visible micropyle shallow and rounded, located in subequatorial position (~ 12.5 μm in width) (Fig. 9 J, K).</p><p>Male imago. Unknown.</p><p>Main morphological diagnostics of larva.</p><p>i) abdominal sterna with fine oblique stripes (slightly curved in late-instar larvae; Fig. 7 E, F), ii) coloration of abdominal terga as on Fig. 7 C, iii) femora with femur spot (Fig. 7 B), iv) dorsal surface of femora with lanceolate setae (Fig. 8 D), v) abdominal terga with lanceolate (sporadically narrow spatulate) setae (Fig. 8 E, F), vi) tergum X with well-developed posterolateral projections (Fig. 8 L, M, arrow), vii) gill plates VII narrow (in natural position from ventral view; Figs 7 D, 8 K), viii) denticles along posterior margin of abdominal terga dense, relatively narrow, irregular and pointed (Fig. 8 F).</p><p>Main morphological diagnostics of imago</p><p>(female). i) abdominal sterna with fine, slightly curved oblique stripes (Fig. 9 F), ii) femora with a median spot (Fig. 9 G), iii) wing membrane colourless, iv) subgenital plate posteriorly slightly rounded, iv) subanal plate posteriorly straight (Fig. 9 H, I).</p><p>Morphological affinities.</p><p>Larva.  Epeorus (C.) lanceolatus sp. nov. is characterised by lanceolate setae on the dorsal surface of femora and abdominal terga (Fig. 8 D, E). This trait, together with the remaining seven traits, given above distinguishes the species from all  E. (Caucasiron) species described so far and also from  E. suspicatus, whose attribution to the subgenus  Caucasiron is uncertain (Figs 15, 16). Similar lanceolate setae on the dorsal surface of femora are present in  E. psi (Fig. 18 D).  Epeorus (C.) lanceolatus sp. nov. differs from this species by dense, relatively narrow, irregular, and pointed denticles along the posterior margin of abdominal terga (Fig. 8 F) and by a short dorso-apical projection of femora (Fig. 7 B), in contrast to  E. psi with basally denticulate spines and shorter denticles along abdominal terga (Fig. 18 F) and an elongated pointed dorso-apical projection of femora (Figs 17 F, 18 M). The characters distinguishing  E. kapurkripalanorum from  E. (C.) lanceolatus sp. nov. are given in the section “ Remarks on  Iron paraguttatus (Braasch, 1983) and  E. kapurkripalanorum (Braasch, 1983) ”.</p><p>Female imago. The presence of the fine, slightly curved oblique stripes on abdominal sterna (Fig. 9 F) separates  E. (C.) lanceolatus sp. nov. from  E. (C.) guttatus, with a pair of oblique stripes and a large median macula on abdominal sterna (Kluge 2015),  E. (C.) extraordinarius, with an longitudinal reddish brown median macula on abdominal sterna (Chen et al. 2010),  E. (C.) himalayensis sp. nov., with narrow triangular maculae (Fig. 6 F) and  E. psi, with a fine longitudinal median line (sometimes reduced anteriorly) and a pair of oblique stripes on abdominal sterna (Eaton 1883–1888). In addition,  E. (C.) lanceolatus sp. nov. can be distinguished from  E. (C.) himalayensis sp. nov. by the straight posterior margin of subanal plate (Fig. 9 H, I), in contrast to  E. (C.) himalayensis sp. nov. with a shallow emargination (Fig. 6 G – I).</p><p>Among the extralimital species,  E. (C.) caucasicus and  E. (C.) nigripilosus show similar coloration pattern on abdominal sterna (Braasch 1979). However, the female imagoes of both species have not been described, thus female genitalia cannot be compared with  E. (C.) lanceolatus sp. nov. Epeorus (C.) lanceolatus sp. nov. can be separated by fine and slightly curved oblique stripes on abdominal sterna (Fig. 9 F), in contrast to  E. (C.) caucasicus and  E. (C.) nigripilosus with well pigmented pattern (Braasch 1979). Moreover, both species are geographically restricted to the western part of the  E. (Caucasiron) range (Hrivniak et al. 2020 b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/98D3F3C8D9755D23BBCCE07E72D7E3F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hrivniak, Ľuboš;Sroka, Pavel;Godunko, Roman J.;Martynov, Alexander V.;Palatov, Dmitry M.;Bojková, Jindřiška	Hrivniak, Ľuboš, Sroka, Pavel, Godunko, Roman J., Martynov, Alexander V., Palatov, Dmitry M., Bojková, Jindřiška (2025): Discovering diversity of Central Asian and Himalayan Epeorus (Caucasiron) mayflies (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae) using DNA barcoding and morphology. ZooKeys 1234: 89-125, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1234.141196
FC5293A0C6C857C3A1CDA74F77CA2AF9.text	FC5293A0C6C857C3A1CDA74F77CA2AF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeorus (Caucasiron) lineatus Hrivniak & Sroka 2025	<div><p>Epeorus (Caucasiron) lineatus Hrivniak &amp; Sroka sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 10, 11</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype: • female larva: India: Uttarakhand Pradesh, vicinity of Badrinath town, Rishi Ganga River, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=79.4891&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.7408" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 79.4891/lat 30.7408)">right tributary of Alaknanda River</a>, 3141 m a. s. l.; 30°44.44800'N, 79°29.34600'E; (codes: IND 2018 / 9; 41 Gang); 12–13.05. 2018, Martynov A. V., Palatov D. M. leg.  Paratypes: • 27 larvae (barcoded specimens: L 39, SP 31, SP 32; three larvae mounted on slide): same data as holotype . •   5 larvae (barcoded specimens: IN 5 - mounted on slide, SP 21, SP 23): India: Uttarakhand Pradesh, vicinity of Lambagad village, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=79.53375&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.644033" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 79.53375/lat 30.644033)">Alaknanda River</a>, 1998 m a. s. l.; 30°38.64198'N, 79°32.02500'E (codes: IND 2018 / 8, 40 Gang); 9–11.05. 2018, Martynov A. V., Palatov D. M. leg.  •   1 larva (barcoded specimen: GU 2 - mounted on slide): Tajikistan: Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, Roshtqal’a District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=71.842&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.128437" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 71.842/lat 37.128437)">left tributary of Badamdara River</a>, 3070 m a. s. l.; 37°07.70617N’, 071°50.52000'E (code: 252 Tj); 30. 06. 2016, Palatov D. M. leg.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species name lineatus (Latin) refers to a median line on abdominal sterna characteristic for larvae.</p><p>Description of larva.</p><p>General coloration yellowish brown with dark brown to blackish maculation (Fig. 10). Body length of late-instar larva unknown. Maximum body length of examined larvae 14.0 mm (female), 9.30 mm (male). Length of cerci ~ 1.2 × body length.</p><p>Head. Shape trapezoidal (Fig. 10 D, E). Head width / length ratio: 1.49–1.56 (female; n = 6), 1.50–1.57 (male; n = 2). Coloration pattern of dorsal surface consists of: i) paired stripe-like and rounded maculae along epicranial suture, ii) pair of triangular (or blurred) maculae near inner edges of eyes, iii) pair of rounded maculae ventrally to lateral ocelli, iv) pale stripes extending from lateral ocelli to lateral edges of head, v) rectangular or blurred macula between ocelli, vi) scattered smaller maculae ventrally to median ocellus. Antennae yellowish brown, scapus and pedicellus darkened. Dorsal surface covered with elongated spatulate setae (as on abdominal terga; Fig. 11 E), fine hair-like setae and stick-like setae. Sparse longer and fine hair-like setae located posteriorly to eyes.</p><p>Mouthparts. Labrum (Fig. 11 A) widened anteriorly; anterior margin slightly rounded or nearly straight. Lateral angles rounded. Dorsal surface sparsely covered with setae of different size, 5–6 longer bristle-like setae located antero-medially, and two bristles antero-laterally (Fig. 11 A, left half). Epipharynx with longer, slightly plumose bristles situated along lateral to anterior margin, cluster of fine hair-like setae medially (not figured), and 5–9 setae of various size (Fig. 11 A, right half). Outer incisors of both mandibles with three apical teeth; outer tooth blunt in both mandibles. Inner incisor of left mandible with three apical teeth (Fig. 11 B), right inner incisor bifurcated (Fig. 11 C).</p><p>Thorax. Prothorax anteriorly narrowed, lateral edges slightly rounded. Metanotum with small blunt posteromedian projection. Dorsal surface covered with hair-like setae, stick-like setae and elongated spatulate setae (as on abdominal terga and head); sparse longer, hair-like setae along pro-, meso-, and metanotal suture.</p><p>Legs. Coloration as on Fig. 10 F. Femora with medial hypodermal spot, often transversely extended. Base and apex of femora darkened; patella-tibial suture darkened; tarsi proximally and distally darkened. Dorsal surface of femora covered by rounded (sporadically apically narrowed) spatulate setae (Fig. 11 D), hair-like setae, and sparsely distributed stick-like setae. Dorsal edge of femora with blade-like setae. Dorsal margin of tibiae and tarsi with row of dense hair-like setae; ventral margin with irregular row of distally accumulated spines. Tarsal claws with 2–3 denticles.</p><p>Abdominal terga. Colour pattern of abdominal terga consists of transversal stripe along anterior margin of terga I – IX (X) medially extending to: i) triangular, rounded, or anteriorly and posteriorly widened macula on terga II – IV; and ii) triangular or T-shaped macula on terga V – IX (Fig. 10 I – M). Lateral margins with oblique stripe-like maculae on terga I – IX, sometimes dorso-posteriorly extended. Denticles along posterior margin on terga dense, irregular, and pointed (Fig. 11 F). Surface of terga covered with hair-like setae, stick-like setae, and elongated (sporadically rounded) spatulate setae (Fig. 11 E, F) (dominantly rounded spatulate setae can be present in younger instars). Tergum X with well-developed posterolateral projections (Fig. 11 L, arrow). Terga with longitudinal median row of hair-like setae. More or less developed posteromedian spine (most expressed on terga VII – IX (Fig. 11 M, N). Posteromedian tergal spine observed only in larvae of BL 4.6–11.2 mm (n = 22; barcoded specimens SP 21, SP 31, L 39, SP 23, IN 5), not observed in larger larvae of BL 11.2–14.0 (n = 5; barcoded specimens: GU 2, SP 32).</p><p>Abdominal sterna. Yellowish, with a pattern consisting of oblique stripes and median line extending from anterior to posterior margin (Fig. 10 N – Q). Median line often posteriorly widened (Fig. 11 N) or reduced to posteromedian macula Fig. 11 P, Q, arrows). Sternum IX of female apically narrowed, with V-shaped median emargination, and numerous hair-like setae (Fig. 11 O).</p><p>Gills. Dorsal surface of gill plate I yellowish; of gill plates II – VII brownish. Ventral margin of all gill plates yellowish. Projection of gill plate III well-developed (Fig. 11 H, arrow). Gill plate VII wide (in natural position of ventral view, Figs 10 G, H, 11 K). Dorsal margin of gill plates (III) IV – VII with more or less developed papillae; best expressed on gill plates VI and VII (Fig. 11 I).</p><p>Cerci. Yellowish brown, basally darkened.</p><p>Imagoes and eggs.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Main morphological diagnostics of the larva.</p><p>i) abdominal sterna with oblique stripes and more or less developed median line (Fig. 10 N – Q), ii) coloration of abdominal terga as on Fig. 10 I – M, iii) femora with median spot (Fig. 10 F), iv) gill plates VII wide (in natural position from ventral view; Figs 10 G, H, 11 K), v) tergum X with well-developed posterolateral projections (Fig. 11 L, arrow), vi) abdominal terga with elongated (sporadically rounded) spatulate setae (Fig. 11 E, F), vii) dorsal surface of femora with rounded spatulate setae (Fig. 11 D), viii) denticles along posterior margin on terga dense, irregular and pointed (Fig. 11 F).</p><p>Morphological affinities.</p><p>Larva. Based on the coloration pattern of abdominal sterna consisting of oblique stripes and more or less developed longitudinal median line,  E. (C.) lineatus sp. nov. can be distinguished from  E. (C.) extraordinarius, with a longitudinal reddish brown median macula (Chen et al. 2010) and  E. (C.) himalayensis sp. nov., with more or less defined triangular maculae (Fig. 3 K – N). In addition,  E. (C.) lineatus sp. nov. differs from the latter species by elongated spatulate setae on abdominal terga (Fig. 11 E, F) and wide shape of gill plates VII (Figs 10 G, H, 11 K), in contrast to rounded spatulate setae and narrow gill plates VII in  E. (C.) himalayensis sp. nov. (Figs 3 J, 4 J).</p><p>Elongated spatulate setae on abdominal terga separate  E. (C.) lineatus sp. nov. from  E. (C.) lanceolatus sp. nov., with lanceolate setae on abdominal terga (Fig. 8 E). Other characters distinguishing  E. (C.) lineatus sp. nov. from  E. (C.) himalayensis sp. nov. and  E. (C.) lanceolatus sp. nov. are given in the section “ Main morphological diagnostics of the larva ”.</p><p>Epeorus (C.) lineatus sp. nov. is most similar to Central Asian  E. (C.) guttatus . Both species possess elongated spatulate setae on the dorsal margin of abdominal terga, well-developed posterolateral projection on tergum X, wide gill plates VII and similar coloration of abdominal terga and legs.  Epeorus (C.) lineatus sp. nov. can be distinguished by the presence of more or less developed longitudinal median line on abdominal sterna (Fig. 10 N – Q), in contrast to  E. (C.) guttatus with large median macula (Fig. 13 H). A longitudinal median line in  E. (C.) lineatus sp. nov. is sometimes posteriorly widened (Fig. 10 N). When it is pronounced, reaching oblique stripes, the pattern may resemble that of  E. (C.) guttatus . This was observed in a specimen collected in Tajikistan (barcoded specimen: GU 2).</p><p>Epeorus (C.) lineatus sp. nov. differs from other  Epeorus species, which could represent the subgenus  Caucasiron based on larval morphology (Fig. 1), by dense, irregular, and pointed denticles along posterior margin of abdominal terga (Fig. 11 F).  Epeorus suspicatus possesses sparse larger denticles separated by shorter denticles (Fig. 16 F) and  E. psi basally denticulate spines and short denticles (Fig. 18 F). The latter species additionally differs by a long and pointed dorso-apical projection of femora (Figs 17 F, 18 M). Morphological diagnostics of  E. kapurkripalanorum are given in the section “ Remarks on  Iron paraguttatus (Braasch, 1983) and  E. kapurkripalanorum (Braasch, 1983) ”.</p><p>Epeorus (C.) lineatus sp. nov. differs from all extralimital species of the subgenus  Caucasiron by the presence of spatulate setae on abdominal terga, in contrast to fine or basally widened hair-like setae present in  E. (Caucasiron) from the western part of its range (Hrivniak et al. 2020 b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC5293A0C6C857C3A1CDA74F77CA2AF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hrivniak, Ľuboš;Sroka, Pavel;Godunko, Roman J.;Martynov, Alexander V.;Palatov, Dmitry M.;Bojková, Jindřiška	Hrivniak, Ľuboš, Sroka, Pavel, Godunko, Roman J., Martynov, Alexander V., Palatov, Dmitry M., Bojková, Jindřiška (2025): Discovering diversity of Central Asian and Himalayan Epeorus (Caucasiron) mayflies (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae) using DNA barcoding and morphology. ZooKeys 1234: 89-125, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1234.141196
C44E9428B608507EB0A88C493969FF85.text	C44E9428B608507EB0A88C493969FF85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeorus (Caucasiron) suspicatus (Braasch 2006)	<div><p>Epeorus (Caucasiron?) suspicatus (Braasch, 2006)</p><p>Figs 15, 16</p><p>Iron suspicatus Braasch, 2006 .</p><p>Epeorus (Caucasiron) suspicatus (Braasch, 2006): Vasanth et al. 2021: 519.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Nepal: Tal, Marshyangdi River (orig. Marsyandi-Tal, Thangja) (2400 m a. s. l.).</p><p>Examined material</p><p>(deposited in SMNS). • 2 larvae: holotype and paratype from type locality. •   1 larva (paratype): Nepal: Marsyandi-Tal,  Bagarchap, ca. 2100 m a. s. l., 21. 05. 1980, leg. Sivec  .</p><p>Distribution, habitat, and biology.</p><p>Himalayas: Nepal and India (Fig. 1). The species inhabits rhithral zones of mountain streams. The altitude of the sampling sites ranged between 2000 and 2400 m a. s. l. Late-instar larvae were recorded in May (Braasch 2006 a).</p><p>Main morphological diagnostics of the larva.</p><p>i) abdominal sterna with a pair of oblique stripes and a posterio-median macula (Fig. 15 I), ii) coloration of abdominal terga as on Fig. 15 G, H, iii) posterior margin of abdominal terga with sparse larger denticles separated by shorter denticles (Fig. 16 F), iv) tergum X with a short posterolateral projection (Fig. 16 L, arrow), v) gill plates VII narrow (in natural position from ventral view) (Figs 15 K, L, 16 K), vi) projection on gill plates III well-developed (Fig. 16 H, arrow), vii) femora with a median spot (Fig. 15 F), viii) dorsal surface of femora with rounded spatulate setae (Fig. 16 D), ix) abdominal terga with elongated (oval) and rounded spatulate setae (Fig. 16 E, F).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Morphology. Adult stages undescribed.</p><p>Taxonomy. The attribution of the species to the subgenus  E. (Caucasiron) by Vasanth et al. (2021) was not confirmed by male genitalia or molecular data and hence remains unclear.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C44E9428B608507EB0A88C493969FF85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hrivniak, Ľuboš;Sroka, Pavel;Godunko, Roman J.;Martynov, Alexander V.;Palatov, Dmitry M.;Bojková, Jindřiška	Hrivniak, Ľuboš, Sroka, Pavel, Godunko, Roman J., Martynov, Alexander V., Palatov, Dmitry M., Bojková, Jindřiška (2025): Discovering diversity of Central Asian and Himalayan Epeorus (Caucasiron) mayflies (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae) using DNA barcoding and morphology. ZooKeys 1234: 89-125, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1234.141196
8339538B878F522FB270B9D2A9E0B11F.text	8339538B878F522FB270B9D2A9E0B11F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epeorus psi (Eaton 1885)	<div><p>Epeorus (Caucasiron?) psi (Eaton, 1885)</p><p>Figs 17, 18</p><p>Iron psi? (Eaton, 1885): Braasch 1980 b: 58.</p><p>Epeorus (Belovius) psi (Eaton, 1885): Tshernova 1981: 332.</p><p>Epeorus (Caucasiron) psi (Eaton, 1885): Vasanth et al. 2021: 516-519.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>India: Kullu district (orig. Kooloo, Himalaya) (Eaton 1883–1888).</p><p>Examined material</p><p>(deposited in IECA and NMNH NASU). •   20 larvae (barcoded specimens: IN 4, IN 42 - both mounted on slide), 2 male subimagoes (barcoded specimen: IN 44 - genitalia mounted on slide): India: Uttarakhand state, vicinity of Guptkashi town, Madhyamaheshwar Ganga Mandahishvar River – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=79.09928&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.53795" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 79.09928/lat 30.53795)">left tributary of Mandakini River</a>, 30°32.27700'N, 79°05.95698'E, 1102 m a. s. l., 15. – 16. 5. 2018, Martynov A. V. leg. (code: IND 2018 / 11)  . •   5 larvae (barcoded specimen: IN 43 - mounted on slide): India: Uttarakhand Pradesh, vicinity of Guptkashi village, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=79.09565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.53745" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 79.09565/lat 30.53745)">Mandakini River</a>, 1087 m a. s. l., 30°32.24700'N, 79°05.73900'E, 16. 05. 2018, Martynov A. V. leg. (code: IND 2018 / 12)  .</p><p>Distribution, habitat, and biology.</p><p>Himalayas: India (Eaton 1883–1888; Vasanth et al. 2021), Nepal (Braasch 1980 b, 1981), south-east Tibet (Ma and Zhou 2022); Hengduan Shan and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: China (Ma and Zhou 2022) (Fig. 1). The species inhabits mountain streams and rivers in relatively wide altitudinal range. The altitude of the sampling sites ranged between 488 and 2100 m a. s. l. (our data; Braasch 1980 b, 1981; Vasanth et al. 2021). Adults were recorded in May (Braasch 1980 b).</p><p>Main morphological diagnostics of the larva.</p><p>i) abdominal sterna with a pair of oblique stripes and a longitudinal median line (sometimes reduced anteriorly) (Fig. 17 H), ii) coloration of abdominal terga as on Fig. 17 G), posterior margin of abdominal terga with basally denticulate spines and shorter denticles (Fig. 18 F), iv) tergum X with a short posterolateral projection (Fig. 18 L, arrow), v) gill plates VII narrow (in natural position from ventral view) (Figs 17 I, 18 J), vi) projection on gill plates III well-developed (Fig. 18 H, arrow), vii) femora with median femur spot (Fig. 17 F), viii) dorsal surface of femora with lanceolate (sporadically elongated spatulate) setae (Fig. 18 D), ix) abdominal terga with elongated spatulate and lanceolate setae (Fig. 18 E), femora with an extended and pointed dorso-apical projection (Figs 17 F, 18 M).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Morphology. The species was originally described by Eaton (1883–1888) based on male and female imago. The larva and the male subimago were later described by Braasch (1980 b) from Nepal. Association with imagoes of  E. psi was based on the specific pattern of colouration on abdomen and the shape of penis lobes.</p><p>Taxonomy. The species was attributed to the subgenus  Iron within its own species group “  Iron psi - Gruppe ” (Braasch 1980 b, 2006 b). Vasanth et al. (2021) examined the morphology of larvae and assigned the species to the subgenus  Caucasiron based on “ the shape of gills II – VII with an outer thumb-like projection ”. Although the shape of gill plates II – VII is similar to those of  E. (Caucasiron), male genitalia with bifurcated penis lobes and extended latero-apical tip, as figured by Eaton (1883–1888) and described by Braasch (1980 b, 2006 b), are not consistent with the diagnosis of  E. (Caucasiron) as given by Kluge (1997, 2015). Therefore, the systematic position of  E. psi remains unclear until the systematic revision based on molecular data is available.</p><p>Distribution. Specimens from Taiwan identified as  E. psi by Ulmer (1912) were later described as  E. erratus Braasch, 1981 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8339538B878F522FB270B9D2A9E0B11F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hrivniak, Ľuboš;Sroka, Pavel;Godunko, Roman J.;Martynov, Alexander V.;Palatov, Dmitry M.;Bojková, Jindřiška	Hrivniak, Ľuboš, Sroka, Pavel, Godunko, Roman J., Martynov, Alexander V., Palatov, Dmitry M., Bojková, Jindřiška (2025): Discovering diversity of Central Asian and Himalayan Epeorus (Caucasiron) mayflies (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae) using DNA barcoding and morphology. ZooKeys 1234: 89-125, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1234.141196
