identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
486687BA5005E76DECA809CC0A66712F.text	486687BA5005E76DECA809CC0A66712F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Berthelinia Crosse 1875	<div><p>Genus Berthelinia Crosse, 1875</p><p>† Berthelinia Crosse 1875: 79 . Type species: Berthelinia elegans Crosse, 1875, by monotypy.</p><p>† Ludovicia Cossmann 1887: 45 . Type species: Ludovicia squamula Cossmann, 1887, by monotypy.</p><p>† Anomalomya Cossmann 1887: 169–170 . Type species: Anomalomya corrugata Cossmann, 1887, by monotypy.</p><p>† Cossmannella Boetger 1962: 414 [non Cossmannella Mayer-Eymar, 1896; Bivalvia], unnecessary replacement for Ludovicia Cossmann, 1887 .</p><p>† Squamulina Le Renard 1989: 23 [not Squamulina Schultze, 1854; Foraminifera], replacement name for Cossmannella Boetger, 1962 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Shell thin, delicate, semi-quadrangular in lateral view; anterior margin rounded, narrowing posteriorly, tapering into round tail end; shell tallest point near anterior end; right valve slightly smaller; hinge with inconspicuous condyloid (or cardinal) tooth on right valve, lef valve with fossete-like socket; protoconch on lef valve, slightly behind mid-length point; single, adductor muscle scar subcentral.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Crosse (1875) introduced the genus name Berthelinia Crosse, 1875 based on a single specimen collected in the Miocene of the Paris Basin (Courtagnon), which he described as a new species, Berthelinia elegans . Because Crosse (1875) had only one valve, and owing to its small size and reduced number of whorls, he speculated that it could be an embryonic shell. Crosse (1875) struggled with the taxonomic placement of this species and suggested that it was probably related to the gastropod genera Pileopsis Lamarck, 1822 [= Capulus Montfort, 1810, family Capulidae Fleming, 1822] or Hipponyx [incorrect spelling of Hipponix Defrance, 1819, family Hipponicidae Troschel, 1861]. Fischer (1886) suggested, for the first time, that Berthelinia was a bivalve, possibly related to the Prasinidae Stoliczka, 1871 (a synonym of Juliidae) or Aviculidae Goldfuss, 1820 [= Pteriidae].</p><p>Cossmann (1887) formally described the genus Ludovicia Cossmann, 1887 (Deshayes’ manuscript name), for the new species Ludovicia squamula Cossmann, 1887, based on the shells from the Eocene of the Paris Basin. Cossmann (1887) placed Ludovicia in the bivalve family Galeommidae [sic.] [= Galeommatidae Gray, 1840]. Hedley (1920) indicated that W. J. Wintle pointed out to him that Ludovicia Cossmann, 1887 is preoccupied by the genus name Ludovicius Rondani, 1843, because according to Marschall (1873) this name was rendered as Ludovicia by Rondani (1845). Boetger (1962) agreed with this assessment and proposed the replacement name Cossmannella Boetger, 1962 for Ludovicia Cossmann, 1887 . However, a review of the pertinent literature shows that Rondani (1843) introduced the new genus name Ludovicius in the family Dolichopoda [ Diptera]. Subsequently, Rondani (1845) reported the name Ludovicius again with the same spelling, and Marschall (1873: p. 336) listed the name as ‘Ludovicia’ with authorship of Rondani, 1845. Because there is no evidence that Marschall’s (1873) spelling was an intentional emendation (ICZN 1999: Article 33.2), it is considered here as an incorrect subsequent spelling (ICZN 1999: Article 33.5) and therefore unavailable for the purposes of homonymy. Tus, Ludovicia Cossmann, 1887 remains available, and Cossmannella Boetger, 1962 is an unnecessary replacement. Later, Le Renard (1989) noticed that Cossmannella Boetger, 1962 was preoccupied by Cossmannella Mayer-Eymar, 1896 [ Bivalvia] and proposed the replacement name Squamulina Le Renard, 1989, which is also preoccupied by Squamulina Schultze, 1854 [Foraminifera].</p><p>Cossmann (1887) described additional bivalve taxa in the family Prasinidae, including the new genus Anomalomya Cossmann, 1887, based on the new species Anomalomya corrugata Cossmann, 1887 . Cossmann (1887) also examined additional specimens of Berthelinia elegans, which he formally placed in the Prasinidae . Cossmann (1887) noticed that specimens of Berthelinia from Le Ruel (Haravilliers, France) differed slightly from those found in coarse limestone, and introduced a variety, Berthelinia elegans elata, for those specimens.</p><p>Crosse and Fischer (1887) commented further on the taxonomic placement of Berthelinia in Pelecypoda (= Bivalvia) based on newly discovered complete specimens of B. elegans that included both valves and with visible muscle scars. Crosse and Fischer (1887) had difficulties placing Berthelinia among bivalves and speculated that it was probably related to the families Aviculidae and Prasinidae as suggested by Fischer (1886). In a postscript in the same article, Crosse and Fischer (1887) mentioned that afer their paper was writen, they received the second delivery of Cossmann’s (1887) illustrated catalogue of the fossil shells of the Eocene of the environs of Paris, where this author placed Berthelinia in the family Prasinidae .</p><p>Te discovery of the first live bivalved sacoglossans by Kawaguti and Baba (1959) prompted the reclassification of Berthelinia as a gastropod (Burn 1960b, Keen 1960b); see remarks on Edentellina . Based on morphological similarities, some authors considered Ludovicia and Anomalomya as subgenera of Berthelinia (Keen &amp; A. G. Smith 1961; Boetger 1962), whereas others maintained them as separate genera (Le Renard et al. 1996, Schneider et al. 2008).</p><p>In this study, morphological evidence indicates that Berthelinia cannot be used for Recent species. Te PCA recovered Recent and fossil species of Berthelliniinae in two distinct clusters, indicating that they are morphologically distinct. Terefore, the genus Berthelinia is used herein only for the extinct taxa listed below.</p><p>Species list</p><p>† Berthelinia elegans Crosse 1875: 79–81, pl. 2, fig. 3. Type locality: Courtagnon, France (Eocene) .</p><p>† Ludovicia squamula Cossmann 1887: 45–46, pl. 2, figs 21, 22. Type locality: Parnes, France (Eocene) .</p><p>† Anomalomya corrugata Cossmann 1887: 170, pl. 7, figs 30, 31. Type locality: Le Fayel, France (Late Eocene) .</p><p>† Berthelinia elegans elata Cossmann 1887: 175, pl. 7, figs 24–27. Type locality: Le Ruel, France (Early–Late Eocene) .</p><p>† Berthelinia? elongata Cossmann 1906: 262–263, pl. 20, figs 18, 19. Type locality: Bois-Gouët, Loire-Atlantique, France (Early Eocene) .</p><p>† Berthelinia burni Ludbrook and Steel 1961: 229, pl. 12. Type locality: Elizabeth Oval bore, Hundred of Munno Para, 15 miles north of Adelaide, Australia (Early Pliocene) .</p><p>† Berthelinia oligocaenica Janssen 1979: 75–78, figs 1, 2 (Middle Oligocene).</p><p>Genus Namnetia Cossmann, 1905 † Namnetia Cossmann 1905b: 147 .</p><p>Type species: Namnetia discoides Cossmann, 1905, by monotypy.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Shell thin, delicate, ovoid, nearly round in lateral view; anterior and posterior margins rounded, similar in height, or posterior end narrower, sharper; shell tallest point near centre; hinge with anterior and posterior parts interrupted beneath apex, condyloid (or cardinal) tooth on right valve, lef valve with fossete-like socket; protoconch on lef valve, near mid-length point; single, adductor muscle scar nearly central.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Cossmann (1905b) introduced the new genus Namnetia Cossmann, 1905 for the species Namnetia discoides Cossmann, 1905 and provisionally placed it in the family Galeommidae [sic.] [= Galeommatidae Gray, 1840]. Le Renard (1980) described the new Juliidae species Anomalomya ( Namnetia ?) sphaerica Le Renard, 1980 . Le Renard (1980), based on this interpretation of the original description of Namnetia discoides by Cossmann (1905b), suggested that Namnetia could be a subgenus of Anomalomya and belong to the family Juliidae . Tis placement has not been confirmed with the examination of specimens. Le Renard (1989) examined additional specimens of this group and, using morphometric data, confirmed the placement of Namnetia in Juliidae . Le Renard (1989) also considered Anomalomya sphaerica Le Renard, 1980 as a possible synonym of Anisodonta sphaericula Cossmann, 1886, and proposed both as members of Namnetia . Finally, Le Renard (1989) pointed out the similarities between Namnetia and Anomalomya but preferred to maintain them as separate genera.</p><p>Species list</p><p>† Anisodonta sphaericula Cossmann 1886: 141–142, pl. 2, figs 34–36. Type locality: Valmondois, France (Late Eocene) .</p><p>† Namnetia discoides Cossmann 1905b: 147, pl. 9, figs 47–49. Type locality: Bois-Gouët, Loire-Atlantique, France (Middle Eocene) .</p><p>† Anomalomya sphaerica Le Renard 1980: 21–23, fig. 11. Type locality: Baron, Oise, France (Middle Eocene) .</p><p>Genus EdenTellina Gatliff &amp; Gabriel, 1911 Edentellina Gatliff &amp; Gabriel 1911: 190 . Type species: Edentellina typica Gatliff &amp; Gabriel, 1911, by original designation.</p><p>Tamanovalva Kawaguti &amp; Baba 1959: 178–179 . Type species: Tamanovalva limax Kawaguti &amp; Baba, 1959, by original designation.</p><p>Midorigai Burn 1960b: 45–46 . Type species: Midorigai australis Burn, 1960, by original designation.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Shell thin, delicate, translucent, colourless, semi-quadrangular in lateral view; anterior margin rounded, narrowing posteriorly, tapering into sharp tail end; shell tallest point near anterior end; right valve slightly smaller; hinge with faint corrugations, lacking teeth or with small condyloid (or cardinal) tooth on right valve, lef valve ofen with reduced triangular hinge socket; protoconch on lef valve, slightly behind mid-length point; single, adductor muscle scar subcentral; gill occupies height of right valve; heart dorsally in mantle fold; intestine on surface of mantle floor, behind bulge formed by female reproductive system; mantle cavity covering only right side of the body; radular teeth elongate, blade-shaped, with row of hair-like denticles along each side; teeth cusps either with single sharp tip or bifid.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Dautzenberg (1895) reported the first Recent shell of the fossil genus Berthelinia based on a right valve (with the protoconch) collected by Schlumberg in Madagascar. Dautzenberg (1895) illustrated and described this shell as a new species, Berthelinia schlumbergeri, and commented on the taxonomic placement of this group in the Bivalvia (as Pelecypoda).</p><p>Gatliff and Gabriel (1911) described the genus Edentellina based on Recent specimens collected in Port Phillip, Australia. Gatliff and Gabriel (1911) designated their new species Edentellina typica Gatliff &amp; Gabriel, 1911 as the type, but mentioned that a second species collected by C. Hedley also belonged to the same genus and was going to be described at a later date. Gatliff and Gabriel (1911) placed Edentellina among other bivalve species but did not discuss the taxonomic placement of this group or compare it with other previously described taxa in Bivalvia . Hedley (1912) suggested that Edentellina was not a bivalve (or pelecypod) but the internal shell of a tectibranch gastropod (obsolete term for some shelled sea slugs). Hedley (1912) also pointed out the similarity between Edentellina and the fossil genus Ludovicia Cossmann, 1887 . Years later, Hedley (1920) described a second Recent species of Edentellina, Edentellina corallensis, and commented that because this animal had a ligament joining the right and lef valves, it was clearly a bivalve. Additionally, Hedley (1920) examined the paratypes of Ludovicia squamula Cossmann, 1887 (the type species of Ludovicia Cossmann, 1887, borrowed from Dautzenberg), and based on the morphological characteristics of these two taxa, considered Edentellina and Ludovicia to be congeneric, although he did not explicitly propose a formal synonymization of the two names. Additionally, based on similarities between Edentellina and J. exquisita, Hedley (1920) proposed the placement of Edentellina in the family Juliidae and related to the Chamacea [= Chamoidea Lamarck, 1809, Bivalvia].</p><p>Dall (1918) reported a third Recent species of this group based on two lef shells collected in Magdalena Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico that he described as? Scintilla chloris . Because of the limited material available (only two valves, with no protoconch), Dall (1918) did not make the connection between his specimens and previous records by Dautzenberg (1895) and Gatliff and Gabriel (1911), thus he suggested his specimens should probably be placed in the bivalve genus Scintilla Deshayes, 1856 (family Galeommatidae Gray, 1840) until more material became available.</p><p>Kawaguti and Baba (1959) discovered the first live specimens of Sacoglossa with a bivalved shell, for which they proposed the new genus Tamanovalva and the new species Tamanovalva limax . Kawaguti and Baba (1959) were unaware of any other species of sacoglossans with such an unusual morphology, and therefore introduced the new family Tamanovalvidae and the new suborder Tamanovalvacea for this group. Kawaguti and Baba (1959) compared the shell of Tamanovalva with that of Edentellina, which they considered a member of Bivalvia, and concluded that they were different. However, Cox and Rees (1960) stressed the morphological similarities between Tamanovalva and Edentellina and with the fossil genus Ludovicia, and suggested that they could be synonyms. Keen (1960a) agreed with Cox and Rees (1960) but proposed that the fossil genus name Berthelinia could be a more senior synonym for this group.</p><p>Burn (1960a), in a brief note, described, for the first time, live specimens of Edentellina typica in Torquay, Victoria, Australia. Burn (1960a) also mentioned collecting a second species of the same group belonging to a different genus. In a second paper the same year, Burn (1960b) re-emphasized Tamanovalva as a synonym of Edentellina, but also proposed that these two genera are synonyms with the fossil genus Berthelinia from the Eocene of the Paris Basin, as suggested by Keen (1960a). Burn (1960b) confirmed that the species he collected from Victoria belonged to E. typica (renamed Berthelinia typica) and that E. corallensis was a synonym, but that the specimens described by Verco (1916) as E. typica constituted a second, distinct species. Burn (1960b) suggested that T. limax described by Kawaguti and Baba (1959) was also a synonym of B. typica, and? Scintilla chloris Dall, 1918 (from Baja California), although larger, was probably another synonym of B. typica . Finally Burn (1960b) considered the second species he collected in Victoria to belong to a new genus that he named Midorigai, based on the new species Midorigai australis Burn, 1960 . According to Burn (1960b), the main differences between Midorigai and Berthelinia were the more swollen shape of the shell, the size and arrangement of the protoconch (in a horizontal plane across the hinge line), the presence of two adductor muscles, the foot narrower than the neck, and some other anatomical details.</p><p>In subsequent years, a number of papers described additional species of bivalved gastropods and provided alternative assessments of the taxonomy of this group. First, Keen (1960b) formally synonymized Tamanovalva with Edentellina and Berthelinia and suggested a close relationship with Julia, which was not yet known from live animals. Tis opinion was followed by Ludbrook and Steel (1961) in the description of the new species Berthelinia burni Ludbrook &amp; Steel, 1961 [not Julia burni Sarma, 1975]. Baba (1961a) provided a comprehensive revision of the morphological characteristics of Tamanovalva and compared them with those of Edentellina and other shelled sacoglossans. Baba (1961a) also mentioned that Tamanovalva was different from Edentellina in shell and radula morphology, and that Edentellina seemed more similar to Ludovicia than to Tamanovalva, which appeared closer to Berthelinia . Baba (1961a) concluded that it is difficult to compare Recent and fossil taxa and more data are needed to establish a definitive taxonomy for the group, but should all these genera become synonyms, Berthelinia would have priority. In a second paper the same year, Baba (1961b) concluded that Berthelinia, Ludovicia, Edentellina, Tamanovalva, Midorigai, and possibly Anomalomya were synonyms and provided a detailed review of the radular and conchological characteristics of this group. Te same year, Keen and A. G. Smith (1961) described the new subspecies Berthelinia chloris belvederica and revisited the taxonomy of the bivalved sacoglossans, formally proposing that both Julia and Berthelinia were members of the family Juliidae . Keen and A. G. Smith (1961) also proposed that the genus Berthelinia included five subgenera, Berthelinia s.s., tentatively represented by three fossil taxa (including the type B. elegans) and the Recent B. schlumbergeri; Ludovicia, including only the type species L. squamula; Anomalomya, represented by the type species A. corrugata and possibly a Recent undescribed species from Australia; Midorigai, represented only by the type species M. australis; and Edentellina, including all other Recent species. Boetger (1962) followed a similar classification scheme to the one proposed by Keen and A. G. Smith (1961), but regarded Midorigai as a genus distinct from Berthelinia, instead of a subgenus, and proposed the new subgenus name Cossmannella to replace Ludovicia, which he erroneously thought was preoccupied (see remarks on Berthelinia). Boetger (1962) also described the new fossil species Julia borneensis .</p><p>Additional records and new species from the Hawaiian Islands (Kay 1962a, b, 1964), Berthelinia pseudochloris, and the Caribbean (Edmunds 1962, 1963), Berthelinia caribbea, largely followed the classification scheme proposed by Keen and A. G. Smith (1961). However, Burn (1965) indicated that he considered Berthelinia an exclusively fossil genus and that the Recent genus Tamanovalva was distinct and included the species T. limax, E. corallensis, S. chloris . Burn (1965) also recognized that among the paratypes he described as M. australis (Burn 1960b), there were some specimens that belonged to the true E. typica as described by Gatliff and Gabriel (1911), a point already made by Baba (1961a). Burn (1965) concluded that the specimens he described in his earlier work (Burn 1960b) as E. typica were different from those in the original description by Gatliff and Gabriel (1911) and belonged to the genus Tamanovalva, thus he introduced the new name Tamanovalva babai for them. Finally, although not clearly stated, Burn (1965) appeared also to consider Edentellina as a valid genus and distinct from both Tamanovalva and Berthelinia . Burn (1966) described a new species of Tamanovalva from Fiji, Tamanovalva fijiensis, and stated clearly that he considered Edentellina and Tamanovalva as distinct genera but did not provide distinguishing characters. Burn (1966) also distinguished Berthelinia and Tamanovalva because of the presence of one and a half whorls in the protoconch of Tamanovalva instead of two, as in the protoconch of Berthelinia .</p><p>Kay (1968) proposed a classification, informed by that of Keen and A. G. Smith (1961) and Boetger (1962), in which Midorigai was a subgenus of Berthelinia (because it possessed a uniquely swollen shell and two adductor muscle scars) and the subgenus Berthelinia could be applied only to fossils. Tis classification scheme was followed by some authors (e.g. Ganapati and Sarma 1972, Sarma 1975), but Jensen (1993, 1997a, b, 2015) synonymized all the subgenera under Berthelinia . Burn (1998, 2006) accepted Berthelinia and Tamanovalva as synonyms, but retained Edentellina and Midorigai as separate genera and continued to use Tamanovalva . Importantly, conchological traits ofen used to distinguish these genera are variable. For example, Edmunds (1963) found that the position of the protoconch varies within B. caribbea, and Jensen (1993) noted that the overall shape of the shell and the angle of the protoconch vary within B. rotnesti, with small specimens having a fairly erect protoconch and larger specimens having an almost horizontal one. Tus, it seems that owing to ontogenetic and/or intraspecific variability, these characters are not taxonomically informative.</p><p>In this study, molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that the type species of Edentellina, Tamanovalva, and Midorigai belong in the same clade. Terefore, we find no compelling reasons to maintain these as different genera, and we agree with Jensen’s (1993) proposal to synonymize Edentellina, Tamanovalva, and Midorigai . However, geometric morphometric analyses revealed that fossil and Recent members of this group clustered in different groups, with significant morphological differences. Tus, we propose to maintain Berthelinia as a valid genus for fossil taxa and retain Edentellina (the oldest available name) for Recent species.</p><p>Species list</p><p>Berthelinia schlumbergeri Dautzenberg 1895: 37–38, figs A, B. Type locality: Nosibé [= Nosy Be], Madagascar.</p><p>Edentellina typica Gatliff &amp; Gabriel, 1911: 190, pl. 46, figs 5, 6. Type locality: Portsea, Port Phillip, Victoria, Australia.</p><p>? Scintilla chloris Dall 1918: 5 . Type locality: Magdalena Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico.</p><p>Edentellina corallensis Hedley 1920: 76, figs 6–8. Type locality: Hope Island, Queensland, Australia.</p><p>Tamanovalva limax Kawaguti &amp; Baba 1959: 179–180, figs 1–10. Type locality: Vicinity of the former Tamano Marine Laboratory, Okayama University, by the Great Seto Bridge, Japan.</p><p>Midorigai australis Burn 1960b: 46, figs 8–14. Type locality: Torquay, Victoria, Australia.</p><p>Berthelinia chloris belvederica Keen &amp; A. G. Smith 1961: 53–61, figs 18, 19, 21–24, 27–32, pl. 5, lower fig. Type locality: Puerto Ballandra, near La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.</p><p>Berthelinia caribbea Edmunds 1963: 731–737, figs 1–5, pl. 1. Type locality: Port Royal, Jamaica.</p><p>Berthelinia pseudochloris Kay 1964: 191–193, fig. 1, pl. 9, figs 1, 4. Type locality: Near Koloa Landing, Koloa, Kaua‘i, Hawaiian Islands.</p><p>Tamanovalva babai Burn 1965: 735–736, fig. 3. Type locality: Point Danger, Torquay, Victoria, Australia.</p><p>Tamanovalva fijiensis Burn 1966: 54–55, pls. 15–19. Type locality: Nukulau Island, Viti Levu, Fiji.</p><p>Berthelinia ganapatii Sarma 1975: 16–20, figs 6–13, 28–29. Type locality: Visakhapatnam, India.</p><p>Berthelinia oaltairensis Sarma 1975: 20–21, figs 23–27, 30. Type locality: Visakhapatnam, India.</p><p>Berthelinia rotnesti Jensen 1993: 209–214, figs 1–4, 5A, 6A. Type locality: Rotnest Island, Western Australia.</p><p>Berthelinia daroini Jensen 1997a: 170–175, figs 6–9. Type locality: Lee Point, Darwin, Australia.</p><p>Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen 2015: 233–235, figs 1F, 5D, E, 6, 7. Type locality: Chek Jawa, Singapore.</p><p>EdenTellina schlumbergeri (Dautzenberg, 1895)</p><p>Berthelinia schlumbergeri Dautzenberg 1895: 37–38, figs A, B. Type locality: Nosibé [= Nosy Be], Madagascar.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Untraceable, not found in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences or in the MNHN .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Dautzenberg (1895) described Berthelinia schlumbergeri Dautzenberg, 1895 based on a single right valve dredged from sand in Nosy Be, Madagascar. Te very small shell (0.6 mm long) had the protoconch atached and was illustrated (Dautzenberg 1895: figs A, B). Based on the size of the teleoconch in relationship to the protoconch, it appears to be a juvenile (Dautzenberg 1895). Dautzenberg (1895) described the shell as uniformly white, oval, slightly trapezoid, with a rounded anterior end shorter than the posterior end. Te holotype is untraceable, and the limited description of the animal does not allow for a reliable identification of this species.</p><p>Ganapati and Sarma (1972) reported juvenile shell specimens from the Andaman Islands as B. schlumbergeri . Ganapati and Sarma (1972) also indicated that these shells were similar to the Madagascar specimen described by Dautzenberg (1895) but recognized that their species could not be determined until more material of fully grown individuals became available. In a later paper, Sarma (1975) reported two new species of Berthelinia from mainland India but made no reference to B. schlumbergeri . Gosliner (1987) and Ono (1999) reported and illustrated photographs of specimens identified as B. schlumbergeri from Sodwana Bay, South Africa and Okinawa, Japan, respectively. Both photographs show green animals with some white spots on the head and neck, white rhinophoral tips, a green mantle, with the edge of the shell surrounded by alternating white and dark bands. Gosliner (1987) confirmed that his specimens from South Africa fed on Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J. Agardh, 1873. Te morphological characteristics of B. schlumbergeri are consistent with those of E. pseudochloris here examined, a species that also feeds on C. racemosa and has planktotrophic development. Terefore, we regard the records of B. schlumbergeri by Gosliner (1987) and Ono (1999) to be E. pseudochloris . Although it is possible that B. schlumbergeri is an older name for E. pseudochloris, this is impossible to determine with certainty based on the original description.</p><p>Because the original description of B. schlumbergeri is based on juvenile specimens and lacks details of the internal anatomy, we are unable to confirm the validity of this species. Terefore, B. schlumbergeri is here regarded as a nomen dubium until more information becomes available.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/486687BA5005E76DECA809CC0A66712F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer B.;Krug, Patrick J.;Muro, Sandra;Vendeti, Jann;Maestrati, Philippe;Wong, Nur Leena W. S.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Valdés, Ángel	McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer B., Krug, Patrick J., Muro, Sandra, Vendeti, Jann, Maestrati, Philippe, Wong, Nur Leena W. S., Gosliner, Terrence M., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Te slug within the bivalve: molecular and morphological systematics of the family Juliidae (Gastropoda: Panpulmonata: Sacoglossa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf056, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf056
486687BA5015E75DECDF0B3A0C09749D.text	486687BA5015E75DECDF0B3A0C09749D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Edentellina australis (Burn 1960)	<div><p>EdenTellina australis (Burn, 1960)</p><p>(Figs 4J, K, 5E, F, 15–17)</p><p>Midorigai australis Burn 1960b: 46, figs 8–14. Type locality: Torquay, Victoria, Australia.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Midorigai australis, holotype, complete specimen, valves separated, damaged, 4 mm long (MV F21193).</p><p>Additional material examined</p><p>Portsea, Victoria, Australia, date unknown, one valve 2.5 mm long (MV F215277) . Pickering Point area, Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia, 23 February 2011, one specimen 2 mm long (shell) (MV F188699) . Duton Way, Portland Bay, Victoria, Australia, 17 February 2012, one specimen 4.1 mm long (shell), isolate JC18 (MV F194029) . Kity Miller Bay, Phillip Island, Victoria, Australia, 13 February 2008, two specimens 1.9–3 mm long (shell) (MV F158625) .</p><p>Description</p><p>Body elongate, ≤ 5.6 mm in length, completely retractable inside of shell. Body colour pale to dark green, with numerous minute white speckles throughout (Fig. 5E, F). Head elongate, with eye spots located on dorsal swelling near centre, surrounded by white pigment. Rhinophores enrolled, green, with small white speckles forming two rings. Oral tentacles short, green, with white speckles at base. Foot lighter than rest of animal, with small spots along edge. Mantle visible through shell, dark green, covered with large, whitish-beige patches, variable in size; edge surrounded by alternating opaque white patches composed of densely arranged speckles. Foot not extending to posterior end of shell, forming small triangular projection.</p><p>Shell up to 4 mm × 2.6 mm in size, tallest point near anterior margin, widest point near ventral margin; shell shape ovoid to quadrangular, dorsal margin regularly curved with distinct apex, ventral margin more flatened; anterior margin convex, irregularly curved, slightly more flatened dorsally, posterior margin shorter, narrowing gradually (Fig. 15E, F). Protoconch on lef valve of teleoconch, not observed. Hinge on dorsal margin of shell, formed by flatened, corrugated, nearly straight area, margin on both valves; no distinct condyloid tooth on right valve, but elongate protuberance at posterior end of hinge; triangular, fossete-like hinge socket on lef valve, at posterior end of hinge (Fig. 15G, H). Shell translucent, with no visible markings or spots on shell surface, and sof parts of body visible through it (Fig. 15A–D).</p><p>Adductor muscle located in line with highest point of shell, slightly below widest point (Fig. 16A), connected to narrow and elongate head retractor muscle. Adductor scar visible on shell (Fig. 15F). Gill large, occupying almost height of body, posterior to adductor muscle, covering anterior portion of digestive gland. Anterior half of body in preserved specimens with penis visible above adductor muscle (Fig. 16B). Penis elongate; distal end pointed, with very elongated, hollow stylet (Fig. 16D); proximal end of penis wider, with two strong retractor muscles atached and long, tubular deferent duct (Fig. 16C). A single, reduced pharyngeal appendage observed, connected to the dorsal side of the pharyngeal bulb (Fig. 16E).</p><p>Radula with 35 teeth in descending limb and 6 fully formed teeth + 1 ghost tooth in ascending limb, in 4.1-mm-long specimen from Victoria, Australia (MV F194029) (Fig. 17A). Active tooth ~260 μm long, with sharp, pointed tip; blade elongate, with central row of numerous long, delicate denticles; base short, slightly curved; juvenile teeth bicuspid (Fig. 17B). Ascus containing one long, rod-shaped pre-radular tooth and three (possibly four) intermediate teeth (Fig. 17C) .</p><p>Biology</p><p>Tis species feeds on Caulerpa simpliciuscula (R. Brown ex Turner) C. Agardh, 1823 (Burn 1989). According to Wisely (1962), E. australis produces egg masses with 50– 52 eggs and operculate veligers with shells 116–118 µm in diameter that hatch afer 11–13 days.</p><p>Range</p><p>Victoria, Australia (Burn 1960a, b; present paper), Tasmania and South Australia (Burn 2006).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Burn (1960a) reported finding the first living specimens of Edentellina typica Gatliff &amp; Gabriel, 1911, in Torquay, Victoria, Australia. Burn (1960a) also reported collecting a second species of bivalved gastropod that ‘undoubtedly’ belonged to a different genus in the same group. In a second paper the same year, Burn (1960b) redescribed E. typica and transferred it to Berthelinia . In addition, Burn (1960b) introduced the new name Midorigai australis Burn, 1960 for the second species mentioned in the previous paper. Burn (1960b) described the live animals of M. australis as dark green, with large yellowish patches on the rhinophores and the rest of the body, including the mantle, which is densely spoted with large, rounded, yellowish-cream patches and has square-shaped yellow patches along the edges. Burn (1960b) described the shell as translucent olive-green with darker rays of green, squarer than in Berthelinia, with the lef valve more convex and higher than the right valve, hinge with no teeth.</p><p>For this paper, we have studied several specimens collected in Philip Island, Victoria, Australia (~ 75 km east of Torquay), characterized by having a green body colour with numerous, large, rounded yellowish-green to opaque white spots, larger on the mantle. We obtained nuclear DNA sequence data for two of them. We also examined the holotype of M. australis (Fig. 4J, K), but it is too damaged to draw any conclusions. Tese animals match the original description of M. australis and are here regarded as members of this species. Both the five-gene sequence data and the geometric morphometrics analyses confirm that these animals belong in the genus Edentellina, but are genetically distinct from all other species. Tus, we regard M. australis as a distinct and valid species of Edentellina .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/486687BA5015E75DECDF0B3A0C09749D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer B.;Krug, Patrick J.;Muro, Sandra;Vendeti, Jann;Maestrati, Philippe;Wong, Nur Leena W. S.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Valdés, Ángel	McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer B., Krug, Patrick J., Muro, Sandra, Vendeti, Jann, Maestrati, Philippe, Wong, Nur Leena W. S., Gosliner, Terrence M., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Te slug within the bivalve: molecular and morphological systematics of the family Juliidae (Gastropoda: Panpulmonata: Sacoglossa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf056, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf056
486687BA5021E757ECA90DC60CF573FB.text	486687BA5021E757ECA90DC60CF573FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Edentellina babai (Burn 1965)	<div><p>EdenTellina babai (Burn, 1965)</p><p>(Figs 4M, N, 24A–C, 25–27)</p><p>Tamanovalva babai Burn 1965: 735–6, fig. 3. Type locality: Point Danger, Torquay, Victoria, Australia.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Tamanovalva babai, holotype, complete specimen, valves separated, damaged, 4.5 mm long (MV F23064) .</p><p>Additional material examined</p><p>Harmers Haven, south of Wonthaggi, Victoria, Australia, 13 March 2008, one specimen 2 mm long (shell), on Caulerpa cactoides (Turner) C. Agardh, 1817 (MV F159081) . Werribee, Port Philip, Victoria, Australia, 5 m depth, 11 December 1995, two specimens 3 mm long (shells), leg. CSIRO (MV F112386) . Kity Miller Bay, Philip Island, Victoria, Australia, 13 February 2008, two specimens 3–3.2 mm long (shells) (MV F158624) . Kingston, Norfolk Island, Australia, 1 March 1962,&gt; 10 specimens 1.5–4.5 mm long (shells), leg. L. Marsh (MV F22716) . Queensland, Australia, 9 October 2014, eight specimens 2–3 mm long (shells), leg. K. Kocot (lot 94-5E) . Lord Howe Island, Australia, one specimen (AM C.469652) .</p><p>Description</p><p>Body elongate, ≤ 6.7 mm in length, completely retractable inside of shell. Body colour uniformly green, with a few minute white speckles concentrated on dorsal swelling near centre (Fig. 24A– C). Head elongate, with eye spots located on dorsal swelling near centre. Rhinophores enrolled, green, with small white dots near tips. Oral tentacles short, green. Foot lighter than rest of animal. Mantle visible through shell, green, lacking other pigmentation. Foot forming small triangular projection, not extending beyond posterior end of shell.</p><p>Shell up to 4.5 mm × 3.3 mm in size, tallest point halfway between anterior margin and protoconch; widest point near ventral margin; shell shape ovoid, dorsal margin regularly curved, with a flatened expansion near anterior end, ventral margin more flattened; anterior margin convex, irregularly curved, slightly more flatened dorsally, posterior margin shorter, narrowing gradually (Fig. 25G, H). Protoconch on lef valve of teleoconch, ~200 µm long, with 1.5 whorls (Fig. 25K). Hinge on dorsal margin of shell, formed by flatened, corrugated, nearly straight area, margin on both valves; large, elongate condyloid tooth at posterior end of hinge on right valve, triangular, fossete-like hinge socket on lef valve, at posterior end of hinge (Fig. 25I, J). Shell translucent, with no visible markings or spots on shell surface, sof parts of body visible through it (Fig. 25A–F).</p><p>Adductor muscle slightly posterior to highest point of shell, in line with widest point (Fig. 26A), connected to narrow and elongate head retractor muscle. Adductor scar visible on shell (Fig. 25H). Gill large, occupying almost height of body, posterior to adductor muscle, covering anterior portion of digestive gland. Anterior half of body in preserved specimens with pair of elongate pharyngeal appendages visible below adductor muscle (Fig. 26B), connecting to the pharyngeal bulb posteriorly (Fig. 26C). Penis elongate; distal end pointed, with a short stylet (Fig. 26E); proximal end wider, with strong retractor muscle and long, tubular deferent duct (Fig. 26D).</p><p>Radula with 23 teeth in descending limb and 5 fully formed teeth + 1 ghost tooth in ascending limb, in 3-mm-long specimen from Victoria, Australia (MV F112386) (Fig. 27A), and 22 teeth in descending limb and 5 fully formed teeth + 1 ghost tooth in ascending limb, in 4.5-mm-long specimen from Queensland, Australia (lot 94-5E) (Fig. 27D). Active tooth ~100–150 μm long (Fig. 27B, E), with sharp, bifid or pointed tip; blade elongate, with central row of numerous elongate, delicate denticles; base short, curved. Ascus containing one long, rod-shaped pre-radular tooth and four or five intermediate teeth (Fig. 27C, F) .</p><p>Biology</p><p>Burn (1989) indicated that T. babai feeds on Caulerpa scalpelliformis (R. Brown ex Turner) C. Agardh, 1817, Caulerpa geminata Harvey, 1855 and C. cactoides (Turner) C. Agardh, 1817 .</p><p>Range</p><p>Southern and Eastern Australia, including Tasmania, Lord</p><p>Howe Island, and Norfolk Island (Burn, 1965, 1989, 2015; present paper).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Burn (1965) introduced the name Tamanovalva babai Burn, 1965 for specimens he previously identified as Edentellina typica (see remarks of E. typica). According to Burn (1965), this species is characterized by having an ovatetrigonal shell with a large, vertically oriented protoconch, with 1.5 whorls. Burn (1965) described the live animals as green, with a green mantle visible through the shell, and the radula as having denticulate teeth with bifid apices. Burn (1989, 2015) illustrated a specimen from Philip Island, Victoria, which is green, with white spots all over the body but more concentrated in the rhinophores; the mantle is green, with numerous reddish-brown spots and white strings visible through the shell.</p><p>For this study, we examined several specimens from Victoria, Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island, Australia (some of them identified by R. Burn), matching the characteristics of the original description of T. babai, in addition to those of the holotype of this species (Fig. 4M, N). Two specimens were sequenced successfully and are genetically distinct from other species of Juliidae, but nested with other species of Edentellina . Morphologically, T. babai is characterized by having an elongate penial stylet, similar to that of E. australis . For all these reasons, we consider T. babai a valid and distinct species, but it is transferred to the genus Edentellina .</p><p>EdenTellina waltairensis (Sarma, 1975)</p><p>Berthelinia oaltairensis Sarma 1975: 20–21, figs 23–27, 30. Type locality: Visakhapatnam, India.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype and paratypes at the Department of Zoology, Andhra University, Waltair, India, not examined .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Sarma (1975) described the new species Berthelinia oaltairensis Sarma, 1975 based on live specimens collected in Visakhapatnam, India. Te body of live animals was described as leaf-green, with the oral tentacles, rhinophores, and foot speckled with white, and the mantle dark green and visible through the shell (Sarma 1975). Sarma (1975) illustrated the oval shell, with a round anterior end and narrower posterior end, with the highest point near the anterior end, and the protoconch posterior to mid-length. Sarma (1975) described the white protoconch as having 1.5 whorls, and the hinge with a strong anterior tooth and second weaker posterior tooth. Te radula had seven teeth in the ascending limb and 25 in the descending limb, teeth blade-like with simple tips, and fine denticulations on both sides (Sarma 1975).</p><p>We have been unable to obtain specimens matching the original description of B. oaltairensis, which remains as an uncertain species. However, because of its morphological similarities to other species of Edentellina, it is here transferred to this genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/486687BA5021E757ECA90DC60CF573FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer B.;Krug, Patrick J.;Muro, Sandra;Vendeti, Jann;Maestrati, Philippe;Wong, Nur Leena W. S.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Valdés, Ángel	McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer B., Krug, Patrick J., Muro, Sandra, Vendeti, Jann, Maestrati, Philippe, Wong, Nur Leena W. S., Gosliner, Terrence M., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Te slug within the bivalve: molecular and morphological systematics of the family Juliidae (Gastropoda: Panpulmonata: Sacoglossa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf056, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf056
486687BA5029E75FEF890CCB0B487220.text	486687BA5029E75FEF890CCB0B487220.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Edentellina caribbea (Edmunds 1963)	<div><p>EdenTellina caribbea (Edmunds, 1963)</p><p>(Figs 5G, H, 18–20)</p><p>Berthelinia caribbea Edmunds 1963: 731–737, figs 1–5, pl. 1. Type locality: Port Royal, Jamaica.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Berthelinia caribbea, holotype, complete specimen, not examined (NHMUK 1962261), six paratypes (NHMUK 1962262, NHMUK 1962263) .</p><p>Additional material examined</p><p>Bermuda: Sandys Parish, Bermuda, 1 m depth, 18 June 2009, three specimens 2.5–3 mm long (shell), leg. Pola et al. (CASIZ 181198–181200). St. George Island, Bermuda, 4 m depth, 10 June 2009, one specimen 2 mm long (live), leg. Pola et al. (CASIZ 181097) .</p><p>Caribbean: Canal off Snake Creek, Plantation Creek, Florida, 14 July 1978, one specimen (dry) 4 mm long, leg. M. Miller (CASIZ 112229) . Andros Island, Bahamas, 3 m depth, 28 August 1971, one valve 0.9 long, leg. D. R. Moore (CASIZ 112231) . Sweeting Cay, Bahamas, tissueonly, isolateBcar10 Swe 01. Abaco, Bahamas, one specimen 4 mm long (shell), leg. C. Redfern (NHMLA 011629) . Grande Caye, St. Martin, 4–6 m depth, 21 April 2012, one specimen 3 mm long (shell), leg. G. Paulay &amp; F. Michonneau (FMNH 451025) . Petite Terre, Guadeloupe, 26 May 2012, one specimen 1 mm long (shell), isolate JC45, Karubenthos 2012 Expedition (stn. GB31) (MNHN IM-2013-53075) . Lagon de Saint François, Guadeloupe, 28 May 2012, one specimen 3 mm long (shell), isolate JC46, Karubenthos 2012 Expedition (stn. GB35) (MNHN IM-2013-53074) ; one specimen 2.5 mm long (shell), isolate JC44, Karubenthos 2012 Expedition (stn. GB35) (MNHN IM-2013-53076); one specimen 2 mm long (shell), isolate JC43, Karubenthos 2012 Expedition (stn. GB35) (MNHN IM-2013-53077) . Guayama Bay, Puerto Rico, 24 November 1964, three specimens 3–3.5 mm long (shells), leg. Warmke &amp; Modovar (CASIZ 074790) . La Parguera, Puerto Rico, 10 April 1965, two specimens (dry) 1.2–1.8 mm long, leg. P. Glynn (CASIZ 201950) . Puerto Viejo, Limón, Costa Rica, 1–8 m depth, 30 October 1986, one valve 2.5 mm long, leg. R. C. Brusca &amp; P. M. Delaney (NHMLA 1986 - 202.28) . 1 km northeast of Punta Manzanillo, Limón, Costa Rica, 23 m depth, 13 March 2001, one specimen 4.8 mm long (shell), leg. S. Avila (MZUC INB3321518) .</p><p>Brazil: Plage de Gaibu, Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Pernambuco , Brazil, 1985–89, seven valves 1.8–3.5 mm long, leg. P. Maestrati (MHNH). Base of Mushroom Reef, 3 km southeast of Santa Barbara Island, Abrolhos Archipelago, Brazil, 23 m depth, 27 July 1977, seven valves and fragments, 1–3 mm long, leg. E. Petuch (CASIZ 112230) .</p><p>Description</p><p>Body elongate, ≤ 6.5 mm in length, completely retractable inside of shell. Body colour bright green, with numerous minute white speckles throughout, but more densely arranged on the dorsal side of head (Fig. 5G, H). Head elongate, with eye spots located on dorsal swelling near centre, surrounded by white pigment; two parallel brown lines run between base of rhinophores and eye spots, then merge into single brown line running backwards to pericardium; brown spots scatered over rest of head in some specimens. Rhinophores enrolled, green, with high concentration of small white and brown speckles. Oral tentacles short, green, with white speckles at base. Foot lighter than rest of animal. Mantle visible through shell, dark green, covered with large, irregular whitish-beige patches, variable in size, and numerous transverse white and brown lines; edge surrounded by alternating opaque white patches composed of densely arranged speckles and dark brown patches. Foot not extending to posterior end of shell, forming small triangular projection.</p><p>Shell up to 4.8 mm × 3.5 mm in size, tallest point near anterior margin, widest point near ventral margin; shell shape ovoid, dorsal margin regularly curved with distinct apex, ventral margin more flatened; anterior margin convex, irregularly curved, slightly more flatened dorsally, posterior margin shorter, narrowing gradually (Fig. 18G, H). Protoconch on lef valve of teleoconch, ~110 µm long, with 1.5 whorls (Fig. 18K). Hinge on dorsal margin of shell, formed by flatened, corrugated, nearly straight area, margin on both valves; large, rounded condyloid tooth at posterior end of hinge on right valve, triangular, fossete-like hinge socket on lef valve, at posterior end of hinge (Fig. 18I, J). Shell translucent, with no visible markings or spots on shell surface, sof parts of body visible through it (Fig. 18A–D).</p><p>Adductor muscle in line with highest and widest points of shell (Fig. 19A), connected to narrow and elongate head retractor muscle. Adductor scar visible on shell (Fig. 18H). Gill large, occupying almost height of body, posterior to adductor muscle, covering anterior portion of digestive gland. Anterior half of body in preserved specimens with pair of elongate pharyngeal appendages visible above adductor muscle (Fig. 19B), connecting to the pharyngeal bulb posteriorly (Fig. 19C). Penis elongate; distal end pointed, with no stylet visible; proximal end wider, with strong retractor muscle and long, tubular deferent duct (Fig. 19D).</p><p>Radula with 25 teeth in descending limb and 11 fully formed teeth + 1 ghost tooth in ascending limb, in 3-mm-long specimen from Abaco, Bahamas (NHMLA 011629) (Fig. 20A). Active tooth ~110 μm long (Fig. 20B), with sharp, harpoontip shaped, pointed tip; blade elongate, with central row of numerous short, delicate denticles (Fig. 20D); base short, curved. Ascus containing three disorganized elongate pre-radular teeth (Fig. 20C).</p><p>Biology</p><p>According to Grahame (1969), E. caribbea feeds on Caulerpa verticillata J. Agardh, 1847. Individuals have a short life span, with rapid growth rate and high fecundity (Grahame 1969). Te number of eggs per egg mass varies from 14–32 (Davis 1967) to 35–40, occasionally 80–100 (Grahame 1969). Eggs were ~100 µm in diameter (Clark and Jensen 1981), encased in ovoid capsules ~300 µm, developing into lecithotrophic larvae with a shell width of 230 µm (Grahame 1969); newly hatched veligers setle almost immediately on Caulerpa and begin to feed.</p><p>Range</p><p>Western Atlantic Ocean: Bermuda (present paper), Florida Keys (Moore and Miller 1979, Clark 1994; present paper), Bahamas (Valdés et al. 2006, Redfern 2001, 2013; present paper), Cuba (Espinosa et al. 2006), Puerto Rico (Warmke 1966, Grahame 1969; present paper), Jamaica (Edmunds 1962, 1963), St. Martin (present paper), Guadeloupe (Ortea et al. 2012; present paper), Mexico (Ortigosa et al. 2013, 2015), Belize (Clark and DeFreese 1987), Costa Rica (Espinosa and Ortea 2001, Camacho-García et al. 2014; present paper), Panama (Meeder and Moore 1972), and Brazil (Meeder and Moore 1972, Mello and Perrier 1986; present paper).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Edmunds (1963) described Berthelinia caribbea Edmunds, 1963 based on live animals collected in Jamaica. Te most distinctive external characteristic of this species is the presence of irregular horizontal bands of dark reddish-brown or yellowish-brown on the mantle, showing clearly through the transparent shell in both live and preserved specimens.</p><p>Redfern (2013: 280, fig. 780A–C) described and illustrated a second species of Berthellinia from the Bahamas, based on shells with a slightly different shell morphology and a more coiled protoconch than those of B. caribbea, which he also illustrated. Tese animals might constitute a distinct species, but in the absence of material for anatomical and molecular work, it cannot be described.</p><p>For this paper, we examined and sequenced several specimens from the Caribbean region and Brazil matching the original description of B. caribbea . Geometric morphometrics analyses confirmed the shells of these specimens are morphologically similar to those of other species of Edentellina . Additionally, molecular data confirm that B. caribbea is sister to the rest of Edentellina . Based on those two lines of evidence, we transfer B. caribbea to Edentellina and confirm that E. caribbea is a valid species name.</p><p>Te ABGD species delimitation analyses based on 16S split E. caribbea into two different groups, but this split was not recovered in the COI and H3 analyses. Moreover, there are no obvious morphological differences between these two groups, thus they are here maintained in the same species. Te two groups recovered have different geographical ranges, one including Bahamian specimens and the other Caribbean-proper specimens, suggesting a certain degree of genetic isolation between the two populations. Further research including a larger sample size might yet support cryptic diversity in E. caribbea .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/486687BA5029E75FEF890CCB0B487220	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer B.;Krug, Patrick J.;Muro, Sandra;Vendeti, Jann;Maestrati, Philippe;Wong, Nur Leena W. S.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Valdés, Ángel	McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer B., Krug, Patrick J., Muro, Sandra, Vendeti, Jann, Maestrati, Philippe, Wong, Nur Leena W. S., Gosliner, Terrence M., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Te slug within the bivalve: molecular and morphological systematics of the family Juliidae (Gastropoda: Panpulmonata: Sacoglossa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf056, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf056
486687BA501EE766ECB808DE0A4E73FA.text	486687BA501EE766ECB808DE0A4E73FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Edentellina chloris (Dall 1918)	<div><p>EdenTellina chloris (Dall, 1918)</p><p>(Figs 4C–F, 5C, D, 9–11)? Scintilla chloris Dall 1918: 5 . Type locality: Magdalena Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico.</p><p>Berthelinia chloris belvederica Keen and A. G. Smith 1961: 53–61, figs 18, 19, 21–24, 27–32, pl. 5, lower fig. Type locality: Puerto Balladry, near La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.</p><p>Type material</p><p>? Scintilla chloris, syntypes, right and lef valve (not from same specimen), 9 mm long (USNM 218179); right valve 9 mm long (CASIZ 064093).</p><p>Berthelinia chloris belvederica, holotype, dry, 8.2 mm long (CASIZ 064091); paratypes, four valves 2.3–4 mm long (CASIZ 064092) .</p><p>Additional material examined</p><p>Pacific Coast of Baja California: East of Punta Estrada at Sail Rock, north entrance of Bahía Magdalena , Baja California Sur, Mexico, 30–31 January 1974, three valves 4–11 mm long, leg. J. McLean (NHMLA 1974 - 14.9) .</p><p>Gulf of California: Punta Pelícano, Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Mexico, 30 March 1979, one specimen 10 mm long (shell), leg. C. J. O’Kelley (CASIZ 018381) . Half a mile south of Rancho Algodones, near Bahía San Carlos, Sonora, Mexico, December 1975, two specimens 8 mm long (shells), isolates JC3A–B, leg. Forrest and Poorman (NHMLA 186690) . Isla San José, Baja California Sur, Mexico, 2 April 1974, 10 specimens 4–9 mm long (shells), leg. G. Sphon (NHMLA 1974 - 33.1) . Bahía Partida, between Isla Partida and Isla del Espiritu Santo, Baja California Sur, Mexico, 10 April 1966, one specimen 7 mm long (shell), leg. J. McLean (NHMLA 1966 - 28.30) ; three valves 6–6.5 mm long, leg. J. McLean (NHMLA 1966 - 28.31); four valves, 4–4.5 mm long, leg. J. McLean (NHMLA 1966 - 28.31) . Bahía Candelero, Isla del Espiritu Santo, Baja California Sur, Mexico, 31 August 1960, 10 specimens (dry) 1.5–4.5 mm long, leg. M. Keen &amp; A. G. Smith (CASIZ 201953) ; 1959–60, six specimens (dry) 4–7 mm long, leg. Belveder Science Expedition (CASIZ 201955); 18 valves 1–3 mm long (CASIZ 201951); two specimens + two valves 1–4 mm long (CASIZ 201952) . Puerto Ballena, Isla del Espiritu Santo, Baja California Sur, Mexico, 19 December 1960, five specimens (dry) 3–6.5 mm long, leg. M. Keen &amp; M. L. Valdez de Adcock (CASIZ 201954) ; one specimen (dry) 3 mm long, leg. Belveder Science Expedition (CASIZ 201954) . Puerto Balandra, Baja California Sur, Mexico, 4 October 1960, 28 specimens (dry) 4–8.5 mm long, leg. A. G. Smith &amp; K. K. Bechtel (CASIZ 201967) ; five specimens (dry) (possible paratypes of B. chloris belvederica) 3.9–7.5 mm long, leg. A. G. Smith &amp; K. K. Bechtel (CASIZ 201965) ; 17 valves (possible paratypes of B. chloris belvederica) 1–3 mm long, leg. A. G. Smith &amp; K. K. Bechtel (CASIZ 201963) .</p><p>Galapagos Islands: Flamingo Cove, Isla Floreana, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, 15 March 1971, one specimen 5 mm long (shell), leg. Ameripagos Expedition (stn. 10) (NHMLA 1971 - 52.14); 15–16 March 1971, one specimen (dry), 4.5 mm long (shell), leg Ameripagos Expedition (stn. 11) (NHMLA 1971 - 53.15) . Punta Espinosa, Isla Fernandina , Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, 25 January 1972, one shell 9 mm long, leg. R. M. Lease (Searcher stn. 333) (NHMLA 1972 - 197.8); Nov 1992, one specimen 4 mm long (shell), leg. T Gosliner (CASIZ 087112) . Bahía Urbina, Isla Isabela , Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, 1–3 m depth, 24 January 1972, two valves 9 mm long, leg. S. Earle (NHMLA 1972 - 192.1) .</p><p>Description</p><p>Body elongate, ≤ 10.5 mm in length, completely retractable inside of shell. Body colour vibrant dark green, with minute white speckles throughout (Fig. 5C, D). Head elongate, with eye spots located on dorsal swelling near centre, surrounded by white pigment. Rhinophores enrolled, green, with small white speckles ofen forming a ring at the apex, cluster of white speckles on dorsal side. Oral tentacles short, green with white speckles on long edge. Foot lighter than rest of animal, with small spots along edge. Mantle visible through shell, vibrant dark green, covered with a few whitish to pale green spots, variable in size; edge surrounded by conspicuous alternating opaque white patches composed of densely arranged speckles. Foot extending to posterior end of shell, forming small triangular projection.</p><p>Shell up to 9 mm × 5.6 mm in size, tallest point near centre, widest point near ventral margin; shell shape ovoid, dorsal margin regularly curved, ventral margin more flatened; anterior margin convex, irregularly curved, slightly more flatened dorsally, posterior margin narrowing gradually, forming a nearly triangular, elongate shape, with round end (Fig. 9G, H). Protoconch on lef valve of teleoconch, ~110 µm long, with 1.5 whorls (Fig. 9K). Hinge on dorsal margin of shell, formed by flatened, corrugated, nearly straight area, margin on both valves; small, oval condyloid tooth on right valve at posterior end of hinge, and triangular, fossete-like hinge socket on lef valve, at posterior end of hinge (Fig. 9I, J). Shell translucent, with no visible markings or spots on shell surface, and sof parts of body visible through it (Fig. 9A–F).</p><p>Adductor muscle located closer to anterior end of shell, slightly below widest point of shell (Fig. 10A), connected to narrow and elongate head retractor muscle. Adductor scar visible on shell (Fig. 9H). Gill large, occupying almost height of body, posterior to adductor muscle, covering anterior portion of digestive gland. Anterior half of body in preserved specimens with pair of elongate pharyngeal appendages visible between head retractor muscle and gill (Fig. 10B), connecting to the pharyngeal bulb dorsally (Fig. 10C). Penis elongate; distal end pointed, with no stylet visible; proximal end wider, with two strong retractor muscles atached, and long, tubular deferent duct (Fig. 10D).</p><p>Radula with 29 teeth in descending limb and 9 fully formed teeth + 1 ghost tooth in ascending limb, in 9-mm-long specimen from Baja California Sur, Mexico (NHMLA 1974 - 33.1) (Fig. 11A), and with 25 teeth in descending limb and 7 fully formed teeth + 2 ghost teeth in ascending limb, in 8-mm-long specimen from Sonora, Mexico (NHMLA 186690) (Fig. 11C). Active tooth ~130 μm long, with sharp, pointed tip; blade elongate, with central row of numerous long, delicate denticles; base elongate, slightly curved (Fig. 11B, D). Ascus containing a rod-shaped pre-radular tooth plus about five intermediate teeth (Fig. 11C) .</p><p>Biology</p><p>Keen and A. G. Smith (1961) reported finding living animals of this species in shallow water (0–2.5 m depth) on Caulerpa sertularioides (S. G. Gmelin) M. Howe, 1905 and Caulerpa racemosa var. turbinata [= Caulerpa chemnitzia (Esper) J. V. Lamouroux, 1809], which is a member of the Caulerpa racemosa –peltata species complex (see Belton et al. 2014).</p><p>Range</p><p>Eastern Pacific Ocean: Baja California (Dall 1918, Keen and A. G. Smith 1961; present paper), Costa Rica (Camacho-García et al. 2005), and Galapagos Islands (Sphon and Mulliner 1972; present paper).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Dall (1918) introduced the name? Scintilla chloris Dall, 1918 based on two shells collected in Magdalena Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico. He described the shells as pale green, translucent, with paler rays, the posterior end [anterior] wider, longer, and more rounded than the anterior end [posterior], which was shorter, with a hinge, a single noduliform denticle, and a faint lateral lamella (Dall 1918). Dall (1918) interpreted the two shells as lef valves and suggested that they could belong to the bivalve genus Scintilla Deshayes, 1856 . Keen and A. G. Smith (1961) examined manuscript illustrations of the type material of this species and additional specimens from the Pacific coast of the Baja California Peninsula and concluded that the two shells examined by Dall (1918) were, in fact, opposite valves. Tis has been corroborated by recent examination of the type material (USNM 218179) (Fig. 4C, D). Keen and A. G. Smith (1961) placed this species in Berthelinia and described the subspecies B. chloris belvederica based on additional specimens from the Gulf of California coast of Baja California Sur, which were morphologically different from the type material of B. chloris chloris . Specifically, Keen and A. G. Smith (1961) noted that the syntype of B. chloris chloris they examined was larger, more inflated, and had a more prominent lamellar tooth in the hinge than their specimens of B. chloris belvederica . Boetger (1962) considered the differences between B. chloris belvederica and B. chloris chloris to fall within the normal range of variation of a species and therefore regarded them as synonyms. Tis opinion is generally accepted, and more recent records refer to B. chloris belvederica as B. chloris (Sphon &amp; Mulliner 1972; Camacho-García et al. 2005). We obtained the holotype of B. chloris belvederica (Fig. 4E, F) and did not find any distinguishing differences between it and B. chloris chloris here examined. Terefore, we consider both to be B. chloris .</p><p>Camacho-García et al. (2005) and Behrens et al. (2022) illustrated live animals of B. chloris, which were nearly uniformly green, with white dots concentrated on the rhinophores (forming a longitudinal line) and around the eyes, in addition to faint white patches around the mantle margin, visible through the shell. Photographs of additional specimens (Fig. 5C, D) are similar but have more white pigment on the mantle, occupying almost the entire periphery of the shell, except for areas interrupted by green pigment, forming a dashed patern.</p><p>For this study, we examined specimens from the Eastern Pacific Ocean (Sonora, Baja California, and Galapagos Islands) matching the original description of B. chloris . Molecular phylogenies and geometric morphometric analyses nest this species within Edentellina and therefore it is here transferred to this genus. Edentellina chloris is similar to E. pseudochloris, but both are morphologically and genetically distinct, thus herein both are regarded as valid.</p><p>EdenTellina corallensi s Hedlep, 1920</p><p>Edentellina corallensis Hedley 1920: 76, figs 6–8. Type locality: Hope Island, Queensland, Australia.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Edentellina corallensis, syntype, one right valve, 5 mm long (AM C.27643).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Hedley (1920) introduced the name Edentellina corallensis Hedley,1920 forseveralshellspecimenscollectedinQueensland, Australia. Hedley (1920) described the species briefly in the context of its differences from E. typica, commenting that the shell of E. corallensis was more solid, more compressed, and more pointed ‘anteriorly’ [= posteriorly, based on the convention used in the present paper]. Hedley (1920) also described the colour of the shell as pale sulphur yellow. Examination of the syntype of E. corallensis does not reveal any distinctive features consistent with any of the material here examined. Terefore, we are unable to determine the taxonomic status of E. corallensis and regarded it as a nomen inquirendum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/486687BA501EE766ECB808DE0A4E73FA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer B.;Krug, Patrick J.;Muro, Sandra;Vendeti, Jann;Maestrati, Philippe;Wong, Nur Leena W. S.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Valdés, Ángel	McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer B., Krug, Patrick J., Muro, Sandra, Vendeti, Jann, Maestrati, Philippe, Wong, Nur Leena W. S., Gosliner, Terrence M., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Te slug within the bivalve: molecular and morphological systematics of the family Juliidae (Gastropoda: Panpulmonata: Sacoglossa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf056, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf056
486687BA5013E761EFB10A8D0D9972A4.text	486687BA5013E761EFB10A8D0D9972A4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Edentellina limax (Kawaguti & Baba 1959)	<div><p>EdenTellina limax (Kawaguti &amp; Baba 1959)</p><p>(Figs 12–14)</p><p>Tamanovalva limax Kawaguti and Baba 1959: 179–180, figs 1–10. Type locality: vicinity of the former Tamano Marine Laboratory, Okayama University, by the Great Seto Bridge, Japan.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Unknown (not reported by Higo et al. 1999). Additional material examined</p><p>Tamano Bay, Okayama Prefecture, Japan, 22 August 1960, two specimens (dry) 3.4 mm long, leg. S. Kawaguti (CASIZ 201960) ; three valves 6–6.5 mm long, leg. S. Kawaguti (CASIZ 201959); two specimens (dry) 4.5–5 mm long + 33 veliger shells, leg. S. Kawaguti (CASIZ 201957); 75 veliger shells, leg. S. Kawaguti (CASIZ 201958); 10 veliger shells, leg. S. Kawaguti (CASIZ 201956) . Mukaishima Island, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, 13 April 1960, one specimen (wet) 2 mm long (shell), leg. K. Baba (MV F23063) . Description</p><p>Live animals not examined, illustrated by Abe (1964: pl. 6, fig. 20) and Hamatani (2000: pl. 379; 2017: pl. 405) as having an elongate body, ≤ 10 mm in length. Body colour pale green, lacking white speckles. Head elongate, with eye spots located on dorsal swelling near centre. Rhinophores enrolled, green, with a few white speckles. Oral tentacles short, green. Foot lighter than rest of animal. Mantle visible through shell, dark green, covered with large, whitish-beige patches, variable in size; edge surrounded by alternating opaque white patches composed of densely arranged speckles; adductor muscle visible through shell as white patch. Foot forming small triangular projection, not extending beyond posterior end of shell.</p><p>Shell up to 6.5 mm × 4.4 mm in size, tallest point near anterior margin, widest point near ventral margin; shell shape ovoid to quadrangular, dorsal margin regularly curved with distinct apex, ventral margin more flatened; anterior margin convex, irregularly curved, slightly more flatened dorsally, posterior margin shorter, narrowing gradually (Fig. 12G, H). Protoconch on lef valve of teleoconch, ~150 µm long, with 1.5 whorls (Fig. 12K). Hinge on dorsal margin of shell, formed by flatened, corrugated, nearly straight area, margin on both valves; low, oval condyloid tooth on right valve, triangular, fossete-like hinge socket on lef valve, at posterior end of hinge (Fig. 12I, J). Shell translucent, with no visible markings or spots on shell surface, and sof parts of body visible through it (Fig. 12A–F).</p><p>Adductor muscle located in line with highest point of shell, slightly below widest point (Fig. 13A), connected to narrow and elongate head retractor muscle. Adductor scar visible on shell (Fig. 12H). Gill large, occupying almost height of body, posterior to adductor muscle, covering anterior portion of digestive gland. Penis short, triangular; distal end pointed, with conical stylet (Fig. 13C); proximal end of penis wider, with two strong retractor muscles atached and tubular deferent duct (Fig. 13B). Pharyngeal bulb as wide as tall (Fig. 13D).</p><p>Radula with 28 teeth in descending limb and 6 fully formed teeth + 1 ghost tooth in ascending limb, in 4.5-mm-long specimen from Tamano Bay, Japan (CASIZ 201957) (Fig. 14A). Active tooth ~135 μm long, with sharp, pointed tip; blade elongate, with central row of numerous long, delicate denticles; base short, curved (Fig. 14B). Ascus containing one long, rod-shaped pre-radular tooth plus five intermediate teeth (Fig. 14C).</p><p>Biology</p><p>According to Kawaguti and Yamasu (1960), E. limax feeds on Caulerpa okamurai Weber-van Bosse in Okamura, 1897 and lays egg masses with a small number of eggs (11–470); each egg within an ovoid capsule of 250 µm × 270–380 µm on average. And according to Yamasu (1969) it has lecithotrophic development, very similar to that of E. singaporensis (Jensen &amp; On, 2018; Wong and Sigwart, 2019).</p><p>Range</p><p>Wakayama Prefecture and Inland Sea, Japan (Kawaguti and Baba 1959, Hamatani 2017).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Kawaguti and Baba (1959) described, for the first time, live animals of Juliidae under the new name Tamanovalva limax Kawaguti &amp; Baba, 1959 . For the original description, Kawaguti and Baba (1959) had access to&gt; 200 specimens collected near the former Tamano Marine Laboratory, Okayama University, Japan. Unfortunately, they did not designate a holotype, and we have been unable to locate the type series. Kawaguti and Baba’s (1959) description included accounts of the characteristics of the live animals and features of the internal anatomy and the shell, all illustrated in great detail. Kawaguti and Baba (1959) described the shell as translucent yellowish white, thin, elongate-oval, narrowing posteriorly, with the umbo behind the mid-length, hinge with no teeth. Te colour of live animals was described as deep green, with opaque white dots on the rhinophores and head, mantle margin sparsely spoted with white and dark brown, and the deep green colour of the mantle showing through the shell. Other characteristics included having stout, grooved rhinophores, small foot corners, a raised area where the eyes are located, and a short posterior end of the foot, not extending beyond the shell. Te radula was formed of 35 blade-like teeth finely denticulate on both edges.</p><p>Prabhakara Rao (1965) reported four specimens of bivalved gastropods from India found on Caulerpa racemosa . Te animals were described as leaf green with opaque white spots, with a few dark green spots on the digestive gland. Te illustration of the specimens (Prabhakara Rao 1965: fig. 1) and the host alga are more consistent with those of E. pseudochloris and therefore are here assigned to this species. Subsequently, Ganapati and Sarma (1972) reported recently metamorphosed juvenile specimens also found on C. racemosa in India and assigned them to T. limax . Again, based on the host alga, this record is here considered to be of E. pseudochloris .</p><p>We examined several specimens from Japan that are morphologically consistent with the characteristics of T. limax, some of which were collected and identified by S. Kawaguti. Tese specimens have a conical stylet in the penis, which is absent in other specimens of Juliidae here examined. Unfortunately, we were unable to obtain sequence data from those specimens, thus we cannot confirm that they are genetically distinct. However, these Japanese specimens are morphologically distinct from other species here recognized, and therefore we regard T. limax as a valid species, probably endemic to Japan. Finally, because T. limax is morphologically coherent with other recent species here considered to be members of Edentellina, it is here transferred to this genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/486687BA5013E761EFB10A8D0D9972A4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer B.;Krug, Patrick J.;Muro, Sandra;Vendeti, Jann;Maestrati, Philippe;Wong, Nur Leena W. S.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Valdés, Ángel	McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer B., Krug, Patrick J., Muro, Sandra, Vendeti, Jann, Maestrati, Philippe, Wong, Nur Leena W. S., Gosliner, Terrence M., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Te slug within the bivalve: molecular and morphological systematics of the family Juliidae (Gastropoda: Panpulmonata: Sacoglossa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf056, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf056
486687BA502BE755ECC90ABD0A9A7598.text	486687BA502BE755ECC90ABD0A9A7598.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Edentellina pseudochloris (Kap 1964)	<div><p>EdenTellina pseudochloris (Kap, 1964)</p><p>(Figs 4G, H, L, 5I–L, 21–23) Berthelinia pseudochloris Kay 1964: 191–193, fig. 1, pl. 9, figs 1, 4. Type locality: Near Koloa Landing, Koloa, Kaua‘i, Hawaiian Islands.</p><p>Tamanovalva fijiensis Burn 1966: 54–55, pls. 15–19. Type locality: Nukulau Island, Viti Levu, Fiji.</p><p>Berthelinia ganapatii Sarma 1975: 16–20, figs 6–13, 28, 29.</p><p>Type locality: Visakhapatnam, India .</p><p>Type material</p><p>Berthelinia pseudochloris, holotype, complete specimen, not examined (BM 8903). Paratype, one complete specimen, 3.7 mm long (shell) (CASIZ 018374) .</p><p>Tamanovalva fijiensis, holotype, complete specimen, shell dissolved, 1.5 mm long (animal) (MV F25647) .</p><p>Berthelinia ganapatii, holotype and paratypes at the Department of Zoology, Andhra University, Waltair, India, not examined .</p><p>Additional material examined</p><p>Central Pacific and Haoaiian Islands: Honokowai Beach Park, Maui, Hawaiian Islands, 2–11 m depth, 9 October 2010, one specimen 4.5 mm long (shell), isolate JC21 (CASIZ 185144). Mama’s Fish House Tide Pool, Maui, Hawaiian Islands, tissue only, isolate Bpse16Mau06. Olivine Pools, Maui, Hawaiian Islands, 15 June 2011, one specimen 3 mm long (shell), isolate JC11B (CPIC 00315) .</p><p>Western Pacific: East of Santa Cruz Island, off Zamboanga, Mindanao, Philippines, 9–18m depth, 19 January 1981, one valve 4 mm long, leg. J. M. McLean (NHMLA 1981 - 71.7) . Mabini, Luzon, Philippines, 2001, one specimen 5 mm long (shell), isolate JC33B (CASIZ 199470) . Momo Beach, Panglao Island, Philippines, 28–32 m depth, 10 June 2004, one valve 4 mm long, leg. Panglao Marine Biodiversity Project, stn. S8 (MNHN) . Pamilacan Island, Philippines, 6–8 m depth, 14 June 2004, one specimen (dry) 2.8 mm long, leg. Panglao Marine Biodiversity Project, stn. S12 (MNHN) . Bingag, Panglao Island, Philippines, 20 m depth, 17 June 2004, one specimen 4 mm long, leg. Panglao Marine Biodiversity Project, stn. B16 (MNHN) . South Megas Islet, Madang, Papua New Guinea, 6 m depth, 14 November 2012, one valve 4.1 mm long, leg. Expédition Papua Niugini, stn. PS12 (MNHM) . Between Kranet Island and Paeowa Island, Madang, Papua New Guinea, 2–10 m depth, 27 November 2012, one valve 4.5 mm long, leg. Expédition Papua Niugini, stn. PD52 (MNHM) . South Urembo Island, Madang, Papua New Guinea, 10 m depth, 5 December 2012, one valve 4.5 mm long, leg. Expédition Papua Niugini, stn. PS41 (MNHM) . North Riwo, Madang, Papua New Guinea, 3 m depth, 13 December 2012, one valve 2.3 mm long, leg. Expédition Papua Niugini, stn. PB53 (MNHM) . Northwest point of Nusa Island, Kavieng Lagoon, Madang, Papua New Guinea, 3 June 2014, one specimen 5.1 mm long (shell), leg. Expédition Kavieng 2014, stn. KB03 (MNHN IM-2013-47177) . Northwest point of Manne Island, Kavieng Lagoon, Madang, Papua New Guinea, 4 June 2014, one specimen 3.1 mm long (shell), leg. Expédition Kavieng 2014, stn. KB06 (MNHN IM-2013-47623) . Malokilikili, Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu, 7 m depth, 5 October 2006, one specimen (dry) 4.9 mm long, leg. Santo Marine Biodiversity Survey, stn. FB52 (MNHN) . Segond Channel, Wambu River mouth, Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu, 7 m depth, 6 October 2006, one valve 4 mm long, leg. Santo Marine Biodiversity Survey, stn. DS91 (MNHN) . North Tutuba Island, Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu, 17–19 m depth, 11 October 2006, three valves 3–4.5 mm long, leg. Santo Marine Biodiversity Survey, stn. DS101 (MNHN) . West Tutuba Island, Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu, 70–80 m depth, 14 October 2006, one valve 4 mm long, leg. Santo Marine Biodiversity Survey, stn. DS103 (MNHN) . Off north of Urélapa Island, Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu, 100 m depth, 14 October 2006, one valve 4 mm long, leg. Santo Marine Biodiversity Survey, stn. EP32 (MNHN) . Tutuba Island, Vanatovoa Bay, Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu, 2–4 m depth, 14 October 2006, one specimen (dry) 2.1 mm long, leg. Santo Marine Biodiversity Survey, stn. FB92 (MNHN) . Bruat Channel, North coast of Malo Island, Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu, 35 m depth, 19 October 2006, one valve 4 mm long, leg. Santo Marine Biodiversity Survey, stn. DS110 (MNHN) . Grand Récif Mengalia, Secteur Touho, New Caledonia, September 1993, one specimen (dry) 2.2 mm long, leg. Expédition Montrouzier, stn. 1245 (MNHN) . Banc de Touho, Secteur de Touho, New Caledonia, Sep 1993, one specimen (dry) + four valves 2–4 mm long, leg. Expédition Montrouzier, stn. 1259 (MNHN) . Grand Récif Mengalia, Secteur de Touho, New Caledonia, 10–35 m depth, September 1993, three valves 3.5–5 mm long, leg. Expédition Montrouzier, stn. 1270 (NHMN) . Tié shoal, Secteur de Touho, New Caledonia, 5–25 m depth, October 1993, one specimen (dry) + three valves 2–3.5 mm long, leg. Expédition Montrouzier, stn. 1271 (NHMN) . Récif Extérieur, Passe de Touho, Secteur de Touho, New Caledonia, 20 m depth, September 1993, two valves 4 mm long, leg. Expédition Montrouzier, stn. 1273 (NHMN) . Baie de Koumac, Secteur Koumac, New Caledonia, 3–7 m depth, October 1993, one valve 6.5 mm long, leg. Expédition Montrouzier, stn. 1297 (MNHN) . Grand Récif de Koumac, Secteur Koumac, New Caledonia, 12 m depth, October 1993, eight valves 2.1–3.9 mm long, leg. Expédition Montrouzier, stn. 1316 (MNHN) . Passe Deverd, Secteur de Koumac, New Caledonia, 15–20 m depth, October 1993, one specimen (dry) 3.5 mm long, leg. Expédition Montrouzier, stn. 1319 (MNHN) . Lansdowne, west of New Caledonia, 427–505 m depth, 20 October 2005, one specimen (dry) 3 mm long, leg. Campagne Ebisco, stn. DW2617 (MNHN) . Lizard Island, Australia, 13 July 2006, one specimen, sequence only (Tl 792LIC) .</p><p>Indian Ocean: Ponta do Farol, Inhaca Island, Mozambique, 27 November 2011, one specimen (dry) 4.5 mm long, leg. Expédition Inhaca, stn. MM6 (MNHN) .</p><p>Description</p><p>Body elongate, ≤ 8.5 mm in length, completely retractable inside of shell. Body colour vibrant dark green, with a few scatered white speckles (Fig. 5I–L). Head elongate, with eyespots located on dorsal swelling near centre. Rhinophores enrolled, green, with small white speckles ofen concentrated at the apex. Oral tentacles short, green. Foot lighter than rest of animal. Mantle visible through shell, vibrant dark green, covered with small white dots; edge surrounded by conspicuous alternating opaque white patches composed of densely arranged speckles. Foot extending to posterior end of shell, forming small triangular projection.</p><p>Shell up to 6.5 mm × 4.6 mm in size, tallest point near anterior end, widest point near ventral margin; shell shape ovoid, dorsal margin with flatened extension near anterior end, ventral margin more flatened; anterior margin convex, irregularly curved, slightly more flatened dorsally, posterior margin narrowing gradually, forming a nearly triangular, elongate shape, with round end (Fig. 21G, H). Protoconch on lef valve of teleoconch, ~215 µm long, with 1.5 whorls (Fig. 21K). Hinge on dorsal margin of shell, formed by flatened, corrugated, nearly straight area, margin on both valves; small, oval condyloid tooth on right valve at posterior end of hinge, and triangular, fossete-like hinge socket on lef valve, at posterior end of hinge (Fig. 21I, J). Shell translucent, with no visible markings or spots on shell surface, sof parts of body visible through it (Fig. 21A–F).</p><p>Adductor muscle located closer to anterior end of shell, in line with widest point (Fig. 22A, C), connected to narrow and elongate head retractor muscle. Adductor scar visible on shell (Fig. 21H). Gill large, occupying almost height of body, posterior to adductor muscle, covering anterior portion of digestive gland. Anterior half of body in preserved specimens with pair of elongate pharyngeal appendages visible anterior or dorsal to adductor muscle, connecting to the pharyngeal bulb posteriorly (Fig. 21B). Penis elongate; distal end pointed, with a cuticularized tip; proximal end wider, with two strong retractor muscles atached (Fig. 21D).</p><p>Radula with 33 teeth in descending limb and 5 fully formed teeth in ascending limb, in 5.1-mm-long specimen from Papua New Guinea (MNHN IM-2013-47177) (Fig. 23A), and 31 teeth in descending limb and 5 fully formed teeth + 1 ghost teeth in ascending limb, in 4.5-mm-long specimen from Maui, Hawaiian Islands (CASIZ 185144). Active tooth ~90–130 μm long, with sharp, pointed tip; blade elongate, with central row of numerous long, delicate denticles; base short, curved (Fig. 23B, D). Ascus spirally coiled, with one long, rod-shaped pre-radular tooth, plus several (more than five) intermediate teeth (Fig. 23C).</p><p>Biology</p><p>Kay (1964) reported that Berthelinia pseudochloris occurs on dense masses of Caulerpa racemosa var. turbinata [= Caulerpa chemnitzia] with litle intrusion of other algal species, in areas with constant and frequently heavy surf. Burn (1966) reported collecting B. fijiensis on Caulerpa racemosa var. turbinata [= Caulerpa chemnitzia]. Sarma (1975) found Berthelinia ganapatii fairly commonly on the Visakhapatnam foreshore during the period from December to May among Caulerpa racemosa . Sarma (1975) described the egg masses and development of B. ganapatii; the number of eggs in egg masses fluctuated from 500 to 3520, with eggs 50 µm in diameter and capsules 90 µm, indicating that this species is probably planktotrophic (see Krug et al. 2015). Both C. racemosa and C. chemnitzia are closely related species and members of the C. racemosa –peltata complex (see Belton et al. 2014).</p><p>Range</p><p>Hawaiian Islands (Kay 1964; present paper), Japan (Ono 1999), Fiji (Burn 1966), Philippines (present paper), Papua New Guinea (present paper), Vanuatu (present paper), New Caledonia (present paper), India (Prabhakara Rao 1965, Ganapati and Sarma 1972, Sarma 1975), Madagascar (Legendre 1965), Mozambique (present paper), Réunion (Joannot and Vendel 2011), South Africa (Gosliner 1987), and possibly, Easter Island (Rehder 1980).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Kay (1962a) reported a single specimen of a live bivalved sacoglossan collected in the Hawaiian Islands. Kay (1962a) argued that this animal was morphologically different from other species described to date and probably constituted a distinct species. Kay (1964) formally described the species as Berthelinia pseudochloris Kay, 1964, based on several specimens collected Near Koloa Landing, Kaua‘i, Hawaiian Islands. Kay (1964) described the shell of this species as small, thin, translucent green, ovate-triangular, rounded anteriorly, narrower posteriorly, with the white protoconch on the lef valve, and the hinge with a strong tooth, and frequently a secondary weaker tooth posteriorly. Te live animals, subsequently illustrated by Kay (1979), were described as leaf-green, with minute opaque milk-white spots on the oral tentacles, rhinophores, and foot; rhinophores with one or two larger white blotches, head and neck are microscopically speckled with brown, mantle with red bands alternating with white patches, visible through the shell ventrally (Kay 1964). We examined several specimens from the Hawaiian Islands matching the characteristics enumerated in the original description of B. pseudochloris, in addition to the shell morphology of the paratype (Fig. 4G, H); these animals are anatomically and genetically distinct from other species here examined and constitute a distinct species. Terefore, we here regard B. pseudochloris as a valid species. Additionally, geometric morphometrics and molecular analyses of specimens here examined from the Hawaiian Islands confirm that this species is distinct and a member of the Recent genus Edentellina .</p><p>Burn (1966) introduced Tamanovalva fijiensis Burn, 1966 based on a single specimen collected from Viti Levu, Fiji. Te live holotype was described as pale green, with cream speckling on the slender, auriculate, and abruptly truncate rhinophores (Burn 1966). Te characteristics of the paleyellow shell included a steeply angled and rather straight anterior margin, a broadly rounded posterior margin, and a small, white protoconch, slightly inclined to the lef, anterior to the second third of the shell length. According to Burn (1966), the radula had five teeth in the ascending limb and 25–30 in the descending limbs; radular teeth rather stout, strongly rounded above the simple tip and laterally finely denticulate. Burn (1966) placed this species in Tamanovalva because of having one and a half whorls, not two, in the protoconch. Burn (1966) recognized that the holotype of T. fijiensis had a similar shell outline to that of E. pseudochloris (see Kay 1964: fig. 4; Burn 1966: figs 15, 16). Also, both feed on Caulerpa chemnitzia, have a white protoconch with 1.5 whorls, and have short and wide radular teeth with numerous denticles (Fig. 23; Burn 1966: fig. 18). Given these similarities, we propose that T. fijiensis is a synonym of E. pseudochloris . A photograph of the holotype of T. fijiensis included here (Fig. 4L) confirms the morphological similarities to E. pseudochloris .</p><p>Sarma (1975) described Berthelinia ganapatii Sarma, 1975 based on live specimens collected in Visakhapatnam, India. Te colour of the rhinophores, neck, and foot were described as uniformly yellow, with the tips of the rhinophores speckled with white spots (Sarma 1975); the mantle was deep yellowish-green, with two bright shining yellow patches, all visible through the transparent shell. Sarma (1975) described the shell as deep green but transparent [sic.], with yellow rays on the surface, fragile, ovate trigonal in outline, with the anterior margin rounded and abrupt, and the posterior margin longer. Te small, erect protoconch was situated at the third quarter of the shell length, and the hinge had a weak tooth in the lef valve and a strong tooth posteriorly on the right valve. Sarma (1975) described the radula as having blade-like teeth bearing fine denticulations on the sides and having simple tips, with seven teeth in the ascending row and 35 in the descending row. Sarma (1975) recognized that B. ganapatii was close to E. pseudochloris but distinguishable by having a more abrupt anterior margin, a longer posterior margin, and an erect protoconch. Similarities between these two species are remarkable: they both feed exclusively on species of the C. racemosa –peltata complex; they have a hinge with teeth, and fairly similar external coloration. Te radula of B. ganapatii contains short and broad teeth with numerous denticles (Sarma 1975: fig. 13), very similar to the teeth of E. pseudochloris here illustrated (Fig. 23). Finally, both species have planktotrophic development. Because of the similarities between the original descriptions of B. ganapatii and B. pseudochloris, we regard these two names as synonyms.</p><p>Records of Berthelinia spp. from several localities in the Indo-Pacific region, including Madagascar (Legendre 1965), India (Prabhakara Rao 1965, Ganapati and Sarma 1972), South Africa (Gosliner 1987), and tropical Japan (Ono 1999) were based on animals very similar to the specimens of E. pseudochloris here examined and are here regarded as members of this species. A record of E. pseudochloris from Easter Island by Rehder (1980) could not be verified with certainty.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/486687BA502BE755ECC90ABD0A9A7598	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer B.;Krug, Patrick J.;Muro, Sandra;Vendeti, Jann;Maestrati, Philippe;Wong, Nur Leena W. S.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Valdés, Ángel	McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer B., Krug, Patrick J., Muro, Sandra, Vendeti, Jann, Maestrati, Philippe, Wong, Nur Leena W. S., Gosliner, Terrence M., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Te slug within the bivalve: molecular and morphological systematics of the family Juliidae (Gastropoda: Panpulmonata: Sacoglossa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf056, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf056
486687BA5023E74DECCB0AAA0F9876A6.text	486687BA5023E74DECCB0AAA0F9876A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Edentellina rotnesti (Jensen 1993)	<div><p>EdenTellina cf. roTnesti (Jensen, 1993)</p><p>(Figs 4O, P, 28–30)</p><p>Berthelinia rotnesti Jensen 1993: 209–14, figs 1–4, 5A, 6A. Type locality: Natural Jety, Rotnest Island, Western Australia.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Berthelinia rotnesti, holotype, complete specimen, 3.5 mm long</p><p>(WAM S14570), paratypes, six specimens (ZMUC) .</p><p>Additional material examined</p><p>Sloping Main, Tasmania, Australia, 3 January 2014, one specimen 2.6 mm long (shell), isolate JC40, Morrison Australia Expedition (stn. TA21), leg. Bouchet and Strong (MNHN IM-2013-53068) ; one specimen, 2.5 mm long (shell), isolate JC41, Morrison Australia Expedition (stn. TA21), leg. Bouchet and Strong (MNHN IM-2013-53069) ; one specimen, 2 mm long (shell), isolate JC42, Morrison Australia Expedition (stn. TA21), leg. Bouchet and Strong (MNHN IM-2013-53070) ; one specimen, 1.8 mm long (shell), isolate JC39, Morrison Australia Expedition (stn. TA21), leg. Bouchet and Strong (MNHN IM-2013-53071) ; one specimen, 3 mm long (shell), isolate JC37, Morrison Australia Expedition (stn. TA21), leg. Bouchet and Strong (MNHN IM-2013-53072) ; four specimens 3–3.2 mm long, isolates JC38A–D, Morrison Australia Expedition (stn. TA21), leg. Bouchet and Strong (MNHN IM-2013-53073) .</p><p>Description</p><p>No live specimens were examined for this study. Body completely retractable inside of shell.</p><p>Shell up to 3 mm × 1.8 mm in size, tallest point near anterior margin, widest point near ventral margin; shell shape ovoid, dorsal margin regularly curved, ventral margin more flatened; anterior margin convex, regularly curved, slightly more flatened dorsally, posterior margin shorter, narrowing gradually (Fig. 28G, H). Protoconch on lef valve of teleoconch, ~190 µm long, with 1.5 whorls (Fig. 28K). Hinge on dorsal margin of shell, formed by flatened, corrugated, nearly straight area, margin on both valves; large, elongate condyloid tooth at posterior end of hinge on right valve, fossete-like depression on lef valve, at posterior end of hinge (Fig. 28I, J). Shell translucent, with no visible markings or spots on shell surface, sof parts of body typically visible through it (Fig. 28A–D) but not always (Fig. 28E, F).</p><p>Adductor muscle anterior to highest point of shell, in line with widest point (Fig. 29A). Adductor scar visible on shell (Fig. 28H). Gill large, occupying almost height of body, posterior to adductor muscle, covering anterior portion of digestive gland. Anterior half of body in preserved specimens with a visible elongate head retractor muscle (Fig. 29B). Pharyngeal bulb with a small pharyngeal appendage (Fig. 29C). Penis elongate; distal end pointed, lacking a stylet (Fig. 29D).</p><p>Radula with 19 teeth in descending limb and 4 fully formed teeth + 1 ghost tooth in ascending limb, in 2-mm-long specimen from Tasmania, Australia (MNHN IM- 2013-53073) (Fig. 30A). Active tooth ~140 μm long (Fig. 30B), with sharp, bifid tip; blade elongate, with short row of elongate, delicate denticles near tip; base short, curved. Ascus containing a few very small pre-radular teeth (Fig. 30C).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Jensen (1993) introduced the name Berthelinia rotnesti Jensen, 1993 based on several specimens collected around Rotnest Island, Western Australia. Te body was described as pale, transparent green, with some white spots forming an indistinct band about halfway up the rhinophores, in addition to a marginal band; the mantle was described as green with white spots and brownish, with mostly radiating lines, including a row of alternating white and brown spots along the mantle edge, not quite reaching the umbo (Jensen 1993). Jensen (1993) noted that the shell and the position of the protoconch were variable, and described the radula as formed of blade-shaped teeth with fine lateral denticles on both sides of the blade, including four to six teeth (plus one incompletely formed ghost tooth) in the ascending limb, and 22–23 teeth in the descending limb. Based on the observation of a newly metamorphosed specimen, Jensen (1993) suggested that B. rotnesti appeared to have direct development.</p><p>Jensen (1993) indicated that B. rotnesti is anatomically similar to B. babai; both species have bifid denticulate teeth and a similar penis; but according to Jensen (1993), the denticles of B. rotnesti are shorter than those of B. babai; additionally, the morphology of the pharynx is different between these two species. Jensen (1993) also compared B. rotnesti with B. limax and suggested that they could represent ecotypes of one species. According to Jensen (1993), the small differences between B. rotnesti and B. limax could be explained by reduced gene flow owing to the direct development mode in the two species.</p><p>According to Burn (2006), B. rotnesti is the western cognate of, if not identical to, Midorigai australis, because both species have an obligate association with the green alga Caulerpa simpliciuscula . However, the external shell coloration of these two species is very different. Midorigai australis is completely covered with pale round spots, whereas B. rotnesti is nearly uniformly green. Wells and Bryce (1993) illustrated a live animal, possibly belonging to B. rotnesti from Western Australia, that was green with white spots on the head and neck, more densely covering the rhinophores, and the mantle edged by a line of white dots.</p><p>Based on the description by Jensen (1993), B. rotnesti appears to be different from other species here examined. Unfortunately, we had no access to specimens from Western Australia and therefore could not confirm the validity of this species with molecular data. Terefore, we maintain B. rotnesti as a valid species until more material becomes available. Although we did not have molecular data for B. rotnesti, this species is morphologically similar to other species within Edentellina here examined. Terefore, B. rotnesti is provisionally transferred to this genus.</p><p>In this study, we examined specimens from Tasmania with an external morphology and anatomy very similar to those in the original description of B. rotnesti . For example, the radular teeth and the penis here examined are very similar to the description of those organs by Jensen (1993). Jensen (1993: fig. 5A) described and illustrated the radular teeth of B. rotnesti as having bifid radular teeth with a short row of denticles near the apical end, very similar to the teeth here illustrated (Fig. 30B); no other species of Edentellina here examined has similar characteristics. Jensen (1993; fig. 6A) described the penis of B. rotnesti as elongate and lacking a stylet, which is also similar to the material here examined; all other species from southern Australia studied to date have a penial stylet. Additionally, the pharyngeal bulb of the material here examined, with a dorsal pharyngeal appendage, is very similar to the descriptions and illustrations by Jensen (1993: fig. 4). Because of the morphological similarities between the specimens from Tasmania and the original description of B. rotnesti, we tentatively assign our specimens to this species. However, owing to the geographical distance between Tasmania and Rotnest Island (the type locality of B. rotnesti) and the lack of genetic data for B./ E. rotnesti, we cannot dismiss the possibility that the specimens from Tasmania could represent an undescribed species.</p><p>EdenTellina darwini (Jensen, 1997)</p><p>Berthelinia daroini Jensen 1997a: 170–5, figs 6–9. Type locality: Lee Point, Darwin, Australia.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Berthelinia daroini, holotype, complete specimen, 2.5 mm long (NTM P6969), not examined; paratype, East Point, Darwin, Australia, one specimen 3.5 mm long (ZMUC), not examined .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Jensen (1997a) introduced the new species Berthelinia daroini Jensen, 1997 based on several specimens collected in Darwin, Australia. Jensen (1997a) described the shell as nearly elliptical, rounded at both ends, and not particularly narrow posteriorly; protoconch ~200 µm long, located just anterior to the posterior third of the shell length, with a variable angle of insertion. Live animals were described as different shades of green, with white rhinophoral tips, white motling scatered over the head and mantle, and brown pigment along the mantle margin, alternating with white patches (Jensen 1997a). Te radula had six or seven fully formed teeth (and one ghost tooth) in the ascending limb, 20–30 in the descending limb, and ≤10 teeth, plus the rod-shaped pre-radular tooth in the coiled ascus; the teeth were blade-shaped, with fine lateral denticles and pointed tips. Jensen (1997a) compared the anatomy of B. daroini with that of B. typica and B. australis (the other two species whose anatomy was known) and concluded that the penial morphology and the radular teeth were all different. According to Jensen (1997a), the relatively large protoconch of B. daroini indicates that this species has direct development. Additionally, this species deposited an egg mass with 15 eggs with ‘large’ capsules (Jensen 1997a), potentially indicating low dispersal ability. Terefore, it is likely that B. daroini might constitute a species endemic to northern Australia. Unfortunately, we had no access to specimens from this region. Although we did not have molecular data for B. daroini, this species is morphologically similar to other species in Edentellina here examined. Terefore, B. daroini is provisionally transferred to this genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/486687BA5023E74DECCB0AAA0F9876A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer B.;Krug, Patrick J.;Muro, Sandra;Vendeti, Jann;Maestrati, Philippe;Wong, Nur Leena W. S.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Valdés, Ángel	McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer B., Krug, Patrick J., Muro, Sandra, Vendeti, Jann, Maestrati, Philippe, Wong, Nur Leena W. S., Gosliner, Terrence M., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Te slug within the bivalve: molecular and morphological systematics of the family Juliidae (Gastropoda: Panpulmonata: Sacoglossa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf056, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf056
486687BA5039E74FEF810F3D0AF1712B.text	486687BA5039E74FEF810F3D0AF1712B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Edentellina singaporensis (Jensen 2015)	<div><p>EdenTellina singaporensis (Jensen, 2015)</p><p>(Figs 4Q, R, 24D, E, 31–33)</p><p>Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen 2015: 233–5, figs 1F, 5D, E, 6, 7. Type locality: Chek Jawa, Singapore.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Berthelinia singaporensis, Holotype, complete specimen 4 mm long (ZRC MOL.5789).</p><p>Additional material examined</p><p>Port Dickson, Malaysia, one specimen 4.2 mm long (shell), leg. L. Wong, isolate JC87B (CPIC 02538) . Johor, Malaysia, one specimen 4 mm long (shell), leg. L. Wong, isolate JC88A (CPIC 02539); one specimen 4 mm long (shell), leg. L. Wong, isolate JC88B (CPIC 02539) .</p><p>Description</p><p>Body elongate, ≤ 6.5 mm in length, completely retractable inside of shell. Body colour bright green, with numerous opaque white spots concentrated on the dorsal side of the head (Fig. 24D, E). Head elongate, with eye spots located on dorsal swelling near centre. Rhinophores enrolled, green, with small white speckles concentrated on dorsal side. Oral tentacles short, green, edged in white. Foot lighter than rest of animal, edged in white. Mantle visible through shell, brownish-green, covered with small white dots, more concentrated at the edge. Foot extending to posterior end of shell, forming a small triangular projection.</p><p>Shell up to 4.2 mm × 2.7 mm in size, tallest point near anterior end, widest point near ventral margin; shell shape ovoid, elongate, dorsal margin regularly curved, ventral margin more flatened; anterior margin convex, irregularly curved, slightly more flatened dorsally, posterior margin narrowing gradually, forming a nearly triangular, elongate shape, with round end (Fig. 31E, F). Protoconch on lef valve of teleoconch, ~150 µm long, with 1.5 whorls (Fig. 31I). Hinge on dorsal margin of shell formed by flatened, corrugated, nearly straight area, margin on both valves; condyloid tooth not clearly differentiated, on right valve at posterior end of hinge, and triangular, fossete-like hinge socket on lef valve, at posterior end of hinge (Fig. 31G, H). Shell translucent, with no visible markings or spots on shell surface, and sof parts of body visible through it (Fig. 32A–D).</p><p>Adductor muscle located closer to anterior end of shell, in slightly below widest point (Fig. 32A), connected to narrow and elongate head retractor muscle (Fig. 32B). Adductor scar visible on shell (Fig. 31F). Gill large, occupying two-thirds of body, posterior to adductor muscle, covering dorsal portion of digestive gland. Pharyngeal bulb with a short pharyngeal appendage dorsally. Penis elongate; distal end pointed, with a short stylet (Fig. 32E); proximal end wider, with a strong retractor muscle atached (Fig. 32D).</p><p>Radula with 42 teeth in descending limb and 8 fully formed teeth + 1 ghost tooth in ascending limb, in 4-mm-long specimen from Johor, Malaysia (isolate JC88B, CPIC 02539) (Fig. 33A). Active tooth saber-shaped, ~140 μm long, with sharp, pointed tip; blade elongate, with central row of numerous long, delicate denticles; base short, slightly curved (Fig. 33B). Ascus ~50 μm long, containing one long, rod-shaped pre-radular tooth and ~10 intermediate teeth (Fig. 33C) .</p><p>Biology</p><p>Tis species feeds on at least five species, including Caulerpa racemosa, Caulerpa lentellifera J. Agardh, 1837, Caulerpa serrulata (Forsskål) J. Agardh, 1837, C. sertularioides, and Caulerpa cf. lamourouxii (Turner) C. Agardh, 1817, without a particular preference (Wong and Sigwart 2019). Te egg masses are flat and band-shaped, containing a mean of 46.6 eggs per egg mass (N = 50 clutches; range = 8–108), with an egg diameter of ~83 µm and capsule size ~330 µm × 250 µm. Te larvae hatch as pediveligers, with a shell width of 244.11 µm ± 12.29 μm (N = 30) (Jensen and Ong 2018, Wong and Sigwart 2019).</p><p>Range</p><p>Singapore (Jensen 2015), Malaysia (Wong and Sigwart 2019; present paper).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Jensen (2015) introduced the name Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 based on several specimens collected in Singapore. Jensen (2015) described the shell as broadly rounded anteriorly, more narrowly rounded posteriorly, with the highest point in the anterior half, in front of protoconch; protoconch having 1.5 whorls and located in posterior half of lef valve, tilted towards right valve; hinge with a fork and a cardinal tooth on each valve. Te live animal was described as uniformly bright green, protoconch white, rhinophoral tips doted in white, some specimens having white dots continuing down the rhinophores (Jensen 2015). Jensen (2015) indicated that the radula was composed of 10 or 11 fully formed teeth (and one ghost tooth) in the ascending limb and 26–30 teeth in the descending limb plus 1 rod-shaped preradular tooth; the radular teeth were blade-shaped, with a row of hair-like denticles along each side, tips with a small knob but not bifid. Finally, the penis was described as having a flexible stylet with peculiar lateral flanges.</p><p>In this study, we examined specimens from localities in Malaysia adjacent to or very close to Singapore, which match the characteristics of the original description of B. singaporensis . Tese specimens are genetically distinct from other species examined herein. Because of the morphological similarities of the Malaysian specimens to B. singaporensis and the proximity to the type locality, they are here assigned to this species. Moreover, the phylogenetic analyses confirm our specimens of B. singaporensis group with other species of Edentellina, and therefore the species is transferred to Edentellina .</p><p>Subfamilp Gougerotiinae Le Renard, 1980</p><p>Genus Gougerotia Le Renard, 1980</p><p>† Gougerotia Le Renard 1980: 24 . Type species: Gougerotia orthodonta Le Renard, 1980, by original designation.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Shell thick, oval to elongate in lateral view; anterior margin rounded, narrowing into sharper posterior margin; shell tallest point near anterior end; right valve larger, taller than lef valve; pseudo-hinge with conspicuous condyloid tooth on right valve inserting into deep socket under protoconch in lef valve, spliting hinge into two sections; protoconch conspicuous, on lef valve, towards posterior third of shell; adductor muscle scar subcentral.</p><p>Species list</p><p>† Gougerotia orthodonta Le Renard 1980: 23–5, fig. 12. Type locality: Chaussy, Val d’Oise, France and Mercin, Aisne, France (Middle-Late Eocene) .</p><p>Genus Hemiplicatula Deshapes, 1861</p><p>† Hemiplicatula Deshayes 1861: 128 . Type species: Placuna solida Melleville, 1843, by monotypy.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Shell thick, oval to elongate in lateral view; anterior margin rounded, narrowing into sharper posterior margin; shell tallest point near centre; valves similar in size; pseudo-hinge with elongate condyloid tooth on right valve inserting into deep socket in lef valve, spliting hinge into two sections; adductor muscle scar subcentral.</p><p>Species list</p><p>† Placuna solida Melleville 1843: 89–90, pl. 1, figs 6, 7. Type locality: Laon, France (Early Eocene) .</p><p>† Hemiplicatula pissarroi Cossmann 1905a: 154–5, pl. 8, figs 10, 11. Type locality: Bois-Gouët, Loire-Atlantique, France (Early Eocene) .</p><p>Genus Saintia de Raincourt, 1877</p><p>† Saintia de Raincourt 1877: 329, pl. 4, fig. 9. Type species: Saintia munieri de Raincourt, 1877, by monotypy.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Shell thick, oval to round view; anterior and posterior margins rounded, similar in height; shell tallest point near centre; pseudo-hinge with deep socket in lef valve, spliting hinge into two sections; adductor muscle scar subcentral.</p><p>Species list</p><p>† Saintia munieri de Raincourt 1877: 329, pl. 4, fig. 9–9b. Type locality: Hérouval, France (Early Eocene) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/486687BA5039E74FEF810F3D0AF1712B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer B.;Krug, Patrick J.;Muro, Sandra;Vendeti, Jann;Maestrati, Philippe;Wong, Nur Leena W. S.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Valdés, Ángel	McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer B., Krug, Patrick J., Muro, Sandra, Vendeti, Jann, Maestrati, Philippe, Wong, Nur Leena W. S., Gosliner, Terrence M., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Te slug within the bivalve: molecular and morphological systematics of the family Juliidae (Gastropoda: Panpulmonata: Sacoglossa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf056, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf056
486687BA5019E76AECF709A80A53708B.text	486687BA5019E76AECF709A80A53708B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Edentellina typica Gatliff & Gabriel 1911	<div><p>EdenTellina typica Gatliff &amp; Gabriel, 1911</p><p>(Figs 4A, B, 5A, B, 6, 7)</p><p>Edentellina typica Gatliff and Gabriel 1911: 190, pl. 46, figs 5, 6. Type locality: Portsea, Port Phillip, Victoria, Australia.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Edentellina typica, syntypes, right and lef valve (not from same specimen), ~ 2.5 mm long (MV F515).</p><p>Additional material examined</p><p>Griffith Point, Central Bass Strait, Victoria, Australia, 26 January 2002, one specimen 2.2 mm long (shell) (MV F91829) . Torquay, Victoria, Australia 21 February 1960, one specimen 4.5 mm long (shell) (MV F21195) . Point Lonsdale, Victoria, Australia, date unknown, two specimens 2–2.5 mm long (shell) (MV F21539) . Portsea, Victoria, Australia, date unknown, one valve 3.1 mm long (MV F215276) .</p><p>Description</p><p>Body elongate, ≤ 6.1 mm in length, completely retractable inside of shell. Body colour pale green, with minute white speckles on dorsal side of head (Fig. 5A, B). Head elongate, with eye spots located on dorsal swelling near centre, surrounded by white pigment. Rhinophores enrolled, green, with or without a few white speckles. Oral tentacles short, green. Foot lighter than rest of animal. Mantle visible through shell, pale green, with a few longitudinal light brown irregular lines, variable in size; edge surrounded by conspicuous, alternating cream patches composed of densely arranged speckles. Foot not extending beyond posterior end of shell.</p><p>Shell up to 4.5 mm × 3.4 mm in size, tallest point slightly anterior to centre, widest point near centre; shell shape ovoid, dorsal and ventral margins regularly curved; anterior margin convex, regularly curved, posterior margin narrowing gradually, also regularly curved (Fig. 6C, D). Protoconch on lef valve of teleoconch, ~110 µm long, with 1.5 whorls (Fig. 6D). Hinge on dorsal margin of shell, formed by flatened, corrugated, nearly straight area, margin on both valves; small, oval condyloid tooth on right valve at posterior end of hinge, and triangular, fossete-like hinge socket on lef valve, at posterior end of hinge (Fig. 6E, F). Shell translucent, with no visible markings or spots on shell surface, sof parts of body visible through it (Fig. 6A, B).</p><p>Adductor muscle located closer to anterior end of shell, slightly below widest point of shell (Fig. 7), connected to narrow and elongate head retractor muscle. Adductor scar visible on shell (Fig. 6D). Gill large, occupying almost height of body, posterior to adductor muscle, covering anterior portion of digestive gland. Penis not observed.</p><p>Radula with 19 teeth in descending limb and 5 fully formed teeth + 1 ghost tooth in ascending limb, in 2.5-mm-long specimen from Victoria, Australia (MV F21539) (Fig. 8A). Active tooth ~70 μm long, with bifid tip; blade elongate, lacking denticles; base short, slightly curved (Fig. 8B). Ascus containing several disorganized elongate pre-radular teeth .</p><p>Biology</p><p>Jensen (1980) and Burn (1989) confirmed that E. typica feeds exclusively on the alga Caulerpa broonii (C. Agardh) Endlicher, 1843 .</p><p>Range</p><p>Temperate Australia: Victoria (Gatliff and Gabriel 1911, Burn 2006; present paper), Tasmania (Burn 2006), South Australia (Burn 2006).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Gatliff and Gabriel (1911) described Edentellina typica Gatliff &amp; Gabriel, 1911 based on a right and lef valve of similar size, but not from the same specimen, collected in Victoria, Australia. Gatliff and Gabriel (1911) described the shells as translucent yellow, small, thin and fragile, fatened, broadly ovate, with the posterior side [anterior end] longer and broader, and hinge short, without teeth. Gatliff and Gabriel (1911) also reproduced photographs of the two valves from inner views, with the right valve having a protoconch atached. Tey also mentioned additional larger valves that were not included in the original description because of their poorer preservation, in addition to specimens of a second species from North Queensland, to be described by C. Hedley (Gatliff and Gabriel 1911).</p><p>In 1911, Verco (1911) reported E. typica from South Australia that he described in more detail in 1916 (Verco 1916). In the interim, Hedley (1912) commented on the original description of E. typica, suggesting that it might represent the internal shell of a sea slug, but if this animal were to be a bivalve, as suggested by Gatliff and Gabriel (1911), Edentellina could be a synonym of Ludovicia . Verco (1916) described several right and lef valves and one complete shell collected in Guichen Bay, South Australia and provided details on its protoconch and teleoconch morphology. Hedley (1920) described the specimens mentioned by Gatliff and Gabriel (1911) from North Queensland as the new species Edentellina corallensis Hedley, 1920 based on shells collected in Hope Island, and for comparison, illustrated the specimens of E. typica reported by Verco (1911, 1916). Hedley (1920) also provided an additional record for E. typica from King George Sound, Western Australia. Coton and Godfrey (1938) described the presence of an anterior tooth in the hinge of E. typica and suggested that the name Edentellina was inappropriate.</p><p>Subsequently, Burn (1960a) reported collecting specimens of E. typica alive in Torquay, Victoria, Australia, which he confirmed to be sacoglossans, probably congeneric with the recently described species from Japan, Tamanovalva limax Kawaguti &amp; Baba, 1959 . Additionally, Burn (1960a) reported a second species of bivalved sacoglossan belonging to a different genus from the same area. In a second paper the same year, Burn (1960b) proposed the synonymy between the genera Tamanovalva and Edentellina and with the fossil genus Berthelinia . Burn (1960b) also suggested that T.limax and E.typica are synonyms of? Scintilla chloris Dall, 1918, originally described from Baja California, Mexico, but not with the specimens identified as E. typica by Verco (1911, 1916) and illustrated by Hedley (1920). However, Burn (1960b) treated Berthelinia typica as a valid name (despite the fact that older names should have priority) and did not use the generic names consistently with his proposed synonymy. Moreover, Burn (1960b) listed several differences between B. typica and T. limax, although he re-emphasized that T. limax and B. typica are synonyms, and also synonyms of E. corallensis and? Scintilla chloris, arguing that this later species was larger but remarkably similar. Burn (1960b) provided a redescription of the shell and radula of B. typica based on the specimens collected in Torquay, and described the second species reported by Burn (1960a) as Midorigai australis Burn, 1960 . Baba (1961a) examined additional specimens from Japan and a paratype of M. australis sent by Burn. Baba (1961a) noted that this paratype belonged to a species different from M. australis because it had smooth radular teeth. Baba (1961a) listed some morphological differences between the shell and radula of Edentellina and Tamanovalva but indicated that these two genera could be synonyms of Berthelinia along with Ludovicia and Midorigai; a synonymy that was later confirmed by Baba (1961b). Burn (1965) recognized that the paratype of M. australis sent to Baba for examination was a juvenile mistakenly placed in the paratype series of M. australis, and he now identified this specimen as belonging to the true E. typica . Burn (1965) also recognized that the specimens he previously identified as E. typica belonged to an undescribed species that he named Tamanovalva babai Burn, 1965 . Revising his previous assessment, Burn (1965) recognized E. corallensis and? Scintilla chloris as distinct species belonging to the genus Tamanovalva . According to Burn (1965), all three species of bivalved sacoglossans found in Victoria, Australia were easily distinguishable as follows: (i) E. typica has a uniformly green shell, with horizontal parallel black lines on the mantle and smooth and bifid radular teeth (lacking denticles); (ii) T. babai has a completely green shell and denticulate radular teeth; and (iii) M. australis has a green shell with numerous yellow patches, a mantle with yellow to cream-coloured large rounded spots, and denticulate radular teeth. Burn (1989, 2015) depicted all three species alive. Burn (1965) did not provide further clarification on the specimens reported by Verco (1911, 1916) or illustrated by Hedley (1920), but in 1966 (Burn 1966) reported locating and re-examining those specimens. Based on their shell morphology, Burn (1966) suggested that they could constitute a third species, with characteristics intermediate between T. babai and E. typica .</p><p>In this study, we sequenced one specimen with the characteristic horizontal parallel black lines on the mantle described for this species, which was genetically distinct from all other species of Juliidae here examined. We also examined the syntypes of E. typica (Fig. 4A, B) and several additional specimens from temperate Australia, which were morphologically similar. Terefore, we propose that E. typica is a distinct and valid species. Additionally, phylogenetic analyses place E. typica in the same clade as all other species previously assigned to Berthelinia . Based on geometric morphometrics analyses (see above), Berthelinia, which was described based on fossil shells, is distinct from Recent species. Terefore, Recent species, including E. typica, are here transferred to Edentellina, which is the oldest available name for this clade.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/486687BA5019E76AECF709A80A53708B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer B.;Krug, Patrick J.;Muro, Sandra;Vendeti, Jann;Maestrati, Philippe;Wong, Nur Leena W. S.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Valdés, Ángel	McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer B., Krug, Patrick J., Muro, Sandra, Vendeti, Jann, Maestrati, Philippe, Wong, Nur Leena W. S., Gosliner, Terrence M., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Te slug within the bivalve: molecular and morphological systematics of the family Juliidae (Gastropoda: Panpulmonata: Sacoglossa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf056, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf056
486687BA5003E771EC8F08AE0B73719D.text	486687BA5003E771EC8F08AE0B73719D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Julia Gould 1862	<div><p>Genus Julia Gould, 1862</p><p>Julia Gould 1862: 283 . Type species: Julia exquisita Gould, 1862, by monotypy.</p><p>Prasina Deshayes 1863: 25–29 . Type species: Prasina borbonica Deshayes, 1863, by monotypy.</p><p>Parasina Habe 1951: 122 [error for Prasina Deshayes, 1863].</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Shell, thick, heavy, opaque, typically coloured; oval in lateral view, cordate in anterior/posterior views; anterior margin rounded, narrowing posteriorly, deeply excavated at umbo, with sharp posterior peripheral margin; shell tallest point near mid-length; valves equal in size; hinge with pronounced condyloid (or cardinal) tooth on lef valve, right valve with fossete-like hinge socket; protoconch on lef valve, towards posterior of shell; adductor muscle scar subcentral; shell typically green, with white, brown, or black spots or lines; gill continues across mid-dorsal line to lef side; heart on lef side near the posterior end of gill; short segment of intestine visible dorsally on surface of digestive gland; mantle cavity extends across mid-dorsal line of shell; radular teeth elongate, blade-shaped, inflated, with row of hair-like denticles along each side; teeth cusps with bifid tips.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Carpenter ex. Nutall (1857) introduced the species name Smaragdinella thecaphora Carpenter (ex. Nutall), 1857 from Mazatlán, Mexico, which constitutes the first description of a species now in the genus Julia . Carpenter (1857) considered this new species a member of the Gastropoda, primarily because he had access to only one valve. However, when describing the apical morphology of the shell, he noted that it looked remarkably like the ligamental cavity of Anatinella Sowerby G. B. II., 1833 ( Bivalvia).</p><p>Gould (1862) described the genus Julia based on the single species Julia exquisita Gould, 1862, the type species by monotypy. Although Gould (1862) unequivocally included Julia in Bivalvia, he was unsure of the taxonomic placement within this group and discussed its affinities with other bivalve genera, including Vulsella Röding, 1798 [Family Pteriidae Gray, 1847 (1820)], Pedum Bruguière, 1792 (Family Pectinidae Rafinesque, 1815), or even members of the family Veneridae Rafinesque, 1815 . However, Gould (1862) also recognized the affinities between Julia and heterobranch sea slugs, by indicating, ‘A beautiful litle shell, colored like Smaragdinella A. Adams, 1848 from the same islands. Te sudden and profound depression in front of the beaks is quite striking, and thus produces a very pointed somewhat upturned anterior end. A single valve looks much like some of the Bullidae, Chelidonura, for instance’. Gould’s (1862) short description of Julia in Latin summarizes the main diagnostic traits, which are consistent with the modern usage of the name.</p><p>Deshayes (1863) introduced the genus name Prasina for the species Prasina borbonica Deshayes, 1863, the type species by monotypy, collected in Réunion, Indian Ocean. Deshayes (1863) examined a series of single valves collected by Louis Maillard, and because of their green colour, brilliant internal surface, and shell projection, initially concluded they belonged to the genus Smaragdinella . However, by assembling the shells together, Deshayes (1863) realized they were bivalved, regular and symmetrical. Although Deshayes (1863) found the external characteristics of these shells peculiar, he afforded other traits in the interior of the valves ‘much greater importance’, such as the unique shape of the hinge, the insertion of the lunula, and the position of the muscle scars. Tus, Deshayes (1863) introduced the new genus name Prasina for these shells, but as in the case of Gould (1862) and Julia, Deshayes (1863) was unsure of the taxonomic placement of Prasina . Deshayes (1863) proposed that Prasina had intermediate characteristics between the monomyarians (bivalves with a single posterior adductor muscle) and the dimyarians (bivalves with two adductor muscles, one anterior one posterior), but proposed that Prasina was closer to the family Mytilidae Rafinesque, 1815, of which it could constitute a subfamily. Prophetically, Deshayes (1863) suggested this species could perhaps be, ‘destined to play a more important role, for it may be that the animal offers in its organization facts of greater zoological value than the shell’, and hoped that this small shell would be collected and observed alive. Two additional species of Juliidae were described in the genus Prasina, Prasina cornuta De Folin in De Folin and Périer (1868) (Recent, Mauritius) and Prasina lecointreae Dollfus &amp; Dautzenberg, 1901 (Miocene, Touraine, France).</p><p>Semper (1865) was the first to note the similarities between Julia and Prasina, indicating that it was nearly impossible to separate these two genera. E. A. Smith (1885) examined shells of J. exquisita from the Hawaiian Islands and introduced the family name Juliidae for it, although without a taxonomic placement beyond confirming its membership in Bivalvia . One year later, Fischer (1886) formally considered Julia as a subgenus of Prasina and suggested that Berthelinia Crosse, 1875 could also belong to the Prasinidae or Aviculidae Goldfuss, 1820 [= Pteriidae]. Fischer (1886) also discussed the similarities between Prasinidae, which he considered to be bivalves, and Mytilidae .</p><p>E. A. Smith (1885) placed P. borbonica in the synonymy of J. exquisita without further explanation, and Dall (1898) formally synonymized these two genera. Some authors maintained Prasina as a synonym of Julia but considered J. borbonica as a distinct species and pointed out that specimens examined by E. A. Smith (1885) from the Hawaiian Islands belonged to J. borbonica (Beets 1944, 1949; Howard 1951, Boetger 1962). Other authors agreed to maintain Prasina as a synonym of Julia (e.g. Kay 1968, Kawaguti and Yamasu 1982). Kay (1968) went further and indicated that all Julia shells she examined from the Indian and Pacific Oceans fell within the range of variation of the Hawaiian specimens and suggested that J. japonica and J. equatorialis might represent geographical subspecies.</p><p>Kawaguti and Baba (1959) described the first live specimens of Juliidae, which they placed in the Sacoglossa ( Gastropoda) (see remarks on Edentellina). However, these authors did not immediately make a connection between their newly discovered species and the extensive Recent and fossil literature on this group (Cox and Rees 1960, Keen 1960b). Keen (1960b) suggested that when specimens of Julia were found alive, they would prove to be gastropods. Two years later, Kay (1962b) reported the first known live animals within the genus Julia, confirming that they belonged unequivocally to Sacoglossa ( Gastropoda).</p><p>Additional Recent species of Julia have been described from Japan: Julia japonica Kuroda &amp; Habe, 1951 [also reported from Pleistocene deposits (Mimoto 1984)], Julia zebra Kawaguti, 1981, Julia mishimaensis Kawaguti &amp; Yamasu, 1982, and an unnamed species from Okinawa (Mizofuchi and Yamasu 1987); India: Julia burni Sarma, 1975; and the Eastern Pacific: Julia equatorialis Pilsbry &amp; Olsson, 1944 . Te genus name Julia has also been widely applied to fossil species, including Julia floridana Dall, 1898 (Oligocene, Florida), Julia girondica Cosssman &amp; Peyrot (ex. Benoist), 1914 (Miocene, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France), Julia douvillei Cosssman &amp; Peyrot, 1914 {Oligocene, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France, tentatively assigned to the Helvetian Stage [= Serravallian] in the original description, but subsequently re-assigned to the Late Oligocene by Schneider et al. (2008)}, Julia gardnerae Woodring, 1925 (Miocene, Jamaica), and Julia borneensis Boetger, 1962 (Late Miocene, East Borneo).</p><p>Based on the molecular analyses presented here, Julia is clearly distinct from other Juliidae genera described to date, and therefore is considered valid. However, the geometric morphometrics analysis recovered substantial morphological diversity that will be examined in more detail in a separate monograph. Several species regarded as Julia herein cluster in different groups (clusters 1–3; Fig. 3), and it is particularly noteworthy that J. japonica and J. borbonica (cluster 1; Fig. 3) are substantially distant from the rest of Julia . In this study we regard J. borbonica as a synonym of J. exquisita (see remarks on J. exquisita), which is also highly variable morphologically and represented in two different groups of the PCA. Unfortunately, we did not have access to material of J. japonica suitable for molecular analysis to determine its phylogenetic placement. Additionally, representatives of the fossil genus Candinia are clustered with other members of Julia in the PCA, casting doubt on the validity of the former genus. Further work is necessary to resolve these outstanding issues. Currently, Julia includes Recent and fossil species, which are listed below in chronological order.</p><p>Species list</p><p>Smaragdinella thecaphora Carpenter (ex. Nutall) 1857: 533. Type locality: Mazatlán, Mexico.</p><p>Julia exquisita Gould 1862: 284 . Type locality: Sandwich Islands [= Hawaiian Islands].</p><p>Prasina borbonica Deshayes 1863: 29, pl. 4, figs 4–8. Type locality: Réunion.</p><p>Prasina cornuta De Folin in De Folin and Périer 1868 [1867– 1872]: 83–84, pl. 9, fig. 7. Type locality: Île Maurice [= Mauritius] .</p><p>† Julia floridana Dall 1898: 811, pl. 35, figs 1–3. Type locality: Chipola River, Florida (Early Miocene) .</p><p>† Prasina lecointreae Dollfus and Dautzenberg 1901: 271 . Type locality: Ferrière-Larçon, France (Middle Miocene) .</p><p>† Julia girondica Cosssman &amp; Peyrot (ex. Benoist) 1914: 62–63, pl. 12, figs 19–22. Type locality: Villandraut, France (Early Miocene) .</p><p>† Julia douvillei Cosssman and Peyrot 1914: 63–65, pl. 12, figs 30–32. Type locality: Peyrehorade, France (Late Oligocene) .</p><p>Julia equatorialis Pilsbry and Olsson 1944: 86–87, pl. 9, figs 10–11. Type locality: Caleto Sal, north of Mancora, Peru.</p><p>† Julia gardnerae Woodring 1925: 87–88, pl. 10, figs 15–16. Type locality: Bowden, Jamaica (Middle Miocene) .</p><p>Julia japonica Kuroda and Habe 1951: 86 . Type locality: Nada, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan.</p><p>† Julia borneensis Boetger 1962: 422–423, fig. 3. Type locality: Gunung Mendong, East Borneo (Late Miocene).</p><p>† Julia borbonica erythraea Selli 1973: 201–203, pl. 30, fig. 8A–C. Type locality: Massawa, Erytraea (Pleistocene).</p><p>Julia burni Sarma 1975: 12–15, figs 1–5. Type locality: Port Blair, Andaman Islands.</p><p>Julia zebra Kawaguti 1981: 9–13, figs 1A, 2–4. Type locality: Mishima, Hagi City and Tsunoshima, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan .</p><p>Julia mishimaensis Kawaguti &amp; Yamasu 1982: 29–31, figs 1–4. Type locality: Tsunoshima, Yamaguchi Prefecture and Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan .</p><p>In this study, three additional, probably undescribed, species are recognized. As mentioned above, the taxonomy of species of Julia and the formal description of these new species will be addressed in a separate monograph.</p><p>Genus Candinia Le Renard, Sabelli &amp; Taviani, 1996</p><p>† Candinia Le Renard, Sabelli &amp; Taviani 1996: 231–232 .</p><p>Type species: Candinia pliocaenica Le Renard, Sabelli &amp; Taviani, 1996, by original designation.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Shell thick, heavy, oval-trigonal in lateral view, cordate in anterior/posterior views; anterior margin rounded, narrowing abruptly posteriorly into sharp triangular margin; shell tallest point near anterior end; right valve larger than lef valve; hinge with anterior, posterior parts interrupted beneath apex, condyloid (or cardinal) tooth on right valve, lef valve with fossete-like socket; protoconch on lef valve, towards posterior third of shell; adductor muscle scar subcentral.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Le Renard et al. (1996) introduced the genus Candinia Le Renard, Sabelli &amp; Taviani, 1996 based on the new species Candinia pliocaenica Le Renard, Sabelli &amp; Taviani, 1996 from the Pliocene of Italy. Le Renard et al. (1996) included Candinia in the subfamily Juliinae and indicated that Candinia is distinguishable from Julia by differences in shell hinge morphology. Le Renard et al. (1996) also suggested that Berthelinia krachi Bałuk &amp; Jakubowski, 1968, a Miocene species from Poland, is also a member of Candinia . Subsequently, Schneider et al. (2008) described another species of Candinia, Candinia lakoniae Schneider, Hochleitner &amp; Janssen, 2008, from the Pliocene of Greece. In the PCA presented here (Fig. 3), members of Berthelinia krachi [= Candinia krachi] are morphologically indistinguishable from some species of Julia, indicating that these two genera could be synonyms.</p><p>Species list</p><p>† Berthelinia krachi Bałuk &amp; Jakubowski 1968: 294–297, pl. 1, figs 1–5. Type locality: Korytnica, 24 km SSW of Kielce, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland (Middle Miocene) .</p><p>† Candinia pliocaenica Le Renard, Sabelli &amp; Taviani 1996: 232– 234, figs 1–4. Type locality: Pietrafita, Tuscany, Italy (Early Pliocene) .</p><p>† Candinia lakoniae Schneider, Hockleitner &amp; Janssen 2008: 83–89, figs 3, 4. Type locality: Glykovrysi, Lakonia, Peloponnese, Greece (Late Pliocene) .</p><p>Subfamilp Bertheliniinae Keen &amp; A. G. Smith, 1961</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/486687BA5003E771EC8F08AE0B73719D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer B.;Krug, Patrick J.;Muro, Sandra;Vendeti, Jann;Maestrati, Philippe;Wong, Nur Leena W. S.;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Valdés, Ángel	McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer B., Krug, Patrick J., Muro, Sandra, Vendeti, Jann, Maestrati, Philippe, Wong, Nur Leena W. S., Gosliner, Terrence M., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Te slug within the bivalve: molecular and morphological systematics of the family Juliidae (Gastropoda: Panpulmonata: Sacoglossa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf056, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf056
