taxonID	type	description	language	source
482B87A3E97F2E09FF81F92FFA84D4FB.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after Armin Rios Marin, Municipal Councilor on Sibuyan and former World Wildlife Fund official who, on 3 October 2007, was shot and killed by a mining company official while leading a protest of his community against the clearance of forest trees to facilitate mining (Goodland & Wickes 2008: 175); [http: // www. piplinks. org / system / files / Mining + or + Food + Case + Study + 6. pdf]. Terrestrial climber 5 m tall. Rosette and short stems unknown. Climbing stem rounded-quadrangular (3 –) 4 – 5 (– 5.5) mm diam; internodes (1.2 –) 1.8 – 4.2 (– 4.9) cm long; axillary buds not seen; indumentum absent apart from dense brown simple hairs in the leaf axils, otherwise only with sessile depressed-globose glands 0.04 mm diam throughout. Leaves thinly coriaceous, petiolate narrowly oblong-elliptic to narrowly elliptic-linear, (10 –) 13.1 – 15 (– 17.5) by (1.4 –) 1.8 – 2.6 (– 3.7) cm; apex acute or obtuse-rounded; base gradually decurrent to the petiole; nerves visible on the upper, not the lower, surface; longitudinal nerves 2 pairs, in the outer third of the leaf, the innermost pair arising from the midrib 1 / 2 – 1 / 3 the length of the blade from the petiole; pennate nerves numerous, patent, irregular; indumentum absent except for simple hairs along the upper surface of the midrib, hairs (0.1 –) 0.4 – 0.6 mm long, erect, pale brown, covering (5 –) 20 – 40 % of the surface, densest in the distal half of the blade, otherwise with sessile glands as the stem, 10 – 12 glands per mm 2. Petiole (4.2 –) 4.7 – 5.6 (– 7) by (0.2 –) 0.3 – 0.4 (– 0.6) cm, wings patent in life (revolute in herbarium specimens), base clasping the stem by 1 / 2 its circumference, not decurrent, indumentum absent apart from sessile glands, and with very sparse and inconspicuous simple hairs along the abaxial midrib. Lower and intermediate pitchers unknown. Upper pitchers (coiled tendril) green, with faint purple mottling, narrowly cylindrical in outline, 10.2 – 12.9 (– 16) by 1.9 – 2.6 (– 3.2) cm, the lower half narrowly ellipsoid, gradually constricted to 1.3 – 1.8 (– 2.2) cm wide at the midpoint, then widening gradually to (1.7 –) 2.2 – 2.8 (– 3.2) cm wide below the peristome; fringed wings absent, reduced to inconspicuous ridges c. 1 mm wide extending from base to apex; indumentum of minutely branched hairs 0.1 – 1 mm long, 16 – 20 per mm 2, the smallest hairs with 2 – 3 branches at the base, the longer hairs with 1 – 2 short branches along their length, mixed with sessile depressed-globose glands 10 – 12 per mm 2. Mouth broadly ovate, 1.8 – 2.5 (– 3.8) by 1.8 – 2.3 (– 2.4) cm, oblique, slightly concave, column not well-developed; peristome cylindric, 1 – 2 mm diam, ± even in width along its length, ribs 0.25 mm apart, raised 0.04 – 0.08 mm, inner edge inrolled, teeth and holes visible only when dissected (Fig. 1 h), outer edge often with 2 – 3 shallow lobes; inner surface of pitcher glaucous green with scattered purple mottling. Lid orbicular, (1.8 –) 2.3 – 2.7 by (1.8 –) 2.1 – 2.6 (– 3.3) cm, apex rounded, or rarely emarginate, base cordate, sinus 3 – 4 mm deep, 10 mm wide; lower surface brightly mottled purplish red, basal ridge c. 1 mm high 3 mm in length, convex basal appendage absent; nectar glands evenly and densely spread across the lid and ridge surface, (4 –) 6 – 8 (– 10) per mm 2, monomorphic, directed to lid base (rims are asymmetric, being highest towards lid apex), orbicular, 0.2 mm diam, with membranous walls projecting vertically, 0.07 mm tall; mixed with sessile depressed-globose glands 0.04 mm diam at the edge of the lid, which are otherwise absent from the larger, central part of the surface. Spur recurved, simple, 3.5 – 5 mm long, tapering to an acute apex, base completely covered in appressed hairs 0.2 – 0.3 mm long, simple, copper-coloured, distal three-quarters 50 % covered in hairs. Male inflorescence 25 – 28 by 1.2 – 1.5 cm, indumentum of appressed, simple, copper-coloured hairs 0.3 – 0.4 mm long covering 40 – 50 % of the surface, mixed with sessile depressed-globose glands as the stem; peduncle 7 – 11 by 0.1 – 0.2 cm; rhachis 17 – 18 cm long, with 70 – 95, 1 - flowered partial-peduncles; bracts absent; partial-peduncles / pedicels 3.5 – 4.5 mm long, indumentum covering 80 – 100 % of the surface; tepals 4, green at anthesis, turning red with age, 2.4 by 1.2 – 1.6 mm, outer surface completely covered in appressed, simple, copper-coloured hairs 0.2 mm long, papillae absent or inconspicuous, inner surface densely covered in elliptic nectar glands; staminal column 1 – 1.7 mm long, glabrous; anther-head subglobose, 0.45 – 0.9 by 1.2 mm. Female inflorescence as the male, but c. 30 by 1.2 cm; peduncle c. 16 cm long; rhachis c. 14.5 cm (immature), partial-peduncles / pedicels c. 110, 3. 5 – 6 mm long, tepals narrowly oblong 2.8 by e 1.2 mm, outer surface densely papillate with hairs sparse, scattered; ovary ellipsoid, 4 - lobed, 2.2 – 3 by 1.1 – 1.4 mm completely covered in hairs as the pedicels; stigmas glossy black, 4 - lobed, 1.25 mm diam. Infructescence and seeds unknown. Data on colour and posture when live in this description is taken from the field notes of the specimens cited. Distribution & Ecology — Philippines, Sibuyan Island, gallery forest on ultramafic rock; 750 m. Additional material. PHILIPPINES, Sibuyan Island, Mt Giting-Giting, Madulid 6927 (A, F, PNH n. v.), female inflor. 20 June 1987; ibid, Magdiwang, Barrio Hawasan, Ating River, Stone et al. in PPI 6724 (BISH, BRIT, K, PNH n. v.) male inflor. 27 May 1992. Conservation — Nepenthes armin is known on current evidence from three mature individuals (specimens cited above) which occur at up to three sites on Sibuyan Island (445 km 2). Clearance of lowland forest trees on Sibuyan to facilitate mining for nickel ore is reported by Goodland & Wickes (2008: 175); [http: // www. piplinks. org / system / files / Mining + or + Food + Case + Study + 6. pdf]). Lowland forest below 750 m altitude on Sibuyan has also been partially cleared for lowland agriculture (Google Earth 2014 imagery, viewed 26 Sept. 2014). The area of occupancy is a maximum of 12 km 2 using the 4 km 2 cells advocated by IUCN (2012), although the actual area occupied is far smaller. Accordingly, N. armin is here assessed as Critically Endangered under criterion D (<50 mature individuals) of the categories and criteria of IUCN (2012). None of the three records of the species indicate its frequency. However, previ- ous extensive botanical collections on Sibuyan by Elmer in the early twentieth century did not reveal this species suggesting that it is not widespread and common on the island and may be as rare and restricted as current evidence suggests. Regular visits by Nepenthes enthusiasts to Sibuyan have occurred each year in the last few years but as yet, no additional records for this species have been publicised. However, it is to be hoped that further survey work might yet result in finding numerous additional individuals in secure locations. Taxonomic affinities — The affinities of N. armin are clearly with N. graciliflora, in the N. alata group as defined in Cheek & Jebb (2013 d), in fact the two species can be easily confused owing to their superficial gross morphological similarity. It is possible that the two species are sympatric, since both occur in forest below 800 m in Sibuyan. Records of N. graciliflora on Sibuyan are: Elmer 12465 (BO, E, K, W); Sohmer 12400 (A, BISH, K, L) and Reynoso 118659 (K, PNH n. v.).	en	Cheek, M., Jebb, M. (2014): Expansion of the Nepenthes alata group (Nepenthaceae), Philippines, and descriptions of three new species. Blumea 59 (2): 144-154, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X685861, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x685861
482B87A3E97F2E09FF81F92FFA84D4FB.taxon	description	– The absence of sessile depressed-globose glands from the centre of the lid. Notes — Nepenthes armin is the fourth species of Nepenthes known from Sibuyan. All but the widespread N. graciliflora (Luzon to Mindanao) are known to be endemic to the ultramafic substrate of the island. The other endemic species are known from low shrubberies on ultramafic at higher altitudes (1300 – 1400 m altitude), being N. argentii Jebb & Cheek and N. sibuyanensis Nerz. Nepenthes armin is unlikely to be confused with any other species apart from N. graciliflora, which is also a climber with petiolate leaves and pitchers which are narrowly cylindrical in outline. They can be separated using Table 1. The species-richness of Nepenthes in Sibuyan, with four species of which three are endemic, equals that of the islands of Luzon, Panay and Masbate combined. Sibuyan measures less than 30 by 20 km, but has a height of 2 058 m. Due to the steep slopes, over 30 % of the island still has intact original forest habitat, unusual in the Philippines, as explained in the introduction above. In the Philippine archipelago, only Mindanao and Palawan island exceed Sibuyan for endemicity and species-richness of the genus Nepenthes. This diversity is not due to recent speciation, as has occurred on the Galapagos, for example, but is due to all of the three main Philippine Nepenthes lineages (Cheek & Jebb 2013 h) having reached Sibuyan, and then having evolved there in isolation to form unusual endemic species, including one of the most distinctive in the entire family Nepenthaceae, N. argentii. In terms of Nepenthes, Sibuyan appears to have the highest species diversity per unit area of any island in the Philippines, which may be an index of diversity for other Philippine plant species. This surprising fact is undoubtedly due to the large quantity of ultramafic substrate (unfortunately a source of metal ores), the broad altitudinal range, and also the long geological isolation of Sibuyan from other islands. The lack of disturbance and high levels of intact original habitat are also explanatory factors.	en	Cheek, M., Jebb, M. (2014): Expansion of the Nepenthes alata group (Nepenthaceae), Philippines, and descriptions of three new species. Blumea 59 (2): 144-154, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X685861, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x685861
482B87A3E9792E0BFCCEF892FEB9D30B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named, as a noun in apposition, for the T’boli people and area from whence the type specimen derives. Terrestrial shrub or climber to at least 0.5 m tall. Rosette and climbing stems unknown. Short stems terete, 0.4 – 0.6 cm diam. Leaves spirally inserted, internodes 1.5 – 2.6 cm long, epi- dermis drying black, wrinkled, moderately densely covered in red sessile globose glands 0.05 mm diam; very young stems c. 50 % covered in red-brown, curved-erect, simple or 2 (– 3) - armed hairs 0.1 mm tall, concentrated in and near leaf axils; older stems with hairs 0.1 – 0.25 mm long c. 5 % covered and appearing glabrous. Leaf blades oblong-elliptic, 11 – 16 by 2.8 – 3.5 cm; apex attenuate, base decurrent; longitudinal and pennate nerves not conspicuous, barely visible only on lower surface, longitudinal nerves 5 – 10 pairs, oblique, arising at intervals along midrib as pennate nerves, arching upwards before running along and adjacent to margin for 0.5 – 1 cm; indumentum absent from upper surface, except leaf edge which is densely hairy, hairs 2 – 3 - branched from the base or from the main axis, 0.25 – 0.75 mm long; lower surface with red, sessile, globose glands c. 0.5 mm diam, c. 4 per mm 2; midrib moderately densely hairy, c. 50 % cover, hairs simple, or basally bi- or trifurcate 0.5 – 0.7 mm long, mixed with shrubby, multi-armed hairs 0.25 mm diam. Petioles with patent wings, 4.5 – 6 by 0.6 – 0.9 cm, margin with white, sparsely branched, patent hairs 0.25 – 0.5 mm long; base clasping the stem for 1 / 2 – 2 / 3 its circumference, shallowly winged, subauriculate. Lower and intermediate pitchers unknown. Upper pitchers (tendril coiled) narrowly subcylindrical, 11.5 – 17.5 by 3.5 – 4 cm; broadest at base, gradually tapering to 2.5 – 3 cm wide at the centre, gradually dilating towards apex, to c. 3.5 cm wide below the peristome; fringed wings absent, reduced to ridges; outer surface minutely and sparsely puberulent, c. 5 % covered with erect red hairs, c. 7 per mm 2, hairs bifurcate at base or apex, or bushy, sessile, 0.15 mm long, or (c. 1 in 20 hairs) 3 mm long, patent, with 2 – 3 short lateral branches. Mouth ovate, 3 – 5.3 by 3.7 – 4 cm, oblique; peristome subcylindric, 2 – 2.5 mm wide, ridges 0.15 – 0.2 mm high, 0.3 mm apart, outer edge tightly inrolled, not lobed, inner edge slightly incurved, teeth absent, perforated with holes, mostly clearly visible near the weakly developed column. Lid ovate or ovate-elliptic; 3 – 3.8 by 2.4 – 3.4 cm; apex retuse, sinus 1 – 2 mm deep, base shallowly and broadly cordate or rounded; lower surface with a forwarddirected pocket, 1 – 2 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, set back 2 – 3 mm from the midline apex, the pocket sides continued to apex by two ridges; mouth of pocket and marginal 2 – 3 mm of the lid, minutely stellate-hairy, lacking nectar glands, the hairs c. 0.1 mm diam with (2 –) 3 – 4 (– 5) short, thick arms, covering c. 50 % of the surface at the edge itself, giving it a grey, shaggy appearance; basal appendage conspicuous, semi-circular to oblong, asymmetric, 1.5 – 2 by 2 mm, arising abruptly from a ridge 6 mm long, 1.25 mm high; nectar glands trimorphic, segregated: 1. Large, elliptic-oblong, thinly bordered nectar glands 1 – 1.25 by 0.6 – 1 mm, 15 – 20 in number, present in a band 6 mm wide, along the midline between basal ridge and apex, sparse; smaller such glands 0.3 – 0.35 by 0.25 mm sparsely scattered in the distal half outside the midline and in the proximal half inside the margin, throughout the lid mixed with small sessile red globose glands c. 0.05 mm diam, c. 10 per mm 2 (Fig. 2 i); 2. small, circular, thickly rimmed (perithecoid) nectar glands, (0.15 –) 0.25 mm diam, confined to the basal appendage and to two curved elliptic areas on each side of the midline in the proximal half, glands very dense, 13 per mm 2 on the appendage and abutting each other there (Fig. 2 h); 3. small, deeply sunk borderless, circular glands 0.1 – 0.2 mm diam, c. 5 per mm 2 present in a small area at the junction with the peristome. Spur simple, needle-like, tapering to a point, 10 by 0.3 mm, erect; indumentum as outer pitcher surface. Male inflorescence known from incomplete portion, rhachis 2.5 mm diam, c. 50 % covered by mainly appressed white, heterogenous hairs: bristle-like hairs 1 – 2 - armed from base, 0.1 – 0.2 mm long; vermicular, septate hairs c. 0.2 mm long, and by erect, minute simple hairs 0.05 mm long; partial-peduncles 3 per mm length of rhachis, lacking bracts, 2 - flowered, (1 –) 2 mm long; pedicels divaricate, (8 –) 9 – 11 mm long; sepals ‘ yellow-green’, 4, elliptic, c. 0.6 by 0.4 mm, apex obtuse, inner surface densely covered in nectar glands, margin densely felted in rust-red papillae; outer surface c. 40 % covered in white appressed hairs 0.1 mm long; androphore 3 mm long, basal 1 / 3 – 2 / 3 with patent white hairs 0.1 mm long, distal part glabrous; anther-head subglobose, wider than long, 1.5 by 1.75 mm, anther thecae c. 15, uniseriate, dull yellow. Infructescence peduncle 25 – 26 cm long, 0.4 – 0.6 cm diam at base, very sparsely puberulent; rhachis 12 – 13 cm long, indumentum as midrib of leaf, c. 60 % of surface covered; partial-peduncles 30 – 36; 7 – 10 mm long, 2 - flowered; bracts absent; pedicels 8 – 12 mm long, indumentum as midrib, c. 100 % cover; tepals 4, ovate-oblong 5 – 6 by 2.5 mm, outer surface with white appressed hairs c. 0.1 mm long, c. 5 % cover, absent from base; inner surface with large elliptic glands. Fruit valves 4, narrowly linear-elliptic, 2.5 – 3.6 by 0.2 – 0.3 cm, pale brown, 60 % covered by curved red hairs c. 0.4 mm long. Seeds pale brown, filiform, 14 mm long, seed body 1.25 by 0.3 – 0.4 mm, deeply corrugated. Distribution & Ecology — Philippines, Mindanao, S Cotabato Province, T’boli, Lake Parker, open grassland, 1463 m. Conservation — Here, N. tboli is assessed as Critically Endangered under criterion D of IUCN (2012) since it is currently known only from one or two mature individuals at the type locality which is threatened by plantation agriculture and tourism developments (Google Earth data). It is to be hoped that more individuals of the species will be found at other locations, hopefully in the extensive yet botanically poorly known Tiruray Highlands of the T’boli people in southern Mindanao, and that this species will be shown to be more common than present evidence suggests. Notes — Nepenthes tboli is morphologically most similar to N. saranganiensis Sh. Kurata (2003: 41), but lacks the strongly winged stems of N. saranganiensis, a feature unique to this species within the N. alata group. Nepenthes saranganiensis is nearly sympatric with N. tboli and is the only other species of the genus known thus far, from the extreme S of Mindanao. The two species can be differentiated using Table 2.	en	Cheek, M., Jebb, M. (2014): Expansion of the Nepenthes alata group (Nepenthaceae), Philippines, and descriptions of three new species. Blumea 59 (2): 144-154, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X685861, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x685861
482B87A3E97B2E05FF81FEC1FC74D41A.taxon	description	Synonymy. Nepenthes alata Blanco var. ecristata sensu Macfarlane (1927) 137 non Macfarl. (1908) 72, quoad Elmer 14248.	en	Cheek, M., Jebb, M. (2014): Expansion of the Nepenthes alata group (Nepenthaceae), Philippines, and descriptions of three new species. Blumea 59 (2): 144-154, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X685861, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x685861
482B87A3E97B2E05FF81FEC1FC74D41A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The epithet zygon, here used as a noun in apposition, derives from the Greek, meaning yoked or coupled, to signify the close linkage with N. mindanaoensis. Terrestrial climber 2 – 3 m tall, possibly sometimes rooting on bases of stunted trees in cloud forest. Stem terete, 5.5 – 9.5 mm diam. Rosette and short stems not well-developed. Climbing stems with internodes (2.8 –) 5 – 12 cm long, axillary buds filiform 5 (– 7) by 0.9 mm long, inserted 6 – 9 mm above the axil, indumentum of patent brown ‘ dagger hairs’ (Kurata 2003) 0.2 – 0.5 (– 0.8) mm long, very sparse to 20 – 30 % surface coverage, denser in leaf axils; sessile red depressed-globose glands 0.05 mm diam, scattered throughout. Leaves thinly coriaceous, petiolate. Rosette leaves oblanceolate, 14 – 18 by 4 – 4.5 cm. Leaves of climbing stems narrowly oblong-elliptic, 21 – 24 (– 30) by 2.8 – 5.5 (– 7) cm; apex acute, not peltate; base decurrent to petiole; longitudinal nerves 1 – 2 pairs, 2 – 10 mm from the margin, arising from the midrib of the blade, conspicuous above; pennate nerves numerous, patent, conspicuous above; midrib upper surface 20 – 30 % covered in a mixture of dark brown simple or ‘ dagger hairs’ 0.06 – 1 mm long and white, (2 –) 3 – 6 - armed bushy to substellate hairs 0.2 – 0.25 mm diam, margin densely shortly hairy with same hairs (Fig. 3 e), blade otherwise mainly lacking hairs except thinly scattered white hairs; sessile, red depressed-globose glands 0.05 mm diam scattered throughout; lower surface with midrib 10 – 20 % covered in dark brown ‘ dagger hairs’ 0.5 – 0.6 mm long, mixed with substellate pale brown bushy hairs arising from a dark red base, 4 – 6 - armed, 0.15 – 0.2 mm diam, extending very sparsely to the blade (i. e. Elmer 14248) or moderately densely c. 3 hairs mm 2; margin densely ciliate with hairs as in upper surface of midrib. Petiole winged, broadly U- or V-shaped in section, (6 –) 7 – 10 by 0.6 – 1 (– 2) cm. Lower pitchers (tendril not coiled) ellipsoid-cylindric, 9 – 14 by 2.5 – 5 cm, widest in the ellipsoid lower half, upper half cylindric 1.5 – 2.5 cm wide; fringed wings present from base to peristome, wings 3 – 4 mm wide, fringe elements 4 – 5 mm long, (2 –) 3 – 5.5 mm apart; outer surface 30 – 50 % covered in minute (3 –) 4 - armed stellate hairs 0.1 mm diam, mixed with sparser (c. 5 % cover) hairs 0.75 – 1.3 mm long superficially simple but bearing 1 – 2 short side branches from the central axis (Fig. 3 j). Mouth ovate-elliptic, 2.5 – 4 by 1.7 – 2 cm, oblique, not, or only weakly concave, column not present; peristome cylindric 2 – 4 mm diam, even in width throughout, ribs 0.5 – 0.6 mm apart, raised 0.4 mm, in life the inner edge appears to be without teeth or holes, which can be found on dissection, outer edge not lobed. Lid orbicular-elliptic, 2 – 2.5 by 1.8 – 2.9 cm, apex rounded, base slightly cordate; basal ridge and appendage absent in the smaller pitchers (c. 10 cm tall), resembling those of the upper pitchers in the larger (c. 15 cm tall) pitchers; nectar glands and indumentum resembling those of upper pitchers but sparser. Spur triangular c. 2.5 by 1.5 mm, tapering from base to rounded apex; densely covered in brown bushy and ‘ dagger hairs’ 0.3 – 1 mm long. Upper pitchers (tendril coiled) ellipsoid-cylindric (9 –) 16 – 25 by (2.6 –) 4 – 5.5 cm, widest in the basal ellipsoid, 7 – 8 cm long portion, above cylindric narrowed to (1.8 –) 2.5 – 3 (– 3.5) cm diam; indumentum as lower pitchers, colour when live with basal, swollen part of pitcher green (drying brown), overlain with white waxy layer, cylindrical part with faint to well-marked longitudinal red-purple stripes and flecks, inner pitcher surface waxy green (drying pale purple), spotted with purple; fringed wings present only immediately below the peristome (0.6 –) 1.7 – 3.5 cm long, widest at the peristome where (1 –) 2.5 – 7.5 mm wide, fringed elements 3 – 6 mm long, 1.5 – 3 mm apart, the uppermost longest and raised above the peristome; mouth ovate, 3.5 – 5 by 2.5 – 3.3 cm, oblique, slightly concave, column weakly developed; peristome subcylindric (flattened only before the pitcher is fully opened Fig. 3 b) (1.5 –) 2 – 3 (– 5) mm broad, ribs 0.3 mm apart, about 0.01 mm high, outer margin entire, revolute, inner margin without conspicuous teeth, revolute (edge with holes visible only when dissected, (Fig 3 q), green or red and green in colour; lid ovate (2.2 –) 3.3 – 4.5 (– 4.9) by 2.5 – 4 (– 4.6) cm, apex rounded or slightly retuse, base cordate, the sinus 1 – 1.5 cm wide, 5 mm deep, lower surface with a basal ridge 1.5 cm long, rising gradually to 0.5 – 1 mm high, tapering to the extremities, and bearing in the centre a convex or recurved-hooked appendage (Fig. 3 n) projecting 3 – 4 mm from the lid surface, 4 – 7 mm long; nectar glands are of two types and mostly confined to two approxi- mately lanceolate areas, which are joined at the basal ridge, nectar glands being largely absent from a marginal band 5 – 8 mm wide and from the distal half of the midline; they are thinly scattered on the basal appendage; type 1: nectar glands (90 % of the total c. 1 per mm 2) are small, thinly bordered, orbicular or elliptic, 0.1 – 0.2 mm in length; type 2: nectar glands are similar in appearance, but much sparser and larger 0.5 – 0.6 (– 0.7) mm long; sessile red-black depressed- globose glands 0.05 mm diam, c. 3 per mm 2 are scattered over the whole of the lower surface; marginal 2 – 3 mm 50 % covered in stalked bushy brown hairs 0.1 – 0.2 mm diam, several occurring towards the centre of the lid, 8 – 10 mm from the edge; spur simple, filiform, 5 – 9 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, apex obtuse, densely covered in appressed hairs 0.5 – 1 mm long. Male inflorescence c. 47 by 3.5 cm, indumentum moderately dense, covering 40 – 50 % of the surface, hairs pale brown, a mixture of ‘ dagger hairs’ 0.5 – 1 mm long, and 2 – 4 - armed bushy hairs 0.2 – 0.25 mm long; peduncle c. 27 by 0.3 cm; rhachis c. 20 cm long, with partial-peduncles 75 – 80, 2 - flowered (1 - flowered at apex); bracts recurved or patent, filamentous, c. 3 mm long, acute, inserted along the length of the partial-peduncles; partial-peduncles 4 – 6 mm long; pedicels c. 15 mm long, indumentum covering 30 – 50 % of the surface, hairs bushy, 1 – 3 - armed, erect, 0.2 – 0.5 mm long; tepals 4, elliptic, 6 by 4 mm, outer surface 50 – 60 % covered in a mixture of simple, acute hairs 0.15 – 0.25 mm long, and sessile mucilaginous papillae 0.005 mm diam, inner surface densely covered in elliptic nectar glands; staminal column 5 mm long, moderately densely hairy along its length, hairs 0.1 mm long, more or less patent, red-brown, simple or with a basal branch; anther-head subglobose, 2.5 mm diam. Female inflorescences, infrutescences and seed unknown. Distribution & Ecology — Philippines, NE Mindanao, Mts Masay and Pasian, submontane mossy forest along ridges, thought to be non-ultramafic, 1500 – 1875 m asl. Additional material. PHILIPPINES, Mindanao, Mt Masay (also known as Mt Cabadbaran and Mt Urdaneta), Elmer 14248 (E, L), “ in the summit region at approx. 6250 feet alt., Oct. 1912 ” (Elmer 1915). Conservation — Nepenthes zygon is known with certainty from only two individuals at two locations, in a country which has seen loss of most of its natural habitat in the 20 th century (Myers et al. 2000, Sohmer & Davis 2007). Nepenthes zygon shares its type location, Mt Pasian, with N. robcantleyi. The clear-felling of forest there that led to the concern that N. robcantleyi might be extinct (Cheek 2011) may also have elimi- nated N. zygon at that location. However at its second location, Mt Masay, no threats are yet known to summit areas where N. zygon was collected (Gronemeyer pers. comm. to MC). Recent photographic records of what may be this species (identified as N. alata in Gronemeyer 2008: 26, 2009: 7) at Mt Masay suggests that it survives there. A similar image from Mt Hibok-Hibok (Gronemeyer 2008: 25) suggests that N. zygon may also be present there, yet all three images do not provide enough detail that identification is certain. Accordingly, N. zygon is here assessed as Critically Endangered under IUCN (2012), criterion D based on less than 50 individuals (in fact two) being known from the wild with certainty. It is to be hoped that the species will be verified at the locations named above, found at additional locations and so proved to be not so rare or threatened as existing data suggest. It is fortunate that N. zygon is already in cultivation and available commercially from the nursery Borneo Exotics. Taxonomic affinities — Although N. zygon has previously been identified as N. alata in the broad sense, recent research has shown that the latter species is confined to northern Luzon and differs in a number of characters (see key). Nepenthes zygon appears to be closely related to N. mindanaoensis, being very similar in overall appearance. Their geographic ranges coincide, but ecologically they are separated by their habitat and altitudinal range, N. zygon being restricted to cloud forest on non-ultramafic substances, while N. mindanaoensis is restricted to low altitude ultramafic scrub. Nepenthes zygon lacks the diagnostic petiole of N. mindanaoensis in which the wings are so involute that their margins overlap each other so that the petiole appears cylindrical. Nepenthes zygon also has a well-developed basal appendage to the lid (vs being absent), besides differing in the other characters given in Table 3. Nepenthes zygon has several features unusual in the genus, and which are otherwise unknown in the N. alata group. These are: 1. the white waxy bloom that coats the lower half of the upper pitchers; 2. the presence of hairs in the centre of the lower surface of the lid of the pitcher; and 3. the dense patent hairs of the androphore (although male inflorescences are not known for all species of the group). Variation — The two collections vary from each other in density of indumentum on the stem and lower surface of the leaf-blade of the climbing stem (very sparse in Cheek 17059, moderately dense in Elmer 14248) and in the density of the nectar glands on the lower surface of the lid of the upper pitcher, which is much sparser in Elmer 14248 than in Cheek 17059. In all other respects, the two specimens appear more or less identical, e. g. in the unusual trichome complement of the leaf-blade midribs and lower lid surface. Notes — “ Three or more distinct terrestrial species ” (of Nepenthes) were observed “ in the summit region or about 5000 feet ” by Elmer on Mt Masay (also known as Mt Urdaneta or Mt Cabadbaran) (Elmer 1915). These were all collected by Elmer: N. surigaoensis Elmer (Elmer 12705 in Sept. 1912), N. petiolata Danser (1928) which had been collected by Elmer as a mixed gathering with the first species, although Elmer had suspected that it was different when he had collected it (Elmer 1915). Thirdly, newly described here from the same locality (although the altitude given is higher), N. zygon (collected in Oct. 1912). From neighbouring peaks “ at a lower elevation there is the high epiphytic species N. truncata Macf. “ (Elmer 1915), which Elmer had collected earlier in Aug. 1912 although he gave it a higher collection number (Elmer 13483, BM, Urdaneta). Macfarlane (1927) in his final paper of Philippine Nepenthes, misidentified Elmer 14248 citing it as N. alata var. ecristata Macfarl. (1908: 72), the type of which is now raised to species rank as N. kurata Jebb & Cheek (2013 h). It can be distinguished using the key above. Danser (1928) cited the same specimen simply as N. alata, taking a wide view on the delimitation of this species. In life (Cheek 17059), the colour and aspect of the upper pitchers is very different from the herbarium specimens (Elmer 14248), but once the former had been dried, these features became identical to the second, although made 101 years later. Nepenthes zygon, although newly described here, is already one of the better-known Mindanao species of the genus, because it has been possible to observe authentic wild-sourced material in cultivation from the juvenile stage to flowering, and so to develop a nearly complete description. This approach is also used in Araceae where leaves and inflorescences do not occur on the plant at the same time so that cultivation is the best way to reliably connect the different stages for descriptive purposes. The basal ridge and appendage that characterise the N. alata group, and which are present in the upper pitchers of N. zygon, are completely absent from its lower pitchers. Whether this is usual or not throughout the species of the group remains to be determined.	en	Cheek, M., Jebb, M. (2014): Expansion of the Nepenthes alata group (Nepenthaceae), Philippines, and descriptions of three new species. Blumea 59 (2): 144-154, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X685861, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x685861
