identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
4C62ED33AB6F3E05FFD0FEC6FDABFC9D.text	4C62ED33AB6F3E05FFD0FEC6FDABFC9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Indumentum	<div><p>Indumentum</p><p>All species, except the hairy B. bullatum, appear to be glabrous, but high magnification shows that they all possess very small lepidote hairs (called minute stellate hairs by Radcliffe-Smith 2001). In many descriptions these were overlooked. Young parts of the plant are totally covered with these small, yellow to orange lepidote hairs and, as a result, may even have an orange glow. Probably, the lepidote hairs have a secretory function as some specimen labels indicate stickiness and young parts may look lacquered when dry (or seem to have a layer of glue after dehydrating with boiling water). The hairs disappear with age, but on buds, fruits and in the axils of adult leaves the hairs are more resistant, though on the bark they become obscured by the formation of secondary bark, lenticels and often by fungal infections (probably due to the sweet secretion).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C62ED33AB6F3E05FFD0FEC6FDABFC9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ottens-Treurniet, M. A. D.;Welzen, P. C. van	Ottens-Treurniet, M. A. D., Welzen, P. C. van (2016): A revision of the Malesian genus Blumeodendron (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 61 (1): 64-82, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691547, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691547
4C62ED33AB6C3E06FFD0FCC1FEB3F798.text	4C62ED33AB6C3E06FFD0FCC1FEB3F798.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blumeodendron	<div><p>Blumeodendron</p><p>Blumeodendron (Müll.Arg.) Kurz (1874) 245;(1877) 391;J.J.Sm. (1910) 458; Koord. (1912) 493; Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1914) 47; Merr.(1920) 554;Ridl. (1924) 281; Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1931) 107; Backer &amp; Bakh.f. (1963) 479; Airy Shaw (1963) 348; (1972b) 224;Whitmore (1973) 68; L.C.Wheeler (1975) 535; Airy Shaw (1975) 57; (1980) 37; (1981) 267; (1982) 9; (1983) 10; G.L.Webster (1994) 77; Radcl.-Sm. (2001) 170;Chayam. (2005) 130;G.L.Webster (2014) 125. — Mallotus Lour. sect. Blumeodendron Müll.Arg. (1866) 956; Benth. (1880) 319; Hook.f. (1887) 427; Pax (1890) 53. — Lectotype (designated by Wheeler 1975): Elateriospermum tokbrai Blume (= Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) Kurz).</p><p>Trees, dioecious; branchlets generally round in section, nodes thickened. Indumentum consisting of small, orange, lepidote hairs, glabrescent, few species locally with additional simple hairs. Stipules absent. Leaves alternate, subopposite or pseudowhorled, simple; petiole apically but more so basally pulvinate, in section round but grooved transversely when dry; blade elliptic to obovate, margin entire, revolute, extrafloral nectaries 2, adaxially near base and additional smaller ones (up to 20(–40)) along midrib and margin; venation pinnate, marginal vein indistinct, primary and secondary nerves slightly raised above, secondary nerves looped and closed near the margin, tertiary nerves scalariform, higher order nerves reticulate or partly sclariform. Inflorescences axillary or terminally thyrses, one or more together, erect. Flowers: pedicel with abscission zone; flowers actinomorphic, 5-merous, buds globose; sepals elliptic, valvate, margin entire; petals absent; disc present. Staminate flowers: sepals 3–4; disc glands on convex receptacle, providing a ruminate surface with the stamens in between the glands; stamens 31–40, anthers basifixed, 2-thecate, opening latrorse via lengthwise slits; pistillode absent. Pistillate flowers: sepals (3–)4–5; disc annular, broad; ovary 2–3-locular, placenta basal, ovulum single per locule, hemitropous; styles very short; stigmas 2–3, entire, often recurved, above papillate. Fruits capsular, globular or ovoid, tardily completely septicidally and partly loculicidally dehiscent into bivalved cocci; pedicels thickened; wall woody, surface somewhat knobbly. Seeds ovoid to subglobular, with sometimes flattened sides, more or less bean-shaped; sarcotesta present.</p><p>Distribution — Nine species ranging from Burma and the Andamans via Thailand through Malesia to New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C62ED33AB6C3E06FFD0FCC1FEB3F798	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ottens-Treurniet, M. A. D.;Welzen, P. C. van	Ottens-Treurniet, M. A. D., Welzen, P. C. van (2016): A revision of the Malesian genus Blumeodendron (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 61 (1): 64-82, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691547, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691547
4C62ED33AB6C3E07FC9FF8EBFBD5FC68.text	4C62ED33AB6C3E07FC9FF8EBFBD5FC68.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blumeodendron borneense Pax & K. Hoffm.	<div><p>1. Blumeodendron borneense Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. — Fig. 1; Map 1</p><p>Blumeodendron borneense Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1919) 14; Airy Shaw (1975) 58. — Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) Kurz var. borneense (Pax &amp; K.Hoffm.) J.J.Sm. ex Airy Shaw (1981) 269. — Type: Beccari PB 2976 (FI not seen; iso K), Borneo.</p><p>Blumeodendron concolor Gage (1922) 244; Ridl. (1924) 281; Airy Shaw (1975) 59. — Type: Curtis KD 1368 (K), [Malay Peninsula,] Pangkor.</p><p>Blumeodendron sp.: Merr. (1929) 157. — pro Elmer 21129 (L), British North Borneo [= Sabah], Tawao .</p><p>Blumeodendron tokbrai auct. non (Blume) Kurz: Airy Shaw (1975) 60, p.p., ‘form with oblong leaves’.</p><p>Trees, up to 35 m high, bole to 15 m high, dbh to 30 cm (– 2 m); buttresses sometimes present, few, c. 1 m high, c. 0.3 m out, c. 20 cm thick; stem generally round, nodes notably thickened; lenticels indistinct, round; flowering branches 5–28 mm thick, terminal ones often triangular of flattened in section; distance between internodes c. 18 cm; sympodial growth via axillary buds obvious. Outer bark tan to reddish brown, to dark brown, whitish grey, (pale) grey to grey-brown dippled, smooth to rough to fissured and peeling off, brittle, c. 1 mm thick; inner bark white to pale yellow, orange, pale greenish, pale brown outside to yellow inside, c. 4 mm thick; sapwood white to pale yellow; heartwood reddish. Indumentum: simple hairs absent. Leaves in (pseudo-)whorls of 3 to alternate (see Notes 1, 2); petiole 0.7–10 cm long, diam of thinnest part 0.9–3 mm, shiny, basal pulvinus 1.1–3.4 mm diam; lepidote hairs present, older parts glabrous; blade ovate to elliptic (see Note 3), 6–40 by 2.7–21 cm, length/width ratio 1.7–3.2, pergamentaceous to subcoriaceous, symmetric, glabrous, smooth dark green, drying light green, base rounded to obtuse, margin recurved, apex acuminate to cuspidate, tip to 1 cm long, extrafloral nectaries c. 6–18 along midrib, c. 6–26 along margin, both sides smooth; venation slightly and partly raised above, secondary nerves 4–7 pairs, at c. 46° angle with midrib, tertiary nerves perpendicular to midrib and secondary nerves, not raised above, higher order nerves reticulate, not raised above. Inflorescences ramiflorous to axillary and terminal, flowers almost fasciculate when staminate buds young, pistillate inflorescences single, length unknown. Staminate flowers only known from one specimen, either as bud or withered: pedicel c. 19 mm long, round; sepals 3, ovate, c. 4 by 3 mm, completely reflexed; stamens many, anthers c. 0.9 by 0.9 mm. Pistillate flowers unknown. Fruits c. 3 per inflorescence, subglobose, basally slightly sulcate, capsular, 3.5–4.1 by 3.1–4.3 cm, yellow to brown, 2–3-locular, ripening from green to yellow, dry brown, surface somewhat knobbly, vein ridges c. 3; pedicels c. 2 cm long, up to c. 0.4 cm diam, abscission zone indistinct; margin slightly thickened; wall 1–2 mm thick; endocarp enclosing two or more seeds; stigmas usually persistent. Seeds bean-shaped, 2.1–2.3 by 1.4–2 by 1–1.1 cm, attached in middle of bean, covered by a thin sarcotesta, dirty white to yellowish, sweet, edible.</p><p>Distribution — Malay Peninsula (very rare, only type of B. concolor) and Borneo.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp lowland forest, secondary forest, alluvial forest, mossy forest, primary upper montane forest, often along water and on very wet (but not inundated) soil; soil on (sandy) clay, igneous derived sandy clay. Altitude: 25– 700 m. Flowering: January; fruiting: February–May, July, September, October, December.</p><p>Vernacular names — Kalimantan: Kapol utan; Simpul (Bassap Dayak); Sabah: Indalus (Dusun Kinabatangan),Tampoi (Malay).</p><p>Notes — 1. Quite typical for B. borneense are the light coloured twigs, of which the upper ones are flattened or triangular, the leaves that dry light green, especially the lower surface, the almost fascicled flowers (one specimen in bud seen), and the thin-walled fruits (wall 2 mm at most). Blumeodendron borneense is mainly known from Borneo. In Borneo a group of specimens, B. tokbrai, dries dark green and resemble B. borneense, but the leaves are alternate to (sub)opposite and seldom in whorls of 3 (end of branches), the flowers are along rachises and the fruits are very thick-walled (c. 5 mm).</p><p>2. The type of B. concolor, Curtis KD 1368 (K) from the Malay Peninsula, strongly resembles B. borneense, as the leaves are of the same size, elliptic and also dry green, the flowers are in fascicles. However, the leaves are alternate. Another example of a specimen with leaves alternate (but close together) or in pseudo-whorls is a cultivated specimen from Borneo in the Bogor Botanical Garden, Gravendeel, de Wilde &amp; Hovenkamp 521 (Kebun Raya IX.C.144). As the leaves in Bornean B. borneense can also be in pseudo-whorls B. concolor is regarded as a synonym of B. borneense .</p><p>3. Specimens from Sarawak, including the type, and Brunei have a tendency to show ovate leaves, those of Sabah and Kalimantan are elliptic .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C62ED33AB6C3E07FC9FF8EBFBD5FC68	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ottens-Treurniet, M. A. D.;Welzen, P. C. van	Ottens-Treurniet, M. A. D., Welzen, P. C. van (2016): A revision of the Malesian genus Blumeodendron (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 61 (1): 64-82, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691547, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691547
4C62ED33AB6D3E01FC9FFBA7FA52FEED.text	4C62ED33AB6D3E01FC9FFBA7FA52FEED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blumeodendron bullatum Airy Shaw	<div><p>2. Blumeodendron bullatum Airy Shaw — Fig. 2, Map 1</p><p>Blumeodendron (?) bullatum Airy Shaw (1965) 310;(1972a) 86; (1975) 58. — Type: Haviland &amp; Hose 3658 (holo K; iso BM, L), Sarawak, near Kuching .</p><p>Probably trees; branchlets generally round, nodes notably thickened to side of leaf; lenticels absent or indistinct; flowering branches c. 5 mm diam. Indumentum of simple, white hairs and occasionally lepidote hairs on nodes. Leaves alternate to subopposite; petiole 0.5–1.6 cm long, diam of thinnest part 0.2–0.5 cm, round, dull, basal pulvinus 0.4–0.5 cm diam, simple hairs present; blade elliptic, 6.1–22.3 by 3.8–10.3 cm, length/width ratio 1.6–2.2, coriaceous, symmetric, strongly bullate, drying brown, base rounded, margin strongly revolute, apex rounded, extrafloral nectaries along margin c. 12, basal ones usually not obvious; venation distinct, sunken above, strongly raised below, covered with simple hairs underneath and basal part of midrib above, marginal vein distinct, nerves 5–8 pairs, at 34–41° angle with midrib, tertiary nerves perpendicular to midrib and secondary nerves, distance between tertiary nerves 0.3–0.6 cm; higher order nerves scalariform to reticulate. Inflorescences axillary, very short thyrses, single, c. 0.8 cm long, flowers seemingly fasciculate, but peduncle c. 0.2 cm long, erect; bracts not well visible, c. 0.5 cm long. Staminate flowers c. 8.7 mm diam; pedicel 3.5–5.5 mm long; buds c. 3.5 mm diam, covered with simple and lepidote hairs, sepals 2–3, elliptic, margin entire, c. 3.9–4.4 by 2.9–3.2 mm, valvate, free; stamens c. 33, filaments c. 4.7 mm long, anthers c. 0.6 mm long. Pistillate flowers, fruits and seeds unknown.</p><p>Distribution — Borneo (Sarawak; only known from the type). Habitat &amp; Ecology — Flowering: November.</p><p>Note — Airy Shaw (1965) was not certain if this species belonged to Blumeodendron, but the absence of stipules, the ruminate staminate disc glands and the presence of orange lepidote hairs on the buds are all indicative of only Blumeodendron .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C62ED33AB6D3E01FC9FFBA7FA52FEED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ottens-Treurniet, M. A. D.;Welzen, P. C. van	Ottens-Treurniet, M. A. D., Welzen, P. C. van (2016): A revision of the Malesian genus Blumeodendron (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 61 (1): 64-82, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691547, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691547
4C62ED33AB683E03FFD0FF0AFDBBF788.text	4C62ED33AB683E03FFD0FF0AFDBBF788.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blumeodendron endocarpum Ottens & Welzen 2016	<div><p>3. Blumeodendron endocarpum Ottens &amp; Welzen, sp. nov. — Fig. 3; Map 2</p><p>Resembling B. subrotundifolium in short inflorescences and alternate to subopposite leaves, differing in leaves chartaceous (to coriaceous), drying greenish brown,very short pistillate pedicels and most of all,a thick endocarp around every seed, not around the seeds together. — Type: BW (Kalkman) 6282 (holo L), [Indonesia, Papua,] Div. W. New Guinea, Beriat, c. 12 km S of Teminaboean.</p><p>Blumeodendron kurzii auct. non (Hook.f.) J.J.Sm.: Airy Shaw (1980) 37.</p><p>(Shrubs to) trees, to 40 m high, bole to 18 m high, dbh to 40 cm diam; buttresses sometimes present, to 1.5 m high, to 1.5 m wide, 4–10 cm thick; flowering branches 2–3 mm diam, lenticellate, generally round, flat near petioles, distance between internodes usually c. 6 cm. Indumentum: simple hairs absent. Outer bark (light) (greyish) brown to dark brown to dark grey, smooth to shallowly fissured, strongly peeling with large scales, 0.25–0.5 mm thick; inner bark white, creamy, yellowish brown, orange to (light) brown, 4–5 mm thick; exudate sometimes present, light brown; sapwood white, pink or light brown; heartwood orange-brown to (light) brown, 5–12 cm diam. Leaves alternate to subopposite; petiole 2.3–9 cm long, diam of thinnest part 1–2 mm, basal pulvinus 1.5–4.1 mm diam; blade elliptic, 11.2–31 by 4.6–13.9 cm, length/width ratio 1.8–3, blade length/petiole length ratio 4.4–4.8, pergamentaceous (to coriaceous), often basally slightly asymmetric, glabrous, base broadly cuneate to attenuate, margin entire, revolute, apex acuminate (to cuspidate), tip round, both surfaces smooth, glabrous, green above, glossy light green to greyish green underneath; above drying greenish brown and brownish green underneath (greener than abaxially), extrafloral nectaries 2 adaxially near base, along midrib 6–15, along margin 8–36; venation: marginal nerve indistinct, secondary nerves (5–)6(–8) pairs, at c. 51.1° angle with midrib, tertiary nerves perpendicular to midrib and secondary nerves, not raised on both sides, c. 0.8 cm apart, higher order nerves reticulate, not raised on both sides. Inflorescences axillary and terminal, staminate ones mostly 2 per axil, thyrsoid, erect, to 2 cm long, with lepidote hairs. Staminate flowers 8–9 mm diam, white to (pale) yellow(-green); buds 14–30 per inflorescence; pedicel 8.5–17 mm long; sepals 3, ovate, c. 6 by 3 mm; stamens 35–43, filaments 4–5.5 mm long, anthers 0.5–1.1 mm long. Pistillate flowers only seen as young fruits; almost sessile, pedicel c. 2 mm long; ovary 2-locular; style c. 1 mm long; stigmas c. 5 mm long. Fruits flattened ellipsoid, slightly emarginate in the middle; 3.5 (1-seeded)–6 (2-seeded) cm wide by 3.6 (1-seeded)–3.9 (2-seeded) cm high, dry dull brown to whitish, vein ridges absent or indistinct; pedicel thickened up to 0.6 cm diam; exocarp woody, c. 1 mm thick; surface smooth; endocarp around every seed, thickened to c. 4 mm, not dehiscing. Seeds flattened ovoid, backside more flattened than front side, top emarginate, 2.1–2.3 by 2.1–2.2 by 1.6–1.8 cm; sarcotesta thin, with distinct veins, testa woody, hard.</p><p>Distribution — Sulawesi (Sulawesi Utara), Moluccas (Buru) and New Guinea (Indonesian Papua).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Primary forest, seldom young secondary forest, along rivers and on slopes; soil mainly clay to sandy clay to sandy loam, never inundated.Altitude: 5– 730 m. Flowering: February, March, September, October, December; fruiting: April, March, June–August, October–December.</p><p>Vernacular names — New Guinea (Papua): Bobrijka, Sa- gogwo, Sagowgwo, Wobbrijka (Manikiong); Embaam, Embaan, M’baan (Itam); Josevakan (Tehid); Saba, Sawa (Mooi); Tiek (Kebar); Wotiet (Wandammen).</p><p>Note — Most typical of this species is a thick, woody endocarp around every seed instead around all seeds.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C62ED33AB683E03FFD0FF0AFDBBF788	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ottens-Treurniet, M. A. D.;Welzen, P. C. van	Ottens-Treurniet, M. A. D., Welzen, P. C. van (2016): A revision of the Malesian genus Blumeodendron (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 61 (1): 64-82, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691547, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691547
4C62ED33AB693E0DFC9FFCA7FEBBFB3F.text	4C62ED33AB693E0DFC9FFCA7FEBBFB3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blumeodendron gesinus Ottens 2016	<div><p>4. Blumeodendron gesinus Ottens, sp. nov. — Fig. 4; Map 3</p><p>Resembles Blumeodendron subrotundifolium but differs in the orange-brown dried leaves and the orange-brown fruits with a very distinct ridge (dark brown dried leaves and dark brown, non-ridged fruits in B. subrotundifolium). — Type: Pereira, Wong, Sugau, Madani, Tangah, Nilus &amp; Puff 158 (holo L; iso SAN), Malaysia, Borneo, Sabah, Tambunan, Jalan Pegalan.</p><p>Trees, to 65 m high, bole to 25 m high, dbh to 70 cm; sometimes small buttresses present, c. 23 cm high, c. 30 cm out, c. 3.3 cm thick or fluted up to 1 m; crown spreading; flowering branches 2–3 mm diam, generally round, distance between internodes 2.5–5 cm, generally reddish brown and glabrous when dry, nodes slightly thickened. Outer bark smooth, (reddish) brown to brownish white to grey-brown to pink-brown, sometimes slightly hoop-marked, thin; inner bark chocolate brown to brownish to yellow(-green) to red(-brown) to orange-brown, c. 2.5 mm thick; sapwood white(-red) or pale yellow. Leaves always some alternate, but others subopposite to sometimes 3 in a pseudo-whorl; petiole 0.4–4.2 cm long, diam of thinnest part 1–1.5 mm, basal pulvinus 1.1–3.3 mm diam; blade elliptic, 4.6–15.3 by 2–7.4 cm, length/width ratio (1.3–)1.9–2.4(–3.3), coriaceous, symmetric, glabrous, base attenuate to cuneate, margin revolute, apex acuminate with rounded tip, extrafloral nectaries at base sometimes absent to 1 visible to 2 present, 2–11 along midrib, 2– 8 along margin, both surfaces smooth, dark green above when fresh, bright green underneath, drying greyish brown adaxially, abaxial surface orangish brown when dry; venation: marginal vein indistinct, secondary nerves (4–)6–8(–9) pairs, at c. 43.2° angle with midrib, tertiary nerves perpendicular to midrib, 1–3 mm apart, fourth order nerves often scalariform, higher order reticulate. Inflorescences axillary and terminal, thyrsoid, erect, staminate ones often 2 together, up to 11.5 cm long, flowers usually in 3-flowered cymes per node, pistillate inflorescences single, up to 3.5 cm long; bracts usually caducous, triangular, c. 0.8 by 0.2 mm, margin entire, with lepidote hairs. Staminate flowers 4.3–6.4 mm diam, yellow-green to yellow; buds 1.6–2.8 mm diam, often sticky with secretion; pedicel above abscission zone 3.1–3.3 mm long, c. 0.4 mm diam; sepals 3(–4), round, 4.5–5.3 by 2.5–3.8 mm long, completely recurved; stamens c. 27, filaments 2–4.5 mm long, anthers 0.4–0.7 mm long. Pistillate flowers 2.3–3 mm diam, pale green to yellow; sepals 5, ovate to triangular, very small, c. 0.5 by 0.5 mm, margin with few hairs; disc a c. 0.4 mm thick ring; ovary obovoid, c. 1.5–3.3 mm high by 2–3 mm wide, sutures thickened, 2(–3)-locular, style 0.3–1 mm long, stigmas 1–2.8 mm long. Fruits ellipsoid to obovoid, c. 2.5–3.8 by 3–3.5 cm, probably indehiscent because loculicidal sutures with a rounded thickened rim, green when immature, orangish brown when dry; pedicel c. 4 mm long, c. 4.5 mm diam, abscission zone in the middle, upwards strongly widening; sepal remnants sometimes persistent; disc distinct, drying brownish; wall c. 2 mm thick, surface somewhat knobbly; endocarp enclosing all seeds; stigma usually persistent. Seeds ovoid but flattened on one side, not symmetric, attached subapically, 1.9–2.5 by 1.3–2.3 by 1–1.2 cm, sarcotesta thin, veins visible.</p><p>Distribution — Borneo.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Lowland mixed dipterocarp forest to submontane, mossy forest, sometimes along roads in primary forest, seldom in logged over forest. Soil: yellow sandy, clay rich to ultrabasic; bedrock often sandstone. Altitude: 25–1375 m. Flowering: February–April, June, August, September; fruiting: February, May–August, October–December.</p><p>Vernacular names — Borneo: Sabah:Tampoi (Melayu); Sarawak: Bantas (Iban), Bantas ketupong, Empungan (Iban).</p><p>Notes — 1. Gesinus is the first name of the first author’s husband. The name is a personal name and not a latinisation, therefore ICN art. 60C.4 applies (http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/ main.php?page=art60), the name should not be changed into gesinum.</p><p>2. This new species was generally confused with B. tokbrai, because of the long inflorescences. Very typical are the rims on the fruits and their orangish colour when dry. The same colour can be found on the lower surface of the dried leaves.</p><p>3. The variation in inflorescence lengths seems to be large, varying between short (bud) to long (flowers), but inflorescences with buds are not yet fully grown and will largely extend during maturation of the flowers.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C62ED33AB693E0DFC9FFCA7FEBBFB3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ottens-Treurniet, M. A. D.;Welzen, P. C. van	Ottens-Treurniet, M. A. D., Welzen, P. C. van (2016): A revision of the Malesian genus Blumeodendron (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 61 (1): 64-82, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691547, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691547
4C62ED33AB673E0EFFD0FB1CFF25FE78.text	4C62ED33AB673E0EFFD0FB1CFF25FE78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blumeodendron kurzii (Hook. f.) J. J. Sm.	<div><p>5. Blumeodendron kurzii (Hook.f.) J.J.Sm. — Fig. 5; Map 4</p><p>Blumeodendron kurzii (Hook.f.) J.J.Sm. (1910) 463;Koord.(1912) 493;Pax &amp; Hoffm.(1914) 48;Ridl. (1924) 281; M.R.Hend. (1939) 69;Backer &amp; Bakh.f. (1963) 480; Airy Shaw (1963) 348; (1972b) 224; Whitmore (1973) 70, f. 2; Airy Shaw (1975) 59; (1981) 269, f. 3B; (1983) 10; Chayam. (2005) 130; (2007) 611, f. 2. — Mallotus kurzii Hook.f. (1887) 427. — Lectotype (designated here): King’s collector 7114 (K), [Malaysia,] Perak, Larut. (Other syntypes: Helfer KD 5010 (K), Andaman Islands; Anonymous s.n., s.d. (K), [Malaysia], Perak.)</p><p>Blumeodendron verticillatum Merr. (1920) 557; (1923) 429; (1929) 157. — Type: FB (Meyer) 2603 (PNH lost;iso L), Philippines,Luzon, Bataan Prov., Mt Mariveles. (NY noted Elmer 20815 as type,but this is incorrect,the specimen is not cited by Merrill 1920) .</p><p>Blumeodendron sumatranum S. Moore (1925) 102. — Syntypes: Forbes 1522 (BM, GH 2 sheets, L 3 sheets), Sumatra, Lampongs, Goenoeng Trang ; Forbes 1563 (BM?, GH, L 2 sheets), Sumatra, Lampongs, hills NE of Goenoeng Trang ; Forbes 1650a (BM, GH, L), Sumatra, Lampongs, Penang- goengan.</p><p>Blumeodendron cuneatum S. Moore (1925) 103. — Type: Forbes 2874 (holo BM; iso A, GH, L 4 sheets), Sumatra, Palembang, Ayer Angat, foot of Kabo volcano.</p><p>Trees, to 35 m high, bole to 30 m high, dbh to 60 cm; sometimes slightly fluted at base, flutes c. 1.5 m high, out 50 cm to sometimes a short buttress; flowering branches 4 –22 mm diam, round to sometimes triangular in section below the nodes, internodes up to 18 cm long; terminal bud surrounded by round or triangular axillary buds. Outer bark dark brown to brown-grey to greyish (black), smooth to cracked in irregular pieces to (powdery) scaly, soft to hard, 0.5–6 mm thick; inner bark beefy red outside to (pale) reddish to brown inside, 3–6 mm thick, sap absent to clear; sapwood white, yellow, reddish or brown; heartwood yellowish red to pinkish brown (to rays brown). Leaves always in whorls of 3–5 per node, young ones yellow-green to light green; petiole 1.3–12 cm long, diam of thinnest part 1–4 mm, sordid green to brown, (green-brown to) dark brown when dry, generally darker than stem, basal pulvinus c. 4 mm diam, upper pulvinus larger and mainly developed abaxially; blade (ovate to) elliptic to oblong to obovate, 8.8– 42(–51, see Uses) by 4.4–23.7(–26.5) cm, length/width ratio 1.3–2.5, coriaceous, symmetric, glabrous, dried (dark green to) light brown on both sides, base obtuse to cuneate, margin usually light brown or yellow when dry, flat to revolute, apex acuminate (to cuspidate), extrafloral nectaries often 2, adaxially near base, at both sides along midrib 0–19 and along margin 6–36; venation: marginal vein distinct, secondary nerves (5–) 6–12 pairs, well visible, 2/3 of length of nerves parallel with others, tertiary nerves perpendicular to midrib, hardly visible above, raised beneath, 0.3–0.4 cm apart, higher order nerves reticulate, indistinct. Inflorescences cauliflorous, ramiflorous, axillary and terminal, thyrsoid, almost fasciculate; staminate ones more than 8 together, up to 1.7 cm long, pistillate ones c. 4 together, up to 3 cm long; bracts absent. Flowers yellowish, yellow-green or light green; pedicel 0.4–1 cm long; staminate buds globose, c. 35 per inflorescence, c. 3.9 mm diam. Staminate flowers 7–7.5 mm diam; pedicel c. 10 mm long; sepals 3, 4–5 by 2.2–3.5 mm; disk lobes yellow; stamens 20–25, filaments 2–10 mm long, yellow, anthers 0.75–1 mm long, yellow to later fulvous. Pistillate flowers not seen. Fruits capsular, subglobose, 3.3–5.8 cm wide by 2.8–4.6 cm high, 2–3-locu- lar, dry dark brown; pedicel thickened, c. 1 cm long, c. 6 mm diam, abscission zone in the middle to subapically; sepals usually persistent; disc distinct, drying dark brown; wall 2– 4 mm thick, surface knobbly; margin not or slightly thickened as very low ridges; endocarp enclosing two or more seeds; style very sturdy, at most 1 mm long; stigmas usually persistent, up to 5 mm long, spreading. Seeds bean-shaped, but one end smaller than other, 2.1–2.2 by 1.3–1.6 by c. 1.2 cm, dark brown, attached in middle; sarcotesta yellow.</p><p>Distribution — Peninsular Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines (Luzon, Samar).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Ranging from primary and evergreen forest to logged over and secondary forest (with bamboo); soil: often rich, varying from igneous derived sandy soil to sandy clay to loamy soil to limestone; bedrock once reported as basalt. Altitude: 5–600(–1800) m. Flowering: March–August, November–January; fruiting: March–June, August–December.</p><p>Uses — Clemens 51511 is tentatively identified as B. kurzii . It is a single, enormous leaf, c. 51 by 26.5 cm, much larger than all other material of B. kurzii . The label indicates that large leaves are used by the Dusun in N Borneo as rain shelter and to repair leaks in roofs. The seeds are eaten in the Philippines.</p><p>Vernacular names — Sumatra: Madanggadjah, Safanggeu bala, Tafanggeu, Tapanggeu delok, Tafanggeu toengo, Tampang. Java: Huru batu. Borneo: Kalimantan: Pelai, Tawiloeng; Sabah: Kulobon (Murut), Medang; Sarawak: Bantas (Iban), Ukut. Philippines: Kabarawang (Samar-Leyte Bisaya).</p><p>Note — Typical are the brown drying leaves present in pseudo-whorls: leaves in a whorl but originating at slightly different levels.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C62ED33AB673E0EFFD0FB1CFF25FE78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ottens-Treurniet, M. A. D.;Welzen, P. C. van	Ottens-Treurniet, M. A. D., Welzen, P. C. van (2016): A revision of the Malesian genus Blumeodendron (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 61 (1): 64-82, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691547, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691547
4C62ED33AB643E08FFD0FE59FEB0FDD8.text	4C62ED33AB643E08FFD0FE59FEB0FDD8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blumeodendron novoguineense Ottens & Welzen 2016	<div><p>6. Blumeodendron novoguineense Ottens &amp; Welzen, nom. nov. — Fig. 6a, b; Map 5</p><p>Blumeodendron novoguineense Ottens &amp; Welzen (non B. papuanum Pax &amp; K.Hoffm.). — Bennettia papuana Gilg (13 Dec. 1918) 283, f. 6 ( Flacourtiaceae); (1925) 443, f. 205. — Bennettiodendron papuanum (Gilg) Merr. (1927) 10. — Pimelodendron papuanum auct.non Warb.: Sleumer (1954) 65; Djarwaningsih (2004) 413, p.p.: Bennetia papuana . — Type: Ledermann 8945 (holo B? lost; iso K, L), [Papua] New Guinea, Etappenberg. See Note 1.</p><p>Blumeodendron papuanum Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (6June 1919)14; Airy Shaw (1963) 349. — Lectotype (designated here): Ledermann 9517 (K), New Guinea, Kaiser Wilhelmsland, Etappenberg. Other syntypes: Ledermann 8898, 9012, 9096 (K), New Guinea, Kaiser Wilhelmsland, Etappenberg.</p><p>Trees, to 40 m high, bole to 33 m high, dbh to 53 cm; bole sometimes fluted or with low buttresses up to 1.5 m high, out 0.6–2 m, 3–10 cm thick; flowering branches 2–3 mm diam, generally round, with orange lepidote hairs, early glabrescent, long internodes up to 8.5 cm. Outer bark red-brown to grey-brown to dark brown to brownish black, smooth to pustular lenticellate, not fissured nor peeling to little peeling with small to large scales, 0.25–0.5 mm thick; under bark wine-red; inner bark yellow to yellowish brown to red to light to dark brown, 3–12 mm thick; sapwood white to orange-brown to reddish brown to light brown; heartwood light brown to black. Leaves on hardly widened nodes at end of short nodes, alternate to subopposite to in pseudo-whorls of 3; petiole 1–4.1 cm long, diam of thinnest part 0.8–1.2 mm, round, basal pulvinus 1.3–2 mm diam, fast fading orange lepidote hairs; blade (ovate to) elliptic, 5.3–17.5 by 2.5–9 cm, length/width ratio 1.5–2.6, pergamentaceous to coriaceous, symmetric, glabrous, base (broadly) cuneate, margin recurved, apex acuminate, tip rounded, extrafloral nectaries on both surfaces along midrib, 2 to many, along margin several, both surfaces smooth, mid to dark green when fresh, dull and lighter beneath, drying brownish green, slightly darker brown underneath; venation slightly raised on both sides, marginal vein indistinct, secondary nerves pinnate, 5–8 pairs, sometimes very parallel, at c. 52° angle with midrib, tertiary nerves more or less scalariform, perpendicular to midrib, higher order nerves indistinct, reticulate. Inflorescences axillary, mostly single, staminate rachises up to 9.5 cm long, 1–1.3 mm diam, pistillate ones up to 3 cm long in flower, up to 9 cm when in fruit, 1–1.5 mm diam, thickening during fruit set to c. 2 mm; bracts vestigial; flowers single per node (young additional buds can be present when staminate). Staminate flowers c. 7.5 mm diam, white, sweet scented; pedicel 2–5 mm long, 0.8–1 mm diam; sepals 3–4, ovate, 3.8–5 by 2.5–3.5 mm, green to yellow; disc lobes yellow; stamens c. 40, filaments 3–8.3 mm long, white, anthers 0.4–0.6 mm long. Pistillate flowers 3.8–6 mm diam, green; pedicel c. 3.3 mm long; sepals 3–5, triangular, 1.6–3.1 by 1.4–2 mm, recurved; ovary 2(–3)-locular, ellipsoid, c. 3 by 3 mm; style c. 0.8 mm long, sturdy, stigmas 2–5 mm long, recurved. Fruits capsular, flattened obovoid, angular (perhaps not ripe yet) with often slightly raised suture, 2–2.9 cm wide by 2–2.9 cm high; pedicel c. 3 mm long, abscission zone subbasally; wall 1–1.8 mm thick, brown when dry, surface somewhat rugose; endocarp enclosing all seeds; stigma mostly persistent. Seeds bean-like to flattened at one side, c. 1.9 by 1.3 by 1 cm, attached in middle, black.</p><p>Distribution — New Guinea.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Lowland rain forest to Araucaria -Anisoptera forest at higher altitudes; soil: clayey, sandy clay, loam, broken lava, can be inundated in the wet season. Altitude: 8– 800 m. Flowering: March–June, August, September, November; fruiting: January, March, July–September, November, December.</p><p>Vernacular names — New Guinea: Papua: New Guinea:Arom (Hattam); Kem (Mooi); Lowkwa (Manikiong); Manaper/Man- apper/Manapir (Biak); Moe-e (Tor); Moentawiempi, Moen- tawinakpopi (Roberbai, Japen dialect); Moëre (Wain); Mwer (Berik); Sehoi/Sohoi (Manikiong); Tabet (Moejoe); Tajapmoetop (Mandobo); Wobbrijka (Manikiong); Wonsoka (Arfak, Sidai dialect); Papua New Guinea: Akop; He-arahai (Mangalese, Bariji dialect).</p><p>Wood — Sapwood not defined from heartwood,white to strawcoloured, close grained, medium hard to hard, medium heavy to heavy. Pores few, small, visible to naked eye, short radial chains. Rays fine, barely visible to the naked eye. Parenchyma in numerous fine bands. (NGF (Mair) 547; NGF (Havel &amp; Kairo) 17205).</p><p>Notes — 1. The epithet papuana by Gilg is the oldest one on species level, however, within Blumeodendron the combination already existed ( B. papuanum Pax &amp; K.Hoffm; Pax &amp; Hoffmann 1919). Therefore, Gilg’s name has to receive a new name within Blumeodendron even in spite of the fact that B. papuanum Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. is the same species.</p><p>2. This species closely resemblances B. tokbrai, but differs in the size and form of the fruits, smaller (2–2.9 by 2–2.9 cm vs 2.3–4.8 by 2.3–4.1 cm) and often angular and with slightly thickened sutures (vs round, without thickened sutures), the thickness of the fruit wall is thinner (1–1.8 mm vs 4–7 mm) and the presence of broader sepals in the pistillate (1.4–2 mm vs 0.5–1.1 mm) and staminate flowers (2.5–3.5 by 1–2 mm). Moreover, the leaves of B. novoguineense usually dry brownish green, which also occurs in B. tokbrai, but most dry leaves of B. tokbrai are dark brown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C62ED33AB643E08FFD0FE59FEB0FDD8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ottens-Treurniet, M. A. D.;Welzen, P. C. van	Ottens-Treurniet, M. A. D., Welzen, P. C. van (2016): A revision of the Malesian genus Blumeodendron (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 61 (1): 64-82, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691547, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691547
4C62ED33AB623E09FC9FFF08FEB6F931.text	4C62ED33AB623E09FC9FFF08FEB6F931.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blumeodendron philippinense Merr. & Rolfe	<div><p>7. Blumeodendron philippinense Merr. &amp; Rolfe — Fig. 7; Map 6</p><p>Blumeodendron philippinense Merr.&amp; Rolfe (in Merr.1920) 555; Merr.(1923) 429.— Type: FB (Topacio) 20054 (holo PNH lost;iso L), Philippines, Luzon, Bataan Prov., Mount Mariveles .</p><p>Trees, to 15 m high, dbh to 45 cm; flowering branches c. 5 mm diam, generally round, with fast fading orange lepidote hairs, internodes c. 4 cm long. Leaves alternate; petiole 3.9–8.9 cm long, diam of thinnest part 1.5–2 mm, round with groove above, basal pulvinus c. 3 mm diam, with lepidote hairs, orange, early caducous; blade ovate, 7.8–21 by 3.7–10.2 cm, length/width ratio 2–2.3, coriaceous, symmetric, glabrous, base broadly cuneate to attenuate, margin recurved, apex acuminate, both surfaces smooth, glossy, upper dark green, lower pale green, adaxial surface browner than abaxial surface when dry, extrafloral nectaries along margin 6–7; venation: marginal vein indistinct, secondary nerves 5–6 pairs, usually parallel, at c. 33° angle with midrib, tertiary nerves perpendicular to midrib and/ or only to secondary nerves, higher order nerves indistinct. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, only consisting of an up to 1.3 cm long rachis, staminate ones 3–4 together, pistillate ones single or 2 per node; latter inflorescences thickening after fertilization, to 2.5 mm diam; lepidote hairs present, orange. Staminate flowers seen in bud: pedicel c. 3 mm long; buds c. 4 mm diam, c. 6 per inflorescence; rest unknown. Pistillate flowers seen in fruiting stage; upper part of pedicel above abscission zone c. 3 mm long; sepals 5, ovate, c. 2 by 2 mm; disc very c. 1 mm high; ovary 2–3-locular, style c. 0.8 mm long, stigmas c. 3 mm long. Fruits subglobular, c. 2 per inflorescence, up to 3 cm in width when immature, green (probably unripe), surface knobbly; pedicel c. 6 mm long, to c. 3.5 mm diam, abscission zone basally; wall c. 1 mm thick, drying brown; endocarp enclosing two or more seeds; stigma mostly persistent. Seeds not seen mature.</p><p>Distribution — Philippines, endemic on Luzon in Bataan Prov.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Secondary forest on a slope with brown soil. Altitude: c. 650 m. Flowering: January, October; fruiting: May, December.</p><p>Note — Distinctive for this species are the alternate, coriaceous leaves and the very short inflorescences. The short inflorescences are reminiscent of B. kurzii (leaves in whorls) and alternate leaves are found in various species, but all with longer inflorescences except for B. borneense from the Malay Peninsula, but the latter form has light green dried leaves instead of brown dry leaves.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C62ED33AB623E09FC9FFF08FEB6F931	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ottens-Treurniet, M. A. D.;Welzen, P. C. van	Ottens-Treurniet, M. A. D., Welzen, P. C. van (2016): A revision of the Malesian genus Blumeodendron (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 61 (1): 64-82, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691547, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691547
4C62ED33AB633E0AFFD1F91FFD9BFDA0.text	4C62ED33AB633E0AFFD1F91FFD9BFDA0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blumeodendron subrotundifolium (Elmer) Merr.	<div><p>8. Blumeodendron subrotundifolium (Elmer) Merr. — Fig. 8; Map 6</p><p>Blumeodendron subrotundifolium (Elmer) Merr. (1912) 384; Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1914) 49; Merr. (1920) 558; (1923) 429; Whitmore (1973) 70, f. 2. — Sapium subrotundifolium Elmer (1910) 930 (‘ subrotundifolia ’). — Type: Elmer 12349 (holo PNH lost; iso A,BISH, G, GH, HBG, K, L, NY,US), Philippines, Sibuyan, Capiz Prov., Magallanes ( Mt Giting-Giting).</p><p>Blumeodendron calophyllum Airy Shaw (1965) 309; (1971) 518; Whitmore (1973) 70, f. 2; Airy Shaw (1975) 58. — Type: S (Brunig) 8867 (holo K; iso L), Sarawak, Bintulu Dist., Niah-Jelalong primary forest.</p><p>Blumeodendron subcaudatum Merr. (1920) 557; (1923) 429. — Lectotype (designated here): FB (Sherfesee, Cenabre &amp; Cortes) 21075 (holo K; iso A, US), [Philippines,] Samar.</p><p>Trees, to 50 m high, bole to 25 m high, dbh to 91 cm; bole sometimes fluted or with low buttresses up to 1.5 m, out c. 1.5 m, c. 2.5 cm thick; flowering branches 3 (staminate)–28 (pistillate) mm diam, generally round, with orange lepidote hairs, early glabrescent, internodes up to c. 5 cm. Outer bark brown to yellow-brown to grey-brown to yellow-grey to grey (to greyish green), fissured to scaly to flaky, soft, lenticellate, 1–3 mm thick; inner bark red, light or reddish brown or dark brown with yellow and light brown spots (laminated), hard; 8–10 mm thick; sometimes exudate reported, red, watery; sapwood cream to white (with pinkish tinge radially), yellow or light reddish brown, very hard; heartwood brown. Leaves alternate to subopposite to in pseudo-whorls; petiole 2.4–18.5 cm long, diam of thinnest part 1–15 mm, round, basal pulvinus 2 –20 mm diam, fast fading orange lepidote hairs; blade elliptic, 6.2–46 by 3–22 cm, length/width ratio 1.2–3.1, coriaceous (slightly bendable) to very coriaceous (breaking), symmetric, glabrous, base emarginate to rounded to cuneate, margin recurved, apex acuminate (to cuspidate), both surfaces smooth, extrafloral nectaries on both surfaces along midrib c. 2–26, along margin c. 8–20, adaxial surface usually drying shiny brown, abaxial surface lighter dull brown; venation: marginal vein indistinct, secondary nerves pinnate, 3–4(–11) pairs, sometimes very parallel, at c. 52° angle with midrib, tertiary nerves raised below, perpendicular to midrib and/ or only to secondary nerves, higher order nerves indistinct. Inflorescences cauliflorous, ramiflorous to axillary, c. 0.1 cm diam, staminate ones often paired, up to 4.5 cm long, pistillate ones single, up to 2.3 cm long, rachis thickening during fruit set to c. 4 mm, peduncle c. 1.3 cm long, brown; bracteoles triangular, c. 0.5 by 0.2 cm, margin undulate; lepidote hairs orange. Flowers pale yellow to yellow-green to yellowish tinged pink to (greenish) red. Staminate flowers 5–6 mm diam; pedicel 3–25 mm long, brown; buds 1.5–5 mm diam; sepals 2–3, ovate, 4–5.5 by 3–5 mm; disc lobes yellow; stamens 25–40, yellow, filaments 1.5–3 mm long, anthers 0.4–0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers not seen; sepals 4–5, c. 1.5 by 2.2 mm; ovary 2–3-locu- lar, dull sordidly purple; style c. 1 mm long, sturdy, stigmas c. 2.5 mm long, recurved, greenish. Fruits capsular, subglobular (smaller) to ovoid (larger), 3.5–6 cm wide by 2.9–4.5 cm high, green (unripe) to yellow to orange-yellow (or red); pedicel c. 1.5 cm long, to c. 0.8 cm diam, abscission zone in the middle; wall 2– 4 mm thick, dark brown when dry, margin slightly thickened, but without ridges, surface knobbly; endocarp enclosing two or more seeds; stigma mostly persistent. Seeds bean-like to flattened at one side, 2.3–3.4 by 1.6–2.4 by 1.1–1.3 cm, attached in middle; sarcotesta cream to purple.</p><p>Distribution — Peninsular Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Mixed lowland dipterocarp forest, evergreen forest, gallery (Emperan) forest, peat swamp forest, to mossy submontane forest, along logging roads; soil sandy loam, sandy clay, clayey loam, alluvial soil, bedrock: sandstone. Altitude: sea level to 1200 m. Flowering: March–November; fruiting: January,April–November. Fallen seeds/fruits are eaten by birds and animals (e.g., pigs).</p><p>Vernacular names — Malay Peninsula: Gaham badak; Kaum Bada. Sumatra: Babak; Basi; Madang soenting; Makoera; Mamboeloeh;Medang koenik;Oendal;Sikoe kaloeang;Tendal(Malay); Toetoen sijeureuh, Toetoen sijeureuh etem, Toetoen sijeureuh pajo. Borneo: Anambas &amp; Natuna Islands: Medang keladi; Kalimantan: Duhat (Malay); Kahingai; Sibau; Sarawak: Bantas, Bantas belulang (Iban); Belulang; Berti-an (Kenyah); Empungan (Malay Sarikei); Marahbulan; Ngisigi (Land Dayak); Teku (Malay). Philippines: Halilimokon (Samar); Mangamit.</p><p>Notes — 1. Blumeodendron subrotundifolium resembles B. kurzii in leaf-shape, colour of dried leaves and leaf texture. However, the leaves do not arise in whorls from thickened nodes. Also, the inflorescences are generally longer than the almost fasciculate ones of B. kurzii .</p><p>2. Blumeodendron calophyllum is added here as a synonym of B. subrotundifolium . Most specimens can easily be divided over both species as they look spectacularly different. Small, coriaceous leaves with slender petioles and more axillary smaller fruits are present in typical B. subrotundifolium, while much larger, very coriaceous (not bendable) leaves with thick petioles and cauliflorous large fruits are found in B. calophyllum . However, quite a number of specimens bridge the gap between both typical forms (see Table 1). Both forms are generally high trees with (very) coriaceous leaves on relatively long petioles, which are dry dark shiny brown above and dull brown underneath. Leaf sizes also vary strongly in B. kurzii, a species with which B. subrotundifolium was often confused.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C62ED33AB633E0AFFD1F91FFD9BFDA0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ottens-Treurniet, M. A. D.;Welzen, P. C. van	Ottens-Treurniet, M. A. D., Welzen, P. C. van (2016): A revision of the Malesian genus Blumeodendron (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 61 (1): 64-82, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691547, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691547
4C62ED33AB603E15FC9FFF0AFE8FF941.text	4C62ED33AB603E15FC9FFF0AFE8FF941.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) Kurz	<div><p>9. Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) Kurz — Fig. 6c, 9; Map 7</p><p>Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) Kurz (1874) 245; (1877) 391 (pro Mallotus tokbrai (Blume) Müll.Arg.); emend. J.J.Sm. (1910) 460;Koord.(1912) 493; Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1914) 48; (1919) 14; Merr. (1921) 340; Backer &amp; Bakh.f. (1963) 479; Whitmore (1973) 71, f. 3; Airy Shaw (1975) 60; (1980) 38; (1981) 269,f. 3A;(1982) 9; (1983) 10;Chayam.(2005) 131;(2007) 612,f. 3. — Elateriospermum tokbrai Blume (1826) 621; Hassk. (1848) 251; Miq. (1859) 412. — Mallotus tokbrai (Blume) Müll.Arg.(1866) 956; Pax (1910) 18. — Rottlera tokbrai (Blume) Scheff.(1869) 122. — Blumeodendron elateriospermum J.J.Sm. (1912) 56, nom. illeg., superfl. — Lectotype (designated here): Blume 1531 (L), Java, Mt Salak.</p><p>Mallotus? vernicosus Hook.f. (1887) 443. — Blumeodendron vernicosum (Hook.f.) Gage (1922) 244;Ridl. (1924) 282. — Type: Cantley 9 (K), Singapore, Botanical Garden .</p><p>? Elateriospermum paucinervia Elmer (1908) 484. — Blumeodendron paucinervium (Elmer) Merr. (1920) 555; (1923) 428. — Type: Elmer 7416 (holo PNH lost; iso L), Philippines, Luzon, Tayabas Prov., Lucban .</p><p>Trees, to 40 m high, bole to 25 m high, dbh to 100 cm; stilt roots or buttresses up to 3 m high, out to 3 m; flowering branches 2‒5.5 mm diam, often somewhat angular, with internodes 3‒7 cm long; nodes hardly thickened. Outer bark red-, greenish- or light brown to (dark) grey to red to orange(-brown), smooth, pustular or fissured, lenticels round, c. 0.5 mm thick; inner bark wine- or orange red to yellow-brown, brown, (ochre-)orange, white, purple, yellow-pink and sometimes mottled, 5–10 mm thick; exudate indistinct, but plants becoming sticky; sapwood straw to pale yellow to cream to greyish white; heartwood straw. Leaves usually always a few alternate, but also subopposite to 3 leaves whorled; petiole 1.2–9.4 cm long, diam of thinnest part 1–2 mm, basal pulvinus 1–3.6 mm diam, hairs present (see Note 2); blade (ovate to) elliptic (to obovate), 5.3–31 by 3.1–17.3 cm, length/width ratio 1.4‒2.4(‒3.3), ratio leaf length/petiole length 4.4–4.8, pergamentaceous to coriaceous, asymmetric, with simple and lepidote hairs when young, base attenuate to cuneate, margin slightly recurved, apex acuminate to cuspidate, tip rounded to mucronulate, extrafloral nectaries sometimes adaxially along midrib, c. 10, young leaves resinous, covered with orange lepidote hairs, surfaces drying brown to brown-green to dark green, smooth, abaxial surface browner than adaxial surface when dry; venation slightly raised above, marginal vein indistinct, secondary nerves 5‒9 pairs, at c. 45.6° angle with midrib, tertiary nerves perpendicular to midrib, c. 2 mm apart, distinct, raised beneath, higher order nerves reticulate, indistinct. Inflorescences axillary and terminal, staminate ones 1–3 together, to 20 cm long, c. 1.4 mm diam, pistillate ones single, to 10 cm long, c. 1 mm diam; lepidote hairs orange, simple hairs white. Buds c. 3 mm diam. Staminate flowers 4–7.7 mm diam, white to pale green, sweet scented; pedicel 5.8‒8.4 mm long, 0.3‒0.7 mm diam; sepals 3–4, ovate to elliptic, 2.5‒4 by 1‒2 mm, inside red; stamens 31–36, filaments c. 4 mm long, white, anthers c. 0.5 mm long, yellow. Pistillate flowers 0.9–2.3 mm diam, light green; pedicel c. 2.5 mm long, c. 0.8 mm diam; sepals 5, triangular to ovate, 1.5‒3 by 0.5‒1.1 mm, inside red; ovary 2–3(–4)-locular, ellipsoid, 1.7–2.3 mm high, 1.4–2.3 mm diam; style indistinct, 0.3–0.5 mm long, stigma 1.3–4 mm long, recurved. Fruits ellipsoid to flattened-globular, 3.3–4.8 cm broad by 2.3–4.1 cm high, green to red-brown when dry; pedicel to 1 cm long, up to 3 mm diam, abscission zone basally; sepals not persistent; disc distinct; wall 4–7 mm thick, meso- and endocarp thickened, mesocarp sometimes with cavities when dry (see Note 3), surface knobbly; margin mostly pitted when dry; endocarp enclosing 2 or more seeds; stigma usually long persistent. Seeds bean-shaped, 2–3.8 by 1.1–2.2 by 0.9–1.3 cm; sarcotesta yellow.</p><p>Distribution — Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Primary dipterocarp lowland forest, peat swamp forest, mangrove, kerangas forest, riverine forest, secondary forest; soil: white sand, sandy clay, clay, sandstone. Altitude: sea level to 1400 m. Flowering and fruiting throughout the year.</p><p>Uses — Sarawak (Borneo): Wood used for canoes and planks; fruits edible.</p><p>Vernacular names — Malay Peninsula:Gaham badak; Kaum bada; Marahbulan. Sumatra:Awa sijeureuh; Batin-batin oeding; Belanti; Beroewa babi; Kalek kasih; Kemili oétan (Malay-Palem- bang); Keteroeng; Lala lalar oeding; Matakoeroeng; Niho (Eng- gano); Lala lalar oeding; Matakoeroeng; Oekih datan; Panaipanai; Sijeureuh etem; Sijeureuh-pajo; Sijeureuh silai; Sijoeroeh alafai; Tekoeroeng; Tekoeroeng keteroeng; Tijeureuh silai; Toetoen ramboetan dotan. Java: Boerahol; Kendoeng leuweung; Ki tokbraay; Tokbray. Sangi and Talaud Isles:Aluwatu. Borneo: Brunei: Antangon (Iban); Kalimantan: Sibau; Sabah: Gangulang; Gulang gulang; Tombuakat; Sarawak: Bantas (Iban); Buan (Kayan); Empungan (Milanau); Marahbulan; Merbulan; Merahbulan; Oendal; Pelapi (Kayan); Selunsor merah; Takok (Melanau); Teku. Sulawesi: Talaud: Aluwatu.</p><p>Notes — 1. Blumeodendron novoguineense and B. tokbrai resemble each other closely, see Note 2 under former.</p><p>2. Simple hairs are usually visible in Sumatran collections.</p><p>3. Some specimens in Borneo dry with green leaves and the fruits are very thick, not only the endocarp is thick also the mesocarp. The mesocarp then contains cavities of which is unclear if these were formed during drying of the fruits. Examples are: A (Wood) 4815, S (Paie) 16992, S (Au) 23937, SAN (Gansau) 47750. Probably S (Anderson &amp; Paie) 28338, with staminate buds, and Ambrianyah &amp; Arifin W 807, with young fruits, also belong to this form. Endert 4029, from SE Kalimantan, dried brownish green and also has fruits – still young – with a thickened mesoderm, but without cavities (see also Note 1 under B. borneense).</p><p>4. Formerly, no distinction was made between B. tokbrai and B. novoguineense . The geographical border between both species is between the Moluccas ( B. tokbrai; fruits larger and thick-walled) and New Guinea ( B. novoguineense; fruits smaller and thin-walled). This may be due to clinal variation in the fruits of B. tokbrai, which show a geocline, they are larger in the west (Malay Peninsula and Sumatra) and smaller towards the east (Philippines, Moluccas). Thus it seems that the small fruits of B. novoguineense are a continuation of this trend, but this is actually not the case.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C62ED33AB603E15FC9FFF0AFE8FF941	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ottens-Treurniet, M. A. D.;Welzen, P. C. van	Ottens-Treurniet, M. A. D., Welzen, P. C. van (2016): A revision of the Malesian genus Blumeodendron (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 61 (1): 64-82, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691547, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691547
