taxonID	type	description	language	source
636B87A03028FFEA7ED3FF543F42FDEC.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Stegana nigra Meigen, 1830. Diagnosis: Main axis of eye vertical; face yellow, unicolorous; palpus large and black, with numerous small setae (modified from Bächli et al., 2004). Description: Male and female: Eyes red. Ocellar triangle black, with a pair of small setae above ocellar setae. Postvertical setae slightly behind vertex ridge. Frons with several minute setulae medially. Proclinate orbital setae nearer to ptilinal fissure than to inner vertical setae. Pedicel yellow; arista plumose, with pubescence between dorsal and ventral branches. Lunule brown to black. Facial carina absent; gena yellowish brown, black at vibrissa corners. Vibrissa prominent; other orals small. Occiput glossy, yellow, black around occipital foramen. Thorax yellow to dark brown. Mesopleuron with a black longitudinal stripe above (running from propleuron to base of halter). Postpronotal lobe with one long and a few small setae. Acrostichal setulae in approximately ten irregular rows. One pair of prescutellar setae. Scutellum with basal setae divergent, apical setae cruciate. Wing dark brown anteriorly, paler posteriorly, yellowish at tip; curved downward on distal part. Basal medial – cubital cross-vein present; vein C 1 with two setae, less differentiated. Costal vein with six to eight minute spinules on ventral surface before vein R 4 + 5. Vein R 2 + 3 markedly curved to costa at tip; veins R 4 + 5 and M 1 convergent distally. Halters white. Fore femur with one row (four to six) of setae on ventral surface. Apical seta present on mid tibia. Preapical dorsal setae present on all tibiae. Mid tibia with five to six strong setae on basal part of dorsal surface. Mid and hind tarsomeres with two and one row (s) of minute cuneiform setulae on ventral surface, respectively; fore and hind tarsomeres I slightly shorter than the rest combined; mid tarsomere I longer than the rest combined. Abdominal sternites broadened, wider than long. Male terminalia. Epandrium pubescent except for anterior margin, with numerous setae on dorsal to posterolateral portion on each side (Figs 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 34). Surstylus anterodorsally fused with epandrium, with several setae on outer surface (Figs 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 35). Cercus separated from epandrium, setigerous, mostly lacking pubescence (Figs 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 34). Hypandrium anteromedially protruded and broadened (Figs 6, 10, 17, 24, 31, 36). Gonopods fused to each other, forming posteromedian lobe, strongly sclerotized, posterolaterally contiguous to posterior ends of hypandrium (Figs 6, 10, 17, 24, 31, 36). Parameres developed, sometimes fused with each other (Figs 7, 8, 11, 12, 18, 19, 25, 26, 32, 33, 37, 38). Aedeagus mostly with tentacle-like setae distally (Figs 7, 8, 11, 12, 18, 19, 25, 26, 32, 33, 37, 38). Aedeagal apodeme strong, contiguous to base of aedeagus (Figs 7, 8, 11, 12, 18, 19, 25, 26, 32, 33, 37, 38). Female terminalia. Epiproct and cercus not pubescent (Figs 6, 13, 20, 27, 39); oviscapt (sternite VIII) and hypoproct mostly with numerous setae and pubescence (Figs 7, 14, 21, 28, 40).	en	Li, Tong, Cao, Huazhi, Gao, Jianjun, Chen, Hongwei (2010): A revision of the subgenus Stegana (s. s.) (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from mainland China. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158 (4): 726-739, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00575.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00575.x
636B87A03029FFEA7DD5FDEF3C8EFC1B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Aedeagus strongly sclerotized on distal third, narrowly membranous along margin, with one strongly sclerotized medial ridge on basal two-thirds. Distribution: China (Yunnan).	en	Li, Tong, Cao, Huazhi, Gao, Jianjun, Chen, Hongwei (2010): A revision of the subgenus Stegana (s. s.) (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from mainland China. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158 (4): 726-739, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00575.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00575.x
636B87A03029FFEA7DCCFBFA3F3DF9A2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Aedeagus apically somewhat hollow on posteromedian surface; gonopod with one suberect median process, not curved posterodorsad in lateral view, and two very small processes sublaterally. Distribution: China (Sichuan, Yunnan).	en	Li, Tong, Cao, Huazhi, Gao, Jianjun, Chen, Hongwei (2010): A revision of the subgenus Stegana (s. s.) (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from mainland China. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158 (4): 726-739, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00575.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00575.x
636B87A03029FFEA7DDBF93D3982FC95.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Surstylus with two prensisetae; parameres very small and fused with each other; aedeagus apically with dense long pubescence. Distribution: China (Sichuan). STEGANA (STEGANA) ZHANGI SIDORENKO, 1997 (FIGS 1 – 7)	en	Li, Tong, Cao, Huazhi, Gao, Jianjun, Chen, Hongwei (2010): A revision of the subgenus Stegana (s. s.) (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from mainland China. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158 (4): 726-739, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00575.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00575.x
636B87A03029FFEA7DDBF93D3982FC95.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Aedeagus almost sclerotized, apically with three small processes on each side (Figs 4, 5); gonopod with three subequal processes medially and submedially (Fig. 3); paramere with two to three long setae and several small sensilla (Figs 4, 5). Distribution: China (Hainan, Yunnan).	en	Li, Tong, Cao, Huazhi, Gao, Jianjun, Chen, Hongwei (2010): A revision of the subgenus Stegana (s. s.) (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from mainland China. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158 (4): 726-739, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00575.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00575.x
636B87A03029FFED7E5DFC1E3843FE64.taxon	etymology	Etymology: A combination of the Latin words apex and procerus, referring to the aedeagus apically protruding on posteromedian surface. Diagnosis: Paramere entirely pubescent, lacking setae (Fig. 11); aedeagus apically protruding on posteromedian surface (Fig. 12). Description: Male and female: frons yellow. First flagellomere black, yellow on basal quarter. Face yellow, brownish on lower margin. Clypeus brown. Mesonotum yellow, dark brown laterally, with two brown stripes sublaterally. Katepisternum white, with brown stripe on upper part. Scutellum brownish. Legs white; fore leg brown on knee; mid and hind legs dark brown on distal half of femora and basal third of tibiae. Fore femur with five setae on distal part of ventral surface. Abdomen with all tergites brown to dark brown, with median stripe and yellowish white patches laterally. Sternites black. Male terminalia: surstylus with one strong prensiseta on outer surface (Fig. 9). Hypandrium somewhat sclerotized anterome- dially (Fig. 10). Gonopods with one curved process posteromedially and two triangular processes submedially (Figs 10, 12). Aedeagus with numerous tentacle-like setae along peristome and spine-like processes ventrally (Figs 11, 12). Measurements: BL = 2.33 mm in holotype (range one male and two female paratypes: 2.04 mm in male, 2.80 – 2.92 mm in females), ThL = 1.21 mm (1.18 mm in male, 1.43 – 1.45 mm in females), WL = 1.89 mm (1.70 mm in male, 2.20 – 2.21 mm in females), WW = 1.07 mm (1.00 mm in male, 1.13 – 1.20 mm in females). Indices: arb = 8 / 6 (8 / 7 – 9 / 6), avd = 0.80 (0.68 – 0.73), adf = 2.00 (1.87 – 2.00), flw = 2.00 (1.90 – 2.09), FW / HW = 0.38 (0.36 – 0.39), ch / o = 0.10 (0.08 – 0.10), prorb = damaged (1.21 – 1.31), rcorb = 0.70 (0.82 – 0.91), vb = 0.28 (0.27 – 0.35), dcl = damaged (0.39 – 0.49), presctl = 0.68 (0.63 – 0.73), sctl = 1.70 (1.62 – 1.77), sterno = damaged (0.81 – 0.85), orbito = 1.83 (1.90 – 2.26), dcp = 0.15 (0.15 – 0.20), sctlp = 1.29 (1.27 – 1.31), C = 1.86 (1.80 – 2.13), 4 c = 1.33 (1.27 – 1.46), 4 v = 2.08 (2.10 – 2.17), 5 x = 1.05 (0.96 – 1.06), ac = 8.40 (6.42 – 7.86), M = 0.56 (0.52 – 0.55), C 3 F = 0.71 (0.68 – 0.78). Distribution: China (Guangdong, Hainan).	en	Li, Tong, Cao, Huazhi, Gao, Jianjun, Chen, Hongwei (2010): A revision of the subgenus Stegana (s. s.) (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from mainland China. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158 (4): 726-739, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00575.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00575.x
636B87A0302EFFEF7E28FE713C99FF3E.taxon	etymology	Etymology: A combination of the Latin words multus and spinatus, referring to the aedeagus with numerous spine-like processes. Diagnosis: Mesonotum dark brown to black medially, brown laterally, with five yellow stripes medially to sublaterally; aedeagal peristome broadened, as long as one-third of length in ventral view (Fig. 18). Description: Frons yellow. First flagellomere yellow, with black pubescence along margin. Face yellowish brown, black on lower margin. Clypeus dark brown. Katepisternum white, with brown stripe on upper part. Scutellum brown, pale along margin. Legs white; fore leg brown on knee; mid and hind legs each dark brown on distal two-thirds and one-third of femora. Fore femur with four setae on distal part of ventral surface. Abdomen with all tergites brown, with yellow median stripe and yellow patches laterally. Sternites brown to dark brown. Male terminalia: surstylus with one strong prensiseta on outer surface (Fig. 16). Hypandrium somewhat sclerotized anteromedially (Fig. 17). Gonopods with one curved process posteromedially and two smaller triangular processes submedially (Figs 18, 19). Paramere with three long setae apically and some pubescence on inner margin (Figs 18, 19). Aedeagus with numerous tentacle-like setae along peristome, spine-like processes ventrally, and some pubescence basally (Figs 18, 19). Measurements: BL = 2.72 mm in holotype (one female paratype: 2.96 mm); ThL = 1.45 mm (1.50 mm); WL = 2.30 mm (2.34 mm); WW = 1.25 mm (1.25 mm). Indices: arb = 8 / 7 (8 / 7), avd = 0.68 (0.71), adf = 2.27 (2.18), flw = 2.18 (2.27), FW / HW = 0.36 (0.36), ch / o = 0.09 (0.08), prorb = 1.21 (damaged), rcorb = 0.79 (0.80), vb = 0.30 (0.33), dcl = 0.43 (0.34), presctl = 0.75 (0.63), sctl = 1.59 (1.64), sterno = 0.86 (0.91), orbito = 2.06 (2.30), dcp = 0.23 (0.20), sctlp = 1.82 (1.14), C = 2.08 (2.06), 4 c = 1.28 (1.32), 4 v = 2.19 (2.13), 5 x = 1.06 (1.12), ac = 9.75 (8.36), M = 0.59 (0.58), C 3 F = 0.72 (0.72). Distribution: China (Hainan).	en	Li, Tong, Cao, Huazhi, Gao, Jianjun, Chen, Hongwei (2010): A revision of the subgenus Stegana (s. s.) (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from mainland China. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158 (4): 726-739, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00575.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00575.x
636B87A0302CFFEE7DC7FEAA391BFF3E.taxon	etymology	Etymology: A combination of the Greek words polys and rhopalon, referring to the aedeagus with numerous rod-like processes apically. Diagnosis: First flagellomere entirely black. Parameres strongly sclerotized, fused to each other from basal third, with a few sensilla on basal third (Figs 25, 26); aedeagus with c. 16 pairs of short rodlike processes apically (Figs 25, 26). Description: Frons black, with yellow band submedially in male, entirely yellow in female. Face dark brown, with yellow band submedially in male, entirely yellow in female. Clypeus black in male, brown in female. Mesonotum and scutellum dark brown to black in male, brown in female. Katepisternum brown on upper part, white on lower part. Legs yellowish white, fore leg brown on knee; mid and hind leg black each on medial two-thirds and on distal half of femora; all tibiae with two black rings each basally and distally. Fore femur with four setae on distal part of ventral surface. Abdomen with all tergites dark brown to black in male, brown in female. Sternites black. Male terminalia: surstylus with one strong prensiseta on outer surface (Fig. 23). Hypandrium strongly sclerotized anteromedially (Fig. 24). Gonopods with one triangular process posteromedially and two sub-basal processes per side (Fig. 26). Aedeagus membranous ventrally, sclerotized dorsally (Figs 25, 26). Female terminalia: hypoproct with numerous peg-like processes and a few setae, lacking pubescence (Fig. 28). Measurements: BL = 2.13 mm in holotype (one male and one female paratypes: 2.43 mm in male, 2.43 mm in female), ThL = 1.13 mm (1.13 mm in male, 1.28 mm in female), WL = 1.83 mm (1.78 mm in male, 2.07 mm in female), WW = 0.98 mm (1.05 mm in male, 1.12 mm in female). Indices: arb = 9 / 5 (9 / 6 – 9 / 7), avd = 0.87 (0.66 – 0.72), adf = 1.50 (1.64 – 1.75), flw = 2.00 (2.00 – 2.02), FW / HW = 0.30 (0.33 – 0.36), ch / o = 0.07 (0.06), prorb = 1.33 (1.15 – 1.19), rcorb = 1.00 (0.84 - damaged), vb = 0.22 (0.25 – 0.26), dcl = 0.38 (damaged), presctl = 0.58 (damaged), sctl = 1.47 (damaged), sterno = 0.81 (0.76 – damaged), orbito = 2.33 (2.50 – 2.67), dcp = 0.20 (0.22 – 0.25), sctlp = 1.11 (1.00 – 1.11), C = 1.98 (1.89 – 2.02), 4 c = 1.21 (1.16 – 1.28), 4 v = 1.64 (1.64 – 1.82), 5 x = 0.94 (1.11 – 1.14), ac = 7.83 (7.82 – 9.09), M = 0.44 (0.51), C 3 F = 0.64 (0.65 – 0.70). Distribution: China (Hainan).	en	Li, Tong, Cao, Huazhi, Gao, Jianjun, Chen, Hongwei (2010): A revision of the subgenus Stegana (s. s.) (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from mainland China. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158 (4): 726-739, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00575.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00575.x
636B87A0302DFFE17E02FEAB39F3F88D.taxon	etymology	Etymology: From the Latin word quadratus, referring to the aedeagus being slightly flattened apically. Diagnosis: Mesonotum yellow, with four black stripes submedially and laterally, submedial pair divergent on posterior third; aedeagal peristome narrow, emarginate in ventral view (Fig. 32). Description: Male and female: frons yellow, with triangular brown patch below ocellar triangle. First flagellomere yellow, with black pubescence along margin. Face yellow, brownish on lower margin. Clypeus yellow. Katepisternum white, with brown stripe on upper part. Scutellum black, pale yellow along margin. Legs yellow except all femora black distally. Fore femur with five setae on distal part of ventral surface. Abdominal tergites I – VI black, with yellow patches laterally. Sternites dark brown to black. Male terminalia: surstylus with one strong prensiseta on outer surface (Fig. 30). Hypandrium somewhat sclerotized anteromedially (Fig. 31). Gonopods with one curved process posteromedially and two triangular processes submedially (Figs 31, 33). Paramere with two long setae apically and some pubescence on inner margin (Figs 32, 33). Aedeagus with numerous tentacle-like setae along peristome and spine-like processes ventrally, lacking pubescence (Figs 32, 33). Measurements: BL = 2.88 mm in holotype (range two male and four female paratypes: 3.12 – 3.40 mm in males, 3.32 – 3.80 mm in females), ThL = 1.63 mm (1.60 – 1.85 mm in males, 1.83 – 1.95 mm in females), WL = 2.32 mm (2.56 – 2.84 mm in males, 2.88 – 3.16 mm in females), WW = 1.33 mm (1.38 – 1.50 mm in males, 1.48 – 1.63 mm in females). Indices: arb = 9 / 6 (10 / 7 – 11 / 6), avd = 0.68 (0.72 – 0.77), adf = 1.91 (1.80 – 2.12), flw = 2.17 (2.20 – 2.40), FW / HW = 0.35 (0.36 – 0.39), ch / o = 0.10 (0.09 – 0.12), prorb = 1.08 (1.09 – 1.33), rcorb = 0.80 (0.60 – 0.79), vb = 0.39 (0.32 – 0.47), dcl = 0.50 (0.41 – 0.53), presctl = 0.65 (0.69 – 0.81), sctl = 1.73 (1.66 – 1.94), sterno = 0.81 (0.82 – 0.90), orbito = 2.38 (2.05 – 2.56), dcp = 0.17 (0.16 – 0.23), sctlp = 1.24 (1.25 – 1.75), C = 1.95 (2.03 – 2.20), 4 c = 1.32 (1.18 – 1.38), 4 v = 2.15 (1.95 – 2.24), 5 x = 1.08 (0.98 – 1.15), ac = 7.17 (7.14 – 9.00), M = 0.60 (0.48 – 0.59), C 3 F = 0.73 (0.73 – 0.76). Distribution: China (Yunnan).	en	Li, Tong, Cao, Huazhi, Gao, Jianjun, Chen, Hongwei (2010): A revision of the subgenus Stegana (s. s.) (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from mainland China. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158 (4): 726-739, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00575.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00575.x
636B87A03023FFE07DCDFC6638E8F88C.taxon	etymology	Etymology: From the Latin word rotundus, referring to the aedeagus being slightly rounded apically. Diagnosis: Katepisternum almost dark brown; paramere with 15 – 17 strong setae (Figs 39, 40); surstylus without prensiseta (Fig. 37). Description: Frons, face, and clypeus yellow. First flagellomere yellow on basal third, black on distal two-thirds. Gena brown. Mesonotum yellow, sublaterally with two brown stripes on each side. Scutellum brown. Legs yellowish white, fore leg brown on knee and tibia; mid and hind leg black on femora and basal three-quarters of tibiae. Fore femur with four setae on distal part of ventral surface. Abdomen with all tergites and sternites black. Male terminalia: hypandrium somewhat sclerotized anteromedially (Fig. 38). Gonopods with one curved process posteromedially and two smaller triangular processes submedially (Figs 39, 40). Aedeagus with several tentacle-like setae apically and spine-like processes ventrally, lacking pubescence (Figs 39, 40). Measurements: BL = 2.46 mm in holotype; ThL = 1.22 mm; WL = 1.88 mm; WW = 0.95 mm. Indices: arb = 7 / 5, avd = 0.73, adf = 1.67, flw = 2.22, FW / HW = 0.33, ch / o = 0.08, prorb = 1.00, rcorb = 0.80, vb = 0.29, dcl = 0.56, presctl = 0.70, sctl = 1.84, sterno = (damaged), orbito = 2.31, dcp = 0.24, sctlp = 1.50, C = 1.91, 4 c = 1.25, 4 v = 1.86, 5 x = 1.18, ac = 9.26, M = 0.50, C 3 F = 0.63. Distribution: China (Guangxi). RESULTS OF MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS Data analysis The alignment of the ND 2 sequence was 1029 nucleotide sites in length, coding 342 amino acid residues, containing 183 parsimony-informative characters, with consecutive gaps at sites 267 – 269 in some sequences. The average base frequencies of the ND 2 sequences (including outgroups) calculated in MEGA were 36.6, 45.0, 7.8, and 10.6 % for A, T, G, and C, respectively, showing strong bias towards A and T. It was revealed by the Chi-square test that the base composition is not homogeneous among taxa (P = 0.8208) at the third codon position, but homogeneous at the first and second codon positions (P = 1.000 and 1.000, respectively), or even the average data (P = 0.9988). The test of substitution saturation in DAMBE showed that the observed Iss index is 0.1707, significantly lower than the Iss. c	en	Li, Tong, Cao, Huazhi, Gao, Jianjun, Chen, Hongwei (2010): A revision of the subgenus Stegana (s. s.) (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from mainland China. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158 (4): 726-739, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00575.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00575.x
