taxonID	type	description	language	source
623587E16B2EFF36FCE1F2D5EF83B75D.taxon	description	Trigonostemon adenocalyx Gagnep. (1922) 747; (1925 b) 319. — Type: Unknown collector (P, barcode P 00717084), Indochina? Trigonostemon lutescens Y. T. Chang & J. Y. Liang in Chang (1983) 173. — Type: Longgang Exped. 12083 (IBK, barcodes IBK 00169526, IBK 00190787), China, Guangxi, Longgang Natural Reserve. Shrubs, 0.4 – 1.2 m tall; flowering branches 1.1 – 3.5 mm diam, densely pubescent. Bark 0.1 – 0.2 mm thick, pale to dark brown; wood pale yellow. Stipules subulate, 0.4 – 0.7 mm long, often pubescent at base. Leaves: petiole terete but grooved above, 1 – 7.2 cm long, 1 – 2.3 mm diam, densely pubescent; blade elliptic, 9.5 – 28.6 by 3.5 – 11.7 cm, chartaceous, base acute to rounded, 2 adaxial glands present, margin distantly serrate, teeth falcate to glandular, apex acuminate, upper surface rough, with very small glandular protrusions spreading over the blade giving a sandpaper touch, both surfaces pubescent; venation triplinerved, midrib slightly raised above and elevated and pubescent beneath, secondary veins 7 – 12 pairs, connected along margin, tertiary veins scalariform, veinlets reticulate. Inflorescences bisexual, terminal or axillary panicles; main axis terete, 9 – 26 cm long, 1 – 1.9 mm diam, densely pubescent; bracts lanceolate to linear, 1 – 25 by 0.3 – 4 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers 5 – 8.5 mm diam; buds conical; pedicel 4.7 – 6 mm long, 0.15 – 0.25 mm diam, pubescent; sepals elliptic, 1 – 2 by 0.5 – 1.4 mm, base connate, margin entire, apex acute to rounded, sometimes with a notch and an adaxial gland, slightly pubescent outside; petals flabellate, 4 – 7.2 by 1.7 – 4.5 mm, base claw-like, apex rounded, yellow to orange, glabrous; disc annular, 0.2 – 0.3 mm wide; stamens 3, androphore 0.9 – 1.7 mm long, 0.15 – 0.2 mm diam, free part of filaments 0.3 – 0.5 mm long, anthers ellipsoid, 0.5 – 0.6 mm long. Pistillate flowers c. 8 mm diam; buds conical; pedicel 1 – 1.5 cm long, 1 – 1.1 mm diam, pubescent; sepals lanceolate, 3 – 7 by 1 – 1.8 mm, apex acuminate; petals as staminate flowers; disc annular, c. 0.5 mm wide; ovary 0.9 – 1.2 mm diam, glabrous, style absent, stigmas 0.7 – 1.2 mm long, apically not bifid but thickened. Fruits 1.05 – 1.3 cm diam, glabrous, smooth, sometimes marbled; pedicel 0.8 – 1.7 cm long, 1.3 – 1.7 mm diam (apex); sepals persistent, very slightly or not accrescent; columella 4.5 – 6 mm long. Seeds not seen. Distribution — China (Guangxi), Indochina (?). Habitat & Ecology — In forests, growing on limestone. Elevation: 280 – 400 m. Flowering: April to May; fruiting: April and August. Notes — 1. The species resembles T. viridissimus (Kurz) Airy Shaw var. elegantissimus (Airy Shaw) Airy Shaw in the large paniculate inflorescences and the conical flower buds, but the leaves contain small glandular lumps on the upper surface, which give a sandpaper touch. 2. The distribution of the species in Indochina is only known from the type specimen. The collecting location of the type specimen is uncertain (marked as ‘ Indo-Chine? ’ on the sheet). As we doubt the presence in Indochina the species is not listed in the key to the species in Indochina.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B2FFF36FFAEF07BEFC5B92A.taxon	description	Description & Taxonomic notes — See Yu & Van Welzen 2018. Distribution — India (South Andamans), Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Bali.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B2FFF31FCE1F510EEB8B40C.taxon	description	Shrubs, 0.5 – 3 m tall; flowering branches 1 – 2 mm diam, pubes- cent when young, glabrous in old parts. Indumentum of simple hairs; translucent (oil?) dots often present in green parts. Bark c. 0.1 mm thick, white when young, dark brown to black when mature; wood pale yellow. Stipules subulate, 0.3 – 0.9 mm long, caducous, pubescent at base. Leaves: petiole terete but grooved above, sometimes thickened at apex and base, 0.4 – 4 cm long, middle part 0.6 – 1.1 mm diam, pubescent; blade elliptic to oblong, 5.5 – 16 by 1.7 – 6.1 cm, somewhat thin-chartaceous, base acute to rounded, 1 – 2 pairs of adaxial glands present, often caducous, margin distantly serrate, teeth falcate, apex acuminate to caudate, upper surface glabrous or glabrescent, lower surface sparsely pubescent; venation indistinctively triplinerved, midrib slightly raised above and distinctively elevated and pubescent beneath, secondary veins 5 – 8 pairs, connected along margin, tertiary veins scalariform, veinlets reticulate, sometimes obscure. Inflorescences bisexual, often terminal, paniculate thyrses, often only a few flower buds present in the inflorescences in herbarium specimens; main axis terete, 3 – 13 cm long, (0.2 –) 0.4 – 0.5 mm diam, often slightly pubescent; involucral bracts as stipules; bracts linear to lanceolate to trian- gular, 0.2 – 3.5 by 0.2 – 0.6 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers (bud) c. 2 mm diam; pedicel 0.8 – 3.9 mm long, 0.15 – 0.2 mm diam, glabrous to slightly pubescent; sepals elliptic to ovate, 0.7 – 1.5 by 0.3 – 1 mm, base connate, margin entire, apex acute, sometimes with a notch and / or an adaxial gland, pubescent outside; petals orbicular, 1.3 – 1.6 by 1 – 1.3 mm, yellow, apex rounded, glabrous; disc annular, margin undulate, c. 0.3 mm wide; stamens 3, androphore very short, indistinct, anthers globose to ellipsoid, 0.5 – 0.6 mm long. Pistillate flowers c. 8 mm diam; pedicel slightly thickening toward apex, 4.8 – 11.3 mm long, apically 0.6 – 0.9 mm diam when flowering, pubescent; sepals elliptic, 2 – 2.9 by 1 – 1.3 mm, apex acute, sometimes with a notch and an adaxial gland; petals as staminate flowers; disc annular, c. 0.4 mm wide, margin undulate; ovary c. 2.2 mm diam, glabrous, style c. 0.3 mm long, stigmas c. 0.5 mm long, not bifid. Fruits 0.8 – 1.1 cm diam, glabrous; pedicel 1.2 – 2.2 cm long, 1.2 – 1.5 mm diam (apex); sepals persistent but not accrescent; wall 0.3 – 0.5 mm thick, exocarp partly detaching; columella 5.7 – 7.7 mm long. Seeds 6.3 – 6.7 mm diam, marbled; hilum rhombic, 0.9 – 1.3 by 0.7 – 0.9 mm. Distribution — China (Guangxi), Vietnam. Habitat & Ecology — In forests, growing on limestone. Eleva- tion: 160 – 650 m. Flowering: March to May, August to October; fruiting: May, August, November. Note — The species has a unique spotting character: the inflorescences have a long (often more than 1 / 2 length of the whole inflorescence) and very thin peduncle without side branches.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B28FF31FFA9F34AEFF3B7F3.taxon	description	Description & Taxonomic notes — See Yu & Van Welzen 2018. Distribution — Thailand (Trang, Ranong, Satun), Malay Peninsula (Perlis, Singapore).	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B28FF31FFA9F0D5EB72B97A.taxon	description	Trigonostemon capitellatus Gagnep. (1922) 748; (1925 b) 311. — Lectotype (designated here): Pierre 1323 (P, barcode P 00717092; iso K, barcode K 000959315, P, barcodes P 00717090, P 00717091, US 00433339), Viet- nam, Bien Hoa, towards Dongnai river near Tri Huyen. — Other syntypes: Thorel s. n. (P, barcode P 00717089), Laos, Île de Khon; Pierre 472 (P, barcode P 00717093), Vietnam, Bien Hoa, towards Dongnai river near Tri Huyen. Trigonostemon cochinchinensis Gagnep. (1922) 748, syn. nov.; (1925 b) 311. — Type: Pierre 1869 (K, barcode K 000959316, P, barcodes P 00717094, P 00717095, P 00717096), Vietnam, Bao Chiang. Trigonostemon thorelii Gagnep. (1922) 755, syn. nov.; (1925 b) 315. — Type: Thorel 2264 (A, barcode A 00048877, P, barcodes P 00648671, P 00648672, P 00717148), Laos, Stung Tréng à Kong. Trigonostemon verrucosus J. J. Sm. (1924) 97, syn. nov. — Type: Bogor Botanical Garden VIII. E. 16 (BO, sheets no. BO 1298241, BO 1298242, BO 1298243, IBSC, barcode IBSC 0306957, K, barcode K 000959299, L, barcode L. 2258669, SING, U, barcode U 0002105), Java, cultivated in Bogor Botanical Garden. Shrubs, 1.5 – 3 m tall, dbh 2 – 3 cm; flowering branches 1.3 – 3.7 mm diam, pubescent when young, glabrous in old parts. Indumentum of simple hairs; translucent (oil?) dots often present in green parts. Outer bark 0.1 – 0.2 mm thick, very finely rough- ened, brown, grey or black; inner bark 0.1 – 0.2 mm thick, dark red; wood pale yellowish, pith sometimes hollow. Stipules very small, often indistinct, pointing or subulate, 0.2 – 0.4 mm long, pubescent at base, caducous. Leaves: petiole terete but flat or slightly furrowed above, 0.3 – 2.3 cm long, 0.6 – 1.5 mm diam, pubescent; blade elliptic to oblong, 6 – 17.6 by 2 – 6.2 cm, chartaceous, base acute to rounded, 2 adaxial glands present, margin entire, apex acuminate to slightly caudate, upper sur- face glabrous, dark glossy green, lower surface more or less pubescent especially along venation and margin, bright light green; venation distinctly triplinerved, midrib and basal second- ary veins slightly raised above, distinctly elevated beneath, other secondary veins 3 – 6 pairs, veinlets reticulate, sometimes obscure. Inflorescences bisexual, often axillary panicles; main axis up to 21 cm long, 0.5 – 1 mm diam, green, pubescent; bracts lanceolate, up to 3 by 0.5 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers 3.5 – 5.5 mm diam; buds conical; pedicels 2.5 – 4.4 mm long, 0.15 – 0.3 mm diam, glabrescent; sepals elliptic to somewhat rectangular, 0.6 – 0.8 by 0.5 – 0.7 mm, apex truncate or slightly emarginate, glabrescent outside, with an apical gland outside; petals obovate, 2 – 3.2 by 1.2 – 1.7 mm, pale light to dull ochreyellow, contort, apex rounded, glabrous; disc annular, 0.2 – 0.3 mm wide, 0.5 – 0.7 mm diam, glossy dark yellow, margin un- dulate, glabrous; stamens 3, androphore erect, 0.7 – 1.2 mm long, 0.1 – 0.15 mm diam, white, trifid at apex, free filament part 0.2 – 0.3 mm long, white, anthers free, subglobose, 0.35 – 0.6 mm long, cream. Pistillate flowers c. 5 mm diam; buds conical; pedicels as staminate flower but thickening toward apex, 5 – 7 mm long, apically 0.5 – 0.6 mm diam when flowering, accres- cent up to 1.5 cm long and 1.5 mm diam in fruit; sepals as in staminate flowers but sometimes lanceolate, apex sometimes acute, sometimes with more hairs, especially near gland; petals as staminate flowers but caducous when fruiting; disc as in staminate flowers; ovary 0.7 – 0.8 mm diam, glabrous and sometimes gibbose, style 0.1 – 0.2 mm long, stigmas 0.6 – 1 mm long, apically very slightly bifid and thickened. Fruits 0.95 – 1 cm diam, glabrous, more or less warty; sepals persistent but not accrescent; wall 0.3 – 0.5 mm thick, exocarp partly detaching; columella 3 – 5 mm long. Seeds 5.2 – 6.2 mm diam, dark brown- ish when dry, sometimes marbled, hilum oblong to orbicular, 0.6 – 1.2 by 0.3 – 0.9 mm. Distribution — Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam. Habitat & Ecology — Shaded understory in mixed evergreen, deciduous, seasonal or degraded hardwood forests. Growing on shale bedrocks. Elevation: c. 60 m. Flowering: March, July, September to October; fruiting: July, October. Notes — 1. The species can be recognised by its distinctly triplinerved venation. 2. An illustration attached to one of the two syntypes of T. capitellatus (Pierre 472, P, barcode P 00717093) clearly shows a disc of 5 separate lobes in the pistillate flowers, while the other syntype (Pierre 1323, P, barcode P 00717090) and our own observations indicate otherwise: the disc in the pistillate flowers is annular but often with an undulate margin.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B29FF30FFAEF5FDEA7EB5BC.taxon	distribution	Distribution — New Caledonia (endemic). Habitat & Ecology — Undergrowth, on black clay. Elevation: c. 10 m. Flowering and fruiting: June and December. Note — The species is characterised by its relatively small (up to 11.5 by 4.9 cm), coriaceous, elliptic leaves and fascicled short inflorescences.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B29FF33FCE1F31AEC29B2C5.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Sri Lanka (endemic). Habitat & Ecology (Trimen 1898) — Forests in moist regions. Elevation: 0 – 300 m. Flowering: March to May, September. Notes — 1. A very rare species, endemic to Sri Lanka. It is possibly allied to T. nemoralis Thwaites because of the sessile anthers. The petals are bilobed. 2. In Balakrishnan & Chakrabarty’s revision (1991), the anthers are said to be sessile in the text, but the illustration shows a filament below, supporting the anthers.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B2AFF3DFFAEF5F8EF7DB0E4.taxon	description	Trigonostemon eberhardtii Gagnep. (1922) 749; (1925 b) 313. — Lectotype (designated here): Bon 5239 (P, barcode P 00717103), Vietnam, Annam, Thanh-hoa. — Other syntypes: Eberhardt 4293 (P, barcodes P 00717101, P 00717102), Vietnam, Tonkin, Hoa-binh, Mai-ha; Bon 5465 (P, barcodes P 00717099, P 00717100), Vietnam, Annam, Son-thôn. Trigonostemon harmandii Gagnep. (1922) 750; (1925 b) 313. — Type: Harmand 2956 (P, barcodes P 00648665, P 00648666, P 00648667), Cambodia. Trigonostemon poilanei Gagnep. (1922) 753; (1925 b) 314. — Type: Poilane 40807 (A, barcode A 00048878, P, barcode P 00717127), Vietnam, Bien- hoa, Giaray.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B2AFF3DFFAEF5F8EF7DB0E4.taxon	distribution	Distribution — China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam. Habitat & Ecology — Evergreen or deciduous forests, growing on limestone, sometimes in shaded areas near rivers. Elevation: 150 – 1300 m. Flowering: March to December; fruiting: May to December. Notes — 1. Trigonostemon eberhardtii is characterised by the translucent (oil?) dots and white petals (the label of a specimen from Thailand, Sangkhachand 531, indicates that the petals are yellow, but this is a very exceptional case and the label could be wrong). Although the dots are not always present in all green parts (young branches, petiole, leaf blade, inflorescences, sepals, ovary and fruits), when present, it is a good spotting character, particularly in herbarium material. 2. The species resembles T. viridissimus, with which the morphological boundary is sometimes unclear. However, the molecular phylogeny (Yu et al. 2019) shows that the two spe- cies are placed in different subclades within sect. Tylosepalum. Main characters that can be used in identification include: 1) the white petals (yellow to orange in T. viridissimus); 2) monopodial branching in the inflorescences with relatively more condensed staminate flowers (vs sympodial branching and relatively loose panicles in T. viridissimus var. viridissimus); and 3) an indistinc- tive style (shorter than 2 mm in T. eberhardtii; up to 6 mm in T. viridissimus).	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B24FF3DFFACF7E5EA12B706.taxon	description	Trigonostemon flavidus Gagnep. (1922) 749; (1925 b) 320; P. T. Li et al. (2006) 119; P. T. Li & M. G. Gilbert (2008) 273; R. Y. Yu & Welzen (2018) 195. — Lectotype (designated here): Harmand 3273 (P, barcode P 00717104; iso P, barcode P 00717105), Laos, in Lakhon mountains, near Me-Kong. Trigonostemon heterophyllus Merr. (1930) 38; N. P. Balakr. & Chakrab. (1991) 617, f. 5; H. S. Kiu (1996) 163; Chantar. (2005) 24; (2007) 577, pl. 31,1. — Type: Tsang 594 [17343] (A *, barcodes A 00048861, A 00048862, B *, barcode B 10 0249526, BM, barcode BM 000951501, BO, sheet no. BO 1695956, CAL, barcode CAL 0000023662, ECON *, barcode ECON 00254237, G, barcode G 00435104, K, barcode K 000959339, L, barcode L 0160156, MO *, barcode MO- 260398, NTUF *, NY *, barcode NY 00273341, P, barcode P 00717108, PE, barcodes PE 00022683, PE 00022684, UC *, barcode UC 373861, US *, barcodes US 00096533, US 00997745, W *, sheet no. W 1940 - 0006789, WIS *, barcode WISv 0255641), China, Hainan, Taam Chau District [= Danzhou County], Sha Po Shan [= Mt Sha Bao]. Trigonostemon sunirmalii Chakrab. & N. P. Balakr. (1984 b) 179. — Type: Biswas 22 (holo CAL, barcode CAL 0000023663; iso CAL, barcode CAL 0000023664), Myanmar, Tenasserim [= Tanintharyi Region], Nim- chaung. Small trees, 1 – 2.5 m tall; flowering branches up to 4.5 mm diam, densely pubescent. Outer bark 0.1 – 0.2 mm thick, pale brown to dark grey, smooth or roughened; inner bark 0.1 – 0.2 mm thick, reddish brown; wood pale yellow. Stipules subulate, 0.7 – 1 mm long, pubescent at base. Leaves: petiole terete but sometimes flattened or grooved above, 0.2 – 1.2 cm long, 0.7 – 2.4 mm diam, densely pubescent; blade obovate or oblanceolate, cu- neately narrowed and sometimes unequal in the lower middle part, 9 – 35 by 5 – 9 cm, chartaceous, base abruptly rounded to truncate, with 2 adaxial glands, margin distantly serrate, teeth small and nipple-like, apex caudate to acuminate, upper surface dark to light green, lower surface paler, both surfaces pubescent, especially on secondary veins and margin; vena- tion pinnate; midrib thin, elevated on both surfaces, secondary veins 10 – 13 pairs, tertiary veins reticulate, often obscure. Inflorescences bisexual, in short cymes or thyrses, cauliflorous or supported by a peduncle and involucral bracts; peduncle 1 – 9 cm long, pubescent; involucral bracts lanceolate, 8 – 38 by 0.7 – 9 mm, pubescent; bracts lanceolate to linear, 1.1 – 5.5 (– 15) by 0.2 – 0.7 (– 2) mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers 3.6 – 6 mm diam; pedicel 2.4 – 4.7 mm long, 0.15 – 0.3 mm thick, pink to light green, glabrous; sepals elliptic or obovate, 1.1 – 2.4 by 0.5 – 1.8 mm, green, base connate, margin ciliate, apex often acute to rounded, occasionally with a notch, pubescent outside; petals obovate, 2.1 – 4.2 by 1.7 – 2.2 mm, base claw-like, apex rounded, glabrous, dark reddish to maroon-purple to black; disc lobes obovate or rectangular, 0.4 – 0.7 by 0.15 – 0.25 mm, sometimes narrowed at base, often reflected at apex, light orange, gla- brous; stamens 3, androphore 1 – 1.2 mm long, c. 0.1 mm diam, white, shortly trifid at apex, free part of filaments 0.1 – 0.2 mm long; anthers free, divaricate at apex, thecae 0.4 – 0.6 mm long, pale yellow, connective pinkish red, with numerous droplets with secretion. Pistillate flowers few, slightly enlarged when fruiting, up to c. 1 cm diam; pedicel c. 1.5 mm long and c. 0.5 mm diam in flower bud, accrescent to c. 7 mm long and apically c. 1 mm diam when fruiting; sepals lanceolate to linear, 2.2 – 3.4 by 1 – 1.5 mm when flowering, accrescent to 2.4 by 0.9 cm in fruit, margin entire or with a few teeth, apex acuminate, pubescent outside; petals elliptic, 3 – 3.3 by 2 – 2.7 mm (flower bud), caducous; disc glands rectangular to semi-orbicular, 0.5 – 0.6 by 0.4 – 0.6 mm, rounded or truncate at apex, glabrous; ovary c. 0.7 mm diam, bright dark green, densely pubescent, style almost indistinct, stigmas 3, completely divided, free arms 0.6 – 0.7 mm long. Fruits c. 1.2 cm diam, green when young, brown when mature, densely pubescent; wall woody, 0.5 – 0.55 mm thick; columella 4.2 – 6.7 mm long. Seeds 4.2 – 6.7 by 4.5 – 5.7 mm, light or dark brownish when dry, hilum irregularly shaped, more or less triangular, 0.8 – 1.3 by 0.5 – 0.7 mm diam. Distribution — Myanmar (Tenasserim), China, Laos, Thai- land, Malay Peninsula. Habitat & Ecology — Understorey in evergreen forests to deciduous hardwood or bamboo forests, often near rivers, growing on sandstones to conglomerate bedrocks. Elevation: c. 200 m. Flowering: January to March, July; fruiting: February, July to October. Note — Trigonostemon flavidus strongly resembles T. semperflorens (Roxb.) Müll. Arg. from India but has much denser and stronger hairs (Yu & Van Welzen 2018, Balakrishnan & Chakra- barty 1991). We treat them as separate species, because there is a clear gap in the extent of pubescence (pubescent in T. flavidus but glabrous in T. semperflorens; no intermediate forms are found) and there is a gap in the distribution – both species are absent in central Myanmar (T. flavidus has its western most limit in S Myanmar (Tenasserim) and T. semperflorens occurs in NE India and Bangladesh).	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B24FF3FFCE0F044EF3BB608.taxon	distribution	Distribution — China (Hainan?), Vietnam (Ninh Hai District, Ninh Thuan Province). Habitat & Ecology — In forests, dry and level lands, or near salt fields or lakes; on sandy soil or clay. Flowering: April; fruit- ing: January, April. Note — This is the only species in Trigonostemon with domatia in some leaves.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B26FF3FFFAEF157EABAB484.taxon	description	Trigonostemon heteranthus Wight (1852) 24, t. 1890; Müll. Arg. (1866) 1109; Kurz (1877 b) 406 (‘ heteranthum ’); Hook. f. (1887) 396; N. P. Balakr. & Chakrab. (1991) 615, f. 4. — Lectotype (designated here): Griffith KD 4796 (K, barcode K 000246910; iso P, barcode P 00717107), Myanmar, Mergui. — Other syntypes: Griffith s. n. (K, barcode K 000246861), Myanmar, Mergui; Helfer KD 4796 (K, barcode K 000246862), Myanmar, Mergui. Shrubs, 1.3 – 5 m tall, dbh c. 6.4 cm; flowering branches 2.3 – 3 mm diam, often pubescent when young. Outer bark 0.1 – 0.2 mm thick, pale brown to slightly reddish brown; inner bark 0.1 – 0.2 mm thick, dark reddish brown; wood pale yellow. Stipules subulate, 0.9 – 1.8 mm long, pubescent at base. Leaves: petiole terete but grooved above, 1 – 15.8 cm long, thickened at apex and base, in middle 0.7 – 1.9 mm diam, slightly pubescent when young; blade elliptic to oblong or oblanceolate, 7.8 – 28 by 2.6 – 10 cm, chartaceous, base rounded to acute to acuminate, with 2 adaxial glands, margin distantly serrate, teeth glandular or falcate, apex acuminate to slightly caudate, both surfaces glabrous, but pubescent beneath when young; venation pin- nate; midrib slightly elevated above and distinctively elevated beneath, sometimes sparsely pubescent beneath, secondary veins 9 – 17 pairs, bifurcate and connected along margin, veinlets reticulate, often obscure. Inflorescences bisexual or unisexual, racemose thyrses, often terminal, pistillate flowers single per node, open first; axis 4 – 21 cm long, 0.6 – 1.4 mm diam, pubescent; involucral bracts as stipules, but somewhat longer, 1.1 – 2.4 mm long; bracts under each node and flower, lanceolate, 0.6 – 4.1 by 0.2 – 1 mm. Staminate flowers c. 2 mm diam; pedicel 4.5 – 7.5 mm long (2 – 5 mm long below articu- lation, c. 5 mm long above articulation), 0.1 – 0.2 mm diam, glabrous; sepals elliptic, 1 – 1.6 by 0.8 – 1.1 mm, base connate, margin serrate, apex acute to rounded, pubescent; petals el- liptic to obovate, c. 2.5 by 2 mm, white; disc glands 5; stamens 3, clustered on an erect androphore. Pistillate flowers 5 – 7.3 mm diam; pedicel 8 – 11.5 mm long and apically 0.4 – 0.6 mm diam when flowering, elongating to 1.9 – 2.6 cm long and api- cally 0.8 – 1.2 mm diam when fruiting, an articulation present at 2 / 3 of length below apex; sepals ovate to triangular, 1.8 – 2.5 by 0.8 – 1.5 mm when flowering, accrescent to 5.2 – 7 by 2 – 3 mm when fruiting, base connate, margin fringed and serrate, with capitate glands; petals obovate, 2.4 – 3.4 by 1.4 – 2.4 mm, contort and conical in bud, white; disc lobes semi-orbicular, c. 0.2 by 0.6 mm, apex rounded, glabrous; ovary 0.8 – 1.2 mm diam, glabrous, style 0.15 – 0.2 mm long, stigmas 0.5 – 0.6 mm long, thickened but not bifid at apex. Fruits c. 1 cm diam. Seeds not seen. Distribution — Myanmar (Mergui and Tavoy, endemic). Habitat & Ecology — In forests. Elevation: 65 – 200 m. Flow- ering: January to March. Note — The species is similar to T. kerrii Craib in the fringed pistillate sepals with capitate glands, but differs in the white petals and the stigmas without division.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B26FF3EFCE1F3C2EF0AB5A5.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Australia (Queensland, endemic). Habitat & Ecology — Notophyll Vine forests, on granite, near streams. Elevation: 140 – 820 m. Flowering: May to July; fruiting: February and July. Note — See note under T. montanus R. Y. Yu & Welzen. The short and dichotomously branching staminate inflorescences are typical for the species.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B27FF3EFFAEF318EDA2B27D.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Thailand, Cambodia (Kampong Thom). Habitat & Ecology — In evergreen forests. Elevation: 100 – 200 m. Flowering: March; fruiting: April. Note — The species resembles T. heteranthus in the pistillate sepals with a fringed margin with capitate glands, but it has a shorter petiole and shorter inflorescences, purplish red petals (vs white in T. heteranthus) and bifid stigmas (vs not bifid in T. heteranthus).	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B27FF3EFCE1F55BEBC3B46C.taxon	description	Description & Taxonomic notes — See Yu & Van Welzen 2018.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B27FF3EFCE1F36BEAFAB4A7.taxon	description	Description & Taxonomic notes — See Yu & Van Welzen 2018. Distribution — Vietnam?, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Su- matra, Java, Borneo, Philippines.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B20FF39FFAEF69EEFEDB0F0.taxon	description	Description & Taxonomic notes — See Yu & Van Welzen 2018. Distribution — Thailand (Surat Thani, Phangnga, Ranong), Malay Peninsular (Selangor).	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B20FF39FFAEF7D2EC22B928.taxon	description	Trees, up to 5 m tall, dbh up to 5 cm; flowering branches 1.9 – 3.5 mm diam, pubescent when young, glabrous in old parts. Outer bark 0.1 – 0.2 mm thick, brown to pale or greyish brown; inner bark 0.1 – 0.2 mm thick, reddish brown, sap red; wood yellow to brown. Stipules subulate, 0.4 – 1.1 mm long, caducous, pubes- cent at base. Leaves: petiole terete, grooved above, 1.4 – 11.5 cm long, 0.8 – 2 mm diam, hirsute to glabrous; blade lanceolate to oblong, 6.8 – 21 by 2.3 – 8.2 cm, thick-chartaceous, base acute to rounded, 2 adaxial glands present, margin distantly serrate, apex acuminate to slightly caudate, both surfaces glabrous; venation pinnate, midrib flat or slightly raised above and elevated beneath, sometimes slightly pubescent beneath, secondary veins 6 – 10 pairs, curved, connected along margin, tertiary veins and veinlets reticulate. Inflorescences bisexual, often axillary, racemose thyrses, pistillate flowers open first, single per node near apex of axis, staminate flowers usually 1 – 3 per node below; axis up to 8.7 cm long, 0.5 – 0.8 mm diam, hirsute to glabrescent, bracts oblong, 0.4 – 6.5 by 0.1 – 1.4 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers (bud) c. 2.4 mm diam; pedicel thickening toward apex, 1.8 – 2.5 mm long, apically 0.4 – 0.8 mm diam, slightly hirsute; sepals ovate to elliptic, 1.2 – 1.9 by 0.8 – 1.5 mm, base connate, margin entire, sometimes ciliate, apex rounded to acute, pubescent or hirsute outside; petals ovate to elliptic, 1.1 – 1.4 by 0.9 – 1.15 mm diam, glabrous, apex rounded; disc annular, c. 0.1 mm wide, ring c. 0.8 mm diam; stamens 3, androphore c. 0.1 mm long, anthers ellipsoid, 0.5 – 0.7 mm long, divaricate. Pistillate flowers 5 – 10 mm diam; pedicel thickening toward apex, 3 – 7 mm long, apically 1 – 1.2 mm diam, pubescent or hirsute; sepals triangular, 4 – 5.5 by 2.7 – 3 mm when flowering, significantly accrescent, up to 1.3 by 1.1 cm when fruiting, densely hirsute on both sides, base connate, margin mostly entire but with two teeth near apex, apex acuminate; petals elliptic, 2.5 – 3 by 1.8 – 2.6 mm, apex rounded; disc seemingly annular, c. 0.6 mm wide; ovary c. 1.7 mm diam, glabrous to hirsute; style absent; stigmas deeply bifid, 0.6 – 0.7 mm long, free arms V-shaped at base. Fruits 1 – 1.1 cm diam, densely hirsute, smooth; sepals persistent; wall 0.3 – 0.4 mm thick. Seeds c. 7.5 mm diam, marbled; hilum triangular, c. 2.5 by 1.7 mm. Distribution — Myanmar (Tenasserim), Thailand (Chanthaburi), Vietnam (Annam). Habitat & Ecology — Evergreen forests, on rocky or sandy soil, near stream. Flowering: December to March; fruiting: December to January. Note — The species is characterised by the much accres- cent and hirsute sepals in the pistillate flowers.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B20FF39FCE0F69EEAC6B642.taxon	distribution	Distribution — China (Mengla, Menglun, Yunnan), Laos (Luang Prabang). Habitat & Ecology — Understorey in limestone mountains, often in humid habitats. Elevation: 600 – 850 m. Flowering: April to June, September; fruiting: May. Note — The species can be distinguished from T. eberhardtii by the coriaceous, oblong leaves with very distinctive triplinerved venation and lacking oil dots.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B20FF38FCE0F10EECD8B537.taxon	description	Description — See Yu & Van Welzen 2018. Distribution — China, Myanmar (Tenasserim), Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines. Note — The species was considered present in India be- cause one of its syntypes, Helfer KD 4798, was probably collected from Tenasserim (Myanmar) or the Andamans (India). We examined the duplicate in CAL, and confirmed that the specimen was collected from Tenasserim (not the Andamans), thus India is excluded from the distribution of the species. For more notes of the species, see Yu & Van Welzen 2018.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B21FF38FFAEF295EDE6B017.taxon	description	Trigonostemon malaccanus Müll. Arg. (1864 a) 482; (1866) 1110; Hook. f. (1887) 396; Pax & K. Hoffm. (1911) 90; Ridl. (1924) 265; Jabl. (1963) 154; Whitmore (1973) 136; Airy Shaw (1981) 355; R. Y. Yu & Welzen (2018) 201, f. 8. — Type: Griffith KD 4782 (K, barcode K 000959325), Malay Peninsula, Malacca. Trigonostemon laetus Baill. [(1858 a) 341 (‘ laetum ’), nom. nud.] ex Müll. Arg. (1866) 1109; Kurz (1877 b) 407; Hook. f. (1887) 397; Pax & K. Hoffm. (1911) 90; N. P. Balakr. & Chakrab. (1991) 619, f. 6, syn. nov. — Syntypes: Wallich 7740 B (G-DC *, barcodes G 00319769, G 00319757, on 3 sheets, P, barcodes P 00717111, P 00717112; isosyn CAL, barcode CAL 0000023673), Myanmar, Amherst. Description — See Yu & Van Welzen 2018. Distribution — Myanmar (Amherst), Thailand, Malay Penin- sula, Sumatra. Note — The name Trigonostemon laetus was referred to by Baillon (1858 a) without any description. It was validated by Müller (1866), later than Müller’s (1864 a) description of T. malaccanus.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B21FF3AFCE1F7B6EEB1B0FE.taxon	description	Trigonostemon montanus R. Y. Yu & Welzen resembles T. lii Y. T. Chang in the oblong leaves, which remain green when dry, but differs in having shorter and dichotomously branching inflorescences. ― Type: Koelz 27903 (holo L, barcode L. 2260526), India, Assam, Cachar, Laikul, 6 000 ft, 6 May 1951. Paratypes: Koelz 27849 (L, barcode L. 2260525), India, Assam, Cachar, Laikul, 4 000 ft, 1 May 1951; Bor 2783 (K), India, Assam, Naga Hill, 5 000 ft, 26 Apr. 1935. Shrubs, 1.8 – 2.4 m tall; flowering branches 1 – 1.6 mm diam, pubescent when young, glabrous in old parts. Outer bark c. 0.1 mm thick, pale brown to grey; inner bark 0.1 – 0.2 mm thick, white or very light green when young, sap not seen; wood white. Stipules subulate, 0.2 – 0.4 mm long, caducous, often pubescent at base. Leaves: petiole terete but grooved above, 0.35 – 1 cm long, 0.7 – 1.5 mm diam, slightly pubescent when young, glabrescent; blade oblong, 6.2 – 11.8 by 1.4 – 2.7 cm, chartaceous, base acute, 2 adaxial glands present, margin entire or distantly serrate, teeth glandular, apex caudate, both surfaces glabrous but lower pubescent when young; venation triplinerved, slightly pubescent beneath, midrib slightly raised above and elevated beneath, secondary veins 5 – 7 pairs, bow-shaped and connected along margin, tertiary veins scalariform, veinlets reticulate, obscure. Inflorescences bisexual, terminal or subterminal thyrses; axis terete, dichotomously branching, 7.5 – 9 mm long, 0.5 – 1 mm diam, pubescent; bracts triangular, 0.2 – 1 by 0.2 – 0.45 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers c. 3.2 mm diam; pedicel 4.5 – 5 mm long, 0.15 – 0.2 mm diam, gla- brescent; sepals elliptic to lanceolate, 0.8 – 1.5 by 0.7 – 1.1 mm, base connate, margin entire, apex rounded to acute, pubescent outside; petals elliptic, 3.4 – 4.8 by 1.8 – 2.7 mm, contort, mem- branous, yellow to orange, glabrous; disc annular, c. 0.7 – 0.8 mm wide, with some irregular notches in margin, fleshy; sta- mens 3, androphore c. 1.5 mm long, c. 0.3 mm diam, anthers ellipsoid, 0.5 – 0.6 mm long. Pistillate flowers and fruits not seen. Distribution — India (Assam, endemic). Habitat & Ecology — In forests. Elevation: 1200 – 1850 m. Flowering: April to May. Notes — 1. Within the genus this species grows at perhaps the highest elevation. 2. The new species also resembles T. inopinatus from Australia in the short and dichotomously branching staminate inflorescences, but differs in having a distinctively triplinerved venation.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B23FF3AFFAEF7DCEC5BB929.taxon	description	Trigonostemon pinnatus Gagnep. (1922) 752; (1925 b) 318. — Type: Pierre s. n. (K, barcodes K 000959309, K 000959310, P, barcodes P 00717124, P 00717125, P 00717126, NY *, US *), Vietnam, Cochinchina, prov. de Bien Hoa, Mt Lap-vo Shrubs, 1 – 5 m tall; flowering branches 1.1 – 3.5 mm diam, pubescent when young, glabrous in old parts. Outer bark c. 0.1 mm thick, dark brown to pale grey; inner bark c. 0.1 mm thick, red- dish brown; wood pale yellowish. Stipules subulate, 0.3 – 0.7 mm long, caducous, often pubescent at base. Leaves: petiole terete, grooved above, 0.2 – 1.9 cm long, 0.7 – 1.5 mm diam, pubescent; blade oblanceolate to oblong, 5 – 20 by 1.2 – 4.3 cm, chartaceous to coriaceous, base rounded to acute, 2 adaxial glands present, margin entire, occasionally with glandular or subulate teeth, apex acuminate to short-caudate, both sur- faces glabrous; venation pinnate, midrib elevated on both sides, sometimes furrowed above, often sparsely pubescent beneath, secondary veins 9 – 18 pairs, curved, bifurcate and connected along margin, tertiary veins reticulate, obscure. Inflorescences bisexual, terminal or axillary racemes (flowers clustered at apex) or panicles (spreading like a broom at apex); peduncle up to 7 cm long, 0.3 – 0.7 mm diam, pubescent; bracts oblong to lanceolate, 1 – 8.5 by 0.2 – 1.5 mm, pubescent on both sides. Staminate flowers 3 – 5 mm diam; pedicel 3 – 4.5 mm long, 0.1 – 0.2 mm diam, pubescent; sepals elliptic, 0.8 – 1.5 by 0.5 – 0.8 mm, base connate, margin entire, apex acuminate, acute, rounded or bilobed, pubescent outside; petals obovate to spathulate, 1.6 – 2.7 by 1 – 2 mm diam, dark pink, glabrous, apex rounded; disc glands 5, 0.3 – 0.35 by 0.1 – 0.15 mm; sta- mens 3, androphore c. 0.5 mm long, c. 0.25 mm diam, anthers ellipsoid, 0.4 – 0.5 mm long, connective with droplets (expanded cells) with secretion. Pistillate flowers 3.3 – 8 mm diam; pedicel thickening toward apex, 3.5 – 7 mm long, apically 0.5 – 1 mm diam, elongating to c. 1 cm long in fruit, pubescent; sepals lan- ceolate, 5 – 6 by 1 – 1.6 mm, slightly accrescent to c. 8 by 2.2 mm when fruiting, pubescent outside, especially along midrib, base connate, margin entire, apex acuminate; petals as in staminate flowers; disc lobes rectangular, 0.2 – 0.25 by 0.25 – 0.3 mm, apex truncate; ovary 0.6 – 1.3 mm diam, densely pubescent; style indistinct, less than 0.1 mm long; stigmas apically deeply bifid, free arms coiled. Fruits (young) pubescent. Seeds not seen. Distribution — Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam. Habitat & Ecology — Evergreen forests, on sandy clay. Elevation: c. 250 m. Flowering: February, April, June, November; fruiting: April. Note — The inflorescences are often racemose when young and start branching and become apically broom-like when older. In this character it resembles T. scopulatus R. Y. Yu & Welzen, but that species has a much longer petiole.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B23FF3AFCE0F69EEA2FB66A.taxon	distribution	Distribution — India (Travancore), Sri Lanka. Habitat & Ecology — Flowering: February to June. Note — The species resembles T. diplopetalus and T. longifolius, but can be distinguished from the former by the apical gland on the sepals (vs without the apical gland; but check multiple sepals) and from the latter by the sessile stamens (vs androphore c. 0.4 mm long).	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B23FF25FCE0F175EC41B748.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Thailand (Trang and Phatthalung, endemic). Habitat & Ecology — Evergreen forests, understorey, near streams. Flowering: March to April; fruiting: April. Note — A rare species endemic to Thailand. It resembles T. capillipes (Milne 1995) in the 5 stamens and relatively large pistillate sepals, and was treated as a synonym in our previous revision (Yu & Van Welzen 2018). However, after examining more collections, we reinstate the species here. The main spotting characters of T. pachyphyllus includes the coriaceous leaves (thick leaves as indicated by the specific epithet) and the discolorous surfaces when dry. In addition, the pistillate sepals sometimes display a marbled pattern on the outer surface and the inflorescences are considerably smaller.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B3CFF25FFAEF017EA1AB563.taxon	description	Description — See Yu & Van Welzen 2018. Distribution — Myanmar (Maymyo), China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines. Note — Trigonostemon nigrifolius is only known from the type collection and is considered conspecific with T. philippinensis here. The black leaves and blackish crimson petals appear to be a drying artefact.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B3CFF24FCE1F261EC56B587.taxon	description	Trigonostemon quocensis Gagnep. (1922) 753; (1925 b) 316; Airy Shaw (1972) 348; Chantar. (2005) 27; (2007) 582. — Lectotype (designated here): Pierre s. n. (P, barcode P 00717135; iso K, barcode K 000959314, P, bar- codes P 00717136, P 00717138), Vietnam, Phu Quoc. — Other syntypes: Godefroy 739 (P, barcodes P 00717131, P 00717132), Vietnam, Ha-tien; Godefroy 740 (P, barcode P 00717130), Vietnam, Ha-tien; Harmand 632 (P, barcodes P 00717128, P 00717129), Vietnam, Nui Cam; Pierre 6232 (G, barcode G 00435097, MPU, barcodes MPU 015001, MPU 015002, NY, barcode NY 00273345, P, barcodes P 00717133, P 00717134, P 00717137), Vietnam, Chaudoc, Mount Pell. Trigonostemon birmanicus Chakrab. & N. P. Balakr. (1984 a) 175; N. P. Balakr. & Chakrab. (1991) 613, f. 2, syn. nov. — Type: Chin [collector’s name uncertain] 5849 (holo CAL, barcode CAL 0000023654), Myanmar, Upper Chindwin, Numpakom drainage. Shrubs or small trees, 0.5 – 5 m tall, dhb 6 – 8 cm; flowering branches 1 – 3.8 mm diam, pubescent when young, glabrous in old parts. Indumentum of simple hairs; translucent (oil?) dots sometimes present in green parts. Outer bark 0.1 – 0.2 mm thick, dark brown; inner bark 0.1 – 0.2 mm thick, reddish brown, solidified sap reddish black; wood yellow. Stipules subulate, 0.2 – 0.7 mm long, caducous, sometimes pubescent at base. Leaves: petiole terete, (0.6 –) 1 – 6.1 cm long, 0.8 – 2 mm diam, glabrous or pubescent, sometimes thickened at apex and base; blade ovate to elliptic, 8 – 24 by 3.6 – 10 cm, chartaceous, base truncate, rounded, acute or sometimes cordate, 2 adaxial glands present, sometimes pubescent, margin distantly serrate, apex acuminate to caudate, both surfaces pubescent when young, glabrous when mature; venation triplinerved (basal secondary veins often as thick as other secondary veins), midrib and sometimes secondary veins flat or slightly raised above and distinctively elevated and pubescent beneath, other secondary veins 6 – 9 pairs, bow-shaped and connected along margin, tertiary veins scalariform, veinlets reticulate. Inflorescences bisexual, terminal or axillary, large panicles, pistillate flowers open before staminate ones; main axis terete, up to 44 cm long, 0.6 – 1.5 mm diam, pubescent; bracts linear to lanceolate, 1 – 12 by 0.15 – 1 (– 2.1) mm, often pubescent. Staminate flowers 4.4 – 5.5 mm diam, buds usually globose; pedicel 3.5 – 7.5 mm long, 0.15 – 0.3 mm diam, glabrous; sepals ovate to elliptic, 1.4 – 2.5 by 0.8 – 2.2 mm, base connate, margin entire, apex acute to rounded, pubescent outside; petals obovate to flabel- late, 2.1 – 3.9 by 1.7 – 2.5 mm, contort, yellow, lower part some- times claw-like, apex rounded, glabrous; disc annular, fleshy, margin entire, 0.4 (inner margin) – 0.8 mm (outer margin) diam; stamens 3, androphore 0.3 – 0.6 mm long, 0.2 – 0.3 mm diam, free part of filaments 0.4 – 0.5 mm long, anthers free, globose to ellipsoid, 0.4 – 0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers 6 – 7 mm diam, buds somewhat conical; pedicel thickening toward apex, 2 – 5.5 mm long, apically 0.5 – 0.9 mm diam when flowering, elongating to 4 – 9 mm long, apically 0.6 – 1 mm diam when fruiting, pubescent; sepals lanceolate to elliptic, 1.5 – 4.5 by 0.7 – 1.6 mm, base connate, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate; petals and disc as staminate flowers; ovary 1 – 1.2 mm diam, densely pubescent, style indistinct, stigmas 0.4 – 1 mm long, slightly thickened and sometimes slightly bifid at apex. Fruits 1 – 1.1 cm diam, hirsute; sepals persistent, but not accrescent; wall 0.3 – 0.4 (– 0.5) mm thick, exocarp not detaching; columella 4.5 – 6.5 mm long. Seeds 6 – 7 mm diam, marbled; hilum orbicu- lar or rhombic, 1.2 – 1.7 by 1.1 – 1.5 mm. Distribution — Myanmar (Upper Chindwin, in Sagaing or Kachin region), Thailand, Vietnam. Habitat & Ecology — Understorey in dry evergreen forests, on limestone. Elevation: 140 – 820 m. Flowering: all year round; fruiting: March, September. Note — The species is relatively common in Thailand and Vietnam. Only two collections are known from Myanmar (Chin? 5849 and Griffith KD 4741). The plant sometimes has the similar translucent (oil?) dots in the green parts as T. eberhardtii. The staminate buds are usually globose (petals still contort), but in most other species they are often conical.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B3DFF27FFAEF2C6ECB7B222.taxon	description	Trigonostemon rubescens Gagnep. (1922) 754; (1925 b) 317, syn. nov. — Lectotype (designated here): Thorel 2290 (P, barcode P 00717140; iso NY *, barcode NY 00273346, P, barcodes P 00717141, P 00717142, US *, barcode US 00096544), Laos, Kong et île de Khon. — Other syntypes: Pierre 6281 (P, barcodes P 00717139, P 00648668, P 00648669, P 00648670), Cambo- dia, Kompong Spen, Mont Ramcon; Pierre 6282 (K, barcode K 000959312, P, barcodes P 00717143, P 00717144, P 00717145), Vietnam, Phu-Quoc. Shrubs, 0.5 – 1.5 m tall; flowering branches 1.2 – 3.2 mm diam, slightly to densely pubescent. Indumentum of simple and stellately bundled hairs. Outer bark c. 0.1 mm thick, greyish to dark brown; inner bark 0.1 – 0.2 mm thick, dark reddish, sap clear, watery, black or dark red in dry material; wood yellow or brown. Stipules acicular to subulate, 0.6 – 2.3 mm long, caducous, pubescent at base. Leaves: petiole terete, slightly grooved above, 0.5 – 2.5 cm long, 0.6 – 1.9 mm diam, densely pubescent to glabrescent; blade oblong to elliptic, rarely obovate or (ob) lanceolate, 3.5 – 15 by 0.5 – 6.3 cm, chartaceous to coriaceous, base acute to rounded, adaxial glands 2, falcate, blackish, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate, upper surface dull dark green, lower surface dull light green, both surfaces densely to slightly pubescent, when slightly pubescent then often only simple hairs present; venation triplinerved, pubescent on both sides, midrib and basal secondary veins flat above and elevated below, other secondary veins 2 – 8 pairs, bow-shaped and connected along margin, tertiary veins and veinlets reticulate. Inflorescences bisexual, axillary or terminal large panicles; main axis terete, 3 – 29 cm long, 0.4 – 1.2 mm diam, dull red, often pubescent, rarely glabrescent; bracts lanceolate to linear, 0.5 – 17 by 0.1 – 1.9 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers 4.1 – 6.6 mm diam; pedicel 2.5 – 7 mm long, 0.15 – 0.5 mm diam, pale light green to dull reddish, pubescent to glabrescent; sepals elliptic, 1 – 2.6 by 0.5 – 1.6 mm, pale light green to dull light yellow or reddish, base connate, margin entire, sometimes ciliate, apex acute to rounded, pubescent to glabrescent outside; petals obovate to spathulate, 3.3 – 6.4 by 1.6 – 4.2 mm, white, dark red, deep maroon or dark purple, lower part sometimes claw-like, apex rounded, glabrous; disc annular, somewhat plicate, light orange, glabrous, margin undulate, 0.3 – 0.45 mm wide; stamens 3, androphore 0.35 – 0.7 mm long, 0.2 – 0.5 mm diam, cream, anthers ellipsoid, 0.5 – 0.8 mm long, cream. Pistillate flowers 5.3 – 8.9 (– 13) mm diam; pedicel slightly thickening toward apex, 8 – 20 mm long, apically 0.4 – 1 mm diam when flowering, elongating in fruit to (0.8 –) 1.6 – 3.4 cm long, apically 0.7 – 1.5 mm diam, pubescent, glabrescent; sepals elliptic to oblong, 3 – 6 by 1.1 – 2.2 mm, base connate, margin entire, sometimes ciliate, apex acute to acuminate, pubescent outside; petals as staminate flowers but larger, 5.9 – 9 by 2.6 – 6 mm; disc as staminate flowers; ovary 1.3 – 1.6 mm diam, pubescent, light yellow or green, style absent, stigmas thickening toward apex, 0.7 – 0.8 mm long, apically 0.5 – 0.6 mm wide, white, pale light yellow or cream, furrowed above, apically not bifid. Fruits 1 – 1.3 cm diam, green, pubescent; sepals persistent but not accrescent; wall 0.4 – 0.6 mm thick, exocarp partly detach- ing; columella 4.2 – 5.8 mm long. Seeds 4.6 – 6.3 mm diam, often marbled; hilum oblong to elliptic to triangular, 0.7 – 1.8 by 0.5 – 1 mm. Distribution — Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam. Habitat & Ecology — Often in open areas in dry dipterocarp forests, or in seasonal deciduous pine or Melaleuca forests, occasionally in waste lands or swampy forests. Often growing in sandy or rocky soil, sometimes along roads or rivers. Eleva- tion: 20 – 300 m. Flowering: all year round; fruiting: January to June, August, October. Notes — 1. This is a common species in Thailand and Indochina. The species displays a continuous variation in the indumentum: from very dense stellately bundled hairs (as represented by the type collection of T. reidioides) to relatively sparse and mostly simple hairs (but stellately bundled hairs are still present; as in the type collections of T. rubescens). Trigonostemon hybridus represents an intermediate form between the above mentioned two, and Gagnepain (1922) even considered it as a hybrid form. As morphological discontinuities are lacking, T. hybridus and T. rubescens are placed in synonymy. Only two species of Trigonostemon (the other species is T. balgooyi R. Y. Yu & Welzen from Johor, Malaysia) have an indumentum of both simple and stellately bundled hairs, making it a useful character in identification. 2. Several specimens (probably ‘ duplicates’) are present under the collection number Pierre 6282. Of these specimens, one was identified as T. hybridus and the others as T. rubescens. In order to avoid confusion, we select Pierre 6282 (P, barcode P 00717109) as the lectotype of T. hybridus (based on the specimen label) and the other specimens under this number are cited as syntypes of T. rubescens. Thorel 2290 (P, barcode P 00717140) is selected as the lectotype of T. rubescens.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B3EFF27FFAEF5A1EAB6B0D2.taxon	distribution	Distribution — NE India, Bangladesh. Habitat & Ecology — In forests. Elevation: 670 – 1000 m. Flowering: May. Note — See note under T. flavidus.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B3EFF26FCE1F7F0EFC2B3D6.taxon	description	Trigonostemon tuberculatus F. Du & Ju He in Du et al. (2010) 111, f. 1, 2. — Type: Du, He & Zhang 200401 (holo SWFC, not seen), China, Yunnan, Yuanjiang. Shrubs, up to 2 m tall; flowering branches 2.3 – 2.5 mm diam, densely pubescent. Bark 0.1 – 0.2 mm thick, pale brown; wood yellow to brown. Stipules subulate, 0.5 – 0.7 mm long, caducous, densely pubescent at base, often buried in hairs. Leaves: petiole terete, 1.4 – 3.3 cm long, 0.8 – 1 mm diam, densely pubescent; blade ovate, 4.4 – 6.9 by 1.6 – 4.7 cm, coriaceous, base acute to truncate, 2 adaxial glands present, margin distantly serrate, teeth glandular, apex acute, both surfaces densely pubescent; venation often palmate, densely pubescent on both sides; midrib and basal secondary veins slightly elevated on both surfaces, other secondary veins 5 – 7 pairs, bifurcate and con- nected along margin, tertiary veins scalariform, obscure, veinlets reticulate, obscure. Inflorescences seemingly unisexual, axillary or terminal panicles; main axis terete, 2.7 – 5 cm long, 0.5 – 1 mm diam, densely pubescent; bracts lanceolate, 0.8 – 1.8 by 0.5 – 0.8 mm, densely pubescent. Staminate flowers 4.1 – 6.1 mm diam; pedicel 1.6 – 2.7 mm long, 0.3 – 0.5 mm diam, densely pubescent; sepals elliptic, 1.5 – 3 by 0.9 – 1.5 mm, base connate, margin entire, apex acute, pubescent outside; petals spathu- late, 3 – 3.8 by 1.4 – 2 mm, apex rounded, yellow, glabrous; disc annular, c. 0.4 mm wide, pubescent; stamens 3, androphore 0.9 – 1 mm long, 0.15 – 0.2 mm diam, anthers ellipsoid, 0.6 – 0.7 mm long. Pistillate flowers (Du et al. 2010): sepals elliptic, c. 3 mm long, with buff vesicles, densely tomentose outside; petals narrowly elliptic, c. 4 mm long, glabrous, with or without 1 – 2 dichotomous glands; disc unknown; ovary tuberculate, densely long tomentose, stigmas bifid at apex. Fruits (Du et al. 2010) oblate, c. 3 cm diam, green when young, warts 1 – 2 mm diam. Seeds (Du et al. 2010) flat, elliptic, 0.9 – 1 cm long, c. 0.6 mm diam; aril c. 1 mm thick, spongy, green. Distribution — China (Yuanjiang, Yunnan; endemic). Habitat & Ecology — On hill slopes, on the banks of the Yuanjiang river, in arid areas. Elevation: c. 300 m. Flowering: March. Notes — 1. The species has a few very unusual characters: it is the only species known to have a pubescent disc; the fruits are very warty and exceptionally large; the seeds have a green aril (Du et al. 2010). 2. We have only seen one collection of the species; the description of pistillate flowers, fruits and seeds is based on Du et al. 2010. The colour of the staminate petals (yellow) was known from photos by Si-Yu Zhang posted on Plant Photo Bank of China (http: // ppbc. iplant. cn /).	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B3FFF26FFAEF4F5EC37B58A.taxon	description	Description & Taxonomic notes — See Yu & Van Welzen 2018. Distribution — Thailand, Malay Peninsula.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B3FFF26FFAEF2D6EDA7B25A.taxon	description	Trigonostemon villosus Hook. f. var. nicobaricus (Chakrab.) N. P. Balakr. & Chakrab. (1991) 629. — Trigonostemon nicobaricus Chakrab. (1984) 203. — Type: Dwivedi 8521 (holo 8521 A CAL, barcode CAL 0000023667, iso 8521 B, 8521 C, 8521 D, 8521 E, PBL, not seen), India, Great Nicobar Island, 9 km on East-West road. Small trees, 5 – 7 m tall; flowering branches 2.8 – 3.8 mm diam, pubescent when young. Outer bark c. 0.1 mm thick, flaky, pale brownish; inner bark c. 0.1 mm thick, dark reddish; wood pale yellow. Stipules subulate, 0.8 – 1 mm long, caducous. Leaves: petiole terete but grooved above, 0.3 – 1 cm long, c. 2.3 mm diam, pubescent; blade oblanceolate, 6.5 – 23.8 by 2.1 – 5.6 cm, chartaceous, base abruptly narrowed, rounded to obtuse, 2 adaxial glands present, margin distantly serrate, apex acumi- nate to caudate, upper surface glabrescent, slightly pubescent beneath; venation pinnate; midrib slightly raised above and elevated beneath, secondary veins 13 – 18 pairs, slightly curved and connected along margin, tertiary veins reticulate. Inflorescences unisexual, terminal or axillary, staminate ones racemose thyrses, pistillate ones racemes; axis up to 4.8 – 11.7 cm long, 0.4 – 0.6 mm diam, slightly pubescent; bracts lanceolate to ellip- tic, 1.5 – 7 by 0.4 – 0.7 mm, pubescent outside. Staminate flowers (Chakrabarty 1984): pedicel 2 – 5 mm long, apically 0.4 – 0.7 mm diam, basally 0.1 – 0.3 mm diam, puberulous; sepals oblong to triangular, 1 – 1.5 by 0.7 – 1.2 mm, margin ciliate, puberulous outside; petals spathulate to obovate, c. 2.5 by 1.2 – 1.5 mm, blackish crimson, pilose to glabrous; disc glands c. 0.5 mm long; stamens 3, androphore 1 – 1.3 mm long, anthers ellipsoid to orbicular, 0.6 – 0.7 mm long. Pistillate flowers (Chakrabarty 1984): pedicel 3.5 – 4 mm long, apically c. 1 mm diam, basally c. 0.5 mm diam, tomentose; sepals ovate to lanceolate, 4 – 6 by 1.5 – 2 mm, margin denticulate to entire, apex acuminate, puberulose outside, without gland or appendage; petals oblong to elliptic, c. 2 by 1 – 1.2 mm, blackish crimson, sparsely pilose outside; disc glands c. 0.5 mm long; ovary c. 1 mm diam, densely puberulose, stigmas c. 0.8 mm long, erect and apically bifid. Fruits and seeds not seen. Distribution — India (Great Nicobar Island, endemic). Habitat & Ecology — Primary hill forests. Flowering: May. Notes — 1. This variety is only known from the type collec- tion. We have only seen juvenile flowers in the specimen. The description of the staminate and pistillate flowers is based on Chakrabarty (1984). 2. This variety very closely resembles T. villosus Hook. f. var. borneensis (Merr.) Airy Shaw. The geographical distributions of the two varieties are also close (Great Nicobar Island for T. villosus var. nicobaricus and Sumatra as the western limit of T. villosus var. borneensis). The variety nicobaricus appears different in the somewhat longer leaf blades with an abruptly narrowed base.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B3FFF21FCE0F578EC98B492.taxon	description	Trigonostemon chatterjii Deb & G. K. Deka (1965) 577; N. P. Balakr. (1983) 427. — Trigonostemon viridissimus (Kurz) Airy Shaw var. chatterjii (Deb & G. K. Deka) N. P. Balakr. & Chakrab. (1984 c) 967, syn. nov.; (1991) 635; Talukdar et al. (2015) 10. — Type: Deka 19 (holo CAL (19 A), barcode CAL 0000023655; iso ASSAM * (19 B – 19 E), India, Meghalaya, Jowai dist., Dawki. Trigonostemon viridissimus (Kurz) Airy Shaw var. confertifolius N. P. Balakr. & N. G. Nair (1982) 36, syn. nov.; N. P. Balakr. & Chakrab. (1991) 635. — Type: Balakrishnan & Nair 4773 (holo CAL (4773 A), not found; iso L (4773 B), not found, PBL (4773 C – 4773 E), not seen), India, North Andamans, Saddle Peak.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B3FFF21FCE0F578EC98B492.taxon	distribution	Distribution — India, Myanmar (Mergui), China, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philip- pines, Lesser Sunda Islands. Habitat & Ecology — Primary to secondary forests, along coasts to hillsides, sometimes along rivers. Note — The species has perhaps the widest distribution in the genus and displays a wide range of morphological variation, even within its type locality, the Andamans (India). Because the variation appears to be continuous, it was not possible to distinguish between binomials; we thus treat them as a single species.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B38FF21FFAEF1BFEDCBB2C9.taxon	description	Trigonostemon kwangsiensis Hand. - Mazz. (1932) 130. — Type: Ching 7729 (A, barcode A 00048864, NY, barcode NY 00273338), China, Guangxi, Bako Schan.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B38FF21FFAEF1BFEDCBB2C9.taxon	description	Inflorescences erect and glabrous, axis monopodial; styles distinct, up to 0.7 mm long. Styles sometimes indistinct, 0.2 – 0.4 mm long; stigmas bent. Distribution — China, Laos, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, Bor- neo. Habitat & Ecology — Growing on sandy loam to sandy stone. Elevation: 170 – 670 m. Flowering: March to September; fruiting: July, October.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B38FF21FFAEF03DEC3CB610.taxon	description	Trigonostemon viridissimus (Kurz) Airy Shaw var. viridissimus: Airy Shaw (1975) 205. Inflorescences pendulous and often pubescent, axis sympodial branching (at least at tertiary and lower branches). Style distinct, up to 0.7 mm long; stigmas often erect. Distribution — India (Andamans, Assam), Myanmar (Mergui), Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Islands. Habitat & Ecology — Elevation: 0 – 450 m. Flowering: all year round; fruiting: January, May, July, November.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B38FF20FCE1F597EAC4B928.taxon	distribution	Distribution — China (Hainan, endemic?). Habitat & Ecology — Understorey in forests. Flowering: July; fruiting: April, July, September to October. Note — The species is both morphologically and phyloge- netically (Yu et al. 2019) close to T. aurantiacus, but the leaves are much larger and lighter in colour.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B3AFF23FFAEF6E6EC02B3E6.taxon	description	Note — The species was described based on incomplete material. There are two sheets of Wallich 8001 in Kew: barcodes K 000246857 and K 000246858. On the first sheet, a drawing shows 10 fully separate stamens (10 separate filaments can be clearly seen), which is atypical for Trigonostemon; on the second sheet, there is a mixed assemblage of, as Airy Shaw (1982 b) described, Croton chlorocalyx and Trigonostemon praetervisus. However, we were unable to designate a genus to the material. Therefore, the species is treated as doubtful here.	en	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
