taxonID	type	description	language	source
6F548790FFC6560CFF74F8B5FD22FE4E.taxon	materials_examined	(voucher 2022 - FLP-IMM- 0228) (Table 1, Fig. 1)	en	Sherer, Alexander, Raghuraman, Savitri, Nakahara, Shinichi, Gallice, Geoffrey (2025): Immature stages and host plant records for the skipper butterflies Xeniades orchamus (Cramer, 1777), Dubia dubia (Bell, 1932), and Tricrista canta (Evans, 1955) in the Peruvian Amazon (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Hesperiini). Zootaxa 5609 (3): 390-404, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5609.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5609.3.5
6F548790FFC6560CFF74F8B5FD22FE4E.taxon	description	Larval instar n- 3: Head capsule mostly light brown, with dark brown along epicranial suture, lateral adfrontal lines, and broadly on center of face. One pair of light brown markings close to the epicranial suture above the frons and light brown adfrontal areas. Epicranial notch insignificant. Epicranial suture dark brown and extending over frons. Dark brown coloration present as raised sculpture on lateral areas of head capsule. Except for spiky areas near vertex, entire head capsule with coarse, shallow sculpture. Setae white and numerous. 6 stemmata present, stemma 5 slightly larger than others and closer to stemma 6 than stemma 4. Clypeus translucent orange and labrum translucent white. Body with prothoracic shield visible as black dorsal band. Testes noticeable as two creamy-white spots via semi-translucent dorsally on A 6. Integument purple-brown on segments T 1 – 3 and A 8 – 9, solid green A 2 – 6, and fading between colors on A 1 and A 7. Orange spiracles on T 1 and A 1 – 8, with tracheal system visible along spiracles through integument. Subspiracular ridge white, orange to pink below each spiracle. Medium-length dense setae interspersed with longer setae across body. Anal shield dark purple. Legs dark reddish-brown. Prolegs white. Larval instar n- 2: Head capsule similar to previous instar with base color dark yellow and with more extensive dark brown frontally. Adfrontal areas dark brown, no longer light-colored. Setae white and longer than previous instar. Anteclypeus black. Body similar to previous instar but subspiracular ridge faded to translucent white, colors slightly darker, and anal shield black. Testes creamy-white. Larval instar n- 1: Head capsule similar to previous instar with base color orange and previously dark brown areas now black, more solid dark coloration frontally and increasingly intermixed with orange moving outwards. Long, sturdy setae. Clypeus orange and anteclypeus black with translucent cream transverse stripe. Body with integument entirely translucent dark purple, green internally. Bright red coloration surrounding spiracles, extending to the otherwise white subspiracular ridge. Legs light brown. Prolegs pink. Body covered in long white setae. Testes light translucent red. Larval instar n: Head capsule similar to previous instar but dark reddish brown with wax in dense patches. Mouthparts dark. Setae longer and denser. Body similar to previous instar but with yellow internal structures visible on A 5. White wax ventrally on A 7 – 8. A 8 – 9 black dorsally. Pink digestive tract visible inside abdomen dorsally. Testes light translucent red. Pupa: Head and thorax dark reddish-brown, fading to orange-brown abdomen. Final abdominal segment and cremaster dark reddish-brown. Medium-length orange setae in patches on head and prothorax, with shorter setae on rest of body. Cylindrical cephalic projection, curved ventrally and with orange setae distally. Maxillae separated from body, extending slightly beyond cremaster. Head and thorax dorsally with patches of white wax, concentrated in crevices. Remainder of body with thin waxy coating, slightly less dense on posterior half of body. Cremaster attached to a densely woven silk shelter structure.	en	Sherer, Alexander, Raghuraman, Savitri, Nakahara, Shinichi, Gallice, Geoffrey (2025): Immature stages and host plant records for the skipper butterflies Xeniades orchamus (Cramer, 1777), Dubia dubia (Bell, 1932), and Tricrista canta (Evans, 1955) in the Peruvian Amazon (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Hesperiini). Zootaxa 5609 (3): 390-404, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5609.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5609.3.5
6F548790FFC0560EFF74FA2FFDEAFE68.taxon	materials_examined	(voucher 2022 - FLP-IMM- 0141) (Table 1, Fig. 2)	en	Sherer, Alexander, Raghuraman, Savitri, Nakahara, Shinichi, Gallice, Geoffrey (2025): Immature stages and host plant records for the skipper butterflies Xeniades orchamus (Cramer, 1777), Dubia dubia (Bell, 1932), and Tricrista canta (Evans, 1955) in the Peruvian Amazon (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Hesperiini). Zootaxa 5609 (3): 390-404, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5609.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5609.3.5
6F548790FFC0560EFF74FA2FFDEAFE68.taxon	description	Larval instar n- 1: Head capsule dark brown with coarse, shallow sculpturing on anterior face, spiky texture laterally and dorsally. Epicranial suture extends to slightly less than halfway down front of capsule. Vertex flat with epicranial notch insignificant. White markings extending from adjacent to epicranial suture, upwards to vertex, and along lateral borders halfway down head capsule. White markings on adfrontal areas. Pair of small white oval markings along lower border of frons. Posterior side of head capsule with paired white markings along lateral border, one pair on either side of vertex and one pair on either side of mouthparts. 6 stemmata present, stemma 5 slightly larger than the others and closer to stemma 6 than stemma 4. Body with integument green, dorsally and dorsolaterally patterned with transverse stripes, alternating between several thin bright yellow stripes and pattern of one broad black transverse stripe between a pair of pale yellow stripes. Stripes thinner on T 2 and T 3 but otherwise similar patterning as abdomen. Prothoracic shield present as a broad black band on white T 1. Spiracles black and tracheal system passing through. Pale green subspiracular longitudinal stripe. Body covered in short, transparent setae. Anal shield translucent gray with faint black posterior border and slightly longersetae than the other segments. Legs translucent white. Prolegs yellow. Larval instar n: Head capsule similar to previous instar but with more extensive cream coloration on anterior and posterior faces. Black anteriorly reduced to along lateral borders, epicranial suture, lateral adfrontal sutures, and two patches in the upper-center of each vertical hemisphere of the head capsule. Body with integument mostly black. Prothoracic shield visible as black band. T 2 and T 3 dorsally with narrow, bright yellow transverse bands. Abdominal segments dorsally with 2 pale yellow intermediately thick transverse bands, with alternating pattern of either 5 bright yellow thin bands or black space between. Yellow bands do not extend to dorsolateral area. Supraspiracular yellow markings present as in first instar, along with black spiracles and subspiracular band. Legs translucent light green with orange claws. Prolegs orange. Setae and anal shield same as previous instar. Wax glands ventrally on A 4 – A 8. Pupa: Overall yellow and largely coated in translucent white wax. Head with orange cephalic projection and orange borders of segments. Orange at wing bases. Thorax and abdomen with orange spiracles. Body relatively consistent in width throughout, tapering at cremaster. Cremaster dark orange and covered in dense patches of wax, attached to molt by silken thread.	en	Sherer, Alexander, Raghuraman, Savitri, Nakahara, Shinichi, Gallice, Geoffrey (2025): Immature stages and host plant records for the skipper butterflies Xeniades orchamus (Cramer, 1777), Dubia dubia (Bell, 1932), and Tricrista canta (Evans, 1955) in the Peruvian Amazon (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Hesperiini). Zootaxa 5609 (3): 390-404, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5609.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5609.3.5
6F548790FFC25600FF74FE4DFAF9FCE4.taxon	materials_examined	(voucher 2022 - FLP-IMM- 0262) (Table 1, Fig. 3)	en	Sherer, Alexander, Raghuraman, Savitri, Nakahara, Shinichi, Gallice, Geoffrey (2025): Immature stages and host plant records for the skipper butterflies Xeniades orchamus (Cramer, 1777), Dubia dubia (Bell, 1932), and Tricrista canta (Evans, 1955) in the Peruvian Amazon (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Hesperiini). Zootaxa 5609 (3): 390-404, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5609.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5609.3.5
6F548790FFC25600FF74FE4DFAF9FCE4.taxon	description	Larval instar n- 3: Head capsule entirely dark brown except for translucent light brown labrum. Epicranial suture extends halfway down capsule. Capsule covered in white setae and wax coating, with short spikes at borders laterally and dorsally, otherwise with coarse, shallow sculpture. Six stemmata present, with stemma 5 larger than the others and closer to stemma 6 than stemma 4. Body with integument shiny, translucent yellow-green, covered in short, sparse setae. Testes noticeable as two creamy-white spots via semi-translucent dorsally on A 6. Prothoracic shield visible as transverse black band. Body internally green due to contents of feeding. White spiracles particularly distinct on A 8 – 9, with tracheal system passing through. Anal shield translucent gray with longer, denser setae. Prothoracic legs dark brown. Mesothoracic and metathoracic legs pale translucent orange. Prolegs translucent white. Larval instar n- 2: Head capsule dark brown, with a lighter brown vertical stripe on each side of epicranial suture. Body similar to previous instar but setae slightly longer and tracheal system visible as white longitudinal line along white spiracles, dorsal to a white subspiracular stripe. Integument duller than previously, shiny at intervals where integument folds inwards. Prothoracic legs black. Larval instar n- 1: Head capsule mostly white, with dark brown along epicranial suture, dorsal and lateral borders of capsule, and frons. Light brown setae. Coated in irregular patches of white wax. Body similar to previous instar with prothoracic shield reduced and thinner. T 1 – A 6 dark green, A 7 yellow-green, and A 8 – 9 light yellow. Translucent white kidney-shaped testes visible dorsally in A 5 – 6. Larval instar n: Head capsule similar to previous instar with more extensive wax coating after molt. Body with integument more wrinkled than previous instar, forming bunched pale yellow bands that are particularly obvious on the thorax. Prothoracic shield divided dorsomedially. Spiracles light pink in center, otherwise white. Testes light translucent orange. Wax glands visible ventrally on A 6 – A 8. Pupa: Head, thorax, and anterior region of abdomen dark reddish-brown, fading to dark orange on posterior abdomen. Abdominal intersegments light orange. Constricted slightly between prothorax and wing cases. Covered in a thin coating of white wax, with irregular dense patches. Orange cremaster attached to molt by wax.	en	Sherer, Alexander, Raghuraman, Savitri, Nakahara, Shinichi, Gallice, Geoffrey (2025): Immature stages and host plant records for the skipper butterflies Xeniades orchamus (Cramer, 1777), Dubia dubia (Bell, 1932), and Tricrista canta (Evans, 1955) in the Peruvian Amazon (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Hesperiini). Zootaxa 5609 (3): 390-404, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5609.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5609.3.5
6F548790FFCC5600FF74FC39FBBBFAC0.taxon	biology_ecology	Immature stages of X. orchamus, D. dubia, and T. canta were collected from a stand of G. weberbaueri plants found on property adjacent to FLP (Figure 5). Guadua weberbaueri is a large, clumping bamboo species that grows in open, disturbed tropical lowland forest throughout the region, as well as in large stands embedded within less disturbed forest areas. The stand of G. weberbaueri on which immature butterflies were found in this study was located near a fragment of swamp habitat dominated by the palm Mauritiua flexuosa and surrounded by heavily disturbed agricultural land with sparse tree cover. Other similarly-sized and larger stands of G. weberbaueri are also present in the area surrounding FLP. The larva of X. orchamus was collected from the abaxial side of a moderately damaged leaf approximately 0.5 meters above the ground, positioned evenly between the midrib and the margin near the apex of the leaf. The larva of D. dubia was found approximately 1.6 meters above the ground on the abaxial side of an undamaged leaf, and the individual was situated at the apex of the leaf along the midrib. Finally, the larva of T. canta was collected from a leaf with light damage approximately 0.4 meters above the ground, positioned adaxially along the margin between the apex and base of the leaf. Larvae of all three species were found on mature leaves.	en	Sherer, Alexander, Raghuraman, Savitri, Nakahara, Shinichi, Gallice, Geoffrey (2025): Immature stages and host plant records for the skipper butterflies Xeniades orchamus (Cramer, 1777), Dubia dubia (Bell, 1932), and Tricrista canta (Evans, 1955) in the Peruvian Amazon (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Hesperiini). Zootaxa 5609 (3): 390-404, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5609.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5609.3.5
