identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
71174D5B811A9734FF4BA8292E4C10A1.text	71174D5B811A9734FF4BA8292E4C10A1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brachiosaurus brancai Janensch 1914	<div><p>Brachiosaurus brancai Janensch, 1914</p><p>Giraffatitan brancai (Taylor, 2009)</p><p>Brachiosaurus fraasi Janensch, 1914</p><p>The genus  Brachiosaurus was introduced in 1903 by the Chicago-based paleontologist Elmar Samuel Riggs to describe finds discovered in western Colorado ( B. altithorax). The name alludes to the enormous size and unusual length of the dinosaur’s upper arm bones (humeri). 38 It derives from the Greek words βραΧίων / brachíōn (“arm”) and σαυρα / saúra, and roughly means “arm lizard.”</p><p>Brachiosaurus brancai was not only the largest dinosaur to be excavated at Tendaguru, it was also among the first of the expedition’s specimens to be rigorously studied and described as a new species. Werner Janensch dedicated the specific name “with gratitude and the greatest admiration and respect” to Wilhelm von Branca, the geologist and paleontologist who headed the Geological and Paleontological Institute and Museum from 1899 to 1917, 39 and described him as “[the man] to whom we owe the launching and organization of the entire expedition.” 40</p><p>Shortly after Janensch’s species description was published, however, doubts were expressed regarding his referral of the species to the genus  Brachiosaurus, and these doubts were never entirely dispelled. 41 Even so, it took almost one hundred years before the specimen was reclassified. In 2009, British paleontologist Michael P. Taylor performed a comparative analysis of the North American  Brachiosaurus altithorax (the type species for  Brachiosaurus) and the East African  B. brancai, and came to two conclusions: that they belonged to different genera and that  B. brancai should be placed in the genus  Giraffatitan, as proposed by Gregory S. Paul in 1988. 42 This Latinized genus name alludes to the dinosaur’s giraffe-like form and enormous—titanic—size. 43</p><p>34 Janensch,“Das Handskelett,” 464.</p><p>35 Remes, “Revision of the Tendaguru Sauropod”; Remes, “Taxonomy of Late Jurassic Diplodocid Sauropods.”</p><p>36 Wild, “Die Ostafrika-Reise von Eberhard Fraas,” 2.</p><p>37 Remes, “Revision of the Tendaguru Sauropod.”</p><p>38 Riggs,“  Brachiosaurus altithorax,” 299.</p><p>39 The Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut und Museum was one of three research and museum divisions of the Museum für Naturkunde at that time.</p><p>40 Janensch,“Wirbeltierfauna der Tendaguru-Schichten,” 94.</p><p>Interestingly, although there is now no question that the dinosaur’s proper name is  Giraffatitan brancai, the museum’s exhibition texts and its publications continue to refer to it as  Brachiosaurus brancai, as do the general public. 44 The use of this taxonomically incorrect name is a tribute to the immense and enduring popularity of the Museum für Naturkunde’s star exhibit. Its old name, now obsolete, has been associated with the specimen for so long that it has taken on something of the character of a common name, and it continues to draw the public in droves. In 1914, Janensch described an additional species based on fossil remains found in a neighboring stratum and named it  Brachiosaurus fraasi . This was the second time that he named a species after a natural scientist who played a critical role in getting the Tendaguru Expedition off the ground. That scientist was Eberhard Fraas, the first paleontologist to visit the site and conduct a brief but productive dig there in September 1907. Janensch wrote: “I am naming this species after Prof. Dr. E. Fraas, who to his great credit and under the most difficult of circumstances successfully conducted the first scientific study of dinosaur finds at Tendaguru.” 45 By 1929, however, Janensch himself suspected that  B. fraasi was synonymous with  B. brancai, 46 and  B. fraasi has not been used since.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/71174D5B811A9734FF4BA8292E4C10A1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stoecker, Holger;Ohl, Michael	Stoecker, Holger, Ohl, Michael (2024): Taxonomies at Tendaguru: How the Berlin Dinosaurs Got Their Names. In: Deconstructing Dinosaurs: The History of the German Tendaguru Expedition and Its Finds, 1906 – 2023. Brill: 233-254, DOI: 10.1163/9789004691063_015, URL: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004691063_015
71174D5B811B9734FDE5A9562E8114C6.text	71174D5B811B9734FDE5A9562E8114C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicraeosaurus hansemanni Janensch 1914	<div><p>Dicraeosaurus hansemanni Janensch, 1914</p><p>The genus name  Dicraeosaurus derives from the Greek δίΚραιος / díkraios, which literally means “forked.” This is a reference to the tall bifid neural spikes that extend out from the vertebrae on the neck and back of the saurian (σαῦρος / saúros).</p><p>The specimen was described by Werner Janensch, who chose to name it after David Paul von Hansemann, a pathologist and prosector at Berlin’s Rudolf Virchow Hospital: “I dedicate the species described here to Privy Councilor Prof. Dr. D. von Hansemann, whose efforts were so vital to the launching of the Tendaguru Expedition.” 47 David Paul von Hansemann came from a very wealthy family. His uncle, Adolph von Hansemann, was a mining magnate and the owner of Germany’s largest private bank at the time, the Diskonto-Gesellschaft. Hansemann was active in scientific associations, including the Society of Friends of Natural Science and the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory (Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte); on several occasions he co-edited journals published by these organizations. 48 He maintained a private collection of biological specimens for medical research and was a major donor to Berlin’s Museum für Naturkunde and other institutions. As the bestconnected member of the Tendaguru Committee, established in 1908, Hansemann was a major force in the expedition’s fundraising campaign and contributed greatly to its success. He also donated 500 marks of his own money, induced the Society of Friends of Natural Science to donate 10,000 marks, and delivered an anonymous donation of 50,000 marks. 49 Hansemann was thus actively involved in raising almost half of the expedition’s total funds. (For more on the role of Hansemann and the ‘marketing’ of the Tendaguru Expedition, see “On Donors and Sponsors,” pp. 64–97, and “Marketing Deep Time,” pp. 124–133.)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/71174D5B811B9734FDE5A9562E8114C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stoecker, Holger;Ohl, Michael	Stoecker, Holger, Ohl, Michael (2024): Taxonomies at Tendaguru: How the Berlin Dinosaurs Got Their Names. In: Deconstructing Dinosaurs: The History of the German Tendaguru Expedition and Its Finds, 1906 – 2023. Brill: 233-254, DOI: 10.1163/9789004691063_015, URL: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004691063_015
71174D5B811B9737FDE5AEB1289E14CF.text	71174D5B811B9737FDE5AEB1289E14CF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicraeosaurus sattleri Janensch 1914	<div><p>Dicraeosaurus sattleri Janensch, 1914</p><p>When Werner Janensch wrote the species description for this dinosaur, he chose the specific name  sattleri to honor Wilhelm Bernhard Sattler, a mining engineer who worked for a German colonial prospecting company called Lindi Schürfgesellschaft. Janensch prefaced his description with these words: “I dedicate the species described in the following [pages] to the discoverer of the dinosaur find site at Tendaguru, Mr. W. B. Sattler, an ever-helpful supporter of the expedition’s work.” 50 This identification of Sattler as the discoverer of the finds ensured his place in paleontological history but was not correct: he was merely the first European to view the fossils and subsequently relay news of them back to Germany. It was an African employee of the prospecting company that possessed knowledge of the site and led Sattler to it (see “Minerals and the Maji Maji War,” pp. 17–30).</p><p>45 Janensch, “Wirbeltierfauna der Tendaguru-Schichten,” 98.</p><p>46 Janensch, “Material und Formengehalt der Sauropoden,” 5.</p><p>47 Janensch, “Wirbeltierfauna der Tendaguru-Schichten,” 107.</p><p>48 Böhme-Kassler, Gemeinschaftsunternehmen Naturforschung, 176; Zepernick, “Die Mitglieder,” 136.</p><p>49 “Liste der Spender für die Tendaguru-Expedition,” 1910, I. HA, Rep. 76, Va, Sekt. 2, Tit. X, no. 21 adh AI, pp. 46–47, GStA PK.</p><p>Sattler later helped paleontologist Eberhard Fraas conduct the first expert assessment of the site in 1907 and assisted the expedition in the first few months of excavations in 1909. He was a valuable partner to have, as he spoke several European and African languages and knew the local communities well. Sattler had lived in Africa since 1894, initially in Johannesburg, South Africa, where he completed training to become a pharmacist and subsequently worked as a chemist in a mining company. He moved to German East Africa in 1901, and in 1904 took part in a geological expedition to the hinterlands of Lindi led by Wilhelm Arning. Not long afterwards, he started working as a prospector and local operations head for Lindi Prospecting Company. He fought on the side of the Germans in the Maji Maji War in 1905 and “volunteered his Wanyamwesi workers as an auxiliary force.” 51 In 1907, he received the “Royal Prussian Order of the Crown 4th Class with Swords on a black and white ribbon” (Königlich-Preussischen Kronenorden 4. Klasse mit Schwertern am schwarz-weissen Bande) for his “successful action in combating the East African insurgency of 1906/07.” 52 The following year, in 1908, he was awarded the Knight’s Cross Second Class of the Royal Württemberg Order of Friedrich (Ritterkreuz II. Klasse des Königlich-württembergischen Friedrichs-Ordens) for services provided to Fraas’s Tendaguru expedition. 53 For his assistance in excavating the Tendaguru fossils, his name was put forward for the Order of the Red Eagle (Roter Adler Orden) in 1912. During that same year, he managed a plantation owned by the German East Africa Company (Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Gesellschaft) in Mikesse, not far from the town of Morogoro, 54 and co-founded a plantation company of his own called Voertmann – Sattler Pflanzungen.</p><p>50 Janensch, “Wirbeltierfauna der Tendaguru-Schichten,” 107.</p><p>Sattler had a reputation among his contemporaries as a colonial pragmatist who felt comfortable working with Africans. 55 This made him an ideal middleman between the German scientists and local African communities. A self-made man with a strong independent streak, he occasionally came into conflict with the law, as in 1911 and 1913, when he was investigated for hunting violations and the illegal possession of explosives. 56 In 1914, Sattler was part of an advance party sent to explore Olduvai Gorge in the north of the colony. His employer was Wilhelm Kattwinkel, a Munich-based neurologist and paleontologist whose plans to conduct a dig in the area were scuppered by the outbreak of World War I. During the war, Sattler served as a non-commissioned officer in the colonial army (Kaiserliche Schutztruppe). He died on October 25, 1915, when an African soldier under his command shot him while attempting to desert. 57 An item published in a scientific journal of the time offers a different account of Sattler’s death, according to which he was killed in a British prisoner of war camp. 58</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/71174D5B811B9737FDE5AEB1289E14CF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stoecker, Holger;Ohl, Michael	Stoecker, Holger, Ohl, Michael (2024): Taxonomies at Tendaguru: How the Berlin Dinosaurs Got Their Names. In: Deconstructing Dinosaurs: The History of the German Tendaguru Expedition and Its Finds, 1906 – 2023. Brill: 233-254, DOI: 10.1163/9789004691063_015, URL: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004691063_015
71174D5B81189736FF4BAEB12F291349.text	71174D5B81189736FF4BAEB12F291349.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kentrosaurus aethiopicus Hennig 1915	<div><p>Kentrosaurus aethiopicus Hennig, 1915</p><p>51 Preussisches Kultusministerium to Reichskolonialamt, November 18, 1912, p. 194, I. HA, Rep. 76, Va, Sekt. 2, Tit. X, no. 21 adh AI, GStA PK.</p><p>The genus name  Kentrosaurus means “prickle-bearing lizard” (from modern Greek Κεντρί / kentrí meaning “prickle” or “sharp point”). Edwin Hennig, who created this name, was referring to the characteristic sharp spikes that run down the tail of  Kentrosaurus . The specific name  aethiopicus refers to the region in which the species was found and was chosen to distinguish it “from all previously … identified species” within the group of Stegosaurids, which had been found “exclusively in the northern hemisphere.” 59 He deliberately chose  aethiopicus over  africanus, explaining that of the two Latin forms in question, the latter had “already been used many times, in particular for dinosaurs in southern and eastern Africa.” 60 The words Äthiopien, Äthiopier and äthiopisch were commonly used in German until the late twentieth century to mean “Africa” or “African” and did not refer specifically to the region of Ethiopia in northeastern Africa; it is in this sense that the name  aethiopicus was used. Until recently, the biogeographic region of Africa south of the Sahara and including Madagascar was referred to as the “Ethiopian” region. 61 When these various parts of the name are put together,  Kentrosaurus aethiopicus means “African spiked lizard.”</p><p>52 Biographical outline for Wilhelm Bernhard Sattler, I. HA, Rep. 76, Va, Sekt. 2, Tit. X, no. 21 adh AI, p. 196, GStA PK.</p><p>53 Biographical outline for Wilhelm Bernhard Sattler, p. 196.</p><p>54 Maier, African Dinosaurs Unearthed, 11.</p><p>55 Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Zeitung, “Dem Andenken Sattlers,” December 14, 1915.</p><p>56 Files G21/79 and G21/336, TNA.</p><p>57 Maier, African Dinosaurs Unearthed, 109, 172; Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Zeitung, “Dem Andenken Sattlers,” December 14, 1915.</p><p>58  Leopoldina, “Biographische Mitteilungen.”</p><p>59 Hennig, “  Kentrosaurus aethiopicus,” 235.</p><p>60 Hennig, 235.</p><p>61 Brown and Lomolino, Biogeography, 303.</p><p>A year after Hennig coined the genus name  Kentrosaurus, he learned that the genus name  Centrosaurus had already been introduced in 1904 to describe  C. apertus, a dinosaur discovered in Canada. According to the edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature that was in effect in 1915, a difference of one letter (the initial C versus K) was not sufficient to prevent homonymy. Hennig therefore needed a new genus name, 62 and in 1916, he replaced his homonymous  Kentrosaurus with  Kentrurosaurus (“spike-tailed lizard”), deliberately echoing the first version of the name. 63 Starting in the 1960s, however,  Kentrosaurus experienced a renaissance, and by the late 1990s, most paleontologists and science writers were using Hennig’s original  Kentrosaurus and not  Kentrurosaurus . 64</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/71174D5B81189736FF4BAEB12F291349	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stoecker, Holger;Ohl, Michael	Stoecker, Holger, Ohl, Michael (2024): Taxonomies at Tendaguru: How the Berlin Dinosaurs Got Their Names. In: Deconstructing Dinosaurs: The History of the German Tendaguru Expedition and Its Finds, 1906 – 2023. Brill: 233-254, DOI: 10.1163/9789004691063_015, URL: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004691063_015
71174D5B81159735FDE5A84F2BA51247.text	71174D5B81159735FDE5A84F2BA51247.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gigantosaurus africanus Fraas 1908	<div><p>Gigantosaurus africanus Fraas, 1908</p><p>Gigantosaurus robustus Fraas, 1908</p><p>The first person to name any of the Tendaguru specimens was Eberhard Fraas, a paleontologist from Stuttgart who had been the first scientist to visit the site in September 1907. Fraas described the enormous and relatively easily accessible bones he had found near the surface and taken with him to Stuttgart, and he selected for them the genus name  Gigantosaurus . The name derives from the Greek words γιγαντιαίος / gigantiaíos (“giant”) and σαύρα / saúra 31 (“lizard”). As Fraas explained, “the name  Gigantosaurus is particularly apt considering the enormous size of our African species.” 32 This genus name had previously been introduced by British paleontologist Harry Govier Seeley in 1869. The various species described by Seeley had since been reassigned to different genera, however, and Fraas believed that the genus name could be used again.</p><p>Fraas distinguished two species: the stocky  G. robustus (“robust giant lizard”) and the more delicate  G. africanus (“African giant lizard”). Doubts were soon raised by the German herpetologist Richard Sternfeld about the validity of these names, however. Sternfeld was not persuaded by Fraas’s argument that the genus name once used by Seeley had been “eliminated,” and accused Fraas of failing to follow the proper naming conventions. In 1911, he gave a new genus name—  Tornieria —to the two species described by Fraas as  Gigantosaurus . 33 In choosing this name, he was honoring Gustav Tornier, a fellow herpetologist from Berlin and a prominent member of the Berlin Society of Friends of Natural Science (Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin). Tornier had used his influence in the Society of Friends to promote the Tendaguru Expedition and had also been involved in mounting the American replica of  Diplodocus carnegii in the Museum für Naturkunde in 1909. Later, in 1922, after the remains of  Gigantosaurus africanus /  Tornieria africana had been fully prepared, another reclassification was made— this time by Werner Janensch, who tentatively referred the species to  Barosaurus, a genus described by American paleontologist Othniel Marsh in 1890. Derived from the Greek βαρύς / barýs (“heavy”),  Barosaurus means “heavy lizard.” 34 The referral to  Barosaurus was also disputed, however, and it is no longer considered to be the proper genus for either specimen. 35</p><p>30 Ohl, Art of Naming.</p><p>31 The feminine form σαύρα / saúra is used more frequently than the masculine σαῦρος / saúros. We would like to thank Eleonora Vratskidou for her assistance with etymological questions and her helpful explanations of Greek morphology.</p><p>32 Fraas, “Die Dinosaurier in Deutsch-Ostafrika,” 120n1.</p><p>33 Sternfeld, “Zur Nomenklatur,” 398.</p><p>The fossil remains of  Gigantosaurus robustus /  Tornieria robusta were reexamined in 1991 by Stuttgart-based paleontologist Rupert Wild and renamed  Janenschia robusta in honor of expedition leader Werner Janensch. 36 The second species,  africana, was reassigned to  Tornieria following a 2006 phylogenetic study which concluded that  Tornieria is a valid genus containing a single species by the name of  T. africana . 37</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/71174D5B81159735FDE5A84F2BA51247	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stoecker, Holger;Ohl, Michael	Stoecker, Holger, Ohl, Michael (2024): Taxonomies at Tendaguru: How the Berlin Dinosaurs Got Their Names. In: Deconstructing Dinosaurs: The History of the German Tendaguru Expedition and Its Finds, 1906 – 2023. Brill: 233-254, DOI: 10.1163/9789004691063_015, URL: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004691063_015
71174D5B81199730FDE5A9372EA71324.text	71174D5B81199730FDE5A9372EA71324.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki Pompeckj 1919	<div><p>Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki Pompeckj, 1919 /1920</p><p>When visitors to the Museum für Naturkunde enter the great dinosaur hall and turn to the right, they find themselves looking at an approximately four-meterlong, ninety-centimeter-high skeleton of a dinosaur known by the scientific name of  Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki . This dinosaur was described in 1919 by Josef Felix Pompeckj, a paleontologist and geologist who served as the director of the Geological and Paleontological Institute and Museum from 1917 to 1930. It was a small, omnivorous, hard-to-catch saurian that ran on two legs, and the genus name reflects this; it is derived from the Greek δυσάλωτος / dysálōtos (“hard to catch”) and σαῦρος / saúros (“lizard”).</p><p>The genus contains only a single species. It is called  D. lettowvorbecki, and the type specimen was excavated at the Kindope site, near Tendaguru. Pompeckj chose the name to honor Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck (1870–1964), a general in the colonial army of German East Africa and the supreme commander of the German armed forces in German East Africa during World War I. For over four years, Lettow-Vorbeck used guerilla tactics to evade the superior allied forces of Belgium and the United Kingdom, thereby avoiding a decisive engagement. It was with his reputation for agility in mind that Pompeckj named the uncatchable dinosaur after him: “The undefeated defender of German East Africa, General von Lettow-Vorbeck, permitted me to dedicate this species to him. It is with the greatest pleasure that I extend my gratitude to him.” 65</p><p>While engaged in tactical movements, the German colonial troops traveled through the area that lay between Lindi and the sites where the excavations had been conducted. It was here, near Mahiwa (south of Tendaguru), that the “greatest battle of all the war years in German East Africa” took place in the fall of 1917. 66 Lettow-Vorbeck’s military tactics violated multiple provisions of the Hague Land Warfare Convention. The victims of these violations were primarily the indigenous population: they were forced to work as bearers and their food supplies were seized. 67 Punitive expeditions were sent to any areas of unrest. When the war was over, Lettow-Vorbeck was glorified in Germany as an undefeated general. For monarchists still loyal to the dethroned kaiser, he was a national hero and an icon of the German colonial period. In the spring and summer of 1919, when Pompeckj was studying the remains of the  Dysalotosaurus specimen, Lettow-Vorbeck commanded a volunteer division involved in suppressing food riots in Hamburg. Not long afterwards, he and his unit joined the Kapp Putsch in an attempt to overthrow the young Weimar Republic. 68</p><p>62 Anderson,“  Kentrosaurus oder  Kentrurosaurus .”</p><p>63 Hennig, “Zweite Mitteilung,” 176.</p><p>64 Galton, “Postcranial Anatomy,” 139.</p><p>65 Pompeckj,“Das angebliche Vorkommen und Wandern,” 121n9.</p><p>In Pompeckj’s choice of name, we see a man positioning himself socially and politically during a time of extreme crisis in Germany following its defeat in World War I. It was a time shaped by the fall of the German Empire and the institutions that supported it: the monarchy had abdicated, the military was defeated, the country’s colonies were lost, the economy had collapsed, and there were food shortages. During these heated times, the academic community remained largely nationalist in its political outlook, like much of wider German society. There was great resentment over the Treaty of Versailles and widespread demands that Germany be permitted to retain its colonies. Right-wing reactionaries fomented unrest with slogans like “war guilt lie” and “colonial guilt lie.” 69 Lettow-Vorbeck was an extremely popular figure among these far-right forces, which vehemently rejected the democratic principles of the new Weimar Republic (1918–1933). A favorite of the media, which celebrated him as the “hero of East Africa,” he personified the military (largely led by aristocrats like himself), German colonial rule in Africa and Asia, and right-wing opposition to progress more generally. With the naming of a dinosaur species after Lettow-Vorbeck in 1919, colonial revisionism and veneration for a war criminal were written into the history of paleontology.</p><p>66 Schulte-Varendorff, Kolonialheld für Kaiser und Führer, 33.</p><p>67 Schulte-Varendorff, 50–59.</p><p>68 Michels, Der Held von Deutsch-Ostafrika, 277–87.</p><p>Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki is also interesting from the perspective of the history of science. Over the last several decades, both scientific and popular accounts have increasingly credited Hans Virchow, a contemporary of Pompeckj and a professor of anatomy at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin, with the description and naming of the dinosaur. 70 The actual describer, Josef Pompeckj, was acknowledged as such until the 1970s but has since been virtually forgotten.</p><p>This change in narrative was evidently the result of a concatenation of events that illustrates how the reality of writing and publishing species descriptions can at times deviate from the theoretical ideal. In October 1919, Virchow delivered a lecture to an assembly of the Berlin Society of Friends of Natural Science on the cervical vertebrae in turtles. Specifically, he discussed the first (known as the atlas) and the second (the axis or epistropheus) vertebrae. Prior to this, in the same month, Virchow had borrowed a number of items from the collection of the Geological Institute and Museum. According to a borrowing slip preserved in the Tendaguru archives, these included three cervical vertebrae, one vertebral body and one dens epistropheus belonging to “  Dysalotosaurus Lettow-Vorbecki Pomp. from the Kimmeridge (dinosaur marl) of Tendaguru, German East Africa.” 71 A few months later, in December 1919, Virchow’s lecture was published in the society’s annual collection of papers. Toward the end of his paper, Virchow presented a comparative analysis of two of the cervical vertebrae he had borrowed from the museum’s  Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki specimen: “Through the kindness of Mr. Pompetzkj [sic], I was given the opportunity to examine the epistropheus of an East African ornithopodous dinosaur,  Dysalotosaurus, from the Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of Tendaguru. This is extremely important in our context, since this epistropheus displays (if I’m interpreting it correctly) characteristics of birds, lizards and turtles—a strange combination, in other words.” 72 At no point did Virchow claim to have chosen the name or written the species description himself. Pompeckj, as indicated by the date on the borrowing slip, had completed the naming and description of the dinosaur before Virchow borrowed the specimens, but he did not take any further action until several months afterwards, perhaps in part because Virchow was late in returning the fossils. Pompeckj gave a reading of his description in March 1920 and published it a few months later in May. In this publication, he asserted his status as first describer by writing “POMP” (an abbreviation of his surname) after the scientific name. This was not questioned until at least the early 1970s, 73 at which point Virchow began to be identified in scientific literature as the author of the taxonomic name.</p><p>69 Laak, “Ist je ein Reich.” The Treaty of Versailles made Germany alone responsible for the war. It also contained a provision requiring Germany to renounce its colonial possessions.“The victorious powers justified this by claiming that Germany was not capable of acting in accordance with Europe’s ‘civilizing mission,’ leading to widespread resentment in Germany not only of the Versailles Treaty in general but of the colonial provisions in particular. This accusation by the victors was denounced as a ‘colonial guilt lie’ [Kolonialschuldlüge], and demands were made that the peace treaty be revised and Germany’s colonies be returned.” Metzler, “Krisen und Niedergang der europäischen Imperien.</p><p>70 Maier, African Dinosaurs Unearthed, 148; “  Dysalotosaurus,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/  Dysalotosaurus .</p><p>71 Borrowing slip for a period of three weeks, with a due date of November 15 [1919]; reminder issued on October 10, 1920; return of the items recorded on October 29, 1922. Tendaguru-Expedition 10.2, p. 77, Pal. Mus. S II, HBSB, MfN.</p><p>In no way is this supported by Virchow’s own article, however. To anyone who has read it, it is absolutely clear that his mention of the name  Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki was never intended to be construed as the naming of an as yet unknown dinosaur species. Moreover, it is readily apparent that Virchow did not create the name himself and that, in fact, he had been given the name of the dinosaur by Pompeckj (at the very least on the borrowing slip, if not in person). It is safe to assume that Virchow was not aware of the effect that publishing his own lecture prior to Pompeckj’s formal species description would have on the attribution of authorship of the name. There can be no doubt, therefore, that both authors intended for Pompeckj to be recognized as the author of the name  Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki . And the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature regarding authorship are unambiguous: “If it is clear from the contents that some person other than an author of the work is alone responsible both for the name … and for satisfying the criteria of availability …, then that other person is the author of the name” (Article 50.1.1) 74 In our view, this article applies to the case of  Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki, making Pompeckj the undisputable author of the species name. This interpretation is also entirely consistent with Virchow and Pompeckj’s own views regarding the authorship.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/71174D5B81199730FDE5A9372EA71324	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stoecker, Holger;Ohl, Michael	Stoecker, Holger, Ohl, Michael (2024): Taxonomies at Tendaguru: How the Berlin Dinosaurs Got Their Names. In: Deconstructing Dinosaurs: The History of the German Tendaguru Expedition and Its Finds, 1906 – 2023. Brill: 233-254, DOI: 10.1163/9789004691063_015, URL: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004691063_015
71174D5B8103972FFDE5ABC02B6B1305.text	71174D5B8103972FFDE5ABC02B6B1305.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Wamweracaudia keranjei Mannion, Schwarz, Upchurch, Wings 2019	<div><p>Wamweracaudia keranjei Mannion, Schwarz, Upchurch, Wings, 2019</p><p>Most recently, in 2019, a German-British research team introduced the new genus and species  Wamweracaudia keranjei . 106 The genus name is composed of two parts: the first refers to the Wamwera, who at the time of the excavations at Tendaguru were the most populous ethnic group in the region (they remain so today). The second part, cauda, is derived from Latin and means “tail.” This refers to the fossil remains of the caudal (or “tail”) vertebrae, which made up the holotype (the single type specimen on which the description and name of the new species were based). The specific name was chosen in recognition of the work of Mohammadi Keranje, who was a preparator on the Tendaguru dig. Keranje supervised the excavations of skeletons F, G and H; he was also part of the team that excavated quarry XVII and recovered skeleton X. 107 Among these skeletons were the vertebrae that constitute the holotype of  Wamweracaudia keranjei . Mohammadi Keranje had previously lent his name to skeleton H, which was named Mohammadisaurus for the duration of the dig (see “Taxonomies at Tendaguru” above, p. 237). 108 Although Keranje was well-respected among the German expedition heads, he was accused of theft in 1910 and sentenced to 18 lashes and three months’ hard labor shackled to a ball and chain. 109</p><p>His name indicates that he belonged to the Kalanje, a matrilineal Mwera lineage. In Kimwera (the language of the Mwera people), no distinction is made between r and l and so it is quite possible that the Germans unwittingly turned Kalanje into Karanje or Keranje. The Kalanje lived in Ruangwa, near Tendaguru, and are said to have played a leading role in the area. 110</p><p>The description and naming of  Wamweracaudia keranjei was based on a sequence of 30 caudal vertebrae and a few other bones that Janensch had originally identified as skeleton G,  Gigantosaurus robustus (since renamed  Janenschia robusta). 111 The binomial is a composite of Kimwera and Latin words and names, and it literally means “Wamwera-tail/tail-saurian of Mohammadi Keranje.”</p><p>The names that were created for the fossil remains around 1910 and that contained references to African places and people were always understood to be temporary placeholders for the taxonomic classifications to come, and they were not used beyond the time of the dig. Traces of these ephemeral names have survived only in the expedition’s field notes, now in the Tendaguru archives; they do not appear in other sources and were not mentioned in the scientific descriptions published by the paleontologists after they left the field and returned to the German academic community. Almost a century would pass before the contributions of African workers at Tendaguru received recognition again. The naming of  Australodocus boheti after an important African overseer in 2007 was thus a new phenomenon, and the naming of  Wamweracaudia keranjei follows that precedent. This commemoration of African contributors is part of a growing effort to recognize and to make permanently visible the role Africans have played in the achievements of European scientists—in this case, on the dig at Tendaguru, but also more generally in the larger colonial context. 112</p><p>106 Mannion et al., “Taxonomic Affinities,” 822.</p><p>The centuries-old practice of referencing a person in a scientific name is an accepted way of paying homage to the people who, either intellectually or materially, supported research work and the spirit of scientific discovery. These names can even be seen as a form of reward or quid pro quo. The provisional on-site names and the formal scientific names point in different directions. They show how greatly context, political beliefs and institutional networks inform the biological sciences at the most basic level—that is, at the level of species naming and description. Names are scientific anchors in the vast profusion of known and unknown species, but they are also political labels expressing affiliations and loyalties; and to name a new thing is essentially to find a place for it among the things we already know. Moreover, the practice of using scientific names as dedications offers a welcome opportunity to honor contributors or supporters explicitly, in a manner that is accessible to scientists and laypeople alike. In the case of the Tendaguru remains, the spectrum of honorees covers scientists, discoverers, sponsors and directors (people who typically receive such recognition), but it also includes Lettow-Vorbeck, a ruthless and unprincipled general of the German colonial army and an idol of Germany’s extreme right during the interwar years. For the first time, the honor went to an African contributor in 2007, a female scientist in 2011, and another African contributor in 2019. As society’s values and priorities have changed in recent decades, a gradual shift in perspective can be seen in taxonomic practices as well.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/71174D5B8103972FFDE5ABC02B6B1305	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stoecker, Holger;Ohl, Michael	Stoecker, Holger, Ohl, Michael (2024): Taxonomies at Tendaguru: How the Berlin Dinosaurs Got Their Names. In: Deconstructing Dinosaurs: The History of the German Tendaguru Expedition and Its Finds, 1906 – 2023. Brill: 233-254, DOI: 10.1163/9789004691063_015, URL: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004691063_015
71174D5B811F9730FDE5A9D32FF01531.text	71174D5B811F9730FDE5A9D32FF01531.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch 1920	<div><p>Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920</p><p>Werner Janensch created the genus name of this fleet-footed biped,  Elaphrosaurus, based on a striking feature of its anatomy: “I am naming the coelurosaur of Tendaguru  Elaphrosaurus (ἐλαφρός / elaphrós meaning ‘light’ / ‘light-footed’) 75 for the light, high build of its hind extremities, which suggests great swiftness.” Altogether, the name means something like “light-footed lizard.” In his species description, Janensch dedicated the only known species of  Elaphrosaurus to “the loyal and high-minded friend and patron of the Tendaguru Expedition, the esteemed factory owner Mr. Paul Bamberg of Wannsee, near Berlin.” 76 Industrialist Paul Adolf Bamberg was the owner of Bamberg-Werke (renamed Askanier-Werke in 1912), one of the German Empire’s leading manufacturers of precision instruments and optical equipment. 77 Its products were known for being highly precise, and they enjoyed an excellent reputation among scientists. Bamberg donated 15,000 marks to the Tendaguru Expedition, making him one of the largest sponsors of the dig. 78</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/71174D5B811F9730FDE5A9D32FF01531	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stoecker, Holger;Ohl, Michael	Stoecker, Holger, Ohl, Michael (2024): Taxonomies at Tendaguru: How the Berlin Dinosaurs Got Their Names. In: Deconstructing Dinosaurs: The History of the German Tendaguru Expedition and Its Finds, 1906 – 2023. Brill: 233-254, DOI: 10.1163/9789004691063_015, URL: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004691063_015
71174D5B811F9733FDE5AFBF286E10D5.text	71174D5B811F9733FDE5AFBF286E10D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Labrosaurus stechowi Janensch 1920	<div><p>Labrosaurus stechowi Janensch, 1920</p><p>Ostafrikasaurus crassiserratus Buffetaut, 2012</p><p>When Werner Janensch examined an approximately 4.9-centimeter-long tooth found at Tendaguru, he tentatively assigned it to the genus  Labrosaurus, a member of a family of carnivorous dinosaurs. The genus had been introduced in 1879 by American paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh to accommodate a species discovered in North America, and additional species were assigned to it later. 79 Marsh did not explain why he chose the name, but Labro probably derives from the Latin word labra, meaning “lip.”</p><p>74 International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, art. 50.1.1 (also available online: “International Code of Zoological Nomenclature,” https://code.iczn.org/authorship /article-50-authors-of-names-and-nomen clatural-acts/?frame=1).</p><p>Janensch chose the specific name  stechowi to honor Walther Stechow, a medical officer and radiologist in the Prussian military: “I dedicate this interesting specimen from Tendaguru to the most worthy surgeon general Dr. Stechow of Munich in grateful recognition of his generous support of the Tendaguru Expedition.” 80 Stechow pioneered the widespread use of X-ray technology in the Prussian military’s medical services. He was a member of several scientific societies and supported the Tendaguru Expedition with a relatively large donation of 8,000 marks.</p><p>75 Janensch, “  Elaphrosaurus Bambergi,” 229.</p><p>76 Janensch, 229.</p><p>77 Deutscher Wirtschaftsverein, Reichshandbuch, 58–59.</p><p>78 “Liste der Geldspenden von Privatleuten,” 1913, I. HA, Rep. 76, Va, Sekt. 2, Tit. X, no. 21 adh AI, p. 200v, GStA PK.</p><p>In 2011, Munich-based paleontologist Oliver Rauhut reexamined the original specimen and concluded that  Labrosaurus stechowi actually belonged to the genus  Ceratosaurus . 81 He was not able to identify any species-specific characteristics, however, and so the specific name must be considered a nomen dubium, as defined in the nomenclature code. (Nomen dubium means “doubtful or questionable name.”) 82</p><p>79 Marsh,“American Jurassic Dinosaurs, Part VIII,” 333; Marsh, “American Jurassic Dinosaurs, Part II,” 91.</p><p>80 Janensch, “  Elaphrosaurus Bambergi,” 234.</p><p>81 Rauhut, “Theropod Dinosaurs,” 202–5.</p><p>82 Rauhut, 202.</p><p>In 2012, French paleontologist Eric Buffetaut described a new genus with a single species— Ostafrikasaurus crassiserratus —on the basis of one of the teeth that Janensch had originally classified as  Labrosaurus stechowi . 83 Buffetaut created the conspicuously German genus name in an explicit reference to the find’s colonial provenance; the specific name is a composite of the Latin words crassus, meaning “thick,” and serratus, meaning “serrated.” Taken together, the name means “coarsely serrated East Africa lizard.” 84</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/71174D5B811F9733FDE5AFBF286E10D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stoecker, Holger;Ohl, Michael	Stoecker, Holger, Ohl, Michael (2024): Taxonomies at Tendaguru: How the Berlin Dinosaurs Got Their Names. In: Deconstructing Dinosaurs: The History of the German Tendaguru Expedition and Its Finds, 1906 – 2023. Brill: 233-254, DOI: 10.1163/9789004691063_015, URL: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004691063_015
71174D5B811C9733FF4BAF602B481761.text	71174D5B811C9733FF4BAF602B481761.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ceratosaurus roechlingi Janensch 1925	<div><p>Ceratosaurus roechlingi Janensch, 1925</p><p>The genus name  Ceratosaurus is derived from the Greek Κέρας / Κέρατος (kéras / kératos) and σαῦρος / saúros and means “horn lizard.” It references the striking horns located on the skull, back and tail of the dinosaur, which was a carnivorous biped.</p><p>Janensch dedicated the specific name to “the memory of a man of great merit, a sponsor of the Tendaguru Expedition, Privy Commercial Councilor Aug. Röchling.” 87 Karl August Röchling, a mining magnate from the town of Völklingen in the Rhineland, was one of the German Empire’s foremost patrons of the arts and sciences. 88 He was one of the largest individual sponsors of the German Tendaguru Expedition, having made several donations totaling 12,000 marks. 89</p><p>A reexamination of the type specimen for  C. roechlingi failed to reveal any species-specific characteristics, and as a result, this specific name is also considered a nomen dubium. 90</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/71174D5B811C9733FF4BAF602B481761	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stoecker, Holger;Ohl, Michael	Stoecker, Holger, Ohl, Michael (2024): Taxonomies at Tendaguru: How the Berlin Dinosaurs Got Their Names. In: Deconstructing Dinosaurs: The History of the German Tendaguru Expedition and Its Finds, 1906 – 2023. Brill: 233-254, DOI: 10.1163/9789004691063_015, URL: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004691063_015
71174D5B811C9733FF4BAA9B2E121298.text	71174D5B811C9733FF4BAA9B2E121298.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megalosaurus ingens Janensch 1920	<div><p>Megalosaurus ingens Janensch, 1920</p><p>The original species description for  Megalosaurus ingens was based exclusively on tooth specimens, the largest of which was fifteen centimeters (roughly six inches) long. Janensch assigned them to an existing genus,  Megalosaurus, but had clear reservations about the classification: “I am tentatively introducing the species from German East Africa under the genus name of  Megalosaurus (this name serving as a kind of umbrella term), and because of its unusual size, I am calling it  Megalosaurus (?)  ingens n. sp. ” 85 The question mark following the genus name reflects Janensch’s uncertainty regarding his assignment of the newly discovered species to this genus. The genus name derives from the Greek μέγας / mégas, meaning “great,” and the Latin specific name  ingens means “huge” or “enormous,” making the name as a whole—“enormous giant lizard”—a tautology. The specimen is currently thought to be a member of the  Carcharodontosauridae (“shark-toothed lizards”), but it does not display any species-specific characteristics.  Megalosaurus (?)  ingens is consequently considered a nomen dubium, i.e., a questionable name. 86</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/71174D5B811C9733FF4BAA9B2E121298	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stoecker, Holger;Ohl, Michael	Stoecker, Holger, Ohl, Michael (2024): Taxonomies at Tendaguru: How the Berlin Dinosaurs Got Their Names. In: Deconstructing Dinosaurs: The History of the German Tendaguru Expedition and Its Finds, 1906 – 2023. Brill: 233-254, DOI: 10.1163/9789004691063_015, URL: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004691063_015
71174D5B811C9733FF4BAD0F281416EA.text	71174D5B811C9733FF4BAD0F281416EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Veterupristisaurus milneri Rauhut 2011	<div><p>Veterupristisaurus milneri Rauhut, 2011</p><p>Paleontologist Oliver Rauhut reexamined several of the fossils used for the original species description of  Ceratosaurus roechlingi and in 2011 introduced a new genus and species by the name of  Veterupristisaurus milneri . The genus name derives from the Latin veterus (meaning “old”), Latin pristis (“large sea monster” or “shark”) and Greek σαῦρος / saúros (“lizard”) and thus means “old shark lizard.” The name identifies the genus as a member of the  Carcharodontosauridae, or “shark-toothed lizards.” The specific name honors British paleontologist Angela C. Milner of the Natural History Museum in London.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/71174D5B811C9733FF4BAD0F281416EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stoecker, Holger;Ohl, Michael	Stoecker, Holger, Ohl, Michael (2024): Taxonomies at Tendaguru: How the Berlin Dinosaurs Got Their Names. In: Deconstructing Dinosaurs: The History of the German Tendaguru Expedition and Its Finds, 1906 – 2023. Brill: 233-254, DOI: 10.1163/9789004691063_015, URL: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004691063_015
71174D5B811D9732FDE4ABC0293D12DA.text	71174D5B811D9732FDE4ABC0293D12DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Allosaurus tendagurensis Janensch 1925	<div><p>Allosaurus (?) tendagurensis Janensch, 1925</p><p>Werner Janensch tentatively assigned a fossil shinbone (tibia) to the genus  Allosaurus, which had been introduced by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1877 for North American dinosaur finds. Marsh derived the new genus name from the Greek ἄλλος / állos, meaning “other,” to distinguish it from the other carnivorous dinosaurs known at that time. 91</p><p>Janensch’s specific name alludes (in Latinized form) to the location of the find at Tendaguru Hill, which gave the expedition its name. “I am designating the tibia with the new specific name  Allosaurus (?)  tendagurensis,” he wrote. 92 The name “Tendaguru” was created when the word tendegulu was adopted by Kiswahili (a lingua franca used in East Africa) from a local language called Kimwera. In Kiswahili, however, the word has lost its original meaning and is used only to refer to the hill. As used by the Wamwera community situated closest to the hill, the word tendegulu means “bedpost.” 93 (It is not known why the hill was given this name, especially as the Wamwera normally name places after trees or after their leaders.) 94 The binomial  Allosaurus tendagurensis is thus a composite of Greek, Latin and local Kimwera words. It literally means “other lizard from the bedpost,” but was created by Janensch in the sense of “allosaurus from Tendaguru.” According to Rauhaut, the type specimen lacks any species-specific characteristics, and  Allosaurus (?)  tendagurensis must consequently be considered a nomen dubium, a questionable name. 95</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/71174D5B811D9732FDE4ABC0293D12DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stoecker, Holger;Ohl, Michael	Stoecker, Holger, Ohl, Michael (2024): Taxonomies at Tendaguru: How the Berlin Dinosaurs Got Their Names. In: Deconstructing Dinosaurs: The History of the German Tendaguru Expedition and Its Finds, 1906 – 2023. Brill: 233-254, DOI: 10.1163/9789004691063_015, URL: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004691063_015
71174D5B811D972DFDE4A8A6294D1266.text	71174D5B811D972DFDE4A8A6294D1266.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pterodactylus arningi Reck 1931	<div><p>Pterodactylus arningi Reck, 1931</p><p>The genus name of this small flying reptile derives from the Greek πτεροδάΚτυλος / pterodáktulos and means “winged finger.” The name alludes to the fact that the animal’s wing membrane stretched over its highly elongated fourth fingers to its hind limbs. According to paleontologists David Unwin and Oliver Rauhut, the type specimen—a single finger bone—cannot be assigned to any specific taxon within Pterosauria and must be considered a nomen dubium, a questionable name. 96</p><p>The specific name is dedicated to Wilhelm Arning, a German doctor, colonial politician and travel writer. After completing his medical studies, Arning served for four years (1892–1896) as a doctor with the colonial army of German East Africa (Kaiserliche Schutztruppe). He subsequently practiced as an ophthalmologist in Göttingen and Hanover. In 1903, Arning co-founded the Lindi Prospecting Company (Lindi-Schürfgesellschaft m.b.H., initially headquartered in Koblenz and later in Berlin) and was appointed one of its two managing directors. On January 16, 1904, the company received a five-year concession from the Imperial Chancellery to prospect for minerals in southern German East Africa. 97 In April of the same year, Arning led a geological expedition to search for mineral deposits in the hinterlands of Lindi (located in the south of the colony). 98 In January 1907, Arning ran on the National Liberal Party ticket in the German national elections. These were dubbed the “Hottentot elections,” as they had been called during a political crisis concerning colonial wars in German South West Africa and German East Africa. Arning won the seat and remained in the Reichstag until 1912. He was also a member of the Prussian Landtag from 1908 to 1918. 99</p><p>91 Marsh,“Notice of New Dinosaurian Reptiles.”</p><p>92 Janensch, “Die Coelurosaurier und Theropoden,” 76.</p><p>93 Juma  Issa Lituli, interview by Holger Stoecker;  Abdallah Juma Kiwambu, interview by Mareike Vennen. Both interviews took place in Mtapia, Tanzania, on July 14, 2018.</p><p>94 Reuster-Jahn, Erzählte Kultur, 17.</p><p>95 Rauhut, “Theropod Dinosaurs,” 209.</p><p>96 Unwin and Heinrich,“Pterosaur Jaw.”</p><p>When, in early 1907, Arning received news about the discovery of fossils at Tendaguru from Bernhard Sattler, the prospector working the Lindi Prospecting Company concession, he immediately passed the information on to the Reichtag’s Budget Committee and to the Commission for the Geographical Exploration of the German Protectorates (Kommission für die landeskundliche Erforschung der deutschen Schutzgebiete, an advisory body to the Imperial Colonial Office). This brought the issue to the attention of colonial policy makers and set in motion preparations for an expedition to conduct a dig in the area (see “Minerals and the Maji Maji War,” pp. 17–30). Arning himself supported pro-colonial positions within the Reichstag, and in his speeches repeatedly stressed the potential benefits of the colonies for the German Empire. In one such speech, he referred to the Tendaguru dinosaur finds in this context: “… the bones of mighty dinosaurs …, mightier than any unearthed in America …. Imagine all the other [good] things that await us in the colonies!” 100 In 1914, Arning was traveling through German East Africa when World War I broke out. He joined the colonial army and served as a doctor until 1917, when he was captured by the British. He was released in 1920. The same thing happened to Hans Reck, the last leader of Berlin’s Tendaguru excavations and the describer of  Pterodactylus arningi . This shared experience—perhaps even a personal acquaintanceship that stemmed from this time—may have accounted for Reck’s dedication. At the time that Reck published his description of  Pterodactylus arningi in 1931, Arning was working as director of the German Colonial Academy (Deutsche Kolonialschule, an institution that turned out German colonial farmers and ranchers). 101 Reck mentioned this in his dedication: “I have dedicated this new species in grateful remembrance to Dr. W. Arning, currently the director of the Colonial Academy in Witzenhausen, in honor of his services to German East Africa, and in particular, to the large dig there at Tendaguru.” 102</p><p>97 Concession, January 16, 1904, R 1001–503, pp. 42a–42b, BArch; Hellmann, Von der Heydt’s Kolonial-Handbuch, 223–24.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/71174D5B811D972DFDE4A8A6294D1266	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stoecker, Holger;Ohl, Michael	Stoecker, Holger, Ohl, Michael (2024): Taxonomies at Tendaguru: How the Berlin Dinosaurs Got Their Names. In: Deconstructing Dinosaurs: The History of the German Tendaguru Expedition and Its Finds, 1906 – 2023. Brill: 233-254, DOI: 10.1163/9789004691063_015, URL: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004691063_015
71174D5B8102972DFF4BAE5A297C16EA.text	71174D5B8102972DFF4BAE5A297C16EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Australodocus bohetii Remes 2007	<div><p>Australodocus bohetii Remes, 2007</p><p>The Tendaguru finds continue to be studied, and they have served as the basis for new species descriptions even quite recently.  Australodocus bohetii was introduced in 2007 by paleontologist Kristian Remes. The genus name  Australodocus is derived from the Latin australis meaning “south” and the Greek δοΚός / dokós meaning “beam”; “south” alludes to the origin of the fossils in the southern supercontinent of Gondwana, while “beam” refers to the fact that the genus is a member of the family of diplodocids or “double beams,” so named because of the chevron (V-shaped) bones located in the underside of the tail. The best-known member of the genus is the famous  Diplodocus carnegii from North America. 104</p><p>Remes’s decision to honor an African preparator in the specific name was unprecedented in taxonomic history and happened almost one hundred years after the specimen was first excavated. Boheti bin Amrani (Fig. 14.9) lived on the outskirts of Lindi and was the most prominent African participant in the German dig at Tendaguru. Employed for many years as an overseer and chief preparator, his work contributed greatly to the success of the expedition. 105 He was also involved in the subsequent British expedition to Tendaguru from 1924 to 1931, and thus worked longer on the Tendaguru excavations than anyone else.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/71174D5B8102972DFF4BAE5A297C16EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stoecker, Holger;Ohl, Michael	Stoecker, Holger, Ohl, Michael (2024): Taxonomies at Tendaguru: How the Berlin Dinosaurs Got Their Names. In: Deconstructing Dinosaurs: The History of the German Tendaguru Expedition and Its Finds, 1906 – 2023. Brill: 233-254, DOI: 10.1163/9789004691063_015, URL: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004691063_015
71174D5B8102972DFF4BA80A28A215AC.text	71174D5B8102972DFF4BA80A28A215AC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tendagurodon janenschi Heinrich 1998	<div><p>Tendagurodon janenschi Heinrich, 1998</p><p>Berlin-based paleontologist Wolf-Dieter Heinrich described this new genus and species on the basis of only a single tooth. The genus name  Tendagurodon combines tendaguru, the Kiswahili name of the find site (meaning “bedpost” in the local language of Kimwera) and the Greek οδοντιΚός / odontikos, meaning “tooth.” The genus name is somewhat artificial, since “odon” is not a Greek suffix, although it is frequently used this way in zoological nomenclature. The specific name honors the head of the German Tendaguru Expedition, Werner Janensch, and the major contributions he made to our understanding of African dinosaurs. 103 The binomial translates roughly to “bedpost tooth of Janensch,” but Heinrich clearly meant it in the sense of “Tendaguru tooth of Janensch.”</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/71174D5B8102972DFF4BA80A28A215AC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stoecker, Holger;Ohl, Michael	Stoecker, Holger, Ohl, Michael (2024): Taxonomies at Tendaguru: How the Berlin Dinosaurs Got Their Names. In: Deconstructing Dinosaurs: The History of the German Tendaguru Expedition and Its Finds, 1906 – 2023. Brill: 233-254, DOI: 10.1163/9789004691063_015, URL: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004691063_015
