identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
7E6DDB1B822B223AB9E5FB0AFA39FDE4.text	7E6DDB1B822B223AB9E5FB0AFA39FDE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pharoscymnus Bedel 1906	<div><p>Genus Pharoscymnus Bedel, 1906</p><p>Pharus Mulsant, 1850: 949 (preoccupied in Gray, 1840 (Mollusca: Solecurtidae)). Type species: Coccinella 6-guttata Gyllenhal in Schönherr, 1808: 206, by subsequent designation of Korschefsky 1931: 214.</p><p>Pharoscymnus Bedel, 1906: 93 (replacement name).</p><p>Pharoscymnus (Gymnopharus) Sicard, 1909: 157 . Type species: Pharoscymnus eburifer Sicard, 1909: 156, by original designation.</p><p>Neojauravia Gordon &amp; Almeida, 1991: 153 . Type species: Neojauravia naeida Gordon &amp; Almeida, 1991: 154, by original designation.—Synonymized by Poorani &amp; Booth 2006: 30.</p><p>Diagnosis. Body small, round to short oval to slightly more elongate oval, dorsum convex and densely pubescent. Head (Fig. 1a) with clypeus not emarginate around antennal sockets. Antennae (Fig. 1b) with 10 antennomeres, apical three antennomeres forming a club. Terminal maxillary palpomere (Fig. 1c) elongate conical and apically narrowed. Pronotal hypomera with distinct anterolateral foveae. Prosternum (Fig. 1d) T-shaped, intercoxal process broad, quadrate with parallel carinae.Abdomen (Fig. 1e, f) with five ventrites, abdominal postcoxal lines incomplete, similar to Diomus type (apically merged with posterior margin of abdominal ventrite 1). Tarsal claws almost simple with only a basal dilation (Fig. 1g) or with a basal tooth. Coxites (Fig. 1h) elongate triangular.</p><p>Related genera. Among the Indian genera of Sticholotidini, Sticholotis Crotch, 1874 and Jauravia Motschulsky, 1858 appear to be the closest relatives of Pharoscymnus, particularly the latter, as both are dorsally densely pubescent with a broad prosternal intercoxal process. However, Jauravia species have 11-segmented antenna, terminal maxillary palpomeres broader and less narrowed apically, six visible abdominal sternites, and always appendiculate tarsal claws. Pope (1961) and Miyatake (1994) provided a diagnostic account of Pharoscymnus in their revision of Pharini and Asian Sticholotidinae, respectively.</p><p>Distribution. Widely distributed in the Oriental, Afrotropical, and Palaearctic regions. One species, Pharoscymnus flexibilis (Mulsant), commonly distributed in South Asia and the Middle East, appears to have been deliberately or accidentally introduced and established in parts of Europe (Macaronesia), North America (USA: Florida), and South America (Brazil).</p><p>Immature stages. Representative images of the egg, larva, and pupa of Pharoscymnus horni, the most common species in peninsular India, are provided for reference. The egg is elongate oval with distinct microsculpture on chorion (Fig. 2a, b) and laid singly or in small groups in scale colonies or beneath scales. The larva (Fig. 2c, d) is fusiform, broadest around the middle with the dorsum covered with microtrichia and sparse short setae, longer and stouter at sides, lateral sides with setose lobes/strumae. The pupa (Fig. 2e) is densely setose with the last larval skin attached to the caudal end. Pupation usually takes place on the leaf substrate.</p><p>Biology/host associations. Most of the Pharoscymnus species are known to feed on armoured scales ( Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Diaspididae) on various host plants, with date palm and other palms being host to some species in India and the Middle East. Feeding on other prey such as whiteflies and aphids, and even mites has been recorded.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6DDB1B822B223AB9E5FB0AFA39FDE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Poorani, J.	Poorani, J. (2025): A review of Pharoscymnus Bedel (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Sticholotidini) of the Indian region. Zootaxa 5665 (1): 37-57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5665.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.1.2
7E6DDB1B822E2236B9E5FD02FB78F9A0.text	7E6DDB1B822E2236B9E5FD02FB78F9A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pharoscymnus flexibilis (Mulsant 1853)	<div><p>Pharoscymnus flexibilis (Mulsant)</p><p>(Figs 3–5)</p><p>Scymnus (Diomus) flexibilis Mulsant, 1853a: 271; 1853b: 143.</p><p>Scymnus flexibilis: Crotch 1874: 252.</p><p>Pharus flexibilis: Weise 1900: 435.</p><p>Pharoscymnus flexibilis: Korschefsky, 1931: 215.— Kapur 1956: 264; Poorani 2002: 364; Kovář 2007: 570.</p><p>Pharoscymnus flexibilis kashmirensis Kapur, 1956 a: 267 .— Poorani 2002: 364; Kovář 2007: 570.</p><p>Neojauravia naeida Gordon &amp; Almeida, 1991: 154 .—Synonymized by Poorani &amp; Booth 2006: 30.</p><p>Diagnosis. Length: 1.80–2.20 mm; width: 1.40–1.90 mm. Form (Fig. 3a) broad oval, dorsum moderately convex and densely pubescent. Head and pronotum reddish or yellowish brown. Elytra pale yellowish brown or straw yellow with four or five black spots, nominate form (Fig. 3a) pale golden yellowish brown with dark pitchy brown elytral spots, arranged in a 2-1-2-4 pattern (Fig. 3b–d, 4a, 5c–f), elytral spots often fused, reduced (the minimum being two) or obsolete (Fig. 3b, c); forms in peninsular India usually with elytral spots much reduced in size and number or completely absent; occasionally forms found in northwestern India [subspecies kashmirensis of Kapur (1956)] larger in size than the nominate form (Fig. 3g –k) and more heavily pigmented with larger elytral spots. Ventral side yellowish brown except pro-, meso-, and metasterna and first abdominal ventrite dark pitchy brown. Prosternal process broad with parallel carinae (Fig. 4e). Tarsal claws with a basal tooth (Fig. 4g). Male genitalia (Fig. 4h–j) and female genitalia (Fig. 4k) as illustrated.</p><p>Immature stages. Larva is illustrated in Fig. 5a, b.</p><p>Material examined. Impl. Entomologist, On date palm leaves, INDIA: Delhi, 11.2.1948, H.N. Batra, 1 ex (NRCB) ; On Tobacco, Pusa Bot. Area, Plot A, 9-11 A.M., 4.1.1936, R.S. Coll., 1 ex (NRCB) ; On date palm, DELHI, 28.4.48, H.N. Batra /A1/87, 1 ex (NRCB) ; Host: Date palm, Loc. Delhi, Date: 28.V.48, Coll. H.N. Batra, 1 ex (NRCB) ; Host: on weeds, Loc. Wazirpur, Delhi, Date: 9.9.1985, Coll. Maya Ram /188, 1 ex. (NRCB) .</p><p>Distribution. India: Widely distributed (Andhra Pradesh; Assam; Bihar; Gujarat; Himachal Pradesh; Jammu &amp; Kashmir; Karnataka; Maharashtra; Manipur; New Delhi; Punjab; Rajasthan; Tamil Nadu; Uttar Pradesh; Uttarakhand; West Bengal); Nepal; Pakistan; Afghanistan; Widely distributed in the Middle East, including Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Yemen (Raimundo &amp; Harten 2000; Kovář 2007; Raimundo et al. 2008; Biranvand et al. 2016); Macaronesia (Fuerteventura, Canary Islands) (Romanowski et al. 2018, 2019); USA (Florida) (Thomas &amp; Blanchard 2024); Brazil (Gordon &amp; Almeida 1991; González 2011).</p><p>Prey/associated habitat. It is mainly predatory on Coccoidea ( Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha), particularly armoured scales ( Diaspididae), and to some extent on other homopterous insects such as whiteflies and aphids. Kazmi and Ghani (1964) recorded the adults as mite predators. Some of the known hosts include: Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae: Indeterminate whiteflies. Aphididae: Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) . Coccoidea: Asterolecaniidae: Hsuia sp.; Coccidae: Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, Parasaissetia (as Saissetia) nigra (Nietner), Pulvinaria psidii Maskell, Drepanococcus cajani (Maskell), Pulvinaria (as Chloropulvinaria) polygonata Cockerell; Dactylopiidae: Dactylopius confusus on Opuntia dillenii; Diaspididae: Aonidiella citrina (Coquerel), Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead), Aspidiotus excisus Green [= Temnaspidiotus excisus (Green)], Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead, Bambusaspis bambusae (Boisduval), Chrysomphalus ficus (Ashmead), Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus), Cryptoparlatoreopsis sp., Comstockaspis perniciosa (Comstock) [= Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock)], Diaspidiotus armenicus (Borchsenius) [= Quadraspidiotus armenicus Borchsenius], Froggattiella penicillata (Green) [= Odonaspis penicillata Green], Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Lepidosaphes afganensis Borchsenius [= Cornimytilus afganensis (Borchsenius)], Lepidosaphes kazimiae (Williams) [= Andaspis kazimiae Williams], Lepidosaphes conchiformis (Gmelin), Lepidosaphes pallida (Maskell), Leucaspis coniferarum Hall &amp; Williams, Lindingaspis ferrisi Mckenzie, Lopholeucaspis japonica (Cockerell), Parlatoria blanchardi (Targioni Tozzetti), Parlatoria crypta McKenzie, Parlatoria ghanii Hall &amp; Williams, Parlatoria oleae (Colvee), Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), Parlatoreopsis longispina (Newstead), Pseudaulacaspis sp., Prodiaspis tamaricicola (Malenotti) [= Rugaspidiotus tamaricicola (Malenotti)], Salicicola kermanensis (Lindinger), Tecaspis sp., Temnaspidiotus sinensis Ferris; Monophlebidae: Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas); Phoenicococcidae: Phoenicococcus marlatti Cockerell; Pseudococcidae: Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) (as N. vastator (Maskell)), Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green), Rastrococcus spinosus (Robinson), Trabutina (as Naiacoccus) sp.; Acari: Tenuipalpidae: Cenopalpus pulcher (Canestrini &amp; Fanzago) . Tetranychidae: Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein), Tetranychus turkestani atlanticus McGregor (Kazmi &amp; Ghani 1964; Ahmad &amp; Ghani 1972; Rafi et al. 2005).</p><p>Collected in association with scales on temperate fruits, apple, peach, pear, nectarine, citrus, mango, Euonymus sp., Salix sp., date palm, Zizyphus mauritiana, Melia azedarach, Pinus longifolia, Pinus roxburghii, Prunus persica, Dendrocalamus strictus, Bambusa vulgaris, Olea cuspidata, castor, cotton, coconut, Ficus palmata, Eugenia cumini, sandal, and many other host plants in India and Pakistan.</p><p>Seasonal occurrence. Active during April–May and July–October in northwestern India and Pakistan. Hibernation takes place in the adult stage (Kapur 1956). In Kashmir, adults were observed to emerge in May and started overwintering in November (Maqbool et al. 2020).</p><p>Notes. Illustrated diagnostic accounts of P. flexibilis are provided by Smirnoff (1956), Kapur (1956), González (2011), Romanowski et al. (2018), and Gordon &amp; Almeida (1991) (as Neojauravia naeida). It is a variable species and usually forms with much fewer/reduced elytral spots are only collected in peninsular India. As mentioned, Pharoscymnus flexibilis kashmirensis Kapur (1956) differs from the nominate form only in being larger in size and more heavily pigmented and the male genitalia of both are identical. Neojauravia naeida Gordon &amp; Almeida, 1991 described from Brazil (as the type of Neojauravia Gordon &amp; Almeida, 1991) was synonymized by Poorani &amp; Booth (2006) with P. flexibilis . Thomas &amp; Blanchard (2024) reported it from the USA (Florida) as an ‘immigrant’ and mentioned “the pathway for its arrival is unknown, but it is likely that it was transported on scaleinfested plants from Asia or Brazil ”. Ghani &amp; Ahmad (1966) studied its biology on C. perniciosa, A. orientalis, and Lepidosaphes sp. in Pakistan and Sharma et al. (1990) studied its bioecology in northwestern India. Puttarudriah &amp; Channabasavanna (1953, 1955) provided brief notes on its occurrence in south India.</p><p>This is an effective predator of San Jose scale ( Comstockaspis perniciosa), a major pest of apple and other temperate fruits, in northwestern India and Pakistan and its field efficacy after inoculative releases in northwestern India has been evaluated by several workers (Rawat et al. 1988; Thakur et al. 1989; Singh 1993).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6DDB1B822E2236B9E5FD02FB78F9A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Poorani, J.	Poorani, J. (2025): A review of Pharoscymnus Bedel (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Sticholotidini) of the Indian region. Zootaxa 5665 (1): 37-57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5665.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.1.2
7E6DDB1B82222232B9E5F991FDE3F9FE.text	7E6DDB1B82222232B9E5F991FDE3F9FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pharoscymnus horni (Weise)	<div><p>Pharoscymnus horni (Weise)</p><p>(Figs 1, 2, 6–8)</p><p>Pharus horni Weise, 1900: 434 .</p><p>Pharoscymnus horni: Korschefsky 1931: 215.— Poorani 2002: 364; Kovář 2007: 570.</p><p>Diagnosis. Length: 2.00– 2.20 mm; width: 1.70–1.90 mm. Form (Fig. 6a–d) almost circular in male, slightly more elongate in female; dorsum strongly convex and densely pubescent. Ground colour dark brown to almost black in live specimens, dull brown or much paler yellowish brown in preserved specimens, each elytron with a pair of reddish/orange-yellow spots, anterior spot subquadrate and large, posterior spot roundish and smaller. Ventral side uniformly yellowish brown, prosternum and metaventrite sometimes darker brownish. Male genitalia (Figs 1i–k, 6h–k) and female genitalia (Fig. 6g) as illustrated; coxites (Figs 1h, 6g) elongate triangular.</p><p>Immature stages. Life stages as illustrated (Figs 2, 7, 8). Eggs (Figs 2a, b, 7a–d, 8a) are bright yellow and laid singly or in small groups in scale colonies. The larva (Figs 2c, d, 7e, f; 8b–d) is usually slatey grey or brownish and spindle shaped. The pupa (Fig. 2e, 8e, f) is yellowish brown to brown and densely setose with the last larval skin attached to the caudal end.</p><p>Material examined. INDIA: Tamil Nadu: Podavur, NRCB Research farm, Ex. Aspidiotus destructor on banana, R. Thanigairaj, 10 ex. (NRCB) ; INDIA: Tamil Nadu: Podavur, NRCB Research farm, Ex. Aspidiotus destructor on coconut, R. Thanigairaj, 10 ex. (NRCB) ; INDIA: Tamil Nadu: Ariyavur, 25.iii.22, Lat. 10.767995 Long. 78.573237, Ex. Feeding on Ceroplastes sp. on guava, R. Thanigairaj (NRCB) ; Several specimens received for identification, without label data.</p><p>Distribution. India: Widely distributed (Andhra Pradesh; Assam; Bihar; Delhi; Gujarat; Himachal Pradesh; Jharkhand; Karnataka; Kerala; Maharashtra; Odisha; Rajasthan; Tamil Nadu; Telangana; Uttar Pradesh; West Bengal; Lakshadweep Islands); Bangladesh; Sri Lanka; Pakistan; Iran (Abdolahi et al. 2018). Introduced and released in California, USA, in 1923 but did not establish (Clausen 1978; Gordon 1985). Flanders (1934) mentioned it was introduced into California, USA, in 1933 for the control of Aonidiella (Chrysomphalus) auranti, Mask., (citrus red scale) but ‘not recovered after liberation in the field’.</p><p>Prey/associated habitat. Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae: Andaspis laingi Rao, Andaspis?leucophleae Rao, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), Aonidomytilus albus (Cockerell), Aspidiella?hartii (Cockerell), Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, Aspidiotus tamarindi Green, Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead, Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus), Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché), Duplaspidiotus tesseratus (Grandpre &amp; Charmoy), Gannaspis glomerata (Green), Greenaspis decurvata (Green, 1903), Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman), Lepidosaphes piperis (Green), Parlatoria blanchardi (Targioni Tozzetti), Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti); Coccidae: Coccus viridis (Green), Saissetia coffeae (Walker), Ceroplastes sp. on guava (label data); Monophlebidae: Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas); Phoenicococcidae: Phoenicococcus marlatti Cockerell; Pseudococcidae: Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell), Coccidohystrix insolita (Green) . Associated with/predaceous on scale insects and sometimes, mealybugs, infesting sugarcane, black pepper, tea, agave, cactus, tobacco, mango, date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera), rose, Thevetia neriifolia, Croton sparsiflorus, guava (label data), and brinjal.</p><p>Seasonal occurrence. Abundant on Thevetia and cactus infested with scales during January–June in and around Bangalore (Puttarudriah &amp; Channabasavanna 1956). Collected in January and September (Puttarudriah &amp; Channabasavanna 1957). Collected during March–April and September in South India (label data). Feeds on diaspine scales infesting banana during summer (April–May) (Poorani et al. 2023). Larvae and adults present during May–December with a peak in September in Pakistan (Rafi et al. 2005).</p><p>Notes. The species referred to as ‘ Platynaspis villosa, Mulsant,….’ (Cotes 1896) and ‘ Platynaspis luteorubra ’ (Stebbing 1903; Ramakrishna Ayyar 1930) from India is P. horni . Puttarudriah’s (1954) record of ‘ Pharoscymnus grimeti Muls. ’ (sic) as a predator of sugarcane mealybug ( Saccharicoccus sacchari) from the erstwhile Mysore state (now Karnataka) also involves P. horni . Smirnoff (1956) and Chelliah (1965) provided diagnostic descriptions/ illustrations of the genitalia. Puttarudriah &amp; Channabasavanna (1956, 1957) provided brief notes on its distribution in Mysore (south India).</p><p>Its biology and field efficacy against sugarcane scale, Gannaspis glomerata (Green) [= Melanaspis glomerata Green], a major pest of sugarcane in India, has been extensively studied by many workers in different agroclimatic conditions (Dorge et al. 1972; Rao &amp; Subbarao 1981; Raju &amp; Rao 1982; Raghunath &amp; Rao 1982; Misra et al. 1983; Pawar et al. 1983; Ansari et al. 1989). Das &amp; Gope (1984) studied its biology on tea black scale, Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) [as C. ficus (Ashmead)].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6DDB1B82222232B9E5F991FDE3F9FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Poorani, J.	Poorani, J. (2025): A review of Pharoscymnus Bedel (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Sticholotidini) of the Indian region. Zootaxa 5665 (1): 37-57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5665.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.1.2
7E6DDB1B82262231B9E5F934FD3DFAB4.text	7E6DDB1B82262231B9E5F934FD3DFAB4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pharoscymnus simmondsi Ahmad 1970	<div><p>Pharoscymnus simmondsi Ahmad</p><p>(Figs 9, 10a, b)</p><p>Pharoscymnus simmondsi Ahmad, 1970: 233 .— Poorani 2002: 364; Kovář 2007: 571.</p><p>Diagnosis. Length: 1.90–2.80 mm; width: 1.60–1.80 mm. Externally similar to P. horni, but can be distinguished by the somewhat larger size, less rounded and slightly more elongate body outline with the elytra somewhat narrower in posterior half, with similarly shaped and positioned elytral spots (Figs 9a, 10a, b). Head (Fig. 9b) wider than that of P. horni, interocular distance ca. 0.64× as wide as head and 3.3× as wide as an eye. Prosternal carinae (Fig. 9c) medially somewhat narrower and not as broadly separated as in P. horni . Tarsal claws almost simple with a basal dilation (Fig. 9f). Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete (Fig. 9d, e). Male genitalia (Fig. 9h–l) as illustrated, penis guide in inner view (Fig. 9i) widest at the base, gradually narrowed towards apex, distinctly shorter than parameres; penis capsule (Fig. 9k) broad, penis apex (Fig. 9l) distinctly attenuated. Coxites (Fig. 9g) elongate triangular.</p><p>Material examined. Type material: “ Paratype ♂ / Pharoscymnus simmondsi Ahmad / Feeding on Aonidiella orientalis (Newst.) on Musa sapientum ” (BMNH: 2) ; Allotype ♀: “with same labels as Paratype, Mirpur Khas, August 26, 1965 /Pres. by Comm. Inst. Ent. B.M. 1972-2/CIE Coll. A5525” (BMNH) . Other material. On lemon, Loc. IARI, 7.X.66, Dharam Singh Coll., 1♂, 2♀ (NRCB).</p><p>Distribution. Pakistan; India (Delhi) (new record).</p><p>Prey/associated habitat. “Feeding on Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) on Musa sapientum ” (label data of type specimens); predaceous on Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus) [as C. ficus Ashmead], Parlatoria blanchardi Targioni Tozzetti, Parlatoria crypta Mckenzie, and Tecaspis sp. (Ahmad 1970); Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett), Temnaspidiotus sp., Ceroplastes actiniformis Green (Rafi et al. 2005); collected on lemon (label data of Indian material).</p><p>Notes. Pharoscymnus simmondsi was described from Pakistan and it is newly recorded from India (Delhi). It is likely to be distributed in the Indian states bordering Pakistan and the chances of its misidentification as P. horni are high due to their overall external similarity. The colour pattern is externally similar to P. horni but the type specimens (Fig. 10, a, b; BMNH, examined) and three specimens from India (Delhi) appear to be slightly larger than the average size of P. horni and the body outline is a little more elongate and posteriorly slightly narrower than P. horni with similarly positioned elytral spots. In the specimens examined from India, the prosternum and metaventrite are distinctly darker brown unlike P. horni, in which the ventral side is more or less uniform yellowish to yellowish brown with only the prosternal process occasionally darker.</p><p>Besides, the head and interocular distance in P. simmondsi are wider than that of P. horni and the prosternal carinae are medially somewhat narrowed and less broadly separated than in P. horni . Ahmad (1970) stated “it comes close to P. horni … and differs mainly in colour and male genitalia structures, particularly the apex of the sipho”. The illustration of the penis apex of P. simmondsi in Ahmad (1970) is almost identical to that of P. horni (Smirnoff’s [1956: p. 23] illustration of P. horni also shows an attenuated, elongated penis apex). However, the penis guide in P. simmondsi in inner view is distinctly different from that of P. horni as it is much wider at the base and less elongate and gradually narrowed towards the apex in the posterior half, and is distinctly shorter in the lateral view. In P. horni, the penis guide in inner view is much longer, elongate cylindrical and subparallel for a little more than half of its length and only apically distinctly narrowed and it is also longer in the lateral view. The penis is more strongly and broadly curved in P. horni and the penis capsule is broader and more robust in P. simmondsi . See Ahmad (1970) for detailed description and genitalia illustrations.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6DDB1B82262231B9E5F934FD3DFAB4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Poorani, J.	Poorani, J. (2025): A review of Pharoscymnus Bedel (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Sticholotidini) of the Indian region. Zootaxa 5665 (1): 37-57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5665.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.1.2
7E6DDB1B82252231B9E5FA7AFC0AF848.text	7E6DDB1B82252231B9E5FA7AFC0AF848.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pharoscymnus suturalis (Sicard 1913)	<div><p>Pharoscymnus suturalis (Sicard)</p><p>(Fig. 10c)</p><p>Clanis suturalis Sicard, 1912: 505 .</p><p>Jauravia suturalis: Korschefsky 1931: 222.</p><p>Pharoscymnus suturalis: Kapur 1946: 79.— Poorani 2002: 364.</p><p>Diagnosis. Form broad oval, dorsum moderately convex and densely pubescent. Head and pronotum black; scutellar shield black; elytra reddish, anterior and sublateral margins narrowly black, with a broad, somewhat spindle-shaped black macula on suture reaching beyond middle (Fig. 10c). Genitalia not studied.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: “Type (red bordered circular label)/Maymyo, Burma, H.L. Andrewes / Clanis suturalis Sic., Type/ Pharoscymnus (Clanis) suturalis (Sic.), A.P. Kapur det. 1946” (BMNH).</p><p>Distribution. Myanmar.</p><p>Notes. It is a poorly known species originally described by Sicard (1912) under Clanis (now a synonym of Jauravia), from Myanmar (Burma). Sicard’s type specimen (BMNH, examined) (Fig. 10c) is illustrated here. Kapur (1946) mentioned that “an examination of the type shows that the clypeus is produced anteriorly so as to cover partially the base of the antennae” and transferred it to Pharoscymnus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6DDB1B82252231B9E5FA7AFC0AF848	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Poorani, J.	Poorani, J. (2025): A review of Pharoscymnus Bedel (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Sticholotidini) of the Indian region. Zootaxa 5665 (1): 37-57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5665.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.1.2
7E6DDB1B823B222FB9E5FE97FAD3FD74.text	7E6DDB1B823B222FB9E5FE97FAD3FD74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pharoscymnus Bedel 1906	<div><p>Updated checklist of Pharoscymnus species of the Indian subcontinent</p><p>1. Pharoscymnus flexibilis (Mulsant, 1853a)</p><p>2. Pharoscymnus horni (Weise, 1900)</p><p>3. Pharoscymnus simmondsi Ahmad, 1970</p><p>4. Pharoscymnus suturalis (Sicard, 1913)</p><p>5. Pharoscymnus sp.</p><p>Note. In Kovář’s (2007: 570) catalogue of Palaearctic Coccinellidae, Jauravia assamensis Kapur, 1963, a valid species distributed in northeastern and western India, is erroneously listed under Pharoscymnus . Further, Kovář did not mention this proposed change under the section “New nomenclatorial and taxonomic acts, and comments”.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6DDB1B823B222FB9E5FE97FAD3FD74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Poorani, J.	Poorani, J. (2025): A review of Pharoscymnus Bedel (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Sticholotidini) of the Indian region. Zootaxa 5665 (1): 37-57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5665.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.1.2
