identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
874D87EEFFA13A42AF26FB72FF66FE3E.text	874D87EEFFA13A42AF26FB72FF66FE3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Siparuna	<div><p>Identification key for  Siparuna species ( Siparunaceae) occurring in Ceará</p><p>1. Leaves denticulate, serrate or crenate; staminate flowers with trichomes in tufts; floral roof conical, glabrous; floral cup globose; stylar aril present........................................................1.1.  Siparuna brasiliensis</p><p>1’. Leaves entire, staminate flowers with stellate-lepidote trichomes; floral roof infundibuliform, tomentose; floral cup cupuliform; stylar aril absent .....................................................................1.2.  Siparuna guianensis</p><p>Taxonomic treatment</p><p>Siparunaceae .</p><p>1.  Siparuna Aublet, Hist. Pl. Guiane: 864. 1775. Type species:  Siparuna guianensis Aublet.</p><p>Trees or treelets, occasionally decumbent, 1–20(–40) meters high, strongly odoriferous, glabrous or densely hairy with simple, stellate, lepidote, or scale-shaped trichomes. Leaves opposite, occasionally whorled, petiolate, membranous, cartaceous or leathery, entire, serrate, denticulate or crenate. Inflorescence cymose, axillary or cauliflower, with bracts generally small, deciduous or absent. Flowers radial, small, green, yellowish, white or reddish. Floral cup subglobose to cupuliform, enclosing the carpels and stamens. Tepals 4–8, generally persistent, free or united in a ring, rarely forming a calyptra. Floral roof covering the central part of the floral cup. Staminate flowers with 1 to 10(–70) free stamens, rarely fused laterally. Filament flattened, anther with valvate dehiscence, apical. Pistillate flowers with 1 to 35 carpels separated by septa, ovule anatropous. Fruit multiple, cupuliform, globose, subglobose, pyriform or ovoid, with a smooth, warty or tuberculate surface; when mature, purplish, reddish or yellowish, often crowned by tepals and traces of the floral roof, with drupelets enclosed until maturity, or more rarely, the receptacle does not open. Drupelets (usually called “seeds” by non-specialists) elliptical to globose, with a thin, transparent, shiny epicarp, fleshy, whitish-gray, bluish, yellowish or pinkish exo- and mesocarp, and hard, endocarp verrucular, sometimes with a red or yellow stylar aril (superaryl), single seed (Renner &amp; Hausner 2005; Peixoto et al. 2020; Brunassi et al. 2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/874D87EEFFA13A42AF26FB72FF66FE3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Brunassi, Gustavo Rebechi;Lírio, Elton John de	Brunassi, Gustavo Rebechi, Lírio, Elton John de (2025): Flora of Ceará: Siparunaceae. Rodriguesia (e 00592024) 76: 1-8, DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202576003, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202576003
874D87EEFFA03A42AEFDFE04FB6CFB84.text	874D87EEFFA03A42AEFDFE04FB6CFB84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Siparuna brasiliensis (Spreng.) A. DC., Prodr.	<div><p>1.1.  Siparuna brasiliensis (Spreng.) A.DC., Prodr. 16(2): 656. 1868.</p><p>Citriosma brasiliensis Spreng., Neue Entdeckungen 2: 113, 1821. Type: Brazil. Minas Gerais: without precise locality, Otto s.n. =  Sellow s.n. /B.598 (Lectotype K; isolectotypes B, destroyed, F photo neg. 13483, GH frag. ex B [2 sheets, label as Sellow L492.B.598], LISU label as 598).</p><p>Shrubs or treelets, dioecious, 2–3 meters high, diameter at breast height up to 7 cm, unbranched or branched from the base. Young branchlets terete, covered with yellowish to rusty trichomes. Leaves chartaceous, petiole 0.6–1 cm, terete, lamina obovate, obovate-oblong or rarely elliptical, 9–16 × 5–8 cm, base cordate, auriculate, rounded, obtuse or acute, apex obtuse to acuminate, the tip up to 1 cm long. Margin denticulate, serrate or crenate, drying brownish-green to blackish, pubescent on both surfaces or sparsely pubescent on the adaxial surface, secondary veins 7–9 pairs, flat on the adaxial surface and slightly prominent or protruding on the abaxial surface. Cymes 1–2, axillary, 1.5 cm long, pendent, more or less densely covered with tufted trichomes. Peduncle 3–6 mm, bracts triangular, 0.5 mm long, flowers 12–30, greenish-yellow. Staminate flowers with pedicels measuring 2–4 mm, floral cup subglobose to urceolate, 1–2 × 1.2–2.4 mm, more or less densely covered with tufted trichomes, tepals triangular, free, 0.8–1.2 mm long, with few to many tufted trichomes on the adaxial surface, floral roof conical, glabrous, more or less raised and often forming an upright rim around the floral pore, stamens 1–12. Pistillate flowers with pedicels measuring 1.3–3.2 mm, floral cup subglobose, 1.9–3.2 × 2–3.2 mm, more or less densely covered with tufted trichomes, tepals triangular, floral roof raised, at anthesis exceeding the floral cup, separated by a groove from a central tube surrounding the styles, floral roof double, the first fold conical and fleshy, at anthesis forming an elongated ring around the stigmas, the second fold cylindrical and membranous, glabrous, carpels 10–15. Fruiting receptacle subglobose, 1.4– 1.6 cm in diameter, sparsely hairy or glabrescent, crowned by persistent tepals. Fresh fruit with red dots when immature, purple with light dots when mature, internally pink, with a strong odor; when dry, blackish with the drupelets somewhat protruding. Drupelets 6–9, fresh drupelets bluishgray, shiny, with red stylar aril arranged in the upper-lateral portion.</p><p>Material examined:   Barbalha, Chapada do Araripe, 28.IV.2009, fr., J. R.  Maciel et al. 1045 (HVASF);   SÍtio Santa Rita, 30.III.2000, fr., E. B.  Souza et al. 490 (ASE, EAC).   Crato, tent, check left side, 22.III.2007, fr., E. N. C.  Seixas et al. (HCDAL 3218);   Chapada do Araripe, 26.VII.1997, fl., V. L.  Gomes-Klein et al.3256 (RBR, UFG);   Carrasco, Planalto do Ibiapaba, 10.IX.1996, fl., F. A. S.  Clemente (EAC 25112);   Chapada do Araripe, 24.VIII.2010, fl., L. P.  Félix (EAC 18982);   6.XI.1985, fl., A.  Fernandes et al. (EAC 13957)  .</p><p>Siparuna brasiliensis, a species endemic to Brazil, can be found in Semideciduous Seasonal Forests and Ombrophilous Forests. It is recorded in several regions of Brazil, including the Midwest (Federal District and Goiás), Southeast (EspÍrito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo), Northeast (Bahia and now with new records from Ceará) (Peixoto et al. 2023). This species is characterized by obovate or obovate-oblong leaves with denticulate margins, and a more or less densely hairy surface, consisting of tufted trichomes. It also has short, pendant cymes and triangular tepals. In Ceará, it occurs in Tropical Subdeciduous Rain Forest (Mata Seca), Tropical Subdeciduous Xeromorphic Forest (Cerradão) and  Tropical Subevergreen Rain-Cloud Forest (Mata Úmida), and was collected with flowers and fruits from June to November and with fruits in months of March and April (Fig. 2). The species is popularly known as "capim-limão" or "limoeiro-bravo".</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/874D87EEFFA03A42AEFDFE04FB6CFB84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Brunassi, Gustavo Rebechi;Lírio, Elton John de	Brunassi, Gustavo Rebechi, Lírio, Elton John de (2025): Flora of Ceará: Siparunaceae. Rodriguesia (e 00592024) 76: 1-8, DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202576003, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202576003
874D87EEFFA03A44AD5AFBFAFB0CFE23.text	874D87EEFFA03A44AD5AFBFAFB0CFE23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Siparuna guianensis Aublet, Hist.	<div><p>1.2.  Siparuna guianensis Aublet, Hist. pl.  Guiane: 865, t. 333. 1775.</p><p>Citriosma guianensis (Aublet) Tul., Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. 8: 361. 1855.  Type: French Guiana: near Cayenne, between 1762 and 1764, Aublet s.n. (holotype, BM 30814; NY photo neg. 739).</p><p>Shrub or tree, monoecious, 1.5–8.5 m high, diameter at breast height 3–8(–15) cm, wood pale yellow, soft, bark brown or green with brown spots; young branchlets terete, more or less flattened at the nodes, the youngest with stellate or stellate-lepidote trichomes (not scale-shaped), very small, later glabrous. Leaves membranous, petiole 0.2–1 cm long, pubescent, then glabrous, canaliculate; lamina oblong, elliptical, rarely lanceolate to ovatelanceolate, 8–16 × 4–8 cm, base rounded to cuneate, apex obtuse, acute or acuminate, the tip, if present, 0.5–1.2 cm long in the central part, margins entire, slightly stellate-lepidote on both surfaces when young and later glabrescent, rarely with a few simple trichomes on the basal part of the abaxial face when adult; secondary veins 8–14 pairs, barely visible on the adaxial surface and prominent on the abaxial surface, tertiary veins reticulate. Cymes axillary or sub-terminal, in pairs, rarely semiscorpioid, unisexual or sometimes bisexual, 0.7–1.5 cm long, in bisexual inflorescences, pistillate flowers less numerous than staminate flowers and arranged at the base of the inflorescence, white to greenish-yellow. Staminate flowers with pedicels measuring ca. 2 mm long, floral cup 1.5–2.5 × 1.5–3 mm, wide opening, tomentose, with stellate-lepidote trichomes, tepals 4–6, minute, obtuse, sometimes semi-orbicular to wide-triangular, 0.2–0.3(–0.6) mm long, floral roof barely developed or not developed, stamens 10–19, unequal, 0.5–1.2 mm long, exerted at anthesis, membranaceous, ca. 0.5 mm wide, stamens with valvate dehiscence 2, more or less connate, cordiform. Pistillate flowers stellate-tomentose, pedicel measuring ca. 2 mm, floral cup ovoid, ca. 2 × 2.5 mm, tepals 4–6, triangular to rounded, 0.5 × 1 mm long, floral roof infundibuliform, 0.3 mm, tomentose, orifice ca. 0.1 mm, carpels (3–)6–12(–17), styles conniving, exerted ca. 0.8 mm long. Fruiting receptacle subglobose, 1–1.5 cm in diameter, smooth, tepals obsolete, more or less densely covered with stellate trichomes. Fruit green, turning dark red to vinaceous when mature, breaking laterally exposing the yellow-orange interior, with a strong astringent lemon odor; peduncle ca. 1 cm long, pedicel ca. 0.6 cm long. Drupelets 4–14, without stylar aril, exocarp and mesocarp fleshy, whitish, grayish or orange, becoming slimy, endocarp stony.</p><p>Material examined:   Barbalha, Arajara, Serra do Araripe, 2.VIII.1997, fl. and fr., A. L.  Peixoto et al. 4262 (RBR).   Belmonte, road to guard’s house, 26.X.2010, fl., M.  Mata et al. 2244 (HUEFS).   Crato, Chapada do Araripe, 31.III.1985, fr., A.  Fernandes et al. (EAC 13115);   14.III.2012, fr., E. N. A.  Seixas et al. (HCDAL 8198);   Lameiro, 8. I.1987, fl. and fr., A. L.  Peixoto et al. 4512 (RBR);   close to the source, 12.XII.1986, fl. and fr., A. L.  Peixoto et al. 3647 (RBR);   Granjeiro, SÍtio Caiana, 21. I.2014, fr., C. E. B.  Proença et al. 4646 (RBR, CEN, UB, RB);   Guaribas, Floresta Nacional do Araripe, 14. I.1999, fr., A. M.  Miranda 3141 (IPA, FCAB, EAC, HUEFS, HST);   18.VIII.1838, fl., G.  Gardner 1843 (NY). 1836–1841, fl., G.  Gardner 1842 (NY)  .</p><p>Siparuna guianensis is among the first species to develop in secondary areas but can also be found in well-preserved forests. Its identification is facilitated by the combination of elliptical leaves with entire margins, glabrous or glabrescent surfaces, short cymes, and small flowers measuring 0.6–2.5 × 1.5–3 mm.</p><p>The species is found in different types of vegetation, such as Riparian or  Gallery Forest,  Terra Firme Forest,  Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, and  Ombrophilous Forest . Its geographic distribution includes the  Amazon,  Caatinga,  Cerrado,  Atlantic Forest and Pantanal. The species occurs throughout Brazil, except in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina  Peixoto et al. (2020).  In Ceará, the species occurs in  Tropical Sub-deciduous Rain Forests ( Dry Forest),  Tropical Sub-deciduous Xeromorphic Forests ( Cerradão) and  Tropical Subevergreen Rain-Cloud Forests ( Humid Forest).  It was collected in the flowering phase in the month of  October and with flowers and fruits from  January to  March and from  August to  December (Fig. 3).  Some specimens analyzed exhibited a great quantity of trichomes ( Gardner, N. 1842 and 1843;  Mata, N. 2244), however, the inflorescence and shape of the leaves match  S. guianensis .  Three exsiccates with records in databases were requested for analysis, however, the material was not found in the herbarium P (P00053034, P00053035 and P00053261). The species is popularly known as "negramina".</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/874D87EEFFA03A44AD5AFBFAFB0CFE23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Brunassi, Gustavo Rebechi;Lírio, Elton John de	Brunassi, Gustavo Rebechi, Lírio, Elton John de (2025): Flora of Ceará: Siparunaceae. Rodriguesia (e 00592024) 76: 1-8, DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202576003, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202576003
