taxonID	type	description	language	source
19AD11B1AEFD5513BE5803A303836658.taxon	description	Fig. 1	en	Dorr, Laurence J. (2025): The native species of Callianthe (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) in northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and adjacent Brazil). PhytoKeys 260: 75-95, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.154906
19AD11B1AEFD5513BE5803A303836658.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Differs from Callianthe sylvatica (Cav.) Dorr in having broadly ovate (versus ovate or ovate-oblong) leaf blades with acute or broadly acute (versus acuminate) apices, axillary flowers (2 –) 3 per axil (versus solitary or paired), peduncles ± equal to (versus exceeding) petioles in length and petals 1.2 (versus 2 – 2.5) cm long.	en	Dorr, Laurence J. (2025): The native species of Callianthe (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) in northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and adjacent Brazil). PhytoKeys 260: 75-95, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.154906
19AD11B1AEFD5513BE5803A303836658.taxon	description	Description. Erect shrubs, to 1 m tall; stems densely stellate-pubescent. Leaves simple, entire, leaf blades broadly ovate, very faintly 3 - lobed, slightly asymmetrical in shape, decreasing in size towards the stem apex, 7 – 11 × 5 – 11 cm, bases cordate with a wide sinus, margin denticulate to subentire, teeth rounded (not sharp), apices acute to broadly acute, palmately 5 – 7 - nerved from the base, mid-rib and 2 ° veins prominent below, slightly raised above, densely stellate-pubescent below, heterotrichous with a bed of smaller stellate hairs overlain by larger stellate hairs, lamina not visible, sparsely stellate-pubescent to glabrate above, lamina visible; petioles 2.5 – 4 cm long, densely stellate-pubescent; stipules falcate, ca. 10 × 1 mm, densely pubescent, caducous. Inflorescences axillary, (2 –) 3 - flowered; peduncles 2 – 4.5 cm long, ± equal to or shorter than petioles in length, articulated ca. 2 – 3 mm below calyx. Floral buds globose, densely yellowish villous, sepals valvate. Involucel absent. Calyx campanulate, gamosepalous, 5 - lobed, ca. ½ or slightly more divided at anthesis, lobes broadly triangular, 1 × 0.6 cm, densely stellate-pubescent externally, stellate-pubescent internally near margin, nectariferous at base. Petals rotund, ca. 1.2 × 1.2 cm, claw short, ca. 2 mm long, yellow, external surface with minute, whitish, multicellular hairs, inner surface glabrous. Staminal column ca. 1.2 cm long, glabrous; filaments clustered apically, ca. 3 mm long. Styles slightly exceeding the anther mass in length. Stigmas capitate. Schizocarps exceeding the calyx, 1.5 × 2 cm, ± oblate, stellate-pubescent. Mericarps ca. 8, unilocular, 4 - seeded, rhomboid, ca. 1.2 × 0.8 cm, outer wall densely pubescent, inner wall sparsely stellate-pubescent, especially towards margin. Seeds teardrop-shaped, ca. 2 – 3 mm long, pubescent with short simple hairs, raphe ± glabrous.	en	Dorr, Laurence J. (2025): The native species of Callianthe (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) in northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and adjacent Brazil). PhytoKeys 260: 75-95, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.154906
19AD11B1AEFD5513BE5803A303836658.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species epithet honours H. David Clarke who, while employed by the Biological Diversity of the Guiana Shield Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, was an adventurous and discerning plant collector in Guyana (see Kelloff et al. (2011)).	en	Dorr, Laurence J. (2025): The native species of Callianthe (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) in northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and adjacent Brazil). PhytoKeys 260: 75-95, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.154906
19AD11B1AEFD5513BE5803A303836658.taxon	distribution	Distribution. At present, known only from the Wassarai [Wassari] Mountains in southernmost Guyana near the Brazilian border (Kelloff et al. (2011): map 9, trip 18) where it was found in dense forest on red sandy clay.	en	Dorr, Laurence J. (2025): The native species of Callianthe (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) in northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and adjacent Brazil). PhytoKeys 260: 75-95, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.154906
19AD11B1AEFD5513BE5803A303836658.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This is the first record of Callianthe occurring in the Guianas. For convenience, C. clarkei was compared to C. sylvatica, but I am reluctant to consider the two species closely related. Their inflorescences and flower petals are quite different. In fact, the inflorescence of C. clarkei resembles that of several collections from Putumayo, Colombia that are associated here with C. sylvatica with doubt (see below).	en	Dorr, Laurence J. (2025): The native species of Callianthe (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) in northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and adjacent Brazil). PhytoKeys 260: 75-95, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.154906
63FE662104DF5A39A3C8E8EEE685D31D.taxon	description	Fig. 2	en	Dorr, Laurence J. (2025): The native species of Callianthe (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) in northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and adjacent Brazil). PhytoKeys 260: 75-95, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.154906
63FE662104DF5A39A3C8E8EEE685D31D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in the Andes of Colombia and / or Venezuela; further details wanting.	en	Dorr, Laurence J. (2025): The native species of Callianthe (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) in northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and adjacent Brazil). PhytoKeys 260: 75-95, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.154906
63FE662104DF5A39A3C8E8EEE685D31D.taxon	discussion	Discussion. When Planchon first validly published this name in a nursery catalogue distributed by Linden (1850: 4, 19), he announced that it would be illustrated that spring in the horticultural journal “ Flore des serres et jardins d’Europe ”. The index to Linden’s nursery catalogue gave an even more precise date for the promised illustration (“ voir Flore des serres, février 1850 ”). There is, however, no illustration of A. insigne in the February issue of that journal and, for whatever reasons, one did not appear until several months later in the June issue (Planchon 1850: t. 551). Thus, while the illustration that Planchon promised may have existed when the name A. insigne first was published, it is not certain that it did exist and the plate’s status as original material is equivocal. Accordingly, the lectotype designated by Fryxell (2002: 95) is superseded here with a specimen from the Linden establishment. Linden and Planchon (1874 – 1875) later cited a collection (“ Linden-Funck et Schlim, n ° 750 ”) of Abutilon insigne from “ Venezuela – Agua Obispo (prov. de Truxillo) ”, but no specimens of this collection have been located and the description of 3 - lobed leaves and the locality suggest the collection might, in fact, be the species described below as Callianthe roseangelae Dorr. In any case, apart from this collection and the Wibbe one cited above, no other wild-collected material of A. insigne has been reported or identified. It is unfortunate that the Rev. John Hermann Wibbe (1849 – 1878), who assembled a personal herbarium that included his own collections along with those gathered by others worldwide, elected to suppress the name of whomever collected his specimen of A. insigne and concealed precisely where it was collected. De Bosschere (1891: 127), in discussing cultivated material of Abutilon seen in Ghent and Lièges, Belgium, recognised A. insigne ‘ Duc de Malakoff’, based on a rather trivial petal colour difference. De Bosschere wrote that his cultivar had pinkish-purple petals with purple-carmine veins, while A. insigne as described by Planchon (1850) and Morren (1855) had soft pink or white petals with purple and carmine veins. Unfortunately, the cultivar name adopted by De Bosschere (1891) had been applied by horticulturists since 1870, at least, to a mottled-leaf (virus-infected) variety of A. striatum Dicks. ex Lindl. (Hibberd 1870). Fryxell in Bernal et al. (2016: 2535) did not cite wild-collected material of Abutilon insigne from Colombia, but reported that the species was cultivated in the Andes of Caldas and Cundinamarca. The voucher Fryxell cited for Cundinamaraca (Sänchez & Linares 1776, COL [COL 000139180 as image!]), however, is not A. insigne nor is what is presumed to be Fryxell’s voucher for Caldas (i. e. de Fraume & Alvarez y Gallego 379, COL [COL 000139181 as image!]). Both specimens can be referred to a complex of Callianthe cultivars that often are named for convenience as “ A. × hybridum ”. Kearney (1958) wrote that Abutilon insigne occurred in Venezuela, but did not cite a voucher. Dorr in Hokche et al. (2008) reported that A. insigne occurred in the State of Trujillo and probably also Táchira, Venezuela. The Trujillo record was based, in part, on material described below as Callianthe roseangelae. The Táchira record was taken from Bono (1996), but Bono’s brief description (“ Flores rojas, .... ”) and stated provenance (“ Originaria de Asia Menor ”) suggest it is not this species. Callianthe insignis is a distinctive plant with a scandent habit, rugose to slightly bullate leaf blades that are entire or faintly 3 - lobed and coriaceous, pendulous inflorescences with flowers borne on long, articulated peduncles, pale lavender or white petals with dark purple veins, petals spreading at anthesis and a slightly exserted androecium. Despite our lack of knowledge regarding wild populations, C. insignis has been in cultivation since it was first discovered ca. 175 years ago and is included in standard horticultural references as Abutilon insigne (Bailey 1949; Bailey and Bailey 1976; Everett 1980; Huxley et al. 1992; Griffiths 1994). The species commonly known as “ Climbing Chinese lantern ” currently is available in the trade in New Zealand, at least. Both Church Gardens and Woodleigh Nursery in New Plymouth cultivate this species, which was acquired from Hollard Gardens in Tarankai (Glyn Church, pers. comm.) (Fig. 2). The last-named nursery no longer has records regarding how it acquired the species. A specimen in the Meisner Herbarium (NY [02339732]!) indicates Abutilon insigne was cultivated in Brazil as early as 1854, but more recent material from Brazil has not been seen. The source of the Meisner material is stated to have been New Granada, but whether the plant came to Brazil via Luxembourg (Linden) or directly from northern South America is unknown. Reports of Abutilon insigne being cultivated in Costa Rica are suspect (Standley 1937; Fryxell 2007). Vouchers were not cited and the determinations reported in these floras cannot be verified.	en	Dorr, Laurence J. (2025): The native species of Callianthe (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) in northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and adjacent Brazil). PhytoKeys 260: 75-95, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.154906
1FD3B060E9C959A1BCFC1BA369532D3C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to Colombia where it is found in the Cordillera Oriental; 1100 – 1300 m elev. Reports for Bolívar and La Guajira Departments (Fryxell in Bernal et al. (2016: 1540 )), probably are incorrect since material from those Departments deposited in the Herbario Nacional Colombiano (COL) is misidentified and should be referred to Bakeridesia integerrima (Hook. f.) D. M. Bates.	en	Dorr, Laurence J. (2025): The native species of Callianthe (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) in northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and adjacent Brazil). PhytoKeys 260: 75-95, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.154906
1FD3B060E9C959A1BCFC1BA369532D3C.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The specimen selected as lectotype of the name Abutilon petiolare was labelled by Kunth as “ Abutilon petiolare mihi ” and is part of the “ Herbier Humboldt & Bonpland. ” It also has flower, fruit and mature mericarps. The isolectotype specimen, part of Bonpland’s “ Herbier de l’Amérique équatoriale, ” was labelled “ Sida [illegible] ” and has a reference in an unknown hand to the publication (quarto edition) of A. petiolare. It has a fruit and a flower. This species lacks the horticultural appeal of other Callianthe species, yet it is distinctive. Pressed and dried material has a cinereous appearance; simple hairs on stems, petioles and pedicels are exceptionally long and visible without magnification; the leaf blade margin is coarsely serrate; leaf blade apices are long acuminate; petioles often clearly exceed leaf blades in length; and the petals are yellow.	en	Dorr, Laurence J. (2025): The native species of Callianthe (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) in northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and adjacent Brazil). PhytoKeys 260: 75-95, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.154906
E1EF3D4BE8405D2F96EEE6C377FF1D53.taxon	description	Fig. 3	en	Dorr, Laurence J. (2025): The native species of Callianthe (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) in northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and adjacent Brazil). PhytoKeys 260: 75-95, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.154906
E1EF3D4BE8405D2F96EEE6C377FF1D53.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Callianthe roseangelae Dorr differs from C. insignis (Planch.) Dorr in leaf shape (non-apical leaf blades conspicuously 3 - lobed versus unlobed or inconspicuously lobed), leaf surface (smooth versus rugose to slightly bullate), calyx shape (broadly campanulate versus tubular), calyx lobe shape (broadly versus narrowly triangular) and staminal column indumentum (stellate pubescent versus glabrous).	en	Dorr, Laurence J. (2025): The native species of Callianthe (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) in northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and adjacent Brazil). PhytoKeys 260: 75-95, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.154906
E1EF3D4BE8405D2F96EEE6C377FF1D53.taxon	description	Description. Scandent or vining shrubs with hanging branches; stems stellate-pubescent, glabrate in age. Leaves simple, entire; leaf blades differing in shape and size depending upon location on branchlets; apical leaves relatively smaller, ovate, 2 – 9 × 1.3 – 4.8 cm, unlobed or with a slight suggestion of 3 lobes, apices long acuminate, margin crenulate, bases cordate; non-apical leaves relatively larger, broadly ovate, 7 – 15 × 5 – 11 cm, 3 - lobed with the lateral lobes diverging and ending in long acuminate apices, central lobes also long acuminate, margin crenulate, bases deeply cordate with sinuses to 2 cm deep; all leaves 7 - nerved at the base, densely stellate-pubescent below with multi-rayed sessile hairs, rays ascending, ± colourless, leaf surface visible between hairs, stellate hairs on principal veins slightly larger, darker and more dense; scattered stellate-pubescent above with multi-rayed hairs, rays ± appressed or slightly ascending, leaf surface visible between hairs, rough to the touch, stellate hairs on principal veins slightly larger, darker and more dense; dark greyish-green above (fide Cuatrecasas et al. 28563), dull green below, smooth (not rugose nor slightly bullate), firmly membranous; petioles 1 – 6 cm long, densely stellate-pubescent; stipules ca. 5 × 9 – 10 mm, slightly falcate, stellate-pubescent, caducous. Flowers pendent, solitary in leaf axils, borne on slender peduncles 8 – 13 cm long (expanding to 22 cm long in fruit), stellate-pubescent, articulated 1 – 4 cm below the calyx, much more densely ferruginous stellate pubescent above the articulation; flower buds densely ferruginous stellate-pubescent, somewhat globose but coming to an apical point, sepals valvate. Involucel absent. Calyx broadly campanulate, 2 – 2.5 × 2 – 3.5 cm at anthesis, gamosepalous, 5 - lobed, lobes broadly triangular, unequal in size and shape, ca. 0.5 – 1 cm × 0.7 – 1 cm, external surface densely stellate-pubescent with greenish-brown, brown or ferruginous hairs, internal surface light green, villous, with long simple hairs, nectariferous at base. Petals broadly spatulate, 4.5 – 5.5 × 2 – 3 cm, narrowing to a long claw, claw stellate-pubescent internally especially towards base, external surface of petals with scattered simple multicellular hairs, pink or whitish with strong purplish-red or deep rose branching veins, petals turning dark red when dry, evidently spreading slightly at anthesis. Staminal column ca. 4.3 cm long, lower 2 cm stellate-pubescent, filaments clustered apically, ca. 5 mm long, anthers greenish-brownish, not or very slightly exserted beyond the corolla. Styles ± equal to anther mass in length. Stigmas capitate. Fruit schizocarpic, ca. 2.5 × 4 cm, depressed-globose, calyx accrescent; mericarps ca. 8, rhomboid, ca. 2 × 1 cm, dorsally stellate-pubescent, inner wall glabrous, dehiscent. Seeds semi-deltoid, ca. 3 × 2 mm, pubescent, with simple trichomes, trichomes denser near hilum.	en	Dorr, Laurence J. (2025): The native species of Callianthe (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) in northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and adjacent Brazil). PhytoKeys 260: 75-95, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.154906
E1EF3D4BE8405D2F96EEE6C377FF1D53.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species epithet honours Rose Angela Gulledge who has made substantial organisational contributions to the Flora of Guaramacal (Venezuela) project (Dorr et al. 2001; Dorr 2014; Dorr and Niño 2024), which treats the vascular plants of a national park close to the type locality of this new species.	en	Dorr, Laurence J. (2025): The native species of Callianthe (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) in northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and adjacent Brazil). PhytoKeys 260: 75-95, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.154906
E1EF3D4BE8405D2F96EEE6C377FF1D53.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to Venezuela where it has been found only in cloud forest in the Venezuelan Andes near the Páramo La Cristalina northwest of Boconó; 2300 – 2500 m elev.	en	Dorr, Laurence J. (2025): The native species of Callianthe (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) in northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and adjacent Brazil). PhytoKeys 260: 75-95, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.154906
E1EF3D4BE8405D2F96EEE6C377FF1D53.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The only fruit available for inspection had already shed seed and the number of seeds per mericarp could not be established apart from there clearly being more than one. The inner walls of the dehisced mericarps are glabrous, which contradicts one of the morphological characters that Donnell et al. (2012) used to define the genus Callianthe. Likewise, the staminal column in C. roseangelae is stellate pubescent below (Fig. 3 D), which contradicts another morphological character that Donnell et al. (2012) used to define the genus Callianthe. However, the flowers agree with Callianthe as the petal veins are impressed and a darker colour than the petals. Additionally, the petals are not rotate like those of Abutilon s. str. and instead, while the petal apices are spreading at anthesis, their bases remain strongly imbricate. The paratype collection originally was identified (“ ex char. ”) as Abutilon insigne (≡ Callianthe insignis). While C. roseangelae and C. insignis are morphologically similar and possibly closely related, they are distinct as noted in the diagnosis. Presumably, these two species also are separated geographically, but because the precise range of the latter species is unknown, this remains conjecture. In any case, whether it is due to geographic isolation, infrequent flowering or some other factor, it is remarkable that two spectacularly beautiful Andean species in a group long favoured by horticulturists are so infrequently collected.	en	Dorr, Laurence J. (2025): The native species of Callianthe (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) in northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and adjacent Brazil). PhytoKeys 260: 75-95, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.154906
7FDB0EEB788151468E410F2172DBA07A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia and the Cordillera de la Costa and Andes of Venezuela; 700 – 2300 m elev. This species also occurs in the Andes of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. Guézou et al. (2007) reported that Callianthe sylvatica (as Abutilon dianthum) was adventive in the Galapagos Islands and recommended that it be eradicated there.	en	Dorr, Laurence J. (2025): The native species of Callianthe (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) in northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and adjacent Brazil). PhytoKeys 260: 75-95, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.154906
7FDB0EEB788151468E410F2172DBA07A.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Presl (1835) transferred Sida sylvatica Cav. to Abutilon, but Presl’s action was overlooked by Schumann (1891) who nonetheless saw the same relationship. Schumann’s interpretation of the proper placement of this Peruvian species was followed by Garcke (1893), Macbride (1956) and Kearney (1958), the first reviewing Schumann’s treatment and the last two revising the Peruvian and South American species of Abutilon, respectively. Fryxell (1992), who treated the Ecuadorean species of Abutilon, however, adopted A. dianthum C. Presl as the name of this species since he argued that the name S. sylvatica could not be applied to a species of Abutilon because Cavanilles described the fruit as having uniovulate carpels. Fryxell (1992) circumscribed Abutilon as having (2 –) 3 – 6 ovules per carpel and, while his description of A. dianthum omitted a statement regarding ovule number, it has 7 – 9 ovules per carpel, which aligns it with the pluriovulate species of Abutilon that Donnell et al. (2012) transferred to Callianthe. Fuertes and Fryxell (1993) and Fryxell (2002) repeated Fryxell’s (1992) argument regarding S. sylvatica and even stated that the identity and generic placement of Cavanilles’s plant were problematic. Krapovickas (2012), relying on the original description of Cavanilles (1786) and a plate that Cavanilles (1788) published subsequently, also focused on the statement (and illustration) by Cavanilles that the carpels were uniovolute and opined on the basis of this character that the only possible generic placement was Gaya Kunth. These arguments concerning the identity of Sida sylvatica are curious because the holotype of S. sylvatica, a specimen collected by Joseph Dombey (MA [MA- 656281]), which also appears to subsequently have served as the basis of the plate that Cavanilles (1788: t. 133, fig. 2) published to illustrate S. sylvatica, exists. The rules of the International Code of Nomenclature (Turland et al. 2025: Arts. 9.1, 9.14) are clear that the type, not a description, fixes the application of the name concerned. Thus, in this case, while the description of the carpels by Cavanilles (1786) is at variance with the definition of Abutilon (and Callianthe), the holotype of S. sylvatica nonetheless represents a species best placed in Callianthe because material from Peru that matches the type is pluriovulate with more than six ovules per carpel. Interestingly, the holotype of S. sylvatica does not now have fruit, which begs the question as to the source of this discordant element in Cavanilles’s (1786, 1788) description and illustration. Fuertes and Fryxell (1993: 663) stated that “ an apparent isotype ” of Sida sylvatica was found in the general herbarium in Madrid (MA [MA- 265804 as image!] [= F neg. no. 29760]), but the locality on the label of this specimen, Cochexo (or Tochexo), differs from that of the holotype and there is no evidence that the specimen was collected by Dombey. It clearly represents the same taxon, but cannot be considered type material. Krapovickas (2012) confused this specimen with the holotype of S. sylvatica, citing the correct locality and collector, but “ MA 29760 [sic], foto F 29760 ” as the holotype. Fryxell (1992: 10) designated a Haenke collection in Prague (PR) as the lectotype of the name Abutilon dianthum, but he failed to distinguish between two duplicates of that collection held in PR (Turland et al. 2025: Art. 9.17). Consequently, a second-step lectotype is necessary and is designated here. The locality on the lectotype label matches exactly that given in the prootologue. The locality on the isolectotype labels is slightly different (viz. “ Peruviae ”), but the handwriting is identical on four of the five specimens cited. The label on the specimen in Munich (M) was copied by a different person. Ulbrich (1932) indicated that the type of Abutilon woronowii was a collection made in Venezuela, “ Colonia Tovar (bluhend 21. Oktober 1926 – G. Woronow n. 7480 typ.) ”, which was deposited in Berlin (B). This specimen subsequently was destroyed in World War II and consequently a duplicate of the type, which Ulbrich (1939) noted later and indicated was deposited in St. Petersburg (LE), is here designated as lectotype of this name. Although the type of A. woronowii was not examined in the present study, two paratypes (Allart 316 and Pittier 9931) (Ulbrich 1932, 1939) were studied and they are indistinguishable from C. sylvatica. ‘ Abutilon prolificum ’ is a herbarium name that Rusby wrote on sheets of one of his Bolivian collections, Rusby 737 (GH [0052675 as image], K [K 000328758 as image], US [01217797]), which was made during the Mulford Biological Exploration of the Amazon Basin. Callianthe sylvatica is interpreted here as an erect shrub with ovate to broadly ovate leaves, oblique to cordate bases, acute to acuminate apices, crenate-dentate margin and stellate-pubescent (often ferruginous) indumentum above and below; flowers solitary (or paired) in uppermost leaf axils, drooping or pendent; peduncles exceeding subtending petioles in length; calyx ca. half-lobed, ferruginous stellate-pubescent; petals spatulate, clawed, pale to bright yellow (or white), with impressed veins of the same colour; staminal column glabrous; schizocarps with ca. 10 – 12 (– 16) mericarps, persistent calyx; and pubescent seed. Although a number of authors (e. g. Candolle (1824); Don (1831); Schumann (1891); Baker (1893); Fryxell (2002)) have recognised both Callianthe sylvatica and C. geminiflora (Kunth) Donnell or their respective synonyms, there is no clear distinction between the former species described from Peru and the latter described from Venezuela. At best, the Venezuelan species can be described as having slightly more oblique leaves than those of C. sylvatica. Similarly, while Kearney (1958) suggested Abutilon laxum Rusby was a synonym of A. sylvaticum (= C. sylvatica), Donnell et al. (2012) recognised it as C. laxa (Rusby) Donnell. There is nothing to distinguish C. laxa from C. sylvatica and Dorr in Jørgensen et al. (2014: 791), who reviewed the Bolivian taxa of Malvaceae, listed the former as a synonym of the latter. Donnell et al. (2012) noted that species relationships within their Callianthe and Bakeridesia s. str. clades are poorly resolved, but did not elaborate on the possible reasons. Excluded name	en	Dorr, Laurence J. (2025): The native species of Callianthe (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) in northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and adjacent Brazil). PhytoKeys 260: 75-95, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.154906
