identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8C4BA038FFA4324EFED6FC616A8477A0.text	8C4BA038FFA4324EFED6FC616A8477A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Narella GRAY 1870	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> NARELLA GRAY, 1870</p>
            <p> Narella Gray, 1870: 49 . – Bayer, 1956: F222, fig. 159(5). – 1961: 295 [illustrated key to genus]. – Bayer, 1981: 937 [key to genus]. – Bayer &amp; Stefani, 1989: 455 [key to genus]. – Williams, 1992: 272. – Cairns &amp; Bayer, 2003: 618–619; 2007: 84–86 [list of species]; 2008: 85–86 [key to Hawaiian species]; 2009: 43, figs. 14A–G [revision, list of species]. – Cairns &amp; Baco, 2007: 392–393 [list of species]. – Cairns, 2012: 14 [key to New Zealand species]. </p>
            <p> Not  Stachyodes Bargatzky, 1881 [a stromatoporoid]. </p>
            <p> Stachyodes Wright &amp; Studer, 1889: 49 . – Versluys, 1906: 86–88. – Kinoshita, 1908: 45–47. – Kükenthal, 1912: 325–328. – 1919: 452–456 [key to genus and species]. – 1924: 308–309 [key to genus and species]. </p>
            <p> Calypterinus Wright &amp; Studer in Studer, 1887: 49–60. – Wright &amp; Studer, 1889: 53. </p>
            <p> Type species:  Primnoa regularis Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1860 , by monotypy. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis (from Cairns, 2012 – changes in bold): Colonies lyrate, dichotomously branched, pinnate or unbranched (flagelliform). Polyps arranged in whorls, with polyps always facing downwards. Polyps covered by three (rarely four) pairs of abaxial body-wall scales (1 pair of basals, 1–2 pairs of medials and 1 pair of buccals), 1–3 pairs of much smaller adaxial body-wall scales, and sometimes additional scattered adaxial scales, nonetheless resulting in a partially naked adaxial face; two species also have unpaired infrabasal scales. Distal margins of body-wall scales often spinose, toothed or lobate, sometimes extending as a protective buccal cowl. Opercular scales usually prominently keeled. Coenenchymal scales arranged in one or two layers, often quite thick and often ridged. Flattened, curved tentacular platelets often present.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C4BA038FFA4324EFED6FC616A8477A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Taylor, M. L.;Rogers, A. D.	Taylor, M. L., Rogers, A. D. (2017): Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) of the SW Indian Ocean: new species, genus revisions and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 70-97
8C4BA038FFA43244FCE5F9AD6A95713C.text	8C4BA038FFA43244FCE5F9AD6A95713C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Narella gilchristi (Thomson 1911) SW Indian Ocean	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> NARELLA GILCHRISTI (THOMSON, 1911)</p>
            <p>(FIGS 4, 5)</p>
            <p> Stachyodes gilchristi Thomson, 1911: 885 , pl. 44, fig. 1, pl. 45, fig. 2a,b; – Stiasny, 1940: 34, text-fig. H, pl. 1, fig. 8. </p>
            <p> Stachyodes gilberti Kükenthal, 1919: 468 (?misspelling of  S. gilchristi ); – 1924: 316. </p>
            <p> Stachyodes capensis Thomson, 1917: 25 , text-fig. 5, pl. 3. </p>
            <p> Narella gilchristi – Williams, 1992: 272–276, figs. 1G, 63–65. </p>
            <p> Material examined:  NHMUK 2016.19 (JC066-3824) , RRS JamesCook,sta.7,ev.10,SapmerBank, 36°47.798′S, 052°6.315′E, 300–700 m, 7 December 2011;  NHMUK 2016.20 (JC066-216) ,  NHMUK 2016.21 (JC066-217) ,  NHMUK 2016.22 (JC066-212) , RRS James Cook, sta. 4., ev. 2, Coral Seamount, 41°20.708′S, 42°55.2922′E, 1365 m, 12 November 2011;  NHMUK 2016.23 (JC066- 640) ,  NHMUK 2016.24 (JC066-641) ,  NHMUK 2016.25 (JC066-643) ,  NHMUK 2016.26 (JC066-644) ,  NHMUK 2016.27 (JC066-645) ,  NHMUK 2016.28 (JC066-647) , sta. 4, ev. 4, 41°22′48.780′S, 42°51′09.109′E, 1332 m, 13 November 2011;  NHMUK 2016.29 (JC066-716) ,  NHMUK 2016.30 (JC066-717) ,  NHMUK 2016.31 (JC066-718) ,  NHMUK 2016.32 (JC066-719) , sta. 4, ev. 4, Coral seamount, 41°22′48.780′S, 42°51′09.109′E, 800–1332 m, 13 November 2011. SEM stubs –  T146-148 . </p>
            <p>Description: Largest colony (NHMUK 2016.19, JC066- 3824) 40 cm tall, ~ 14 cm wide, lyrate branching (remainder are mostly fragments), some secondary dichotomous branching (Fig. 4h). Branching sometimes in more than one plane with different planes interconnected by thin branchlets. Branches thick, up to 8.0 mm diameter, rigid. Axis smooth, gold. No holdfast.</p>
            <p>Calyces mostly in whorls of 6–7 (Fig. 4a, g), whorls modestly spaced, ~7 whorls per 3 cm of branchlet, rarely 8 (Fig. 4b, c). Whorl diameter ~5.0–6.0 mm. Calyces 2.5–3.0 mm tall (Fig. 4e), each with three pairs of abaxial (Fig. 4a, e) and one pair of square adaxial body-wall scales.</p>
            <p>Basal scales (Fig. 5d, e) tall, 2.5–3.0 mm, slender, 1.0– 1.5 mm wide, standing almost perpendicular to branchlet, forming a closed ring, distal quarter to third is a projecting lobe (Figs 4e, f, 5d, e). One pair of adaxial body-wall scales. Two to three small, thick, irregular sclerites (Fig. 5h) at base of basal scales, could be described as infrabasal. Medial scales (Fig. 5i, j) slightly shorter than buccal scales, 1.3–1.4 mm long, 1.1–1.3 mm wide, squarish in shape. Buccal scales (Fig. 5f, g) 1.5–1.6 mm long, 1.3–1.4 mm wide, flared distally, with fine ridging along inner distal edge; lateral edges curve around side of polyp, extending to form cowl around operculum; distal inner edges also finely ridged. Distal edge of medial and buccal scales thin, therefore sometimes broken and jagged.</p>
            <p>In lateral view operculum mostly hidden by cowl (Fig. 4b, c, e). Opercular scales (330–400 μm tall, 150– 325 μm wide) with large keel (side view – Fig. 5a). Like congenerics, opercular size decreases progressively from ab- to adaxial. Opercular scale shape ranges from lanceolate (Fig. 5b) to ones bearing one wide lobe laterally (Fig. 5c). Opercular scale outer surface often deeply concave, mirroring inner, keeled surface. No tentacular scales observed.</p>
            <p>Outer surface of all above scales smooth; close-up with fine, low granular lines (Fig. 5m). Inner surfaces vary, tending to be covered with dense granular markings basally (Fig. 5n), with a smooth or finely ridged distal area.</p>
            <p>Coenenchymal scales (300–400 μm) irregular in shape with upturned edges, forming thick mosaic of cover over axis (Fig. 5k). Secondary inner layer of small irregular coenenchymal scales present (Fig. 5l).</p>
            <p>Known distribution: SW Indian Ocean, 90–1365 m depth.</p>
            <p> Remarks: Four gall-forming mesoparasites from the Infraclass  Ascothoracida , Subphylum  Crustacea , were found on specimen NHMUK 2016.19, JC066-3824. Colony, or many polyps of the colony, is brooding. Basal scales can be modified and attached to adjacent sclerites to form tubes for commensal polychaete worms. </p>
            <p> Comparisons: The sclerites of  N. gilchristi presented here are near identical to those of holotype material held at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (NMNH, S. Cairns, personal communication). Specimens examined here appear to have thinner scales than those described in Williams (1992). They have sparser whorl placement and the basal scales are taller. However, polyp structure and other sclerite sizes and shapes are very similar to those described in Williams (1992). Taking both these sources into account we thus consider these specimens to be  N. gilchristi . </p>
            <p> Lyrate colony shape is confirmed only in four species of  Narella :  N. gilchristi ,  N. valentine sp. nov. ,  N. compressa and  N. bellissima . </p>
            <p> On first glance  N. bellissima is very similar to  N. gilchristi , with smooth outer surfaces on scales and basal scales departing branchlets at 90°; however, the former has smaller polyps, whorls much more densely placed than the latter, and tentacular scales. Calyces of  N. valentine sp. nov. are far smaller than those of  N. gilchristi . Polyps of the former have a peaked basal cowl whereas those of the latter have two basal scales with rounded lobate projections. The species also differ in number of polyps per whorl and whorl density. The holotype of  N. compressa would appear to be half of what may well be a lyrate colony (Kinoshita, 1908; plate 3, image 25). Polyps also have a tall basal scale rising perpendicular from the branchlet, similar to  N. gilchristi . The polyps of  N. compressa are smaller and there are 11–12 whorls per 3 cm of branchlet; far more than are found in  N. gilchristi presented here. A fresh assessment of Kinoshita’s material is required to confirm that  N. compressa is not conspecific with  N. gilchristi . </p>
            <p> Thick mosaic-like coenenchymal scales are found on  N. clavata ,  N. mosaica ,  N. compressa and  N. gilchristi . Although basal scales of  N. gilchristi can be as tall as  N. clavata , they are not laterally fused and the coenenchymal layer is not as thick in  N. gilchristi .  Narella mosaica has shorter basal scales than those found in  N. gilchristi and thus does not have the large cowl formed by the basal scales (seen in Fig. 4f). </p>
            <p> There are three species where branching pattern is unknown:  N. ornata ,  N. hawaiinensis and  N. ambigua .  Narella gilchristi differs from  N. ornata in having more polyps per whorl and taller basal body-wall scales that are rounded and lacking ridges. There is little detail in the original description of  N. ambigua ; the few details of polyp size and number of calyces per whorl are similar to  N. gilchristi ; however, until examined these species should remain separate and valid.  Narella hawaiiensis has fewer calyces per whorl than  N. gilchristi , shorter, less robust basal scales that have ridges (something lacking in the latter), sclerites that are thinner, and more brittle, and ridged coenenchymal scales; very different characters to that found in the latter. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C4BA038FFA43244FCE5F9AD6A95713C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Taylor, M. L.;Rogers, A. D.	Taylor, M. L., Rogers, A. D. (2017): Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) of the SW Indian Ocean: new species, genus revisions and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 70-97
8C4BA038FFAE3241FC2DFA1D6BEA72E6.text	8C4BA038FFAE3241FC2DFA1D6BEA72E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Narella speighti Taylor & Rogers 2017	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> NARELLA SPEIGHTI SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 6, 7)</p>
            <p> Material examined:  Holotype – NHMUK 2016.33 (JC066-3719), RRS James Cook, sta. 8, ev. 5, Atlantis Bank, 32°42.862′S, 57°14.666′E, 870 m, 10 December 2011. SEM stubs – T165-166.</p>
            <p>Description: Holotype has equal dichotomous branching, 11 cm tall. Holdfast has multiple main branches indicating, speculatively, branching may be bushy. Axis straw coloured. Polyps 3–4 per whorl (Fig. 6d), 6–9 whorls (usually 6–7) per 2 cm of axis (Fig. 6e), whorl diameter 2.5–3.6 mm. Polyps 2.0– 2.2 mm tall (Fig. 6c).</p>
            <p>Basal scales ~ 1.4 mm tall (Fig. 7n, o), curved away from polyp body, closed ring adaxially, free distal edge tall and rounded, thin and often broken, sometimes jagged, so is not a smooth cowl. One pair of square to oblong body-wall scales placed adaxially.</p>
            <p>Medial scales curved outwards, smooth rounded distal edge (Fig. 7j, m), ~ 1.5 mm wide and 1.1–1.5 mm tall; inner surface with smooth band across distal third, dense granules basally (Fig. 7j).</p>
            <p>Buccal scales outwardly curved with round, smooth distal edge (Fig. 7k, l), 1.5–1.6 mm tall and wide; outer surface smooth, inner with smooth band across distal third, dense tubercles basally (Fig. 7k, l).</p>
            <p>Opercular scales reduce in size from abaxial to adaxial side. Abaxial opercular scales (Fig. 7f, g) large, up to 0.86 mm wide, 0.8–0.86 mm tall. Abaxial opercular scales symmetrical (Fig. 7g, f); asymmetrical on either side (Fig. 7h, i), with just one wide lateral wing. Adaxial scales smaller, 0.3–0.5 mm wide, 0.55–0.7 mm tall (Fig. 7a–e), lanceolate shape. Opercular scales with highly concaved outer surface (mirroring keeled inner surface), distal edge appears notched. No tentacular scales.</p>
            <p>Branchlet axis surface uneven as coenenchymal scale edges curve away from branchlet. Coenenchymal scales long, thin, 0.3–1.0 mm length (Fig. 7p) relatively smooth outer surface, dense tubercles on inner surface, and mosaicked when in situ (Fig. 6f). One layer of coenenchymal scales.</p>
            <p>Known distribution: Atlantis Bank, SE Indian Ocean. 870 m depth.</p>
            <p>Etymology: Named after Prof. Martin Speight for his mentorship and support of generations of marine biologists.</p>
            <p> Comparisons: Most species of  Narella have dichotomous branching. As many species are described from specimens lacking a holdfast or colony fragments, some described as uniplanar may well be bushy so all dichotomously branched species and those with unknown branching patterns were considered if they had polyps ≤ 2.5 mm tall.  Narella gilchristi ,  N.megalepis ,  N. biannulata ,  N. horrida ,  N. bayeri and  N. dampieri all have more than four polyps per whorl so were disregarded.  Narella clavata has thick mosaic-like coenenchymal scales, very different to those of  N. speighti sp. nov. Narella laxa was not considered as it has four pairs of body-wall scales. The outer surface of sclerites of  N. speighti are relatively smooth, whereas those of  N. parva ,  N. regularis ,  N. cristata and  N. abyssalis have distinct ridges.  Narella leilae has basal scales that form a large, flared cone; unlike the projecting, lobate edges of the basal scales seen in  N. speighti . Polyp and sclerite size, structure and orientation look very similar to those of  N. obscura . We separate them based on their coenenchymal scales, which are not elongate in  N. obscura , as they are in  N. speighti . Basal and buccal scales of  N. japonensis are more modest than those of  N. speighti and the colony branching does not appear to be bushy from the fragment described. The basal scales of  N. vulgaris do not have lobate projections; they are more rounded and the sclerites are not as smooth as those of  N. speighti . There is also no clear separation of the dense tubercle-covered base on the inner surface of sclerites, something clearly seen in  N. speighti . With the above comparisons considered we recommend this specimen as a new species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C4BA038FFAE3241FC2DFA1D6BEA72E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Taylor, M. L.;Rogers, A. D.	Taylor, M. L., Rogers, A. D. (2017): Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) of the SW Indian Ocean: new species, genus revisions and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 70-97
8C4BA038FFAB3242FEBDF94C68EB7691.text	8C4BA038FFAB3242FEBDF94C68EB7691.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Narella valentine Taylor & Rogers 2017	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> NARELLA VALENTINE SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 2A, 8, 9)</p>
            <p> Material examined:  Holotype – NHMUK 2016.34 (JC66-3807), RRS James Cook, sta. 7, ev. 10, Sapmer Bank, 36°48′10.284′S, 52°06′55.706′E, 383–444 m, December 2011 .  Paratypes: NHMUK 2016.35 (JC066- 3808) ,  NHMUK 2016.36 (JC066-3813) , same details as holotype. SEM stubs –  T149-150 . </p>
            <p>Description: Holotype uniplanar, 32 cm tall, 17 cm wide, with true lyrate branching and rare secondary dichotomous branching, terminal branches generally long (in situ, Figs 2a, 8b), no holdfast. Polyps 1.5–1.8 mm tall (Fig. 8d), 4–5 polyps per whorl on branchlets, main branches ~8 polyps per whorl, 15–16 whorls per 3 cm of branchlet (Fig. 8a), whorl diameter 2.4–2.8 mm.</p>
            <p>Basal scales (Fig. 9n–p) modest size (1.25–1.45 mm tall) in comparison to medial scales (Fig. 9j–m); 1:0.8:0.8 ratio of major body-wall scales. Basal scale distal edge peaked, joined to adjacent basal scale forming a sculpted cowl (Fig. 8c). Outer basal scale surfaces have lateral crest or ridge. Basal scales form closed ring. No infrabasal scales.</p>
            <p>Medial scales square-shaped (Fig. 9j–m), with peaked distal edge, rounded dorso-lateral edge, very slight curve to outer surface, 0.64–0.74 mm tall.</p>
            <p>Buccal scales ~ 0.8 mm tall with rounded distal edge, scale base and lateral edges straight (Fig. 9h, i). One pair of square-to-oblong adaxial buccal scales cover adaxial side of polyp.</p>
            <p>Operculum visible from lateral view, forming onethird of polyp height. Opercular scales reduce in size from abaxial to adaxial; generally 0.3–0.66 mm tall. Opercular scales wide with a lateral wing (0.5 mm, Fig. 9c) or lanceolate-shaped (Fig. 9a, d, f, g), strongly keeled (lateral keel view, Fig. 9b).</p>
            <p>Little coenenchyme visible as polyp whorls closely placed. One layer of long, thin coenenchymal scales (Fig. 9q), some smaller sclerites arranged around them (Fig. 9r); outer surfaces ridged, inner granular (Fig. 9s). No tentacular scales noted.</p>
            <p>Known distribution: Sapmer Bank, SW Indian Ocean, 383–444 m depth.</p>
            <p>Etymology: Named in honour of Dr Taylor’s mother, Valerie, after her secret spy name, Valentine. And in honour of Dr Taylor’s sister, Claire, who was born on Valentine’s Day. As a non-Latin word, ‘valentine’, is treated as indeclinable under 31.2.3 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN).</p>
            <p> Comparisons: As described in comparisons of  N. gilchristi , lyrate branching occurs in just four species of  Narella . Calyces of  Narella valentine sp. nov. are smaller than those of  N. gilchristi . Polyps of the former have a peaked basal cowl, whereas those of the latter have two rounded lobate projections, and they differ in number of polyps per whorl and whorl density. </p>
            <p> Polyps of  N. compressa are of a similar size to those of  N. valentine sp. nov. However, the basal scale of the former is larger and there is no mention of a crest or ridge, as is found in the latter. The basal scales of  N. bellissima have a rounded lobate distal edge whereas those of  N. valentine have a short point. Operculars of the former are thicker and more rounded than the more delicate opercular of the latter. The basal scales of polyps of  N. gilchristi are rounded distally, unlike the peaked edges seen in  N. valentine . </p>
            <p> There are three species of  Narella where branching patterns are unknown:  N. ornata ,  N. hawaiinensis and  N. ambigua . The largest polyps found on  N. valentine are ~ 2 mm tall. Polyps of the three species mentioned are much larger, all over 3 mm tall. With little further information about  N. ambigua it is hard to make further comparisons. Both  N. ornata and  N. hawaiiensis , although with similar ridged basal scales as  N. valentine , have far fewer polyps per whorl and basal scales that do not form a closed ring. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C4BA038FFAB3242FEBDF94C68EB7691	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Taylor, M. L.;Rogers, A. D.	Taylor, M. L., Rogers, A. D. (2017): Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) of the SW Indian Ocean: new species, genus revisions and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 70-97
8C4BA038FFA8325CFE80FC8768E5733D.text	8C4BA038FFA8325CFE80FC8768E5733D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Narella candidae Taylor & Rogers 2017	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> NARELLA CANDIDAE SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 2C, 10, 11)</p>
            <p> Material examined:  Holotype – NHMUK 2016.37 (J C0 6 6- 3 7 4 6), s t a. 8, e v. 2 2, A t l a n t i s B a n k, 32°41′55.177′S, 57°17′40.325′E, 763 m, 13 December 2011. SEM stubs – T170-172.</p>
            <p>Description: Holotype uniplanar with equal dichotomous branching, 31 cm high, 18 cm wide (Fig. 10a; wider in situ, Fig. 2c), base diameter 4 mm. No holdfast. Axis striated, iridescent green (Fig. 10g) with darker brown to green nodes which are slightly thickened; axis light gold distally (Fig. 11l), where just nodes are darkened. Polyps ~ 2.5 mm tall, whorls of 4–6 (higher number on larger-diameter branches), 9–10 whorls per 3 cm of branch (Fig. 10b), whorl diameter 4.0–5.0 mm.</p>
            <p>Polyps with thick, robust sclerites. Basal scales ~ 1.4 mm tall (Fig. 11f) with rounded distal margin; generally two pairs of adaxial body-wall scales (Fig. 10d, i) that together do not form a closed basal ring. Sometimes a third smaller scale in centre of basal row (Fig. 10d, ii). Exterior basal scale surface covered in thick layer of flesh. Medial scales smaller (1.1 mm tall, 0.8 mm wide, Fig. 11g, h), similar shape to buccal scales (1.5 mm tall, 1.4 mm wide), with rounded distal and lateral edges (Fig. 11g, h). Inner surface of basal, medial and buccal scales have a large sparsely granular area; basally there is a large smooth distal margin (Fig. 11f, i, j).</p>
            <p>Tall operculum, easily seen in lateral view (Fig. 10c, f). Opercular scales (0.95–1.5 mm tall, 0.4–0.7 mm wide) progressively smaller from adaxial to abaxial. Larger opercular scales with large keel (Fig. 11b, lateral keel view) and corresponding concaved abaxial surface; smaller opercular less concaved bearing modest keel (Fig. 11c–e). All opercular scales robust, thick, with a smooth surface; granules to posterior of inner opercular surface small and evenly spread. No tentacular scales noted.</p>
            <p>Coenenchymal scales elongate (up to 2.5 mm long), rounded edges forming a mosaic, slab-like coenenchyme (Fig. 11m) on larger branches; branchlet coenenchymal scales are longer and thinner.</p>
            <p>Known distribution: Atlantis Bank, SW Indian Ocean, 763 m depth.</p>
            <p> Etymology: Named after Dr Candida Rogers, wife of Prof. Alex Rogers, and suitably also Latin for ‘white’ and ‘radiant’. We present  ‘ candidae ’ as a noun in the genitive form as per article 31.1.2 of the ICZN. </p>
            <p> Remarks: Colony, or many polyps of the colony, is brooding. No other  Narella has been noted as having dark gorgonin nodes or internodes. This phenomenon has evolved independently at least twice in  Primnoidae –  Mirostenella and  Narella (see Fig. 3); and four times in Octocorallia – the above and  Isididae (bamboo corals) and  Melithaeidae (McFadden et al., 2006) . </p>
            <p> The colony had a resident snake star (  Ophiuroidea :  Euryalidae ) attached when collected (see Fig. 2c). </p>
            <p> Comparisons: Similar to comparisons of  Narella speighti sp. nov. , it is here necessary to make comparisons to a number of species which have dichotomous colony branching, or species of unknown branching structure which have polyps that are under 2.5 mm in length. Again,  N. cristata ,  N. parva and  N. regularis are not compared as they have lateral crests or ridges on their basal scales which are lacking in  N. candidae sp. nov. Basal scales of  N. horrida have a pointed distal edge so are also not considered further. </p>
            <p> Polyps of  N. laxa tend to have four pairs of body-wall scales and a pointed tall operculum with opercular scales that are not concaved. Polyps of  N. speighti sp. nov. ,  N. leilae ,  N. vulgaris ,  N. obscura ,  N. clavata and  N. japonensis are flared with thin distal edges on medial and buccal scales; this is unlike the rounded, thick, and slight inward curve of these scales in  N. candidae sp. nov.</p>
            <p> The species most similar to  Narella candidae sp. nov. is  N. biannulata . Described by Kinoshita in 1907 (a paper we were unable to locate) and re-described, with drawings, in 1908, this species has similar branching structure, polyp size, polyp and whorl density, and scale orientation and ornamentation as  N. candidae ; it even has an unusual greenish metallic tinge to its axis. The 1908 description indicates that  N. biannulata has coenenchymal scales with outer surfaces that are wrinkly or creased (‘Runzeln’). The specimen presented here as  N. candidae has coenenchyme with smooth, rounded outer surfaces. And  N. biannulata is described as lacking adaxial buccal or basal scales;  N. candidae commonly has two pairs of adaxial buccal scales. For these reasons we propose  N. candidae as a new species. </p>
            <p> Narella canididae was placed as sister to  Narella dichotoma in the phylogenetic analysis. The latter differs in having larger polyps than the former and just one pair of adaxial buccal scales as well as having a bushy, flabellate colony shape. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C4BA038FFA8325CFE80FC8768E5733D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Taylor, M. L.;Rogers, A. D.	Taylor, M. L., Rogers, A. D. (2017): Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) of the SW Indian Ocean: new species, genus revisions and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 70-97
8C4BA038FFB6325CFC21F9876D927325.text	8C4BA038FFB6325CFC21F9876D927325.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Primnoa LAMOUROUX 1812	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> PRIMNOA LAMOUROUX, 1812</p>
            <p> Primnoa Lamouroux, 1812: 188 . – Studer, 1887: 49. – Wright &amp; Studer, 1889: xlviii. – Versluys, 1906: 84–85. – Kükenthal, 1915: 143 [key to genus]; – 1919: 357–360 [key to genus]; – 1924: 265–266 [key to genus and species]. – Bayer, 1956: F220; 1961: 294 [illustrated key to genus]; – 1981: 937 [key to genus]. – Bayer &amp; Stefani, 1989: 454 [key to genus]. – Cairns &amp; Bayer, 2005: 226–228 [revision and key to species]. – Cairns &amp; Bayer, 2009: 41–42. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C4BA038FFB6325CFC21F9876D927325	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Taylor, M. L.;Rogers, A. D.	Taylor, M. L., Rogers, A. D. (2017): Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) of the SW Indian Ocean: new species, genus revisions and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 70-97
8C4BA038FFB5325FFF3BFF5C689D77EA.text	8C4BA038FFB5325FFF3BFF5C689D77EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lithoprimnoa Grube 1861	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lithoprimnoa Grube, 1861: 174–175 . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis (from Cairns &amp; Bayer, 2009, edits in bold): Colonies dichotomously branched and usually bushy. Calyces closely spaced and randomly arranged on all branch surfaces, the appressed calyces facing downwards. Well-developed operculum present, opercular scales keeled on inner surface. Polyps large and fleshy, each polyp protected by two rows of three or more large abaxial scales, sometimes arranged in an irregular manner, two short inner lateral rows of two or three smaller scales (including the marginals), and two even shorter rows of two (including the marginals) adaxial scales, resulting in six longitudinal rows, but four of them composed of few variable-sized scales; adaxial side of body-wall predominantly bare. There is also a crown of eight large, concave marginals, the adaxial marginals usually smaller than other marginals. Coenenchymal scales arranged in one layer. Tentacular rods often present.</p>
            <p> Type species:  Gorgonia lepadifera Linneaus, 1767 (=  Gorgonia resedaeformis Gunnerus, 1763 ), by monotypy. Type not found. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C4BA038FFB5325FFF3BFF5C689D77EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Taylor, M. L.;Rogers, A. D.	Taylor, M. L., Rogers, A. D. (2017): Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) of the SW Indian Ocean: new species, genus revisions and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 70-97
8C4BA038FFB5325FFEB2FBAB6D927302.text	8C4BA038FFB5325FFEB2FBAB6D927302.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Primnoa bisquama Taylor & Rogers 2017	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> PRIMNOA BISQUAMA SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 2B, 12, 13)</p>
            <p> Material examined:  Holotype – NHMUK 2016.38 (JC066-960), RRS James Cook, sta. 4, ev. 9, Coral seamount, 41°21′20.103′S, 42°55′8.423′E, 952 m, 14 November 2011 ;   Paratype: NHMUK 2016.39 (JC066-3518), sta. 6, ev. 7,  Middle of What seamount, 37°56′37.200′S, 50°27′06.450′E, 1339 m, 2 December 2011  ;   NHMUK 2016.40 (JC066-3568), sta. 6, ev. 7,  Middle of What seamount, 37°56′36.986′S, 50°26′46.044′E, 1309 m, 2 December 2011  ;  NHMUK 2016.41 (JC066-3569), likely a fragment of NHMUK 2016.40 (JC066-3568). SEM stubs –  T154-156 . </p>
            <p>Description: Holotype is a 15 cm tall colony, light pink in vivo (in situ Fig. 2b), white once preserved (Fig. 12a). Colony uniplanar with infrequent dichotomous branching. Axis near black in colour towards base with gold iridescent hue towards branchlet tips.</p>
            <p>Polyps isolated, downward facing (as is typical of this genus; Fig. 12b), slightly flared (Fig. 12c), appressed against branchlets, 2.0–4.0 mm tall (usually around 3.0–4.0 mm, Fig. 12b). Polyps placed 3–5 per centimetre.</p>
            <p>Operculum well-developed, low in height (Fig. 12c). Opercular scales tongue-shaped with small, modest keel (Fig. 13a); some nearly flat (Fig. 13c). Adaxial opercular scales slightly smaller than abaxial. Outer surfaces smooth (Fig. 13b, d). Small tentacular rods abundant, 100–300 μm in length, 50 μm wide (Fig. 13e, same scale as surrounding scales; Fig. 13s close up).</p>
            <p>Majority of polyp body covered by three pairs of large abaxial scales (Fig. 13j, k; two being marginal scales, Fig. 13f–i); basal pair of scales (Fig. 13m, l) slightly smaller than marginal scales (Fig. 13f–i) and separated by a number of small irregular-shaped sclerites (Fig. 13n, p). No clear adaxial rows of body-wall scales as polyp appressed against branchlet, meaning adaxial marginal scales are often mistaken for coenenchyme.</p>
            <p>Marginals near square in shape with rounded distal edge (no marginal spine) and irregular basal edge (most pronounced in Fig. 13h). Four large marginal scales (Fig. 13f–i) surround 270 ° of opercular opening (Fig. 12d); remaining diameter with 2–4 smaller (usually 4, although they are sometimes missing) marginal scales of similar shape. Body-wall scales held together by flesh embedded with small irregularly shaped body-wall scales (Fig. 13r).</p>
            <p>All above sclerites have a smooth to granular outer surface and are tuberculate across majority of inner surface. Marginal scales have wide smooth band across distal edge of inner surface (Fig. 13h). Basal edges of sclerites finely serrate; distal edges relatively smooth.</p>
            <p>Elongated, irregularly shaped coenenchyme of variable length, commonly up to 800 μm (Fig. 13o, in situ at base of Fig. 13p,q).</p>
            <p>Known distribution: SW Indian Ocean: Coral and Middle of What seamounts, 952–1339 m depth.</p>
            <p> Etymology: The name is formed from a combination of the Latin for ‘double’, bi-, and ‘scale’, squama – in reference to the two pairs of body-wall scales that distinguish this species from other  Primnoa . We treat squama as a noun in the apposition and it therefore retains the feminine gender. </p>
            <p> Remarks: Previous species of  Primnoa have been found from the northern boreal Atlantic, North and East Pacific, Japan and sub-Antarctic areas of the south Pacific. </p>
            <p> Comparisons:  Primnoa bisquama sp. nov. is distinguished from the remaining four species and one variety of  Primnoa (see Cairns &amp; Bayer, 2005) in its low-rise operculum, infrequent polyp placement and relatively modest polyp size. Lacking a marginal spine and having a squat polyp means this species is most similar to  P. notalis and  P. resedaeformis .  Primnoa bisquama differs from both these species in having fewer pairs of body-wall scales: just two pairs of large body-wall scales (in addition to a large pair of abaxial marginal scales) with a variable number of smaller scales in the basal abaxial polyp area, rather than four (or more) pairs of body-wall scales. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C4BA038FFB5325FFEB2FBAB6D927302	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Taylor, M. L.;Rogers, A. D.	Taylor, M. L., Rogers, A. D. (2017): Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) of the SW Indian Ocean: new species, genus revisions and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 70-97
8C4BA038FFB33258FE80FA526B9A70C1.text	8C4BA038FFB33258FE80FA526B9A70C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Primnoeides STUDER & WRIGHT	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> PRIMNOEIDES STUDER &amp; WRIGHT</p>
            <p>IN STUDER, 1887</p>
            <p> Primnoeides Studer &amp; Wright in Studer, 1887: 52. – Bayer, 1956: F220; 1961: 292 [illustrated key to genus]; – 1981: 934 [key to genus]. – Bayer &amp; Stefani, 1989: 455 [key to genus]. – Williams, 1992: 276. – Cairns &amp; Bayer, 2009: 23, fig. 3A–F. </p>
            <p> Primnoides Wright &amp; Studer, 1889: 90 [incorrect subsequent spelling]. – Versluys, 1906: 9. – Kükenthal, 1915: 142, 144 [key to genus]; 1919: 339; 1924: 253. </p>
            <p> Digitogorgia Zapata-Guardiola &amp; López-González, 2010 a: 317–320 , figs. 2c, d, 7–10). – Zapata-Guardiola &amp; López-González, 2010b: 56–63 (figs. 8–12). – Taylor &amp; Rogers, 2015: 189 (listed). </p>
            <p>Diagnosis (from Cairns &amp; Bayer, 2009, changes in bold): Colonies uniplanar, branching in an opposite pinnate manner, flagelliform or bottlebrush. Calyces arranged in pairs or whorls of three, calyces inclined upwards. Rudimentary operculum composed of small round, tongue-shaped or elongate triangular scales that bear no keel on the inner surface. Body-wall and marginal scales similar in shape, becoming progressively smaller distally. Small calyces completely covered with eight longitudinal rows of body-wall scales, with larger calyces sometimes having additional basal scales placed in an irregular manner, resulting in non-linear arrangement of body-wall scales. Broadly, outer surface of scales smooth, inner surface with only sparse tubercles. Coenenchymal scales in two layers: outer layer consists of smooth, flat, circular to elliptical scales; inner layer of small tuberculate spheroids.</p>
            <p> Type species:  P. sertularoides Wright &amp; Studer, 1889 , by subsequent monotypy. </p>
            <p>Known distribution: Southern tip of South America, Southern Africa to the SW Indian Ocean, 111.5–2468 m.</p>
            <p> Remarks: With the addition of a species to the genus  Primnoeides that has a layer of inner coenenchymal tuberculate scales, and regularly has whorls of three polyps (see  P. flagellum sp. nov. ), there is need to reassess the taxonomic classification of  Digitogorgia , which also has these morphological characters and was placed in a well-supported clade alongside  Primnoeides in phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 3). These genera share many common characters: cylindrical polyp shape, flat, round scales, a rudimentary operculum and similar scale orientation (both have eight regular rows at the polyp base, which becomes more haphazard towards the polyp anterior in  Primnoeides ).  Digitogorgia is seemingly only differentiated from  Primnoeides by having species with a bottlebrush colony shape. And, with the expansion of  Primnoeides to include a second colony shape (fan and now flagelliform as well), colony shape seems a weak reason for their continued separation. We hereby propose  Digitogorgia as a junior synonym of  Primnoeides , with the latter taking precedence according to the Principle of Priority, article 23.1 of the ICZN. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C4BA038FFB33258FE80FA526B9A70C1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Taylor, M. L.;Rogers, A. D.	Taylor, M. L., Rogers, A. D. (2017): Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) of the SW Indian Ocean: new species, genus revisions and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 70-97
8C4BA038FFB2325AFC13FE456C4E70B9.text	8C4BA038FFB2325AFC13FE456C4E70B9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Primnoeides flagellum Taylor & Rogers 2017	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> PRIMNOEIDES FLAGELLUM SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 2D, 15, 16)</p>
            <p> Material examined:  Holotype – NHMUK 2016.47 (JC066-3297), RRS James Cook, sta. 5, ev.24, Melville Bank, 38 ° 29′35.476′S, 46 ° 45′36.036′E, 1020 m, 26 November 2011 .  Paratypes: NHMUK 2016.49 (JC66- 3291), sta. 5, ev. 24, 38 ° 29′58.220′S, 46 ° 45′37.531′E, 1087 m, 26 November 2011 ;  NHMUK 2017.1, (JC66- 3527, 29 cm tall colony) ,   NHMUK 2016.48 (JC66- 3564, 28 cm tall colony), sta. 6, ev. 7,  Middle of What seamount, 37 ° 56′37.360′S, 50 ° 27′06.37′E, 1339 m, 2 December 2011. SEM stubs  –  T152-153, 157–159 . </p>
            <p>Description: Holotype is a 35 cm tall flagelliform colony complete with calcareous holdfast (in situ Figs 2d, 15). Alive colony light yellow, preserved white. Axis light yellow and smooth.</p>
            <p>Polyps inclined upwards, whorls of three (Fig. 15a; towards tip of colony sometimes paired), three whorls per cm (Fig. 16h). Polyps 3 mm tall, 1.6 mm wide. Polyp abaxial surface covered with 3–4 longitudinal rows of body-wall scales although pattern obscured as body-wall scales are irregularly placed (Fig. 16f). Operculum mostly hidden beneath marginal scales (Fig. 16e). Opercular scales tongue-shaped (Fig. 16a) with smooth outer surface and small patch of tubercles on inner proximal surface.</p>
            <p>Marginal and body-wall scales (Fig. 16b) non-differentiated, circular to wide-elliptical in shape with smooth outer surfaces. Inner scale surface has small area of tubercles proximally and smooth band following scale’s distal edge.</p>
            <p>Two layers of coenenchymal scales: outer layer circular, very similar to body-wall and marginal scales (Fig. 16c, d); inner layer spheroid-shaped sclerites covered in tubercles (Fig. 16g, i).</p>
            <p>Known distribution: Specimens collected from Melville Bank and Middle of What seamounts on the SW Indian Ocean Ridge at 1020–1339 m depth.</p>
            <p>Etymology: Named after the Latin for ‘whip’, as this species has a whip-like colony form.</p>
            <p> Remarks: The 0.2% genetic variability across five genes (most variation found within 18S and 28S) that separates  P. sertularoides from  P. flagellum would not be considered enough for many barcoding or species definition studies. However, given the acknowledged low rate of genetic variation in coral mitochondrial DNA (Shearer et al., 2002) and low genetic variability between other octocoral species (McFadden et al., 2011), alongside the clear differentiation in colony shape, we believe this distinction is valid. </p>
            <p>This species could be the same as that occurring 400–450 m depth off the east coast of Africa, alluded to, but not described, in Williams (1992). Observation of those specimens is required for confirmation.</p>
            <p> Comparisons:  Primnoeides was a monotypic genus before this description and genus revision.  Primnoeides sertularoides has a uniplanar colony with opposite branching, very distinct from the flagelliform colony of  P. flagellum . sp. nov. and distinct from both species formerly within  Digitogorgia –  Primnoeides kuekenthali and  P. brochi – which both have a bottlebrush colony branching pattern. In addition, opercular scales of  P. flagellum are differentiated from marginal and body-wall scales as they are tongue-shaped; this is not the case in specimens of  P. sertularoides . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C4BA038FFB2325AFC13FE456C4E70B9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Taylor, M. L.;Rogers, A. D.	Taylor, M. L., Rogers, A. D. (2017): Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) of the SW Indian Ocean: new species, genus revisions and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 70-97
