identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
9C298799D2405A38FF2DFA1F2434ACA0.text	9C298799D2405A38FF2DFA1F2434ACA0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Fig. 1A–C) </p>
            <p> In  Laudakia stellio , the nasal is subrectangular but tends to shrink posteriorly, because its medial margin is slightly convex and not completely straight. The posterior margin is rounded, whereas the concavity on the anterior margin is shallow. The anteromedial process is slender and well-developed in the specimens we studied [in contrast with the short process reported by Smith et al. (2016)], whereas the anterolateral one is short (slightly longer in MDHC 245; Fig. 1C). The articulation surface with the maxilla is visible along the anterior-half of the lateral margin, and a small and subquadrangular lappet extends laterally from its anterior end (Fig. 1A). However, the lappet is not distinctly developed in MDHC 245 (Fig. 1C). The dorsal surface is smooth, whereas the ventral one can show a large articulation surface with the frontal covering the posterior process and a low longitudinal ridge running anteroposteriorly near the middle of the bone (slightly shifted laterally), but in the studied specimens these features can be either present (e.g. MDHC 245; Fig. 1C) or absent (e.g. HUJ.OST-Z-424; Fig. 1B) and it is, therefore, possible that they are variable. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2405A38FF2DFA1F2434ACA0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2405A38FC95FDDD2512A95C.text	9C298799D2405A38FC95FDDD2512A95C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Fig. 1D, E) </p>
            <p> Chamaeleo chamaeleon (Linnaeus, 1758) has small, straight and slender nasals, with smooth dorsal and ventral surfaces. The articulation surface housing the ascending nasal process of the premaxilla runs along the two anteriormost-thirds of the straight medial margin of the bone (Fig. 1D). The anterior end displays a moderately wide, moderately long and pointed anteromedial process. The anterolateral process is not clearly recognizable, being represented only by a poorly developed expansion of the anterior corner of the lateral margin. The dorsal surface of the anterior end is covered by the articulation surface with the medial branch of the anterior dorsal process of the maxilla. The posterior end is pointed and the lateral margin is slightly wavy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2405A38FC95FDDD2512A95C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2405A39FC95FBAC2506ABDA.text	9C298799D2405A39FC95FBAC2506ABDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Fig. 1F–M) </p>
            <p> In lacertids, the nasal is subrectangular in shape, with a convex posterior margin. The anteromedial process is very long, whereas the anterolateral one is short or very short. The dorsal surface of the bone is almost completely covered by a well-developed dermal ornamentation (Fig. 1H, J), at least in adults. The ornamentation is less marked in  Acanthodactylus erythrurus (Schinz, 1833) (Fig. 1F),  Dalmatolacerta oxycephala (Schlegel, 1839) ,  Iberolacerta bonnali (Lantz, 1927) and  I. horvathi (Méhely, 1904) , almost absent in  Ophisops elegans Ménétries, 1832 (Fig. 1L), and restricted to the posterior-half in  Algyroides (Fig. 1H) and  Psammodromus hispanicus . In the largest specimens of  Algyroides nigropunctatus Duméril &amp; Bibron, 1839 (e.g. MDHC 243) the ornamentation can also reach the anterior margin on the lateral side of the bone. Barahona (1996) reported that the dermal cover can overstep the anterior margin of the bone in adults of  Iberolacerta monticola (Boulenger, 1905) ,  Lacerta schreiberi Bedriaga, 1878 ,  Lacerta viridis (Laurenti, 1768) (=  Lacerta bilineata Daudin, 1802 ),  Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768) and  Timon lepidus (Daudin, 1802) , also hiding the anteromedial process in the largest species. This holds true also for other medium- or large-sized species, such as  Lacerta trilineata Bedriaga, 1886 and  Podarcis tiliguerta (Gmelin, 1789) . A sulcus separating the areas covered by prefrontal and internasal scales is visible in the middle of the surface, with the exception of  Ac. erythrurus ,  Da. oxycephala ,  Dinarolacerta mosorensis (Kolombatovic, 1886) ,  I. bonnali [according to Barahona (1996), but UAM.R.Lm28A has it],  I. cyreni (Müller &amp; Hellmich, 1937) ,  I. horvathi ,  I. monticola cantabrica (Mertens, 1929) ,  Ophisops elegans ,  Podarcis bocagei (Lopez-Seoane, 1885) ,  Po. carbonelli and  Po. hispanicus (Steindachner, 1870) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2405A39FC95FBAC2506ABDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2415A3EFC87F92A23EFA959.text	9C298799D2415A3EFC87F92A23EFA959.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Fig. 1N–R) </p>
            <p> The anterior margin of the nasal of scincids is usually oblique and straight, because no anterolateral process is present. On the other hand, the anteromedial one is long (shorter in  Trachylepis aurata ; Fig. 1Q–R), moderately wide and strongly ventrally curved; its dorsal surface is completely covered by the articulation surface with the ascending nasal process of the premaxilla. The posterior margin of the bone is also oblique and roughly straight, with low irregularities in  Chalcides chalcides (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fig. 1N, O),  Chalcides striatus (Cuvier, 1829) and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Bibron &amp; Bory, 1833) , whereas it is slightly irregular and rounded in  Ablepharus kitaibelii (Bibron &amp; Bory, 1833) ,  Chalcides ocellatus (Forsskål, 1775) (Fig. 1P) and  Tr. aurata (Fig. 1Q–R). Roughly in the middle of the lateral margin of the bone, a short laminar expansion develops laterally. In ventral view, a low ridge separates this expansion from the rest of the nasal (Fig. 1O, P). In  Ab. kitaibelii ,  Chalcides ocellatus (Fig. 1P),  Chalcides striatus and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus the expansion is very short and poorly individualized from the laminar body of the bone. A dermal ornamentation, weak in  Chalcides chalcides (Fig. 1N) and  Chalcides striatus and more developed in  Chalcides ocellatus , covers a small area in the middle of the dorsal surface. The ornamentation seems to be subject to a certain degree of individual variation, since the dorsal surface of smaller specimens of  Chalcides ocellatus is smooth. Moreover, the ornamentation is not present in  Ab. kitaibelii ,  Ophiomorus punctatissimus and in the single examined specimen of  Tr. aurata (Fig. 1Q). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2415A3EFC87F92A23EFA959	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2465A3CFC95FBE82395A80E.text	9C298799D2465A3CFC95FBE82395A80E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Figs 2A–D, 3G) </p>
            <p> Laudakia stellio has an unpaired, T-shaped and flat frontal, with a posterior end that is roughly twice as large as the anterior one. The constriction at midlength is weakly developed in adults, but strong in juveniles. The lateral margins are strongly concave and the posterior one can be straight, with only a slightly wavy shape in the middle, or convex with a posterior expansion. In HUJ.OST-Z-423, this expansion lodges the subcircular parietal foramen (Fig. 2C, D). Smith et al. (2016; see their supplementary information) reported that this expansion can be already well developed in young individuals. The anterior margin has two lateral processes and a medial process. Each lateral process is separated from the medial one by a moderately deep concavity. All processes are pointed, moderately large and equally long. Posterolateral processes are long and slightly dorsoventrally expanded (Fig. 3G). The dorsal surface is smooth and distinctly sunken along midline. Articulation surfaces with the nasals are large, deep and U-shaped in dorsal view (Fig. 2A, C). A well-developed ridge separates them medially and lower ridges separate each one from the corresponding articulation surface with the maxilla and the prefrontal. No articulation surface with the postfrontal is visible (Fig. 3G). Cristae cranii are not developed and are represented only by weak ventral swellings along the lateral margins (Figs 2B, D, 3G). The swellings are slightly more developed in the anterior-half of the bone, but actual anterior processes are not present. The anterior-half of the ventral surface is strongly sunken. Maximum length of the frontal varies from 5 mm to 10 mm. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2465A3CFC95FBE82395A80E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2465A3EFF2DFBB52405AE95.text	9C298799D2465A3EFF2DFBB52405AE95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Fig. 1S–V) </p>
            <p> The nasal is subtrapezoidal in European anguids. The concavity on its anterior margin is very poorly developed because of the presence of a short, moderately wide and ventrally curved anterolateral process that does not project anteriorly. The anteromedial process is long and slender in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 1S, T) and moderately short and wide in  Pseudopus apodus (Pallas, 1775) (Fig. 1U, V). The articulation surface with the premaxilla covers only the dorsal surface of the latter process (Fig. 1S). The posterior margin can either be straight and oblique (in both  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis and  Pseudopus apodus ; Fig. 1V) or have a small and roughly V-shaped notch in the middle (only in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis ; Fig. 1S, T). In  Pseudopus apodus , the posterolateral corner is strongly developed, forming a long and pointed process (Fig. 1V). A dermal ornamentation is visible on the dorsal surface, having a sulcus separating the areas covered by prefrontal and internasal scales in the middle (Fig. 1U). The degree of development of the dermal ornamentation is highly variable, with no ornamentation on smaller specimens of  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis and stronger ornamentation in larger specimens of all species. In the latter cases, the ornamentation can also develop beyond the margins of the bone, hiding its shape in dorsal view (Fig. 1U). As a rule, the ornamentation is stronger in  Pseudopus apodus than in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis . In any case, even when the ornamentation is strongly developed, the anterior end of the bone is smooth. </p>
            <p>FRONTAL</p>
            <p>Frontals (Figs 2, 3) can be either paired or fused in a single element. This bone is more or less constricted in the middle, with the posterior end that is wider than the anterior one. The anterior end can have a medial process in the middle and lateral processes on the anterolateral corners, whereas the posterior end expands laterally forming the posterolateral processes. On the anterior margin, the articulation surfaces with the nasals are present on the dorsal side, whereas laterally one can see those with the facial process of the maxilla and the dorsal process of the prefrontals. The articulation surfaces with the postfrontal/ postorbitofrontal can be present laterally near the posterior margin. Each lateral margin of the frontals develops in ventral direction forming a crista cranii that borders the olfactory lobes of the brain laterally. The anterior processes develop in anteroventral direction from the anterior end of each crista.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2465A3EFF2DFBB52405AE95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2445A3DFF2DFA852376AC57.text	9C298799D2445A3DFF2DFA852376AC57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Fig. 2E, F) </p>
            <p> The unpaired frontal of  Chamaeleo chamaeleon differs substantially from the above-described morphology. The bone can be divided into a subpentagonal posterior portion and a subtriangular anterior one, of which the former is twice as long as the latter. The anterior portion is strongly sunken dorsally and inclined anteroventrally. It also ends anteriorly with a pointed medial process that inserts through the nasals. The development of the ornamentation on the dorsal surface is variable. A series of small, irregular tubercles runs along the midline of the bone for almost its entire length and is usually followed by a low ridge on the posterior end (except for NHMW 611 and 717, in which the tubercles reach the contact with the parietals; Fig. 2E). Only in MNHN 2002-24 do the tubercles continue posteriorly on the ridge. The rest of the dorsal surface is only slightly irregular (with an ornamentation made mostly by ossification rays) in MNHN 241 and 1942-103 and NHMW 611 (Fig. 2E) and 721, but it has other tubercles in MNHN 2002-24 and NHMW 717. On the other hand, no tubercles on the midline and no ornamentation are present on the dorsal surface of MNHN 1887-875. All margins of the frontal are represented by slightly irregular sutures with small interdigitations; the one with the parietal is not straight and is wavy in ventral view. Cristae cranii are low as in  Laudakia stellio ; in ventral view, they converge anteriorly, forming a V-shaped structure (Fig. 2F). The dorsal surface of the bone expands laterally on each side of the structure, giving a subpentagonal shape to the posterior portion. The parietal foramen is present posteriorly to the structure and opens both on the dorsal and on the ventral surface of the bone. There are no anterior processes. The broad articulation surfaces with the parietal tabs are visible on the corners of the posterior end on the ventral surface (Fig. 2F). Some specimens (e.g. NHMW 611; Fig. 2F) also display the articulation surfaces with the posterior process of the nasals on the same surface anteriorly on the sides of the medial process. The maximum length of the frontal is from 11 mm to 15 mm. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2445A3DFF2DFA852376AC57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2455A32FF1FFEAB2360AFC7.text	9C298799D2455A32FF1FFEAB2360AFC7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Figs 2G–Q, 3H) </p>
            <p> Frontals of lacertids are paired, but they can fuse during ontogeny. Only in  Ac. erythrurus ,  E. arguta (Pallas, 1773) and  Ophisops elegans do they fuse early in the postnatal ontogeny and compose, therefore, an unpaired bone for most of the life of the animal (Fig. 2G, H); in this case, the suture line is not visible on the ventral surface. The medial constriction, which is always well-evident in juveniles (Fig. 4), varies among different species in the adults: frontals of  Ac. erythrurus ,  Eremias arguta and  Ophisops elegans are strongly constricted (Fig. 2G, H), those of  Archaeolacerta bedriagae (Camerano, 1885) ,  Algyroides ,  Dalmatolacerta oxycephala ,  Dinarolacerta mosorensis ,  Hellenolacerta graeca (Bedriaga, 1886) ,  Iberolacerta bonnali ,  I. cyreni ,  I. horvathi ,  I. monticola ,  Podarcis bocagei ,  Po. carbonelli ,  Po. filfolensis (Bedriaga, 1876) ,  Po. hispanicus ,  Po. lilfordi (G ünther, 1874),  Po. melisellensis (Braun, 1877) ,  Po. milensis (Bedriaga, 1882) ,  Po. muralis ,  Po. pityusensis (Boscá, 1883) ,  Po. siculus (Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1810) ,  Po. tauricus (Pallas, 1814) ,  Po. tiliguerta ,  Po. waglerianus Gistel, 1868 ,  Psammodromus ,  Ti. lepidus and  Zootoca vivipara (Lichtenstein, 1823) are slightly constricted (Fig. 2K–Q) and those of  Lacerta have roughly parallel margins (Fig. 2I, J). As a rule, the posterior end is twice as large as the anterior end, giving a shape that roughly resembles an L to the unfused bone and a T to the fused one. However, in adults of  Hellenolacerta graeca ,  Lacerta bilineata ,  Lacerta trilineata ,  Lacerta viridis and  Ti. lepidus the difference in width between the anterior and posterior ends is lower (Fig. 2I, J, M, N). Both medial and lateral processes are present and moderately developed, even if the medial one may be less distinguishable in some specimens. Even though in juveniles and in adults of most species they could also appear as single processes (Fig. 4; see also Barahona, 1996), lateral processes are usually bifurcated (always so in  Psammodromus ): their medial branch is usually longer than the medial process, whereas the lateral one is slightly shorter than the latter. Low ridges are present on the dorsal surface of the two branches, separating the articulation surface with the nasal from that with the maxilla (ridge on the medial branch) and the latter from the one with the prefrontal (ridge on the lateral branch). All the articulation surfaces, those with the postfrontal included, are large and well distinct, although the ones with the facial process of the maxilla are reduced or even absent in some species (  Algyroides marchi Valverde, 1958 ,  Al. moreoticus Bibron &amp; Bory, 1833 ,  Iberolacerta bonnali ,  I. cyreni ,  I. horvathi ,  I. monticola ,  Lacerta ,  Ti. lepidus and  Z. vivipara ; Fig. 2I, M, P). Articulation surfaces with the prefrontal and the postfrontal are distinctly far from each other (Fig. 3H). Posterolateral processes are well developed and can be roughly pointed or more rounded. The posterior margin is strongly irregular and can be wavy (in  Ac. erythrurus and  Ophisops elegans , whose margin has a moderately large posterior expansion in the middle; Fig. 2G, H). Except for  Ac. erythrurus and  Ophisops elegans , this margin also has little (  Al. marchi ,  Al. moreoticus ,  I. bonnali ,  I. horvathi ,  Po. filfolensis ,  Po. lilfordi and  Z. vivipara ; Fig. 2P, Q) or strongly (other species; Fig. 2I–N) developed interdigitations, which are less marked in very young individuals (Fig. 4). Cristae cranii are moderately low in their posterior portion, whereas the anterior one is more developed and forms a long and thin anterior process with an irregular ventral margin. Arnold et al. (2007) stated that the anterior process is often absent in  Z. vivipara . The ventral surface is smooth, with only two very shallow symmetrical sunken areas in its anterior-half and on its posterior end. A subtriangular articulation surface housing the parietal tabs of the parietal is also visible by the posterolateral corner of the bone. A dermal ornamentation is present dorsally, which usually becomes more marked with increasing size and age, being well developed in large animals but significantly less distinguishable in small ones. Roughly at the beginning of the posterior third of the bone, the sulcus separating frontal and frontoparietal shields is visible (Fig. 2G, K). In some specimens of  Ti. lepidus , this sulcus is located at midlength (Fig. 2O; see also Čerňanský, 2010), whereas in adults of  Lacerta and in other individuals of  Ti. lepidus it is usually placed at three-fifths of the length of the frontal from the anterior end (Fig. 2I). The ornamentation is poorly developed (sometimes almost absent, particularly in  Ophisops elegans ) in  Ac. erythrurus ,  E. arguta and  Ophisops elegans , being visible mostly on the posterior-half of the bone (Fig. 2G). This condition approaches the one seen in juveniles of other, small-sized species. Measurements of the frontal of lacertid species are given in the Supporting Information 3. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2455A32FF1FFEAB2360AFC7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D24A5A32FF2DFD3B257EA981.text	9C298799D24A5A32FF2DFD3B257EA981.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Figs 2R–Y, 3A, B, I–L) </p>
            <p> In European scincids, the frontal can be either unfused, having no clear constriction in the middle (  Chalcides and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus ; Fig. 2T–Y), or fused, with a weak (  Tr. aurata ; Fig. 3A, B) or stronger (  Ab. kitaibelii ; Fig. 2R, S) middle constriction. In all species except  Ophiomorus punctatissimus the posterior end is about twice as large as the rest of the bone and so, when paired, the latter is roughly L-shaped in dorsal view. Because of the poor development of the posterolateral process, the frontal of  Ophiomorus punctatissimus widens only slightly posteriorly (Fig. 2X, Y). When fused, the suture line is still visible in ventral view on the anterior-half of the resulting bone (Fig. 3A). As in lacertids, short medial and lateral processes are present on the anterior end and are separated by a moderately shallow concavity, but, in contrast with them, the lateral one is not bifurcated. The only exception is  Tr. aurata , whose lateral processes are represented by short and wide flanges, with an irregular anterior margin made of more or less pointed expansions (Fig. 3A, B). In  Ab. kitaibelii and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus , the lateral processes are little developed, in contrast with the distinctly developed medial ones (Fig. 2R, S, X, Y). Low ridges (strongly more distinct in  Tr. aurata ; Fig. 3A) mark the margins of the articulation surface with the nasal, which is subtrapezoidal (  Ab. kitaibelii ,  Chalcides chalcides and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus ; Fig. 2R, X) or rounded (  Chalcides ocellatus ,  Chalcides striatus and  Tr. aurata ; Figs 2T, V, 3A) in shape. The articulation surface with the prefrontal is long and large. It reaches half the length of the bone (the posterior third in  Ophiomorus punctatissimus ; Fig. 3L), but it does not touch the smaller and shorter (very short in  Ab. kitaibelii ; Fig. 3I) articulation surface with the postfrontal. However, in  Chalcides ocellatus and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus these two articulation surfaces are close to each other (Fig. 3K, L); they can also contact each other in the latter species (e.g. MDHC 427; Fig. 3L). The posterolateral process is moderately short (even shorter in  Ophiomorus punctatissimus ; Fig. 2X, Y) and wide, with a rounded or pointed distal end (in dorsal view); the process is slightly longer and more slender in  Ab. kitaibelii (Fig. 2R, S) and  Tr. aurata (Fig. 3A, B). The posterior margin is straight or slightly concave. The crista cranii and the anterior process are morphologically similar to those of lacertids, even though the latter is larger (in lateral view) and distally pointed. However, the frontal of  Ab. kitaibelii and  Tr. aurata lacks the anterior process and the former species also has poorly developed cristae cranii (Figs 2S, 3A, I). The ventral surface is smooth, whereas a weak (  Chalcides chalcides and  Chalcides striatus ; Fig. 2V) or well developed (  Chalcides ocellatus ; Fig. 2T) cover of dermal ornamentation is present in the middle of the dorsal surface. The ornamentation is lacking by the anterior and posterior ends and along the lateral margin. No sulci are visible on the ornamentation. In this case  Tr. aurata is also an exception, because it has a moderately developed ornamentation that reaches the posterior margin (Fig. 3A). Moreover, the grooves separating frontal, frontoparietal and interfrontal shields are visible in this species. The two frontoparietal shields contact each other medially, separating the frontal and interfrontal ones (Fig. 3A). The ornamentation is usually totally absent in smaller specimens, and in  Ab. kitaibelii and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (except for some weak grooves visible in some specimens of the former and in all specimens of the latter). Maximum lengths of the frontal in European species of scincids are summarized in the Supporting Information 4. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D24A5A32FF2DFD3B257EA981	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D24A5A33FC95FAFD2412AC19.text	9C298799D24A5A33FC95FAFD2412AC19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Fig. 3C–F, M, N) </p>
            <p> European anguids have a paired frontal with a posterior end that is slightly less than twice as large as the anterior end. Usually, the constriction in the middle is not present and the lateral margin is straight or convex in dorsal view. Only one small specimen of  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis, MDHC 49, has a poorly developed hint of constriction and a roughly sigmoid-shaped lateral margin. This could be due to ontogenetic variation, because this specimen is much smaller than the others and could, therefore, be a juvenile. A similar ontogenetic change is present in  Pseudopus apodus , according to Klembara et al. (2017). The anterior end of the frontal is pointed, because the medial process is well developed and moderately wide, whereas there is no lateral process. The articulation surface with the posterior process of the nasal is barely recognizable in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 3C), but more clearly visible in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 3E). Both the articulation surfaces with the prefrontal and the postfrontal are visible: the latter develops along the posterior-third (  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis ; Fig. 3M) or fifth (  Pseudopus apodus ; Fig. 3N) of the lateral margin, whereas the former covers the rest of it. In  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis , they usually contact each other, but in MDHC 49 they are distinctly spaced.  Pseudopus apodus has a variable condition, with a contact that can be either present or absent, even though the articulation surfaces are close to each other, also when they do not touch each other. The posterolateral process is moderately short and pointed. It develops a small (poorly developed in  Pseudopus apodus ) and posteriorly directed ventral lappet that underlies the anterolateral corner of the parietal (Fig. 3D, F). The posterior margin is roughly straight, but slightly irregular. In ventral view, a small articulation surface for the ventral lappet of the parietal is recognizable medially to the lappet of the posterolateral process (Fig. 3D, F). The crista cranii is laminar and well developed in ventral direction. An anterior process is not clearly distinguishable from the rest of the crista (Fig. 3M, N). A moderately low ridge starts from the anterior end of the crista and runs towards the tip of the medial process on the ventral surface of the frontal, which is otherwise smooth (Fig. 3D, F). The dorsal surface is covered by a well-developed dermal ornamentation, which is less marked in smaller specimens and, in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis , also near the posterior end of larger ones (Fig. 3C). The ornamentation reaches the lateral margin of the bone in adults of  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 3E), but not in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 3C). The frontal is almost entirely covered by the frontal shield, except for its posterior end. In both  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis and  Pseudopus apodus , the small frontoparietal shield can be recognized by the posterolateral-half of the latter end, whereas in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis a small interfrontal shield contacting the frontal one is present on the medial-half (Fig. 3C). This latter shield is absent in the frontals of all observed specimens of  Pseudopus apodus , because the contact between the frontal and the interparietal scales is located on the frontoparietal suture (Fig. 3E). Klembara et al. (2017) showed that sometimes a small interfrontal shield might also be present in  Pseudopus . The maximum length of the frontal ranges from 4 mm to 6.8 mm in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis and from 15.2 mm to 17 mm in  Pseudopus apodus . </p>
            <p>PARIETAL</p>
            <p>Parietals (Figs 5, 6) are quadrangular bones that can be either paired (only in gekkotans; Villa et al., 2018a) or fused into a single element. They are composed of a straight parietal table that develops the anterolateral processes at the anterolateral corners and the supratemporal processes [postparietal processes in Evans (2008) and Villa et al. (2018a)] at the posterolateral corners. The former are usually anterolaterally directed, whereas the latter are posterolaterally directed and ventrally curved. The table can be pierced by the parietal foramen.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D24A5A33FC95FAFD2412AC19	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D24B5A33FC87FE742443A88F.text	9C298799D24B5A33FC87FE742443A88F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Figs 5A, B, 6D) </p>
            <p> Laudakia stellio has an unpaired parietal with a short and broad quadrangular table. This bone has a smooth dorsal surface and is strongly concave in ventral direction, because the lateral margins are markedly ventrally developed. A wide and very deep notch is present in the middle of the anterior margin (Fig. 5A, B), being even larger in juveniles. The parietal foramen is located inside this notch (Evans, 2008), as proven by the fact that in one of the specimens (HUJ.OST- Z-423) it is visible on the expansion developed from the middle of the posterior margin of the frontal (Fig. 2C, D). Laterally to the notch, the anterior margin is dorsoventrally expanded and forms a moderately deep, anteriorly concave surface (Fig. 6D). The anterolateral processes are large and pointed. They are strongly laterally projected, but they do not develop in the anterior direction. The supratemporal processes are very long and large. They have a truncated posterior end and have a distinct ventrolateral concavity. In adults, a moderately developed ridge runs in anterior direction on the dorsal surface of each supratemporal process, starting from the middle of the medial margin (Fig. 5A). At the base of the process, the ridge curves laterally, reaching the posterolateral margin of each anterolateral process. This ridge is less developed in juveniles. Another low ridge marks the posterior margin of the table. The ventral surface is smooth and a small parietal fossa is present in the middle of the posterior margin (Fig. 5B). No parietal notch is visible in dorsal view in our specimens, but it was sometimes present in those studied by Smith et al. (2016), particularly in young specimens. Maximum length of the parietal goes from 3 mm to 5.5 mm, whereas its maximum width varies from 5.8 mm to 11.8 mm. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D24B5A33FC87FE742443A88F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D24B5A31FC87FA032557A87E.text	9C298799D24B5A31FC87FA032557A87E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Figs 5C, D, 6E) </p>
            <p> The parietal of  Chamaeleo chamaeleon is an unpaired bone that differs from the above-described morphology. It is composed of a small laminar body, subtriangular in shape, and of a long and posteriorly rounded parietal crest, which is narrow (without lateral expansions) in dorsal view (Fig. 5C) and wide in lateral view (Fig. 6E). The crest contacts the processus ascendens of the supraoccipital anteroventrally, with a well-developed, ventrally expanded, median crest [processus parietalis inferior in Čerňanský et al. (2014); Fig. 6E] and the squamosals by its posterior end. Each lateral side of the crest is slightly concave. The parietal crest continues anteriorly on the dorsal surface of the laminar body, contacting the ridge located on the posterior end of the dorsal surface of the frontal. Dorsally, the laminar body is smooth, but in MNHN 241 and 2002-24, and in NHMW 611, 717 and 721, the dorsal margin of the crest is covered by numerous tubercles (Figs 5C, 6E). The ventral surface of the laminar portion has a deep sunken area in the middle, which is the area of articulation with the processus ascendens of the supraoccipital (a remnant of the parietal fossa; Fig. 5D). This area continues posteriorly in a groove along the ventral margin of the median crest, representing the articulation surface with the dorsal expansion of the processus ascendens. On both sides of the sunken area there is a small ridge-like process, slightly developed in the ventral direction. Supratemporal processes are not present, nor is the opening of the parietal foramen. The anterior and anterolateral margins of the laminar body are represented by interdigitated sutures (Fig. 5C). Two wide and anteriorly rounded parietal tabs develop from each lateral corner of the anterior margin (Fig. 5C, D); their anterior margin can also be interdigitated. Maximum length of the parietal goes from 13.3 mm to 21.5 mm and its maximum width varies from 6 mm to 11 mm. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D24B5A31FC87FA032557A87E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2495A37FC87FA902376AC57.text	9C298799D2495A37FC87FA902376AC57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Figs 5E–N, 6F) </p>
            <p> Lacertids have an unpaired parietal, with a weakly (  Al. marchi ,  I. bonnali ,  I. horvathi ,  Po. filfolensis and  Z. vivipara ; Fig. 5M, N) or strongly interdigitated (other species; Fig. 5G, H, K, L) anterior margin. The interdigitations are absent in  Ac. erythrurus and generally in  Ophisops elegans , whose anterior margin is wavy and presents a concavity in the middle (Fig. 5E, F, I, J). The table is larger than it is long in  Ac. erythrurus ,  E. arguta ,  I. horvathi ,  Ophisops elegans shield; ls, lateral shield; mvc, medial ventral crest; os, occipital shield; pc, parietal crest; pfr, parietal foramen; pfs, parietal fossa; pn, parietal notch; pot, posterior tab; pp, posterior process; ps, posterior section of the posterolateral ventral crest; pt, parietal tab; pvc, posterolateral ventral crest; r, ridge; sl, suture line; stp, supratemporal process; t, parietal table; tp, triangular process. Scale bars = 1 mm. </p>
            <p> and  Z. vivipara (Fig. 5E, F, I, J, M, N), whereas it is longer in the other species (Fig. 5G, H, K, L). Anterolateral processes are anteriorly pointed, usually bifurcated (Barahona, 1996), and distinctly developed in anterior direction to form parietal tabs. The degree of development of the tabs is linked to age and size, with adults and larger species having more developed ones. In  Ac. erythrurus ,  E. arguta and  Ophisops elegans they are also expanded laterally (Fig. 5E, F, I, J). The morphology of the supratemporal processes varies: they are thin in  Ac. erythrurus ,  Al. marchi ,  Al. moreoticus ,  Di. mosorensis ,  E. arguta ,  I. bonnali ,  Ophisops elegans ,  Po. siculus ,  Po. hispanicus and  Z. vivipara (Fig. 5E, F, I, J, M, N), whereas they widen proximally in  Al. fitzingeri (Wiegmann, 1834) ,  Al. nigropunctatus ,  Ar. bedriagae ,  Da. oxycephala ,  H. graeca ,  I. cyreni ,  I. horvathi ,  I. monticola ,  Lacerta ,  Po. bocagei ,  Po. filfolensis ,  Po. hispanicus ,  Po. lilfordi ,  Po. melisellensis ,  Po. milensis ,  Po. muralis ,  Po. pityusensis ,  Po. tauricus ,  Po. tiliguerta ,  Po. waglerianus ,  Psammodromus algirus (Linnaeus, 1758) and  Ti. lepidus (Fig. 5G, H, K, L). A well-developed dermal ornamentation, the development of which increases in older individuals and larger species, is present on the dorsal surface of the table, but not on the processes. The two frontoparietal (anteriorly), the interparietal (in the middle of the table), the two lateral (laterally) and the occipital (posteriorly) shields are recognizable because of the presence of the grooves marking their borders on the ornamentation.  Acanthodactylus erythrurus ,  E. arguta and  Ophisops elegans have a less-developed ornamentation (Fig. 5E, I). The two former species lack the occipital shield, whereas a small one is present in  Ophisops elegans (Fig. 5I). In  Ti. lepidus the latter shield is very large (Figs 5K, 7). An area levis devoid of ornamentation is present on the parietal table of  Ac. erythrurus ,  I. horvathi ,  Ophisops elegans ,  Ps. hispanicus and  Z. vivipara (Fig. 5E, I, M), whereas in other species the ornamentation reaches the posterior margin (at least in adults). Five ventral crests are present on the ventral surface: a medial one in the middle of the table, two anterolateral ones running posteromedially from each anterolateral corner of the table and two posterolateral ones running anteromedially along the ventral surface of the supratemporal processes. The crests are moderately low in small species (Fig. 5F, J, N) and in juveniles of the largest ones, but they can grow to become sharp and well developed in adults of the latter (Fig. 5H, L). The deep (shallower in juveniles) parietal fossa is visible posteriorly to the medial ventral crest. Anterolateral ventral crests always touch the medial one, whereas a contact between the former and the posterolateral ones is absent in adults of  Al. fitzingeri ,  Al. nigropunctatus ,  H. graeca ,  Lacerta ,  Po. filfolensis ,  Po. melisellensis ,  Po. milensis ,  Po. muralis [in contrast to what was stated by Barahona (1996) and Barahona &amp; Barbadillo (1997)],  Po. pityusensis ,  Po. siculus ,  Po. tauricus ,  Po. tiliguerta ,  Po. waglerianus ,  Psammodromus algirus and  Ti. lepidus (Fig. 5H, L), and present in juveniles of the previously cited species, as well as in both adults and juveniles of other ones (Fig. 5F, J, N). It has to be noted that the contact is also present in some adult specimens of  Lacerta agilis Linnaeus, 1758 (MDHC 178) and  Po. melisellensis (MDHC 217, 218 and NHMW 650), suggesting that variation may rarely be present, at least in these species. The parietal fossa is wide and U-shaped in  Ac. erythrurus ,  Algyroides ,  Ar. bedriagae ,  Da. oxycephala ,  H. graeca ,  I. bonnali ,  I. cyreni ,  I. monticola cantabrica ,  Ophisops elegans ,  Po. bocagei ,  Po. carbonelli ,  Po. filfolensis ,  Po. hispanicus ,  Po. lilfordi ,  Po. melisellensis ,  Po. milensis ,  Po. siculus ,  Po. tauricus ,  Po. tiliguerta ,  Po. waglerianus ,  Ps. hispanicus and  Z. vivipara (Fig. 5F, J, N), narrow and U-shaped in  I. monticola monticola ,  Lacerta schreiberi ,  Lacerta viridis ,  Po. pityusensis ,  Psammodromus algirus and juveniles of  Po. muralis , triangular in  Lacerta bilineata ,  Lacerta trilineata ,  Ti. lepidus and adults of  Po. muralis (Fig. 5H, L).  Lacerta agilis can have either a narrow or a wide U-shaped fossa. A parietal notch is present in juveniles of all species and is retained in adults of  Ac. erythrurus ,  Al. marchi ,  Ophisops elegans ,  Ps. hispanicus and  Z. vivipara (Fig. 5E, I, M), whereas in adults of the other species the posterior margin is straight (Fig. 5G, K). A wide and either subcircular or subelliptical parietal foramen is present in the middle of the table. Measurements are given in the Supporting Information 3. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2495A37FC87FA902376AC57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D24F5A37FF1FFEAB22F5A97A.text	9C298799D24F5A37FF1FFEAB22F5A97A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Figs 5O–X, 6G–I) </p>
            <p> The unpaired parietal of scincids has a straight anterior margin and poorly developed anterolateral processes, forming small, rounded and anteriorly directed parietal tabs. Those of  Chalcides ocellatus are strongly developed in the lateral direction, giving a concave shape to the lateral margins of the bone (Fig. 5S, T). A moderate lateral development is visible in  Tr. aurata too (Fig. 5W, X). A small and triangular process, whose development is strongly variable in different individuals, can be present in the middle of the anterior margin of  Chalcides ocellatus and  Chalcides striatus (Fig. 5S, T). The supratemporal processes are long, thin and pointed in  Chalcides chalcides ,  Chalcides striatus and  Tr. aurata (Figs 5Q, R, W, X, 6I), long, slender and posteriorly rounded in  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Figs 5U, V, 6H), and long, robust and posteriorly rounded in  Chalcides ocellatus (Figs 5S, T, 6G). In the latter species, they have a distinct angle at midlength in dorsal view.  Ablepharus kitaibelii has short, slender and pointed supratemporal processes (Fig. 5O, P). On the dorsal surface, a weak dermal ornamentation is present in the middle of the anterior-half of the table, whereas the rest of it is smooth. The ornamentation is clearly divided into three portions by two sulci: the central portion is the interparietal shield, whereas the smaller lateral ones are the lateral shields (Fig. 5Q). In  Chalcides ocellatus , the ornamentation covering the lateral areas is poorly developed (barely recognizable), but it reaches the lateral margins of the table (Fig. 5S). On the other hand, the ornamentation is slightly more developed and reaches both the lateral and the anterior margins in  Tr. aurata (Fig. 5W), whereas in  Ab. kitaibelii and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus it is represented only by light grooves (sometimes completely absent in the former; Fig. 5Q, U). The ventral surface is smooth, except for the presence of the ventral crests (as in lacertids). Those of  Ab. kitaibelii ,  Chalcides chalcides ,  Chalcides striatus ,  Ophiomorus punctatissimus and  Tr. aurata are less developed and only the anterolateral and posterolateral ones touch each other (Fig. 5P, R, V, X).  Chalcides ocellatus has robust ventral crests that are always all in contact (Fig. 5T). The parietal fossa is narrow and shallow in  Chalcides chalcides (Fig. 5R), larger and deeper in  Chalcides ocellatus (Fig. 5T) and  Tr. aurata (Fig. 5X), and moderately large and shallow in  Ab. kitaibelii (Fig. 5P) and  Chalcides striatus . The fossa of  Ophiomorus punctatissimus is narrow, but its depth cannot be defined, because it is completely covered by a laminar extension of the median ventral crest (Fig. 5V). A suture line is distinctly visible longitudinally in the middle of the ventral surface of the parietal of  Ophiomorus punctatissimus MDHC 427 (Fig. 5V). The posterior margin of the parietal is characterized by the presence of two pointed processes (forked in  Chalcides chalcides MDHC 398; Fig. 5Q, R), which develop posteriorly and define a wide (narrow in  Ophiomorus punctatissimus ; Fig. 5U, V) parietal notch. These processes are wide and relatively short in  Chalcides chalcides and  Chalcides striatus (Fig. 5Q, R), long and wide in  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Fig. 5U, V), and long and thin in  Chalcides ocellatus (Fig. 5S, T).  Ablepharus kitaibelii and  Tr. aurata have only two wide and posteriorly rounded tabs, which are very short in the latter (Fig. 5W, X) and slightly longer in the former (Fig. 5O, P). The notch is U-shaped or, exceptionally, V-shaped (  Chalcides chalcides MDHC 398 and  Chalcides striatus MDHC 404), but can have an irregular margin. Except for  Ab. kitaibelii and  Tr. aurata , a long and thin (moderately wide in  Ophiomorus punctatissimus ) epipterygoid process is present in the middle of each lateral margin, developing in the ventral direction (Fig. 6G, H). In the two aforementioned species, the same process is short and triangular (Fig. 6I). The parietal foramen is wide, subcircular and located in the middle of the table. It can be partially or completely obliterated by the dermal ornamentation (e.g. in  Tr. aurata MDHC 208; Fig. 5W, X). Measurements are given in the Supporting Information 4. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D24F5A37FF1FFEAB22F5A97A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D24F5A34FC87FB9425FFABCE.text	9C298799D24F5A34FC87FB9425FFABCE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Figs 5Y, Z, 6A–C, J, K) </p>
            <p> The parietal of anguids is unpaired and presents a rectangular table that is longer than it is wide. The anterior margin is slightly irregular, with small interdigitations in adults, whereas the lateral ones are roughly straight. In ventral view, a small articulation surface for the ventral lappet of the posterolateral process of the frontal is visible near each anterolateral corner of the table, and a similar small and anteriorly developed ventral lappet is present medially to this surface. The anterolateral processes are poorly developed. The long supratemporal processes are strongly medially expanded in their proximal-half, but they narrow distally, ending with a moderately robust and posteriorly rounded distal end. The ventral curve is little developed (Fig. 6J, K). A well-developed dermal ornamentation is present on the dorsal surface of the table, and the frontoparietal, interparietal, lateral and occipital shields are recognizable (Figs 5Y, 6A, C). The interparietal shield is large and reaches the anterior margin of the table, limiting the frontoparietal ones to the anterolateral corners of the bone. On the anterior margin, the interparietal shield is distinctly wider in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 5Y) than in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 6A). Linked to this difference in width, the anterior end of each groove separating the interparietal shield from the related frontoparietal shield is directed towards the anterolateral corner of the ornamented surface in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis , whereas it is located more medially in  Pseudopus apodus [see also Klembara et al. (2017) and Klembara &amp; Rummel (2018)]. Moreover, the dermal ornamentation in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis is usually less marked on the frontoparietal shields compared to the rest of the table (Fig. 5Y). The occipital shield is small in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 5Y) and large in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 6A). Posteriorly, the ornamentation does not reach the posterior margin of the parietal table, because of the presence of a large and smooth area levis (Figs 5Y, 6A, C). According to Klembara (2012), Klembara et al. (2017) and Klembara &amp; Rummel (2018), the area levis is shorter than the occipital shield in  Anguis , whereas it is as long as the shield in  Pseudopus . However, a certain degree of variation of this feature is evident based our specimens, which include  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis with an occipital shield that is as long as the area levis (Fig. 5Z) and  Pseudopus apodus with a shield that is distinctly longer than the area levis (Fig. 6A). As in lacertids and scincids, the ventral crests are visible on the otherwise smooth ventral surface. Anterolateral and posterolateral crests contact each other in both  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis and  Pseudopus , whereas the contact between the anterolateral and the medial ones is only present in the latter genus (Fig. 6B), because in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis the posterior ends of the anterolateral ventral crests is shifted towards the posterior margin of the bone (Fig. 5Z). The contact of the anterolateral ventral crest with the medial ventral crest in  Pseudopus apodus splits the margin of the parietal fossa into two sections, respectively called crista juxtafovealis (anterior to the contact) and crista postfovealis (posterior to the contact) in Klembara et al. (2010). Due to the posterior shifting of the posterior end of the anterolateral ventral crest, the crista postfovealis is not present in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis . The medial ventral crest [lamina medialis in Klembara et al. (2010)] is moderately wide, the posterolateral ventral crests [ventrolateral ridge in Klembara et al. (2010)] can be robust or sharp and the anterolateral ventral crests [cristae cranii parietalis in Klembara et al. (2010)] are sharp. The latter are subdivided in two sections: a well-developed anterior one and a low posterior one. The parietal table of  Pseudopus apodus extends laterally beyond the anterolateral ventral crests, forming a wide facies muscularis on each side of the bone. This facies is not developed in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis . A narrow and smooth ventrolateral surface located laterally to the posterolateral ventral crest versus a crest that marks the lateral margin of the supratemporal process is commonly used to distinguish  Pseudopus from  Anguis (see, for example: Klembara et al., 2010, 2017; Klembara, 2012; Klembara &amp; Rummel, 2018). However, it seems that, at least among the herein-studied specimens,  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis can also display such a narrow surface in some cases (Fig. 5Z). In adults of  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis , the medial ventral crest completely covers the parietal fossa and, therefore, only the wide and U-shaped parietal notch is visible posteriorly to it (Fig. 5Z). In juveniles of  Anguis and in  Pseudopus apodus , the posterior portion of the wide fossa is visible in ventral view (Fig. 6B). Moreover, in the latter species, a carina arcuata extends posteriorly covering most of the notch, which appears only as a wide but shallow concavity in dorsal view (Fig. 6A). The carina is not developed posteriorly in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 5Y, Z). The development of the parietal notch undergoes ontogenetic variation in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis , because its depth seems to increase during growth. A little or moderately developed epipterygoid process is present in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 6K), at the contact of the anterolateral and posterolateral ventral crests, but not in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 6J). A wide and elliptical (  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis ; Fig. 5Y, Z) or circular (  Pseudopus apodus ; Fig. 6A, B) parietal foramen is present in the middle of the table, even though sometimes it can be obliterated by the dermal ornamentation (Fig. 6C). Maximum length of the parietal varies from 3.2 mm to 5.8 mm in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis and from 11 mm to 11.5 mm in  Pseudopus apodus , whereas its maximum width goes from 3 mm to 4.4 mm in the former and from 10.5 mm to 11 mm in the latter. </p>
            <p>PREMAXILLA</p>
            <p>The unpaired premaxilla (Figs 8, 9) is composed of a ventral alveolar plate and an ascending nasal process that projects posterodorsally from the middle portion of the alveolar plate. Posteriorly, the alveolar plate extends into the two thin and triangular palatal processes, divided medially by a wide notch. Between the bases of these processes, the small and ventrally directed incisive process is present. The teeth are supported by the alveolar margin of the alveolar plate. By the junction between the ascending nasal process and the alveolar plate, the foramina of the longitudinal canals are visible by the sides of the process. A septonasal crest runs medially along the posterior surface of the nasal process.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D24F5A34FC87FB9425FFABCE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D24C5A2AFC95F94023C6A8BD.text	9C298799D24C5A2AFC95F94023C6A8BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Fig. 8A–C) </p>
            <p> The premaxilla of  Laudakia stellio is moderately slender, with a narrow alveolar plate in anterior view. The dorsal margin of the alveolar plate does not form two palatal processes, but a single, short and roughly subquadrangular lamina. The incisive process is present in the middle of the posterior margin of this lamina (Fig. 8B, C). Teeth are subpleurodont, monocuspid, roughly conical, large and stocky. The usual tooth number is two, but HUJ.OST-Z-5 bears only a single tooth. Teeth are smaller and more numerous in juveniles (e.g. four in NHMW 570). Moreover, NHMW 570 displays a toothless area in the middle of the alveolar margin. The ascending nasal process is stocky, moderately long and pointed. Its base is almost as large as the alveolar plate, but it shrinks dorsally, taking a roughly subtriangular shape in anterior view (Fig. 8A). The septonasal crest is robust and well developed (Fig. 8C); it runs along the entire height of the process. The maximum width of the alveolar plate ranges from 1.5 mm to 2.5 mm. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D24C5A2AFC95F94023C6A8BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2525A2AFF2DF9CC23EEAA26.text	9C298799D2525A2AFF2DF9CC23EEAA26.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Fig. 8D) </p>
            <p> Chamaeleo chamaeleon has a very small and slender premaxilla, with a very slender, long and pointed ascending nasal process. The alveolar plate has concave lateral margins in anterior view and is larger at its dorsal end. Palatal processes are not developed and there is no incisive process. Teeth are very small, acrodont, triangular and monocuspid. The number of tooth positions is either two or three. Maximum width of the alveolar plate varies from 0.5 mm to 1 mm. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2525A2AFF2DF9CC23EEAA26	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2525A2BFC95FBD52062AE32.text	9C298799D2525A2BFC95FBD52062AE32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Fig. 8E–U) </p>
            <p> The premaxilla of lacertids present a long (usually shorter in  Lacerta ,  Ti. lepidus and  Z. vivipara ; Fig. 8M, N, U) and pointed ascending nasal process, which can be narrow with parallel lateral margins (  Algyroides ,  Anatololacerta anatolica ,  Ar. bedriagae ,  Da. oxycephala ,  Darevskia ,  Di. mosorensis ,  H. graeca ,  I. aranica ,  I. aurelioi ,  I. bonnali ,  I. horvathi ,  I. martinezricai ,  Ophisops elegans ,  Podarcis and  Psammodromus ; Fig. 8Q, R), arrow-shaped (  E. arguta ,  I. cyreni ,  I. galani and  I. monticola ; Fig. 8I, J), stocky and leaf-shaped (  Lacerta ,  Ti. lepidus and  Z. vivipara ; Fig. 8M, N, U) or moderately narrow and slightly leaf-shaped at the dorsal end (  Ac. erythrurus ; Fig. 8E, F) in adults. Juveniles of all species have the first morphology and then develop the other ones during ontogeny. Some degree of variability is present in  Al. nigropunctatus ,  Da. oxycephala ,  Di. mosorensis and  Po. muralis , because some adult or subadult specimens (e.g.  Al. nigropunctatus MDHC 242,  Da. oxycephala NHMW 629,  Di. mosorensis NHMW 660 and  Po. muralis MDHC 6) develop a more triangular or rather sagittate morphology. Similarly, MDHC 311, a large and probably old specimen of  Po. muralis , displays a more leaf-shaped nasal process. The septonasal crest is moderately developed and covers almost the entire length of the process, except for some specimens of  Al. moreoticus ,  Al. nigropunctatus ,  Lacerta trilineata and  Z. vivipara , in which the crest is less developed in its distal-half (Fig. 8U). In adults of  Al. nigropunctatus ,  I. cyreni ,  I. monticola ,  Lacerta ,  Po. melisellensis ,  Po. muralis ,  Po. siculus ,  Po. tauricus ,  Po. tiliguerta ,  Po. waglerianus ,  Psammodromus algirus ,  Ti. lepidus and maybe also  Po. filfolensis , a dermal ornamentation can be present on the dorsal-half of the external surface of the nasal process (Fig. 8M, P, Q). The notch between the palatal processes is deep, wide and V-shaped (Fig. 8H). Teeth are pleurodont, cylindrical, slender and monocuspid [morphotype B sensu Kosma (2004)], but adults of  Lacerta ,  Po. siculus and  Ti. lepidus have some bicuspid teeth [morphotype G sensu Kosma (2004)] also (Figs 8M, N, 10). Some specimens of  I. monticola can have a second pair of foramina of the longitudinal canals (Barahona, 1996; Fig. 8I).  Acanthodactylus erythrurus UAM.R.ACVII (Fig. 8E) and  Po. muralis MDHC 6 have two accessory foramina on the base of the ascending nasal process too. Number of tooth positions, together with measurements of the width of the alveolar plate, are given in the Supporting Information 3. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2525A2BFC95FBD52062AE32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2535A2BFF1FFC4C254CAE96.text	9C298799D2535A2BFF1FFC4C254CAE96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Figs 8V–Y, 9A–D) </p>
            <p> European scincids differ from other European lizards in having paired premaxillae, both provided with a laminar and subquadrangular palatal process (Figs 8Y, 9C). In  Chalcides chalcides MDHC 398 and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus MDHC 427, the two paired premaxillae are joined together by their ventral margin, suggesting that a possible fusion may be present in old individuals. Together, the palatal processes compose a structure similar to the subtrapezoidal lamina seen in gekkotans (Villa et al., 2018a). Except maybe for  Chalcides bedriagai , an incisive process can be present: it can be either split into two halves by the separation of the paired premaxillae or developed as a single process. Teeth are morphologically similar to those of gekkotans (Villa et al., 2018a), being pleurodont, cylindrical, slender and provided with a labial and a lingual cusp [morphotype F sensu Kosma (2004)]. However, the tooth crown is slightly curved posteriorly and has a light striation on the lingual surface in scincids. Teeth of  Chalcides ocellatus differ from those of the other species, because they are robust and provided with a blunt and mediolaterally enlarged crown (Fig. 9A, B). Each premaxilla bears half of the ascending nasal process, which is long, moderately narrow and pointed in its entirety. Larger species have a proportionally longer and more slender ascending nasal process. In  Ophiomorus punctatissimus MCZ 38517, the process displays a light constriction at its base and, therefore, assumes an arrow-shaped appearance in anterior view. Since the process is split by its medial line, a septonasal crest is not recognizable. The external surface of the premaxillae is smooth, with no traces of dermal ornamentation (Figs 8V, 9A). Measurements and number of tooth positions are given in the Supporting Information 4. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2535A2BFF1FFC4C254CAE96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2535A28FC87FBE8230BA8C8.text	9C298799D2535A28FC87FBE8230BA8C8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Fig. 9E–J) </p>
            <p> In European anguids, the premaxilla has a wide and low alveolar plate. In  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis , the ascending nasal process is short and very narrow by its base, but it presents a wide and lobe-shaped dorsal-half, provided with a pointed end (Fig. 9E, F). In  Pseudopus apodus , on the other hand, it is moderately wide, with straight and parallel lateral margins and a rounded dorsal end (Fig. 9I, J). However, according to Klembara et al. (2017) the process of young  Pseudopus apodus is slightly widened at midlength. The anterior surface of the process is smooth (Fig. 9E, I), whereas only in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis a low but distinct septonasal crest runs along the posterior one (Fig. 9F). The development of the crest increases during growth, being unrecognizable in juveniles. Each palatal process is split into two portions by a deep notch (Fig. 9H): laterally there is the narrow maxillary process, provided with a roughly rounded end, whereas the pointed and slightly wider vomerine process is present medially. The two vomerine processes are not fused medially, but they are flanked and present a wide notch between them. The ventral end of the septonasal crest splits into two prominent ridges that merge into the dorsal surface of the vomerine processes (Fig. 9F). These ridges are present also in  Pseudopus apodus , even if the crest is not present in this species (Fig. 9J). A well-developed incisive process is present: it is composed of two lobe-shaped and ventrally concave portions located on the ventral surface of the vomerine processes (Fig. 9H). Teeth are subpleurodont, slender (slightly thicker in  Pseudopus apodus ), monocuspid and slightly posteriorly curved by their tip. They are roughly subcylindrical, but the pointed tip gives them a more trenchant shape [morphotype A sensu Kosma (2004)] in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 9E, F). Teeth of  Pseudopus apodus have a blunter tip (Fig. 9I, J). No striation is visible on the crown of the teeth of  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis , whereas distinct striae are visible on both the labial and the lingual sides in  Pseudopus apodus . The number of tooth positions is nine in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis and goes from six to seven [seven to nine following Roček (1980) and Klembara et al. (2017)] in  Pseudopus apodus , whereas the maximum width of the alveolar plate varies from 1.4 mm to 2.9 mm in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis and from 5 mm to 5.5 mm in  Pseudopus apodus . </p>
            <p>MAXILLA</p>
            <p>The paired maxillae (Figs 11, 12) consist of an alveolar portion and a dorsomedially developed facial process. The alveolar portion is composed by a tooth-bearing alveolar border and by a palatal shelf developed medially. The anterior end (anterior premaxillary process) has a concave anterior margin due to the presence of the anteromedial and anterolateral processes. The posterior end corresponds to an elongated posterior process. The maxilla is crossed by the superior alveolar canal, which runs through the base of the facial process. Its anterior opening, the vomeronasal foramen, is located on the dorsal surface of the premaxillary process. The posterior opening, on the other hand, is the wide superior dental foramen [infraorbital foramen in Barahona (1996)] and opens on the dorsal surface of the palatal shelf. Lateral openings of the canal are represented by the ventrolateral (labial) foramina, whose number is highly variable, even in the two maxillae of the same specimen.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2535A28FC87FBE8230BA8C8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2505A28FF2DFA452431A9DD.text	9C298799D2505A28FF2DFA452431A9DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Fig. 11A–C) </p>
            <p> Laudakia stellio has a slightly medially curved anterior premaxillary process, provided with a roughly straight (slightly concave in juveniles) anterior margin. Adults lack an anterolateral process, whereas a little developed one can be seen in juveniles. The pointed anteromedial process, on the other hand, is distinctly developed in the dorsal direction (Fig. 11A, B). The posterior process is long and pointed, having a moderately deep groove for the articulation of the jugal on its dorsal surface. A strong spur is present on its dorsal margin; the spur can be posteriorly rounded or pointed and projects in the posterior direction. The maxilla carries two large, subpleurodont, stocky, conical and monocuspid teeth at its anterior end (Fig. 11C). Acrodont and triangular teeth are present posteriorly. According to Smith et al. (2016), the second subpleurodont tooth is larger than the first one in males of  Laudakia stellio . Acrodont teeth are closely spaced and extend towards the medial surface of the alveolar shelf (Fig. 11B). They can also present small accessory cusps located anteriorly and posteriorly to the main one. The size of the acrodont teeth increases posteriorly, with the anteriormost being very small. In juveniles there is only one smaller subpleurodont tooth anteriorly and the acrodont teeth are large for the entire length of the tooth row. Only the posterior fourth (fifth in juveniles) of the alveolar border does not bear teeth. The anterior and posterior openings of the superior alveolar canal are moderately wide and subcircular. We observed four or five ventrolateral foramina on the otherwise smooth lateral surface, but Smith et al. (2016) reported six of them in the left maxilla of one of the specimens they examined [see supplementary information in Smith et al. (2016)]. The facial process is triangular in lateral view. The anterior margin is roughly straight, whereas the posterior one is strongly concave. The dorsal end is bifid, with two wide and rounded projections. The anterior one is longer than the posterior one. The whole anterior margin of the process, anterior projection included, bends medially (Fig. 11B). Both the lateral and the medial surface of the process are smooth. Including the subpleurodont ones, a number of nine to 18 tooth positions is present [ten to 15, according to Siebenrock (1895)]. The alveolar border can measure from 5.5 mm to 15 mm in maximum length. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2505A28FF2DFA452431A9DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2505A29FC95FB3025F9AB9B.text	9C298799D2505A29FC95FB3025F9AB9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Fig. 11D, E) </p>
            <p> The anterior premaxillary process of the maxilla of  Chamaeleo chamaeleon is strongly curved medially (Fig. 11E), contacting the other maxilla with a straight anteromedial margin. There are neither anteromedial nor anterolateral processes, although a small notch for the insertion of the very small premaxilla is present. The palatal shelf develops a moderately large medial expansion in the middle, which is the contact surface with the palatine; the articulation surface is recognizable in dorsal view. The posterior process is not stepped and has a moderately deep groove on the dorsal surface. Teeth are carried on the ventral margin of the bone and are present along its entire length, but in MNHN 241 and 2002-24 and NHMW 611 they lack on the posterior end (Fig. 11E). Teeth are acrodont, triangular and tricuspid. They are well spaced [although exceptions may occur, e.g. NHMW 611, Fig. 11E; but see also Čerňanský (2011)] and larger in the posterior portion of the alveolar border. The lateral surface of the bone is smooth (Fig. 11D). Usually only one ventrolateral foramen is present (Fig. 11E), but rarely two of them can be present (e.g. the right maxilla of MNHN 1942-103 and the left ones of NHMW 611 and 721). Two dorsally developed processes are present: a first one anteriorly to the external nares and a second one (facial process) posteriorly to it. The anterior dorsal process is dorsally bifid: the lateral portion contacts the anterior end of the prefrontal posterodorsally, whereas the medial portion contacts the nasal dorsally and the ascending nasal process of the premaxilla medially. On the dorsal surface of this process, two large and rounded tubercles are present along its lateral margin (three in the left maxilla of NHMW 611). The facial process is slightly larger than the anterior dorsal one in lateral view and touches the lateral process of the prefrontal dorsally. Ventrolateral foramina are located at the base of this second process (Fig. 11D). The maximum length of the alveolar border goes from 15.1 mm to 19 mm, whereas the number of tooth positions varies from 14 to 21. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2505A29FC95FB3025F9AB9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2515A2FFC87F8E822CAA8EE.text	9C298799D2515A2FFC87F8E822CAA8EE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Figs 11F–O, 12A, B, Q, R) </p>
            <p> The anterior premaxillary process of the maxilla of lacertids has a deep anterior concavity, because both anteromedial and anterolateral processes are well developed (Fig. 12Q, R). The two processes are similar in size, but the anteromedial one can develop a lappet on its dorsal surface (Figs 11H–O, 12A, B, R): the lappet is present in all species except  Ac. erythrurus (Figs 11F, G, 12Q),  Al. fitzingeri ,  Al. marchi ,  E. arguta ,  H. graeca and  Ophisops elegans . Barahona (1996) reported a lappet in juveniles of  Lacerta viridis (probably  Lacerta bilineata , since her specimens were collected in the Iberian Peninsula), but not in adults and, therefore, at least in this species, this could be a feature linked to ontogenetic variation. However, all adult specimens of  Lacerta included in this study present a lappet (Figs 11H–J, 12R). In lateral view, the posterior process is large and pointed. In  I. monticola monticola ,  Lacerta ,  Po. bocagei ,  Po. carbonelli ,  Po. filfolensis ,  Po. hispanicus ,  Po. lilfordi ,  Po. melisellensis ,  Po. milensis ,  Po. muralis ,  Po. pityusensis ,  Po. siculus ,  Po. tauricus ,  Po. tiliguerta and  Po. waglerianus , the dorsal margin of this process presents a step, which develops a posteriorly projecting spur in  Lacerta agilis ,  Po. melisellensis ,  Po. milensis ,  Po. tauricus and sometimes also  Lacerta bilineata ,  Lacerta viridis and  Po. muralis . The spur is always strongly developed in  Po. melisellensis (Fig. 11K, L), but it can be short or even almost absent in  Lacerta agilis ,  Po. milensis and  Po. tauricus .  Lacerta bilineata ,  Lacerta viridis and  Po. muralis can either display a short spur (Fig. 11J) or a simple step (Fig. 11H, I). The wide vomeronasal foramen opens at the base of the anterior margin of the dorsal process, in an anteriorly directed concavity bordered laterally and medially by two low ridges. The superior dental foramen is wide and is followed by a wide posteriorly directed groove. The tooth row does not reach the posterior end of the bone, leaving a small posterior toothless portion that is shorter in large-sized species. Teeth are cylindrical, pleurodont, slender, mono- and bicuspid [morphotype B and G sensu Kosma (2004), respectively]. Tricuspid teeth [morphotype H sensu Kosma (2004)] can also be present, mostly in large-sized species.  Hellenolacerta graeca ,  Po. filfolensis ,  Po. lilfordi ,  Po. melisellensis ,  Po. milensis ,  Po. pityusensis ,  Ti. lepidus and some specimens of  Po. tauricus and  Lacerta trilineata can have a low number of hypertrophied maxillary teeth (Figs 11K, L, O, 13). Hypertrophied teeth are present also on the maxillae of MDHC 48 and 73, two young individuals of  Lacerta bilineata . The facial process is roughly subtriangular in shape, with slightly irregular anterior and posterodorsal margins and two projections developing posterodorsally from its dorsal end. The two projections can be narrow (  Ac. erythrurus and  Ophisops elegans ; Fig. 11F, G) or large (other species; Figs 11H–O, 12A, B) in lateral view and the anterior one is more developed than the posterior one. They are scarcely developed in  Al. fitzingeri ,  Al. marchi ,  Ar. bedriagae ,  Z. vivipara (Fig. 12A, B) and in some specimens of  Lacerta schreiberi and  Ti. lepidus . A well-developed dermal ornamentation is present on the lateral surface of the facial process (Fig. 11H, J, K, M), except for  Ac. erythrurus ,  Algyroides ,  Da. oxycephala ,  Di. mosorensis ,  E. arguta ,  H. graeca ,  I. bonnali ,  I. horvathi ,  Ophisops elegans and  Z. vivipara , in which the ornamentation is absent or less developed (Figs 11F, 12A). The sulcus between the areas covered by internasal and prefrontal scales can be visible in  Lacerta ,  Ti. lepidus and sometimes  Podarcis (e.g.  Po. muralis ,  Po. tauricus and  Po. waglerianus ). The medial surface has a low and arched ridge roughly at midlength, starting on the dorsal surface of the palatal shelf and running posterodorsally. The ridge appears to be slightly more developed in  Al. nigropunctatus ,  Ar. bedriagae ,  H. graeca ,  Lacerta agilis ,  Lacerta bilineata (Fig. 11I),  Lacerta schreiberi and  Z. vivipara (Fig. 12B), and is not visible in  Ac. erythrurus (Fig. 11G). In  Ophisops elegans and  Psammodromus algirus , there is also a low ridge running dorsoventrally from the middle of the anterior margin to the palatal shelf (Fig. 11N). Measurements, number of tooth positions and of ventrolateral foramina are given in the Supporting Information 3. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2515A2FFC87F8E822CAA8EE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2575A2CFC87FA252567ACA0.text	9C298799D2575A2CFC87FA252567ACA0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Fig. 12C–L, S–U) </p>
            <p>Scincids have a very deep, U-shaped concavity on the anterior margin of the anterior premaxillary process, due to the presence of well-developed and pointed anterolateral and anteromedial processes (Fig. 12S– U). The two processes are roughly similar in size. The posterior process is long and usually pointed</p>
            <p> (MDHC 427), left maxilla in dorsal view. V,  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (MDHC 102), left maxilla in dorsal view. Abbreviations: alp, anterolateral process; amp, anteromedial process; app, anterior premaxillary process; ar, arched ridge; l, lappet; ps, palatal shelf; sdf, superior dental foramen; vnf, vomeronasal foramen. Scale bars = 1 mm. </p>
            <p> and does not present steps. Except for  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Fig. 12I, J), its posterior tip is slightly shifted in the dorsal direction (Fig. 12C–H, K, L). The location of the small vomeronasal foramen is similar to the condition seen in lacertids, but in scincids the concavity is shallower because of the absence of a clearly developed lateral ridge. The medial ridge, on the other hand, is present but low in  Chalcides ocellatus (Fig. 12G, H) and  Tr. aurata (Fig. 12K, L), and well developed in  Ab. kitaibelii (Fig. 12C, D),  Chalcides chalcides (Fig. 12E, F),  Chalcides striatus and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Fig. 12I, J). In the latter four species, the ridge continues on the dorsal surface of the anteromedial process in a distinct lappet. In  Ophiomorus punctatissimus , the lappet bends strongly in the medial direction, giving a forked aspect to the anterior end of the anteromedial process in dorsal view (Fig. 12U). The opening of the superior dental foramen is medially oriented. A moderately deep groove is present on the dorsal surface of the posterior process, posteriorly to the latter foramen, although it seems not to be in continuity with it (as it is, for example, in lacertids). As in the premaxillae, teeth are similar to those of gekkotans (Villa et al., 2018a), but they have a slightly posterolingually curved crown provided with light striae on the lingual surface. Teeth are absent only on the tip of the posterior process. The ones of  Chalcides ocellatus are robust and have a blunt and very enlarged crown (Fig. 12G, H). Even if not as much as in  Chalcides ocellatus , more robust teeth are present in  Ophiomorus punctatissimus too (Fig. 12I, J). In the latter species, the increase in robustness is less marked in the anteriormost teeth, but becomes more evident towards the posterior end of the tooth row. Anyway, the last tooth is slightly smaller than the preceding one. The facial process is roughly pentagonal in lateral view. The anterior and posterior margins are concave, whereas the anterodorsal and posterodorsal ones are roughly straight, although slightly irregular.  Trachylepis aurata differs from the other species in having a strongly concave posterodorsal margin (Fig. 12K, L).  Ophiomorus punctatissimus does not display a clear distinction between an anterodorsal and a posterodorsal segment of the dorsal margin, which is rather convex in this species (Fig. 12I, J). In  Chalcides chalcides ,  Chalcides striatus and  Tr. aurata , the dorsal margins are similar in length (Fig. 12E, F, K, L), whereas in  Ab. kitaibelii and  Chalcides ocellatus the anterodorsal one is longer than the posterodorsal one (Fig. 12C, D, G, H). In  Ab. kitaibelii , this difference in length is very strongly marked, because the posterodorsal margin is less than one-third of the anterodorsal one (Fig. 12C, D). The anterior, dorsal and posterior corners of the process are pointed in  Chalcides (Fig. 12E–H), but they do not develop projections.  Trachylepis aurata shares a similar morphology, but the dorsal corner is rounded (Fig. 12K, L), whereas all corners are rounded in  Ab. kitaibelii and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Fig. 12C, D, I, J). The lateral surface is smooth, whereas a very low arched ridge is visible on the medial one. This latter ridge is similar to the one present in some lacertids, but much lower (almost not recognizable in  Ab. kitaibelii ,  Chalcides ocellatus ,  Ophiomorus punctatissimus and  Tr. aurata ). The Supporting Information 4 includes measurements, number of tooth positions and number of ventrolateral foramina. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2575A2CFC87FA252567ACA0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2545A2DFC95FDD02464AF8C.text	9C298799D2545A2DFC95FDD02464AF8C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Fig. 12M–P, V) </p>
            <p> In European anguids, both anteromedial and anterolateral processes are pointed and well developed, defining a very deep and U-shaped anterior concavity that is also moderately narrow in dorsal view (Fig. 12V). The two processes are slender and roughly similar in size in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis , but the anteromedial process is slightly shorter than the anterolateral one in  Pseudopus apodus . A well-developed lappet is present on the dorsal surface of the anteromedial process. In  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis , this lappet projects anteriorly beyond the end of the process with a pointed tip and bends slightly in medial direction (Fig. 12V). The posterior process is long, slender and pointed in lateral view, lacking any step. The vomeronasal foramen is small (very small in  Pseudopus apodus ) and opens in a shallow anteriorly concave area, bordered laterally and medially by two low ridges. The superior dental foramen is wide and continues posteriorly in a wide groove that runs along the dorsal surface of the posterior process. Teeth are large (maximum size is reached in the middle of the tooth row in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis and by its posterior end in  Pseudopus apodus ) and subpleurodont, lacking only on the posterior end of the maxilla. In  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis , they are monocuspid, trenchant, well-spaced and distinctly posterolingually bent by their tip (Fig. 12M, N). Maxillae of  Pseudopus apodus have two different tooth morphologies: anteriorly, they have monocuspid, cylindrical and slightly robust teeth, provided with a pointed and not curved tip, whereas on the posterior end there are very large, cylindrical and stout teeth, provided with a blunt and rounded crown (Fig. 12O, P). Teeth of  Pseudopus apodus are closely spaced and increase gradually in size posteriorly, but the last ones are smaller than the preceding ones. Striae are not present in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis , but visible on both the lingual and the labial sides in  Pseudopus apodus . The facial process is subtrapezoidal in lateral view, with a slightly convex dorsal margin and slightly concave anterior and posterior margins; the latter is almost vertical in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 12M, N) and slightly oblique in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 12O, P). The width of the process is smaller than half the length of the bone in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis and roughly half the length in  Pseudopus apodus . Both its anterodorsal and posterodorsal corners are rounded and a variable number of small foramina can be present near the former one. No dermal ornamentation is present on the lateral surface of the facial process in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 12M), whereas a very light one is visible in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 12O). The medial surface has a thickened area on the anterior margin and a low (sometimes more distinct in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis ) arched ridge, similar to the one present in lacertids and scincids. The maximum length of the alveolar border goes from 3.3 mm to 7 mm in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis and from 12.5 mm to 16.6 mm in  Pseudopus apodus , whereas the number of tooth positions is nine in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis and goes from nine to 14 in  Pseudopus apodus . Three or four ventrolateral foramina are present in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis , three, four or five in  Pseudopus apodus . </p>
            <p>PREFRONTAL</p>
            <p>The paired prefrontal (Fig. 14) has an anteriorly concave body, named the orbitonasal flange. The large and pointed dorsal process starts from the medial side of the dorsal margin of the flange, extending in the posterodorsal direction. The laminar anterodorsal process develops in anterior direction from the orbitonasal flange and a posteroventral process develops ventrolaterally from its ventrolateral corner. A small posterolaterally directed projection is present at the tip of the posteroventral process. A wide notch of the lacrimal foramen is located between the anterodorsal and the posteroventral processes.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2545A2DFC95FDD02464AF8C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D25A5A22FF2DFF3F2392AE65.text	9C298799D25A5A22FF2DFF3F2392AE65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Fig. 14A, B) </p>
            <p> In posterior view, the prefrontal of  Laudakia stellio has a subrectangular orbitonasal flange. The posteroventral process is poorly developed and not clearly individualized, and a similarly small and subtrapezoidal orbitonasal flange projection is recognizable on the ventromedial corner of the flange (Fig. 14B). The projection and the posteroventral process are separated by a wide but shallow ventral concavity. Both the dorsal and the posterior surfaces of the flange are smooth, except for a low but distinct ridge that marks posteriorly the articulation surface with the maxilla on the former. Moreover, a robust tubercle develops in the lateral direction from the dorsolateral corner of the bone (Fig. 14A, B). The notch of the lacrimal foramen is wide and deep (Fig. 14B). The dorsal process is robust and long (longer than the moderately short anterodorsal process). On its lateral surface, there is a distinct and sharp palpebral crest, running anteroposteriorly from the lateral tubercle to the posterior tip (Fig. 14B). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D25A5A22FF2DFF3F2392AE65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D25A5A22FF2DFC9923E6AA17.text	9C298799D25A5A22FF2DFC9923E6AA17.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Fig. 14C–E) </p>
            <p> Prefrontals of  Chamaeleo chamaeleon have a subrectangular orbitonasal flange, with a moderately shallow ventral concavity (Fig. 14C). They are anteroposteriorly elongated in dorsal view (Fig. 14E), with an anterior end that is strongly narrower than the posterior one. The anterodorsal process is long and thick, and contacts the anterior dorsal process of the maxilla, forming the dorsal margin of the external nares. A subtriangular or subrectangular orbitonasal flange projection is present on the ventromedial corner of the flange (Fig. 14C): it is longer than the moderately small posteroventral process and does not display projections by its tip. Another (lateral) process develops form the anterior margin, just ventrally to the posterior end of the anterodorsal process (Fig. 15). This lateral process is short and moderately large in lateral view, and contacts the facial process of the maxilla. The lateral process marks the lateral margin of the large lacrimal foramen, whose medial margin is composed of a wide notch on the lateral margin of the orbitonasal flange. The dorsal process is laminar, posteriorly rounded and mediolaterally expanded (Fig. 14D, E). Its posterior end contacts the postorbital with a slightly interdigitated suture. A series of tubercles with an irregular dorsal margin (but rather rounded) runs along the dorsolateral margin of the bone (i.e. on the anterodorsal process and on the dorsal process; Fig. 14D, E), forming a continuous ridge that starts on the anterior dorsal process of the maxilla and ends posteriorly on the squamosal (passing also through the postorbital). The dorsal surface of the bone has an ornamentation made of small tubercles (Fig. 14E). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D25A5A22FF2DFC9923E6AA17	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D25A5A23FC95FB802346AC57.text	9C298799D25A5A23FC95FB802346AC57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Fig. 14F–N) </p>
            <p> In lacertids, the prefrontal has a distinct and size-linked dermal ornamentation on the dorsal surface (Fig. 14F, L), with larger species provided with a stronger cover.  Acanthodactylus erythrurus ,  Al. fitzingeri ,  E. arguta and  Ophisops elegans have particularly poorly marked ornamentation (Fig. 14I). The anterodorsal process is covered with this ornamentation on its posterior-half, whereas the anterior-half is smooth. The lacrimal foramen is represented by a deep and wide notch. A long, slender and laterally directed projection is present dorsally to the notch in  Ophisops elegans (Fig. 14I, J). A similar, but proportionally smaller process can be present in  Ti. lepidus too (Fig. 14L, M). The dorsal process is robust; in lateral view, it is slightly longer than the orbitonasal flange in  Ac. erythrurus ,  Al. marchi ,  Al. moreoticus ,  Ophisops elegans and  Psammodromus (Fig. 14K), but it is shorter (roughly as long as the flange or even shorter than it) in the other species (Fig. 14G, N). At least in  Al. nigropunctatus , this character could be subject to individual variation, since the dorsal process is longer than the flange in MDHC 242, an adult male, but distinctly shorter than it in MDHC 171 and 243, a possible juvenile female and an adult male, respectively. A distinct palpebral crest runs along the entire lateral surface of the process; it is more developed in large-sized species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D25A5A23FC95FB802346AC57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D25B5A23FC87FEAB2594AED7.text	9C298799D25B5A23FC87FEAB2594AED7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Fig. 16A, B) </p>
            <p> Laudakia stellio has a distinctly triradiate jugal, because of the presence of a moderately long and triangular quadratojugal process. The anterior process is robust, but narrows towards the pointed anterior end. The lateral surface of the anterior-half of the process is completely covered by the articulation surface with the spur of the maxilla (Fig. 16A). A short palatal process is present, but it lacks any sign of a medial one (Fig. 16B). The posterodorsal process is massive and slightly shorter than the anterior one. It bends posteriorly in its posterior portion, originating a distinct angle at midlength. This angle seems to be less marked in juveniles (Smith et al., 2016). The distal end of the posterodorsal process is rounded. On the medial surface of the bone, the articulation surface with the postorbital is visible all along the anterodorsal margin of the posterodorsal process (Fig. 16B). Large foramina are present on the lateral surface. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D25B5A23FC87FEAB2594AED7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D25B5A23FF1FFB7325C7AC57.text	9C298799D25B5A23FF1FFB7325C7AC57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Fig. 14U–Z) </p>
            <p> Anguids have a subtriangular orbitonasal flange projection, which is wider but very slightly shorter than the slender and truncated posteroventral process (Fig. 14V, Y). There is no ornamentation in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 14U), whereas very mild rugosities are visible dorsally in  Pseudopus apodus at the base of the dorsal process (Fig. 14X). A distinct posterolateral projection is absent and the notch for the lacrimal foramen is wide and moderately (  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis ; Fig. 14U–W), or very, deep (  Pseudopus apodus ; Fig. 14X–Z). The dorsal process is slender and moderately long, being as long as, or slightly longer than, the rest of the prefrontal in lateral view.The palpebral crest is low; in adults of  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis it is not clearly recognizable. </p>
            <p>JUGAL</p>
            <p>Jugals (Fig. 16) are curved and paired bones, roughly L-shaped in lateral view, with an anterior and a posterodorsal process. The anterior process can have a medially developed shelf, the palatal process, whose posterior end can develop a triangular medial process of the jugal. Between the anterior and the posterodorsal processes, a quadratojugal process can develop in ventral direction. A row of small foramina pierces the lateral surface of the bone.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D25B5A23FF1FFB7325C7AC57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D25B5A23FC87FC2B25D0A82F.text	9C298799D25B5A23FC87FC2B25D0A82F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Fig. 16C, D) </p>
            <p> Jugals of  Chamaeleo chamaeleon have a thin and pointed anterior process and a dorsoventrally expanded posterodorsal process. A number of very small tubercles is present on the lateral surface of the latter (Fig. 16C): they are aligned and run parallel to the concave dorsal margin. The length of the two processes is similar. The palatal process is represented by a low and sharp ridge running longitudinally on the medial surface of the anterior process (Fig. 16D), whereas a developed quadratojugal process is not present. The anterior end of the jugal forms part of the lateral margin of the lacrimal foramen. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D25B5A23FC87FC2B25D0A82F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D25B5A20FC87FA612453ABD4.text	9C298799D25B5A20FC87FA612453ABD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Fig. 16E–L) </p>
            <p> In the jugal of lacertids, the anterior process can be narrow and pointed (most species; Fig. 16I–L), moderately large, flattened and more rounded anteriorly (  Ac. erythrurus ; Fig. 16E, F) or moderately large, flattened and anteriorly forked (  Ophisops elegans ; Fig. 16G, H). The lateral surface of the anterior portion of this process is largely covered by the articulation surface with the posterior process of the maxilla (Fig. 16I, K), except for  Ac. erythrurus and  Ophisops elegans , in which this surface is narrow and the bone is more laterally exposed (Fig. 16E, G). In species in which either a step or a spur is present on the dorsal margin of the posterior process of the maxilla (see above), the articulation surface on the jugal recalls the stepped and spurred morphology, respectively. The palatal process is present: it is weakly developed in  Ac. erythrurus (Fig. 16F),  E. arguta and  Ophisops elegans (Fig. 16H), and moderately to well developed in other species (Fig. 16J, L). A distinct medial process is present in  Ophisops elegans (Fig. 16H) and  Psammodromus (Figs 16J, 17A), but a poorly developed one (Fig. 17B) can be also present in other genera [e.g.  Podarcis , as also reported by Blain et al. (2007)]. The posterodorsal process is narrow and pointed. Proportions of the anterior and posterodorsal processes differ within species: the anterior one is the longest in  Algyroides ,  Da. oxycephala ,  Di. mosorensis ,  Lacerta agilis ,  Lacerta bilineata ,  Lacerta schreiberi ,  Lacerta viridis ,  Ophisops elegans ,  Po. siculus ,  Po. tauricus ,  Po. tiliguerta ,  Po. waglerianus ,  Psammodromus algirus ,  Z. vivipara and some specimens of  Po. muralis (Fig. 16G–J), the posterodorsal one is the longest in  Ac. erythrurus and  E. arguta (Fig. 16E, F), whereas they have roughly the same length in  Ar. bedriagae ,  H. graeca ,  I. bonnali .  I. cyreni ,  I. horvathi ,  I. monticola ,  Lacerta trilineata ,  Po. bocagei ,  Po. filfolensis ,  Po. hispanicus ,  Po. lilfordi ,  Po. melisellensis ,  Po. milensis ,  Po. pityusensis ,  Ti. lepidus and some specimens of  Po. muralis (Fig. 16K, L). A certain degree of ontogenetic variation can be present, as demonstrated by  Ti. lepidus NHMW 625, a very young individual whose anterior process is clearly longer than the posterodorsal one (Fig. 18). The quadratojugal process can be absent (  Ac. erythrurus and  Ophisops elegans ; Fig. 16E–H), weakly developed (  I. horvathi ,  Po. pityusensis ,  Po. tiliguerta and  Psammodromus algirus ; Fig. 16I, J) or well developed (other species; Fig. 16K, L). Its development may vary during ontogeny, being more developed in juveniles and less developed in adults (e.g.  Psammodromus algirus ; Barahona &amp; Barbadillo, 1997). The lateral surface of the ventral portion of the bone can be covered, at least in large specimens, by a moderately to well-developed dermal ornamentation (absent in  Ac. erythrurus ,  Algyroides ,  Da. oxycephala ,  Di. mosorensis ,  E. arguta ,  H. graeca ,  I. bonnali ,  I. cyreni ,  I. horvathi ,  I. monticola and  Ophisops elegans ). A moderately large foramen opens on the medial surface of the jugal, at the meeting point of the anterior and the posterodorsal processes. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D25B5A20FC87FA612453ABD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D25B5A23FF1FFEAB222FA91F.text	9C298799D25B5A23FF1FFEAB222FA91F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Fig. 14O–T) </p>
            <p> A subquadrangular orbitonasal flange projection is also present in the prefrontal of scincids (Fig. 14P, S). Like in gekkotans (Villa et al., 2018a), it is distinctly wider than the posteroventral process, but, in contrast with them, it is shorter than the latter (these differences are less marked in the largest specimens of  Chalcides chalcides and  Chalcides ocellatus ). Both the dorsal surface of the thin anterodorsal process and the posterolateral surface of the orbitonasal flange are smooth. The posteroventral process is thin and truncated at the end. Its posterolateral projection is moderately large and not clearly individualized (Fig. 14O–Q), except for  Chalcides striatus and  Tr. aurata , in which it is more easily recognizable (Fig. 14R–T). A deep notch for the lacrimal foramen is present. This notch is particulartly deep in  Ab. kitaibelii , in which it is partially covered dorsolaterally by an osseous projection of the bone (Fig. 14O–Q). The dorsal process is slender and slightly shorter than the rest of the bone in lateral view in all species (Fig. 14R, T), except  Ab. kitaibelii , in which it can be slightly longer (Fig. 14O, Q). A low (  Ab. kitaibelii ,  Chalcides and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus ; Fig. 14O, Q) or sharp (  Tr. aurata ; Fig. 14R, T) palpebral crest is visible at its base, except maybe for the prefrontals of  Chalcides bedriagai . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D25B5A23FF1FFEAB222FA91F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2585A21FC95F92E2220AA2C.text	9C298799D2585A21FC95F92E2220AA2C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Fig. 16M–R) </p>
            <p> Scincids have very slender jugals. The anterior process is thin and pointed, lacking a palatal process; its lateral surface is completely covered by the articulation surface with the posterior process of the maxilla. The process is roughly twice as long as the anterior one (Fig. 16Q, R), and in  Ab. kitaibelii ,  Chalcides striatus and  Tr. aurata the former is slightly longer than the latter (Fig. 16M, N). There is no quadratojugal process. The row of foramina on the lateral surface is absent, but a single one pierces the bone at the meeting point of the two processes, opening both laterally and medially. In  Ophiomorus punctatissimus , the medial opening of this foramen is located more dorsally, roughly at midlength of the posterodorsal process. </p>
            <p> posterodorsal process is more robust and has a truncated (  Chalcides chalcides ,  Chalcides striatus and  Tr. aurata ; Fig. 16O, P), pointed (  Chalcides bedriagai ) or rounded (  Ab. kitaibelii ,  Chalcides ocellatus and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus ; Fig. 16M, N, Q, R) dorsal end. The length of the two processes is similar in  Chalcides chalcides (Fig. 16O, P), whereas in  Chalcides ocellatus and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus the posterodorsal </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2585A21FC95F92E2220AA2C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2595A27FC87F8F023FBAF89.text	9C298799D2595A27FC87F8F023FBAF89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Fig. 19A, B) </p>
            <p> Laudakia stellio lacks a postfrontal (Jollie, 1960; Evans, 2008), but the postorbital is large and well developed. The latter has a subtriangular shape and is flattened, with only a poorly developed concavity in the ventral direction. The anterior margin of the bone is slightly concave, the medial one is moderately concave and the lateral one is roughly straight. All vertices are pointed. The anteromedial vertex has the articulation surface with the anterolateral process of the parietal on its posterior surface (Fig. 19B) and that with the posterolateral process of the frontal on the anterior one (Fig. 19A). The lateral margin contacts the jugal and squamosal, and articulation surfaces are visible at its anterior (Fig. 19A) and posterior (Fig. 19B) ends. No articulation surface with the ectopterygoid is recognizable on the anterior surface of the ventrolateral apex, suggesting the lack of contact with this bone in contrast with other agamids (Evans, 2008). Both dorsal and ventral surface are smooth, but the anterior margin is moderately swollen dorsally. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2595A27FC87F8F023FBAF89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2595A21FC87FDD825EFAB9E.text	9C298799D2595A21FC87FDD825EFAB9E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Fig. 16S–V) </p>
            <p> The jugals of European anguids are slender, similar in this regard to those of scincids.The thin anterior process has a narrow and laminar anterior end and bears a poorly developed palatal process. No medial process is present in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Figs 16T, 17C), but a small hint of it is visible in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 16V). The articulation surface with the maxilla is twisted in the ventral direction. The posterodorsal process is slender (but more robust than the anterior one) and has a rounded (  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis ; Fig. 16S, T) or pointed (  Pseudopus apodus ; Fig. 16U, V) end. In  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis , it is slightly shorter than the anterior process, whereas in  Pseudopus apodus it is slightly longer than the latter. The quadratojugal process is present and distinctly developed in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 16S, T), although it can be less marked in juveniles.  Pseudopus apodus has a poorly developed (almost absent) quadratojugal process (Fig. 16U, V). As in scincids, the row of foramina is replaced by a single foramen, opening by the meeting point of the processes. The lateral surface is smooth in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 16S), but it presents an ornamentation made up by mild rugosities in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 16U). </p>
            <p>POSTFRONTAL AND POSTORBITAL</p>
            <p>Postfrontal and postorbital (Fig. 19) are paired bones that have a high variation in morphology throughout the groups of squamates here considered. They can be separate during the entire life of the animal, fuse during ontogeny or be present as a single element called postorbitofrontal. The latter can originate from early fusion of postfrontal and postorbital, but can also be the result of the loss of one of the two bones, as in many cases it is not known if such loss occurs and which bone remains (see, for example: Jollie, 1960; Evans, 2008; Daza &amp; Bauer, 2010).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2595A21FC87FDD825EFAB9E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D25F5A27FF1FFCFB203EA8AD.text	9C298799D25F5A27FF1FFCFB203EA8AD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Fig. 19C–E) </p>
            <p> As in agamids, chamaeleonids lack a postfrontal as well, retaining only a large postorbital (Jollie, 1960; Evans, 2008). That of  Chamaeleo chamaeleon is composed of a roughly triangular, dorsoventrally developed and laminar posterior portion (Fig. 19C, D), and by a strongly mediolaterally expanded and laminar anterior process (Fig. 19E) developing from the anterodorsal corner of the triangle. In lateral view, the anterior margin is strongly concave, whereas the dorsal and the posteroventral ones are roughly straight. The anterior process contacts the parietal and the frontal medially and the prefrontal anteriorly through interdigitated sutures (Fig. 19E). The posterodorsal and the ventral corner of the triangular posterior portion (posterior and ventral processes, respectively) are pointed (Fig. 19C, D). The former contacts the squamosal posteroventrally, whereas the latter contacts the squamosal posteriorly and the jugal ventrally. A series of tubercles runs along the dorsolateral margin of the bone. An ornamentation consisting of smaller tubercles can be present on the lateral and dorsal surfaces (Fig. 19C, E), but it is lacking in MNHN 1942-103 and 1887-875. The medial surface is smooth. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D25F5A27FF1FFCFB203EA8AD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D25F5A27FF1FF9E02453AB50.text	9C298799D25F5A27FF1FF9E02453AB50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Fig. 19F–P) </p>
            <p> In lacertids, the postfrontal and postorbital usually remain separated, but they fuse in older individuals of  Al. nigropunctatus , most species of  Lacerta ,  Po. siculus and  Ti. lepidus and form a postorbitofrontal (Fig. 19O, P) in  E. arguta ,  Lacerta schreiberi ,  Psammodromus and  Z. vivipara . When free, the postfrontal is long, large and laminar, with two processes at the concave anterior end (Fig. 19F–K). The anteromedial process is long and pointed, its medial surface being the concave articulation surface with the frontal, whereas the anterolateral process is short (longer in  Lacerta agilis ; Fig. 19F, G) and pointed. The anteromedial process is expanded in  Lacerta (Fig. 19F–I) and  Ti. lepidus , at least in adults, whereas the anterolateral one is lacking in  Ar. bedriagae ,  I. aurelioi ,  I. bonnali (but present in UAM.R.Lm28A),  I. horvathi and  Ophisops elegans (Fig. 19J, K). On the ventral surface, a low ridge runs for the entire length of the bone near its lateral margin: the area located laterally to this ridge is the articulation surface with the postorbital (Fig. 19I). The anterior end of the ridge curves medially and then again laterally, forming a V-shaped notch that houses the anteromedial process of the postorbital. The posterior end of the postfrontal can be poorly ossified. A dermal ornamentation is present on the dorsal surface of the bone (Fig. 19F, H). This ornamentation is moderately or well developed in all species, except for  Ac. erythrurus ,  Al. marchi ,  I. bonnali ,  I. horvathi and  Ophisops elegans (Fig. 19J). Traces left by supraocular scales can be visible. The free postorbital is L-shaped and narrow (Fig. 19L–N). It is composed by three pointed processes: the very short anteromedial process, the anterolateral process (usually the largest one) and the narrow posterior process (the longest one). The postorbital of  Da. oxycephala ,  I. aurelioi ,  I. bonnali ,  Po. filfolensis and  Po. pityusensis lacks the anteromedial process (Fig. 19L). Barahona (1996) stated that this process is lacking in adults of  Lacerta bilineata (  Lacerta viridis in her text) as well, but a moderately to well-developed one has been identified in all the herein-studied specimens, either juveniles or adults. It has to be noted that she incorrectly named the missing process as the anterolateral one in the main text, but then marked the anteromedial one in the figures. The anteromedial process can either be present and well developed or absent in  Lacerta trilineata . Both dorsal and ventral surfaces of the postorbital are usually smooth, but a dermal ornamentation can be sometimes present externally (e.g.  Po. bocagei UAM.R.PB 48; Fig. 19M). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D25F5A27FF1FF9E02453AB50	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D25F5A24FC87F9A32037AA3E.text	9C298799D25F5A24FC87F9A32037AA3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Fig. 19Q –AD) </p>
            <p>Scincids usually also have separate postfrontal and postorbital, but Evans (2008) stated that the postorbital apo, articulation surface with the postorbital; asf, articulation surface with the frontal; asj, articulation surface with the jugal; asp, articulation surface with the parietal; asq, articulation surface with the squamosal; ex, osseous expansion; pp, posterior process; vp, ventral process. Scale bars = 1 mm.</p>
            <p> may be reduced or lacking. The postorbital is present in  Chalcides and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus , but it appears to be absent in  Ab. kitaibelii and it has not been possible to find it in the studied specimens of  Tr. aurata . Nevertheless, in the latter case, this may be also due to a loss during preparation rather than to an actual absence of the bone in this species. The postfrontal is Y-shaped, with a laminar body, two pointed (rounded in  Ophiomorus punctatissimus ; Fig. 19W–X) processes on the anterior corners and a concave anterior margin (Fig. 19Q–Z). In dorsal view, the body is slender and triangular in  Ab. kitaibelii (Fig. 19Q, R), slender and subrectangular in  Chalcides chalcides ,  Chalcides striatus and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Fig. 19S, T, W, X), wider and laterally expanded in the posterior-half in  Chalcides ocellatus (Fig. 19U, V), and wider and provided with a moderately developed and pointed posterior projection on the posterolateral corner in  Tr. aurata (Fig. 19Y, Z). A similar projection is also present in  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Fig. 19W, X). Both the dorsal and the ventral surfaces are smooth, but a variable number of foramina can pierce the laminar body of the bone. In  Chalcides chalcides , the anterolateral process is moderately developed, similar in size and length to the anteromedial one and slightly curved posteriorly at its distal end (Fig. 19S, T). The anteromedial process is also moderately developed, but it is straight.  Chalcides ocellatus and  Tr. aurata , on the other hand, have a moderately large and long anteromedial process, which is longer than the anterolateral one (Fig. 19U, V, Y, Z). Moreover, in the latter species, both processes are straight.  Ablepharus kitaibelii ,  Chalcides striatus and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus also have a longer anteromedial process, but it is more slender (Fig. 19Q, R, W, X). The medial margin of the bone is distinctly dorsoventrally enlarged, forming a concave articulation surface for the contact with both the frontal and parietal, whereas the lateral one has only a narrow articular surface housing the postorbital (or the posterodorsal process of the jugal, when the postorbital is absent). In  Ab. kitaibelii , the concavity for the articulation with the frontal and parietal is very poorly developed and, therefore, the medial margin is not much expanded. The posterior end of the bone can be irregular because of a lower degree of ossification. The postorbital (Fig. 19 AA–AD) is an L-shaped and slender rod, with a short anterolateral process and a long posterior process. The distal end of both processes is pointed. In  Chalcides ocellatus , this bone is more robust than in the other species (Fig. 19 AC–AD). The articulation surfaces with the postfrontal and the squamosal are recognizable in  Chalcides ocellatus and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus , on the medial side of the ventral surface and on the lateral side of the dorsal surface, respectively. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D25F5A24FC87F9A32037AA3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D25C5A25FC95F94023E6AFC7.text	9C298799D25C5A25FC95F94023E6AFC7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Fig. 20A, B) </p>
            <p> The squamosal of  Laudakia stellio is large, roughly straight in lateral view and slightly medially concave. The anterior process is large and has a rounded tip. The dorsal margin of this process has a large and concave articulation surface for the contact with jugal and postorbital (Fig. 20A). The posterior portion consists of a strongly dorsoventrally expanded dorsal parietal process, which forms a subtriangular structure whose posterior margin, the contact surface with the supratemporal process of the parietal, is straight. A quadrate process is situated between the anterior and dorsal parietal processes. This third process is large and rounded, and contacts the quadrate with a flattened articulation surface visible in medial view. A straight ridge is visible on the medial surface (Fig. 20B), which is otherwise smooth; the ridge runs from the base of the dorsal parietal process to the tip of the quadrate process. A small and dorsomedially directed triangular expansion is present on the ridge, near the parietal process. The lateral surface of the bone is smooth. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D25C5A25FC95F94023E6AFC7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D25C5A24FC95FF3F25D5AB36.text	9C298799D25C5A24FC95FF3F25D5AB36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Fig. 19 AE–AI) </p>
            <p> Free postfrontal and postorbital are present in anguids. The former is roughly T-shaped in dorsal view, with a slightly concave anterior margin, and a straight and slender body (Fig. 19 AE–AH). In  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis , the body is roughly subrectangular, but its posterior end is usually poorly ossified and, therefore, it can appear more pointed (Fig. 19 AE–AF).  Pseudopus apodus has a triangular body with a pointed end in dorsal view (Fig. 19 AG–AH). A long anteromedial process develops from the medial corner of the anterior margin: it is moderately (  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis ; Fig. 19 AE–AF) or distinctly (  Pseudopus apodus ; Fig. 19 AG–AH) robust and roughly three times longer than the short anterolateral process. A concave articulation surface is visible on both the medial and the lateral margins, continuing also on the posterior margin of the processes. These surfaces contact the frontal/ parietal complex and the postorbital, respectively, and are less expanded in juveniles. Both the dorsal and ventral surfaces are smooth, but foramina can pierce the body of the bone. The postorbital (Fig. 19 AI) is reduced to a medially concave and blade-like bone in anguids. It has smooth outer and inner surfaces and a laminar and pointed posterior process. The anterior end is more thickened and presents a small hint of the strongly reduced anterolateral process, bending anterolaterally. The development and the thickness of this latter process are higher in  Pseudopus apodus than in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis . The concave medial surface articulates with the postfrontal, whereas a shallow concavity lodging the anterior end of the squamosal is barely visible laterally. As also reported by Klembara et al. (2017), the postorbital can expand medially with a variably developed and laminar ossification in adults and subadults of  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 19 AI). </p>
            <p>SQUAMOSAL</p>
            <p>The squamosal(Fig.20) is a paired and anteroposteriorly elongated bone. An anterior process forms the anterior end, whereas the posterior portion can be composed by a single posterior process or by a ventrally developed quadrate process and a posterodorsally developed dorsal parietal process. The morphology of this bone is highly variable between different groups.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D25C5A24FC95FF3F25D5AB36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D25D5A25FF1FFD3B248EACFD.text	9C298799D25D5A25FF1FFD3B248EACFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Fig. 20C, D) </p>
            <p> In  Chamaeleo chamaeleon , the squamosal presents a dorsal parietal process and a quadrate process as in agamids, but they are more distinct, giving a Y-like shape to the bone. The anterior process is laminar and dorsoventrally expanded in lateral view; it contacts the postorbital anterodorsally and the jugal anteriorly. The quadrate process is rod-like and has a medial expansion by its ventral end (Fig. 20D); this is the shortest branch of the bone and contacts the paroccipital process of the otooccipital medially and the quadrate ventrally. The slender dorsal parietal process is the longest branch; it is slightly curved in the dorsal direction and has a rounded end contacting the posterior end of the parietal crest. The lateral surface of the bone is smooth, except for a few tubercles present on the dorsal margin of the anterior end of the dorsal parietal process (Fig. 20C). However, no tubercles are present on MNHN 1887-875. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D25D5A25FF1FFD3B248EACFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D25D5A25FC87FE10248EAEBB.text	9C298799D25D5A25FC87FE10248EAEBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Fig. 20E–H) </p>
            <p> The squamosal is small in lacertids, recalling a small rod that curves ventrally at the posterior end. The latter end is represented by a single posterior process. The anterior process is pointed, whereas the posterior one is wider. Morphologically, the squamosal of lacertids is similar to the one of gekkotans (Villa et al., 2018a), but with a longer anterior process. The posterior process is expanded in  Lacerta (Fig. 20G, H),  Ophisops elegans ,  Po. tauricus ,  Po. tiliguerta ,  Psammodromus , some individuals of  Ti. lepidus and a single specimen of  Po. muralis (namely, the large and probably old MDHC 311). It can have a dermal ornamentation on its dorsal surface in large individuals of  Lacerta bilineata ,  Lacerta schreiberi and  Ti. lepidus . Arribas &amp; Odierna (2004) described a triangular medial process that frequently occurs on the squamosal of  I. martinezricai . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D25D5A25FC87FE10248EAEBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2625A1AFF2DFB6F23EBAB93.text	9C298799D2625A1AFF2DFB6F23EBAB93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Fig. 21A, B) </p>
            <p> The quadrate of  Laudakia stellio is quadrangular and mediolaterally expanded in anterior view. The conch is not strongly concave (Fig. 21B), because the well-developed lateral lamina bends posteriorly only in its dorsal part. A very well-developed medial lamina is present, but it is more expanded in its dorsal portion. In juveniles, only the latter portion of the medial lamina is visible. In posterior view, the mandibular condyle is larger than the cephalic one and so the pillar resembles an elongated triangle (Fig. 21B). The cephalic condyle is expanded in an anteromedial to posterolateral direction and presents a rectangular, elongated and flattened articular surface dorsally (Fig. 21B). The medial portion of the mandibular condyle is more developed than the lateral one. A large and deep squamosal notch is present laterally to the cephalic condyle and thus the foramen for the chorda tympani nerve is not visible. The maximum length of the quadrate ranges from 2 mm to 6 mm. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2625A1AFF2DFB6F23EBAB93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2625A1AFF2DF8EF2465ABF9.text	9C298799D2625A1AFF2DF8EF2465ABF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Fig. 21C, D) </p>
            <p> No conch and no medial lamina are present in the quadrate of  Chamaeleo chamaeleon , which consists only of a straight pillar. Therefore, the bone turns up to be roughly rod-like in shape, with an anteroposteriorly compressed appearance and a dorsal end that is larger than the ventral one. The cephalic condyle is subdivided into three portions: an oval-shaped (in dorsal view) and dorsally flat articular surface contacting the quadrate process of the squamosal, a small lateral head embracing laterally the same process, and a larger and thicker medial head contacting the paroccipital process of the otooccipital. The mandibular condyle is flattened, because its concavity is poorly developed. The anterior surface of the bone is flat or concave (Fig. 21C), whereas the posterior one is slightly convex (Fig. 21D). A foramen can be present on the posterior surface, on the base of the medial head of the cephalic condyle. The maximum length of the bone ranges from 6.9 mm to 10 mm. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2625A1AFF2DF8EF2465ABF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2625A1BFC95F90E2474A82F.text	9C298799D2625A1BFC95F90E2474A82F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Fig. 22A–I) </p>
            <p> The quadrate of lacertids is roughly straight and rectangular in anterior view. In medial view, its anterior outline is rounded (Fig. 22F, I), except for  Ac. erythrurus ,  E. arguta and  Ophisops elegans , in which it is more angular (Fig. 22C). The medial lamina is present and moderately developed; it has an alar expansion (the pterygoid flange) near the ventral end of the bone. The flange is usually poorly developed in juveniles and more developed in adults. Nevertheless, adults of  Ac. erythrurus and  Ps. hispanicus (and sometimes of  I. bonnali ,  I. cyreni and  I. monticola ) retain a little-developed flange (Fig. 22A, B), whereas the flange is well-developed in both juveniles and adults in some members of the genus  Podarcis (e.g.  Po. bocagei ,  Po. carbonelli ,  Po. hispanicus and  Po. muralis ; Fig. 22D, E). On the dorsal-half of the anterior surface of the lateral lamina there is a flat platform, which is distinctly concave in adults of  Ti. lepidus (Fig. 22G). The margins of the platform are often marked by low ridges, which can be absent in juveniles. The cephalic condyle is posteroventrally expanded and subelliptical in dorsal view. A variably developed squamosal notch is present in juveniles, but in adults this portion of the lamina can be more ossified and the foramen for the chorda tympani nerve is recognizable. The medial portion of the mandibular condyle is slightly more ventrally developed than the lateral one. Maximum length is given in the Supporting Information 3. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2625A1BFC95F90E2474A82F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2625A1AFF2DFF3F2399A922.text	9C298799D2625A1AFF2DFF3F2399A922.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae and  Anguidae (Fig. 20I–N) </p>
            <p> The squamosal of scincids and anguids is similar to that of gekkotans and lacertids in shape, but it is larger and its anterior process is long. In scincids (Fig. 20I, J), the anterior end is pointed, whereas in anguids it is a flattened lamina (Fig. 20K–N).  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis has a rounded and subhorizontal end (Fig. 20K, L), whereas in  Pseudopus apodus the end is pointed and more dorsally concave (Fig. 20M, N). </p>
            <p>QUADRATE</p>
            <p>The main body of the paired quadrate (Figs 21, 22) is a posteriorly curved pillar structure. From this pillar, an osseous lamina develops laterally forming a large and deep conch, which usually is strongly posteriorly concave. The lateral margin of the conch is defined by the slightly expanded tympanic crest. Another similar but much smaller lamina can be present on the medial side of the pillar, developing in the anteromedial direction. The pillar bears the dorsally flattened cephalic condyle dorsally and the mandibular condyle ventrally. The mandibular condyle is composed of two portions, which are separated by a concavity. Laterally to the cephalic condyle, a foramen for the chorda tympani nerve can be visible in dorsal view. In many cases this portion of the lateral lamina is poorly ossified and presents a more or less developed squamosal notch. One or two quadrate foramina may pierce the lateral lamina, dorsally to the mandibular condyle. However, the quadrate foramen can sometimes be absent.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2625A1AFF2DFF3F2399A922	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2635A18FC87FA632389A97A.text	9C298799D2635A18FC87FA632389A97A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Fig. 22J–U) </p>
            <p> In scincids, the general shape of the quadrate resembles that of the ones of lacertids, with a straight and subrectangular aspect in anterior view and a rounded outline in medial view. The quadrates of  Ab. kitaibelii ,  Chalcides chalcides ,  Chalcides striatus and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus are narrow in anterior view (Fig. 22J, K, P, Q), whereas those of  Chalcides ocellatus and  Tr. aurata are wider (Fig. 22M, N, S, T). The former species have a hint of the medial lamina, but the pterygoid flange is absent. The medial lamina, on the other hand, is moderately developed in  Tr. aurata (Fig. 22S, T) and well developed in  Chalcides ocellatus (Fig. 22M, N), but still without a pterygoid flange.  Ophiomorus punctatissimus displays a low lateral lamina, which is less developed than in other species and does not originate a deep conch (Fig. 22P, Q). An anterodorsally convex osseous swelling is present on the dorsal-half of the lateral lamina in  Chalcides ocellatus and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Fig. 22M, O, P, R). In the former species, a low ridge runs in the dorsoventral direction medially to the swelling (Fig. 22M), ending at the middle of the height of the bone. Both the swelling and the ridge are less developed in smaller specimens of  Chalcides ocellatus . When it is well developed, the ventral margin of the swelling overhangs anteriorly. These structures are absent in the other species, whose anterior surface is smooth. Except for  Ophiomorus punctatissimus , the cephalic condyle is slightly expanded to the sides. On the other hand, in  Ophiomorus punctatissimus the condyle is strongly expanded posteroventrally, giving a strongly posteriorly concave shape to the quadrate (Fig. 22R). The mandibular condyle presents similar-sized portions in all species. The presence of a squamosal notch and the degree of completeness of the foramen for the chorda tympani nerve are similar to the lacertid scheme, with a very large and deep squamosal notch present in juveniles and adults of smaller species (e.g.  Chalcides chalcides and  Chalcides striatus ) and a completely recognizable foramen in adults of larger ones (e.g.  Chalcides ocellatus ). However,  Ab. kitabelii and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus are exceptions, because they can have a closed foramen, despite representing very small species. Maximum length is given in the Supporting Information 4. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2635A18FC87FA632389A97A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2605A18FC95FD3125B8AE29.text	9C298799D2605A18FC95FD3125B8AE29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Fig. 23A) </p>
            <p> The ventral end of the epipterygoid of  Laudakia stellio is larger than the dorsal one. In lateral view, this bone is distinctly concave in the anterior direction, because the dorsal end bends anteriorly. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2605A18FC95FD3125B8AE29	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2605A18FF2DFB9C2445AFDC.text	9C298799D2605A18FF2DFB9C2445AFDC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Fig. 22V –AA) </p>
            <p> The quadrate of European anguids is a straight and subrectangular bone in anterior view. Only a low to moderately developed lamina is present along the lateral margin of the pillar. The degree of development of this lamina is higher in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 22Y, Z) than in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 22V, W). Because of this,  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis lacks a real conch (Fig. 22W), whereas the conch of  Pseudopus apodus is narrow and very shallow (Fig. 22Z). A similar-sized or slightly more developed lamina is present on the medial side of the bone, developing a small pterygoid flange near its ventral end (less recognizable in  Pseudopus apodus and in juveniles of  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis ). The cephalic condyle is very strongly expanded both posteriorly and anteriorly and so the bone appears very wide in its dorsal portion in lateral view. In  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis , the anterior expansion tends to bend ventrally, creating an anterodorsally directed articulation surface with a rounded outline in lateral view (Fig. 22X). In  Pseudopus apodus , the same expansion does not bend ventrally and the anterior outline of the bone appears angular in lateral view (Fig. 22 AA). The posterior expansion is straighter in lateral view and slightly wider in dorsal view. A ridge runs ventrally from the expansion along the posterior surface of the pillar body of the bone. The mandibular condyle is moderately wide in posterior view and its portions are poorly ventrally developed and similar in size. Even if the lateral lamina is not much developed, a small (  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis ) or deep (  Pseudopus apodus ) notch on the lateral side of the cephalic condyle is still recognizable in dorsal view: this could be a remnant of the foramen for the chorda tympani nerve. The maximum length varies from 1.9 mm to 2.7 mm in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis and from 6.5 mm to 7.8 mm in  Pseudopus apodus . </p>
            <p>EPIPTERYGOID</p>
            <p>The epipterygoid (Fig. 23) is a rod-like paired bone.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2605A18FF2DFB9C2445AFDC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2605A18FC95FA2324BAAA27.text	9C298799D2605A18FC95FA2324BAAA27.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Fig. 23E) </p>
            <p> This bone is slightly arched, moderately robust and slightly twisted in anguids, with similar-sized dorsal and ventral ends. The epipterygoid of  Pseudopus apodus can have a small posterior process and a low posteroventral crest on the posterior surface (see: Klembara et al., 2017). </p>
            <p>VOMERS</p>
            <p>T h e p a i r e d v o m e r s (F i g. 2 4) a r e l a m i n a r, anteroposteriorly elongated and dorsally concave. They are pointed anteriorly and wider posteriorly.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2605A18FC95FA2324BAAA27	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2605A18FC95FC6422E1AEB5.text	9C298799D2605A18FC95FC6422E1AEB5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae</p>
            <p>The epipterygoid is not present in chamaeleonids (Evans, 2008).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2605A18FC95FC6422E1AEB5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2605A18FC95FBC92573A9E0.text	9C298799D2605A18FC95FBC92573A9E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Fig. 23B) </p>
            <p>The epipterygoid of lacertids curves posteriorly in its dorsal portion. The ventral end is rounded and slightly larger than the dorsal one.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2605A18FC95FBC92573A9E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2605A18FC95FB1D2553A8EF.text	9C298799D2605A18FC95FB1D2553A8EF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Fig. 23C, D) </p>
            <p> Scincids have a short and straight epipterygoid, with a rounded ventral end that is distinctly larger than the dorsal one. The dorsal end of the epipterygoid of  Ophiomorus punctatissimus curves very slightly in posterior direction (Fig. 23D). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2605A18FC95FB1D2553A8EF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2615A19FF1FF96F230AAA23.text	9C298799D2615A19FF1FF96F230AAA23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Fig. 24A, B) </p>
            <p> Laudakia stellio has small and laminar vomers, with a short flange-like expansion in the middle of its lateral margin. The anterior end is rounded, whereas the posterior border is irregular and bears laterally a pointed posterior process that fits in the vomerine process of the palatine (Fig. 24B). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2615A19FF1FF96F230AAA23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2615A19FC87FF3F2027AB15.text	9C298799D2615A19FC87FF3F2027AB15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Fig. 24C–E) </p>
            <p> Vomers of  Chamaeleo chamaeleon are fused in an unpaired, laminar and slender bone, which is subrectangular in shape and can be pierced by foramina. The notch of the vomeronasal fenestra is wide but shallow (Fig. 24C, D). Posteriorly to it, the lateral margins of the vomer are straight. The anterior end is rounded in ventral view and displays the concave articulation surface with the maxilla anteriorly. The posterior end is forked, provided with either two divergent and pointed posterior projections separated by a wide V-shaped notch (Fig. 24E) or two laminar tabs with a wavy posterior margin and a small U-shaped notch between them (Fig. 24C, D). Its ventral surface is distinctly concave, whereas the dorsal one is convex. </p>
            <p>The medial margin of the vomeronasal fenestra is marked by a lateral notch on the anterior-half of the bone.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2615A19FC87FF3F2027AB15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2615A19FC87FD3D2427AB4B.text	9C298799D2615A19FC87FD3D2427AB4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Fig. 24F–I) </p>
            <p> Vomers of lacertids are very much larger in their posterior-half (which is laterally rounded in dorsal view) than in the anterior one (which is straight).  Acanthodactylus erythrurus ,  Ophisops elegans and  Psammodromus have a lower difference in width between the two portions. The two former species have also a more angular lateral margin of the posterior-half (Fig. 24F, G). A wide and deep notch for the vomeronasal fenestra separates the two portions. The posterior end is usually bifurcated, because of the presence of two posteriorly developed and pointed processes: the medial one is usually the longest one, but variation may occur. The dorsal surface of this end is the articulation surface with the vomerine process of the palatine, whose anterior margin can be marked by a very low and arched ridge (Fig. 24H). A well-developed longitudinal ridge runs along the medial margin of the dorsal surface of the bone. A deep lacrimal groove runs longitudinally along the ventral surface of the anterior-half of the bone that is otherwise smooth. By the posterior end of such a groove there is a large foramen, which opens on the dorsal surface in a moderately wide and posteriorly directed cavity. Another groove, bending medially at its anterior end, is present on the dorsal surface, roughly in the middle of the anterior-half. A small foramen connects this second groove with the cavity in which the former foramen opens. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2615A19FC87FD3D2427AB4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2615A1EFC87F9CF2550AB9B.text	9C298799D2615A1EFC87F9CF2550AB9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Fig. 24J–Q) </p>
            <p> In European scincids, the vomers are usually fused in a single, unpaired element, which reaches its maximum width at midlength (Fig. 24J–M). Only  Tr. aurata and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus have separate vomers (Fig. 24N–Q). The posterior end has roughly the same width as the anterior one. In dorsal view, the lateral margin of the posterior-half is straight, whereas the notch on that of the anterior one is moderately deep. Each lateral margin of the anterior end clearly has a concave articulation surface for the contact with the palatal process of the premaxilla (very little developed in  Ab. kitaibelii ), whereas the contact surface with the incisive process is recognizable on the anterior tip of the bone. A posterodorsally directed process is present, as in gekkotans (Villa et al., 2018a), but, because of the narrowing of the posterior end (which develops a pointed or rounded medial tip, similar to the medial posterior process of lacertids), this process is slightly shifted medially, compared to the one of gekkotans, and tends to partially cover the posterior end in dorsal view. The process is moderately wide, laminar and posteriorly truncated; its ridge-like ventral margin marks dorsally the surface that houses the vomerine process of the palatine. It is very little developed, almost absent, in  Ab. kitaibelii (Fig. 24J). A small and narrow notch separates the posterior tips of the two fused vomers. Three well-developed ridges are present on the dorsal surface of the fused complex of bones: a longitudinal one running along its midline and two transverse ones located at midlength. The latter start from each lateral margin, but reach the longitudinal ridge only in  Tr. aurata (Fig. 24P), in which the channel separating them appears as an anteroposteriorly directed foramen. The transverse ridges are well developed in  Ab. kitaibelii ,  Chalcides chalcides ,  Chalcides striatus and  Tr. aurata (Fig. 24J, P), low in  Chalcides ocellatus (Fig. 24L) and almost indistinct in  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Fig. 24N). Dorsally, the two portions of the longitudinal ridge (one for each vomer) may remain unfused. With the exception of  Ab. kitaibelii and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Fig. 24J, N), two other low (very low in  Chalcides striatus ) and transverse ridges are visible roughly at the middle of the notch of the vomeronasal foramen, located on both sides of the longitudinal ridge and touching it medially (Fig. 24L, P). The ventral surface of the vomer is smooth, except for a wide groove located along the midline and two symmetrical foramina located near the anterior end. The ventral groove can house some other foramina too.  Ablepharus kitaibelii lacks the two foramina and the posterior end of its groove is closed ventrally by osseous expansions of the margins (Fig. 24K).  Ophiomorus punctatissimus lacks any sign of a ventral groove (Fig. 24O), but some foramina are present near the anterior end. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2615A1EFC87F9CF2550AB9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2665A1FFC95F8F722A5AF67.text	9C298799D2665A1FFC95F8F722A5AF67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Fig. 24R–T) </p>
            <p> In European anguids, the anterior end of the vomer is square in dorsal view and it is wider than the rounded posterior one. The notch of the vomeronasal fenestra is shallow. Posteriorly to it, the lateral margin is convex, whereas the medial one is straight in dorsal view. The convexity of the lateral margin is more marked in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 24R) than in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 24T). Anteriorly, a groove-like structure contacting the vomerine process of the premaxilla is present on the anterior margin. A small osseous expansion is also present on the dorsal surface of the bone, near the anterior end (Fig. 24R, T), marking another, anterolaterally directed groove. Like in gekkotans and scincids, there is a wide posterodorsally directed process on the lateral side of the posterior end, marking the deep articulation surface for the vomerine process of the palatine with a ridge-like ventral margin. In anguids, this process is shifted medially, like in scincids, and presents a well-developed notch at its posterior end. The strongly concave dorsal surface of the vomer is crossed near the middle by a complex of ridges and grooves. In  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis , a well-developed ridge extends from the lateral surface of the concavity, almost reaching another low ridge developed from the medial one (Fig. 24R); these ridges are separated by a groove and a second groove is visible dorsomedially to the medial ridge, running anterolaterally. A foramen pierces the bone by the base of the lateral ridge, sometimes continuing posteriorly in a groove. In  Pseudopus apodus , the medial ridge is absent, leaving only a well-developed and posterodorsally concave lateral one (Fig. 24T). A flattened surface visible in medial view on the anterior-half of the bone is the contact surface with the other vomer. The ventral surface is smooth, except for a low longitudinal ridge in the middle. Some vomerine teeth can be present on the ventral surface of the posterior portion in  Pseudopus apodus (see: Klembara et al., 2017). </p>
            <p>SEPTOMAXILLA</p>
            <p>The septomaxilla (Fig. 25) is a small, laminar and paired bone, whose morphology varies in the different groups.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2665A1FFC95F8F722A5AF67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2675A1FFC87FD9B2479AE77.text	9C298799D2675A1FFC87FD9B2479AE77.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae</p>
            <p> In  Laudakia stellio , the septomaxilla is rectangular and anteroposteriorly elongated in dorsal view. All margins are rather straight, but a shallow concavity is present on the posterior one. Small and pointed processes are present at the four corners of the bone: two are directed anteriorly and two posteriorly. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2675A1FFC87FD9B2479AE77	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2675A1FFC87FC8B2479AE82.text	9C298799D2675A1FFC87FC8B2479AE82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae</p>
            <p>The septomaxilla is lacking in chamaeleons (Jollie, 1960; Evans, 2008; Anderson &amp; Higham, 2013).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2675A1FFC87FC8B2479AE82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2675A1CFC87FBFC2079AE0F.text	9C298799D2675A1CFC87FBFC2079AE0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Fig. 25A–F) </p>
            <p> In lacertids, the septomaxilla is short and ventrally concave, with a roughly squared shape in dorsal view. The anterior end develops an anteroventrally directed and subtriangular expansion, whereas a pointed posteromedial process develops in posterior direction from the medial corner of the posterior end. The posteromedial process is lacking in  Ac. erythrurus and  Ophisops elegans (Fig. 25E, F), short in  Al. marchi ,  Al. moreoticus ,  Ar. bedriagae and  I. bonnali (Fig. 25A, B), and moderately long in the other species (Fig. 25C, D). The lateral margin of the bone is characterized by two processes: the anterolateral one is narrow and roughly pointed, whereas the posterolateral one is wide and roughly quadrangular. The former develops dorsally (anterodorsally in  Ac. erythrurus ,  Ophisops elegans and  Psammodromus ; Fig. 25E), whereas the latter is directed laterally. The tip of the posterolateral process is more angular in  Ac. erythrurus and  Ophisops elegans (Fig. 25E, F) than in other species (Fig. 25A– D). A small and irregular ridge is present on the anterior-half of the medial margin of the septomaxilla, developing in the dorsal direction. The base of this ridge can be pierced by an anteroposteriorly directed canal. Both the dorsal and the ventral surface of the bone are smooth. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2675A1CFC87FBFC2079AE0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2645A1CFC95FC8324B8A8ED.text	9C298799D2645A1CFC95FC8324B8A8ED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Fig. 26A, B) </p>
            <p> In  Laudakia stellio , the palatine has a rectangular shape and a massive, dorsally concave and subtrapezoidal vomerine process, whose margins are highly irregular. A triangular notch is present on the anterior margin of the latter process. The maxillary process is robust, moderately developed and subrectangular. Its posterolateral corner strongly extends posterolaterally, with a long and slender projection, and its lateral surface is the articulation surface with the maxilla. A moderately deep notch marking the medial margin of the infraorbital foramen is visible on the distal end of the maxillary process. The pterygoid process is wide and has a straight lateral margin and a slightly convex medial one. The posterior margin has a shallow concavity. The choanal duct is moderately narrow and reduced to the anterior part of the bone (Fig. 26B). There are no palatine teeth. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2645A1CFC95FC8324B8A8ED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2645A1CFF2DF9ED2508AE0F.text	9C298799D2645A1CFF2DF9ED2508AE0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Fig. 25K–N) </p>
            <p> The general morphology of the septomaxilla of anguids is similar to the one of lacertids. The posteromedial process is short in adults of  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 25K, L; slightly longer in juveniles), but distinctly longer in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 25M, N). The anterolateral one is not distinctly developed, in particular in  Pseudopus apodus , whose septomaxilla has a subtriangular aspect in dorsal view (Fig. 25M, N). The posterolateral process bends dorsally and, in  Pseudopus apodus , gains a pointed shape in dorsal view. In some features this bone resembles that of scincids: these are the greater posterior development of the ridge on the medial margin and the presence of the arched ridge on the ventral surface (which appears to be more developed in anguids). </p>
            <p>PALATINE</p>
            <p>The paired palatine (Fig. 26) is an anteroposteriorly elongated bone composed of three processes: the vomerine, maxillary and pterygoid processes, developed in anterior, lateral and posterior directions, respectively. The pterygoid process is always the longest one. On the dorsal surface of the bone, a palatine ridge runs transversely between the vomerine and maxillary processes, separating them, whereas the ventral surface of the palatine is characterized by the presence of the choanal duct. The maxillary process is pierced by the wide infraorbital foramen. Palatine teeth can be present on the ventral surface of the pterygoid process.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2645A1CFF2DF9ED2508AE0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2645A1DFC95FA2020CAA8EC.text	9C298799D2645A1DFC95FA2020CAA8EC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Fig. 26C, D) </p>
            <p> Palatines of  Chamaeleo chamaeleon are roughly subtrapezoidal in shape. The roughly subrectangular and thin vomerine process is longer and narrower than the maxillary one. The articulation surface with the vomer is recognizable anteroventrally, whereas the one with the vomerine process of the other palatine is visible medially. This latter suture is strongly interdigitated. The maxillary process is short and wide; the articulation surface with the maxillary shelf is clearly visible in ventral view (Fig. 26D). The pterygoid process is large and has smooth dorsal and ventral surfaces, without palatine teeth. A foramen is visible at midlength, near the medial margin of the process. The contact surface with the pterygoid is located posteromedially and is represented by a long and oblique suture. The palatine ridge is short and stocky and has a large articulation surface with some low interdigitations dorsally (Fig. 26C; this is the articulation surface with the prefrontal). The choanal duct is moderately narrow, roughly covering a third of the ventral surface of the bone (Fig. 26D). The infraorbital foramen is not present, because the palatine is excluded from its formation by the prefrontal and the jugal. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2645A1DFC95FA2020CAA8EC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2645A1CFF2DFC83206FA890.text	9C298799D2645A1CFF2DFC83206FA890.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Fig. 25G–J) </p>
            <p> Scincids have a septomaxilla that is morphologically similar to the one of lacertids, but lacks the anteroventral expansion of the anterior end. A small ventral expansion is present on the posterior margin in  Chalcides (Fig. 25I, J). Moreover, in scincids the posterolateral process is usually more rounded than in lacertids. The same process is more developed in  Chalcides ocellatus (Fig. 25I, J) than in  Ab. kitaibelii ,  Chalcides chalcides ,  Chalcides striatus and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Fig. 25G, H). Another difference with the septomaxilla of lacertids is the greater development in the posterior direction of the dorsally developed ridge of the medial margin, which reaches the long posteromedial process in  Chalcides ocellatus (Fig. 25I), but this is not true for  Ab. kitaibelii (Fig. 25G). On the ventral surface, a low and arched ridge runs along the anterior and lateral margins of the bone. Near the anteromedial corner of the bone, this ridge forks. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2645A1CFF2DFC83206FA890	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2655A1DFF1FFA212591AB99.text	9C298799D2655A1DFF1FFA212591AB99.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Fig. 26E–H) </p>
            <p> The vomerine process of the palatine of lacertids is dorsally concave, moderately long, moderately large and has a pointed anterior projection. The projection is well developed in  Algyroides ,  Ar. bedriagae ,  Da. oxycephala ,  Di. mosorensis ,  H. graeca ,  I. bonnali ,  I. cyreni ,  I. monticola ,  Ophisops elegans ,  Po. bocagei ,  Po. carbonelli ,  Po. hispanicus ,  Po. lilfordi ,  Po. melisellensis ,  Po. muralis ,  Po. pityusensis ,  Po. siculus ,  Po. tiliguerta and  Z. vivipara (Fig. 26G, H), and poorly developed in other species (Fig. 26E, F). According to Barahona (1996), the projection is absent in  Lacerta bilineata (  Lacerta viridis in her text), but a well-developed one was present in at least some of the specimens we studied.The maxillary process is moderately long, wide, laminar and subtrapezoidal, with a pointed corner that develops posterolaterally. Its anterolateral margin is strongly oblique in all species (Fig. 26G, H), except for  Ac. erythrurus and  Ophisops elegans , in which the inclination is distinctly less marked (Fig. 26E, F). The infraorbital foramen is wide and is flanked medially by an anteriorly directed and moderately developed lappet, which is located on the ventral surface of the bone. The pterygoid process is long, moderately wide and subrectangular, with slightly convergent lateral and medial margins. The posterior end, contacting the pterygoid, has a V-shaped notch in the middle, flanked by two pointed projections. The size of these projections is usually similar, but they can undergo a significant individual variation. The palatine ridge is well developed and projects anterodorsally with a short laminar expansion. The choanal duct is wide, occupying almost the entire ventral surface of the bone. There are no palatine teeth. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2655A1DFF1FFA212591AB99	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2655A12FC87F8F42578ADB6.text	9C298799D2655A12FC87F8F42578ADB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Fig. 26I–P) </p>
            <p> The most distinctive feature of the palatine of scincids is a strongly gutter-like shape in ventral view, due to the fact that both medial and lateral margins can develop laminar expansions that envelop the choanal duct [incipient secondary palate sensu Caputo (1991)]. The duct, therefore, appears very deep. The expansion of the medial margin is absent in  Ab. kitaibelii and  Tr. aurata (Fig.26I, J, O, P) and poorly developed and ventrolaterally directed in  Chalcides and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Fig. 26K–N). Its medial surface is the articulation surface with the opposite palatine. This expansion continues anteriorly in the dorsally concave (less concave in  Ophiomorus punctatissimus ) vomerine process, which is short and small in  Chalcides chalcides ,  Chalcides striatus and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Fig. 26K–N), long and narrow in  Ab. kitaibelii and  Chalcides ocellatus (Fig. 26I, J), and long and wider in  Tr. aurata (Fig. 26O, P). The anterior projection is not well individualized in  Chalcides (Fig. 26K, L), slightly more recognizable in  Ab. kitaibelii and  Tr. aurata (Fig. 26I, J, O, P), and distinctly recognizable in  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Fig. 26M, N). The expansion of the lateral margin is directed ventromedially and very well developed, approaching the opposite one.  Ablepharus kitaibelii and  Tr. aurata have the maximum development of this lamina, which almost touches the medial margin of the bone in these two species (Fig. 26I, J, O, P). The ventral surface of the expansion is smooth and its anterior end projects beyond the anterior margin of the bone and the anterior end of the vomerine process, being, therefore, visible in dorsal view too as a triangular projection. The anterolateral margin of this projection bears an articulation surface with the maxilla. The very short maxillary process is not clearly distinguishable from the rest of the bone. Its lateral margin has a notch that represent the medial margin of the infraorbital foramen. The notch is deeper in  Ab. kitaibelii and  Tr. aurata than it is in  Chalcides , being also almost closed laterally in the former species. Only  Ophiomorus punctatissimus displays a complete and moderately wide infraorbital foramen (Fig. 26M, N). The pterygoid process is wide and subtrapezoidal, except for  Ab. kitaibelii , in which it is very narrow and anteroposteriorly elongated. Because of the narrowing of the pterygoid process, a large portion of the posterior part of the expansion of the lateral margin of  Ab. kitaibelii is visible in dorsal view (Fig. 26I). A long and pointed process, slender in  Chalcides chalcides and  Chalcides striatus (Fig. 26K, L), and wider in  Ab. kitaibelii ,  Chalcides ocellatus ,  Ophiomorus punctatissimus and  Tr. aurata (Fig. 26I, J, M–P), develops posteriorly from its posterior margin, splitting the latter into two portions: the medial portion is oblique and regular, whereas the lateral one is straight and slightly irregular. The latter represents the contact with the pterygoid, whose palatine process is housed in an articulation surface recognizable on the ventral surface (marked anteromedially by a low and arched ridge in  Chalcides chalcides ; Fig. 26L). The palatine ridge is moderately developed. The dorsal surface of the bone is smooth and no palatine teeth are present on the ventral one. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2655A12FC87F8F42578ADB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D26A5A13FC95FEC82083AC78.text	9C298799D26A5A13FC95FEC82083AC78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Fig. 26Q–T) </p>
            <p> In anguids, the palatine has a long, slender and pointed vomerine process, which is slightly concave in dorsal direction. The maxillary process is slender and well developed. It has a T-like shape in dorsal view, because of the presence on its distal end of a short, triangular and posteriorly developed expansion connected to a similarly-shaped and anteriorly directed ventral lappet (probably homologous to that of lacertids). The lateral surface of the process, composed by both the expansion and the lappet, presents the concave maxillary facet (Fig. 26R). The infraorbital foramen is wide. The pterygoid process is long, slender and subrectangular. In  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis , a deep and narrow V-shaped notch is visible in the middle of its posterior end (Fig. 26Q, R), which is, therefore, split into two pointed and equally long portions. In contrast, the notch is small or absent in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 26S, T). The articulation surface with the palatine process of the pterygoid covers the entire medial half of the ventral surface of the bone (Fig. 26R, T), being marked medially by an oblique ridge running from the anteromedial to the posterolateral corner of the bone. The dorsal surface of the palatine is smooth, except for a narrow groove [sulcus dorsalis in Klembara et al. (2010)] running posterolaterally from the anteromedial corner (Fig. 26Q, S). A moderately developed palatine ridge composes the anterior margin of the bone. The choanal groove is wide.  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis has no palatine teeth (Fig. 26R), but a single row of them is present on the lateral half of the ventral surface of the pterygoid process in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 26T). </p>
            <p>PTERYGOID</p>
            <p>The paired pterygoid (Figs 27, 28) is composed of three branches: the anteromedial palatine process, the anterolateral pterygoid flange and the posterior quadrate process. Anteriorly, the pterygoid recess separates the palatine process and the pterygoid flange. The palatine process is laminar, but strengthens towards the medial margin. The pterygoid flange is usually pointed and slender, and bears two ridges that run along its dorsal and ventral surfaces. These ridges represent the insertion points of the superficial pseudotemporal muscle and of the pterigomandibular muscle, respectively (Barahona, 1996). The quadrate process is characterized by the presence of the subcircular fossa columellae on the dorsal surface and of the basipterygoid fossa on the medial one. Posterior to the former, a pterygoid ridge runs along the dorsolateral surface of the bone, whereas the basipterygoid fossa continues posteriorly in a concave surface for the insertion of the pterygoideus muscle. Pterygoid teeth can be present on the ventral surface of the palatine process.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D26A5A13FC95FEC82083AC78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D26B5A10FC87FF3F21CFAE96.text	9C298799D26B5A10FC87FF3F21CFAE96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Fig. 27A, B, U, V) </p>
            <p> The palatine process of  Laudakia stellio is long and subtriangular in dorsal view. It has a straight medial marginandanobliqueandwavylateralone.Thepterygoid flange is peculiar in being laterally directed, instead of anterolaterally. It is represented by a straight process, whose distal end is strongly dorsoventrally expanded. In lateral view, the expanded surface, which articulates with the ectopterygoid and can be poorly ossified, has an elongated elliptical shape (Fig. 27U). On the dorsal surface, a robust and well-developed dorsal ridge is visible (Fig. 27A), but the ventral ridge is not developed on the opposed side (Fig. 27B). Because of the unique shape of the pterygoid flange, a real pterygoid recess is not distinctly recognizable. The quadrate process is long, straight in dorsal view and dorsoventrally expanded, adopting a flange-like appearance in lateral view. In adults, a clear step is present on its ventral margin and, therefore, the rounded posterior end is half as wide as the rest of the process (Fig. 27U, V). A narrow notch can be visible at the step, cutting the flange longitudinally. The presence of this distinct step in the adult specimens studied by us is in contrast with the smoother ventral margin of the quadrate process reported by Smith et al. (2016), implying the possibility of intraspecific variation for this feature. Both the basipterygoid fossa and the concave surface for the pterygoideus muscle are wide (Fig. 27V). Neither a pterygoid ridge nor pterygoid teeth are present. Maximum length varies from 5.6 mm to 14 mm. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D26B5A10FC87FF3F21CFAE96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2685A10FF2DFBED21D1AB96.text	9C298799D2685A10FF2DFBED21D1AB96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Fig. 27W, X) </p>
            <p> In  Chamaeleo chamaeleon , the main feature of the pterygoid is the wing-like quadrate process, which is laminar and very dorsoventrally expanded, forming a posteriorly rounded flange. The medial surface of the flange presents a well-developed ridge in the middle, marking the deep basipterygoid fossa (Fig. 27X). Ventrally to this ridge, the quadrate process expands to form another large and laminar flange guiding the coronoid. This latter flange has a roughly subtriangular shape in medial view and a rounded ventral end. Moreover, the pterygoid of  Chamaeleo chamaeleon loses the triradiate shape, since the pterygoid flange is reduced to a ridge located on the anterior margin of the ventral flange of the quadrate process (Fig. 27W). The ridge is more developed in its dorsal portion and the articulation surface with the ectopterygoid is recognizable on its anterolateral surface. The slender palatine process is straight and triangular in ventral view. The oblique suture with the palatine is present anterolaterally. There are neither pterygoid teeth nor fossa columellae. Maximum length goes from 7 mm to 12.9 mm. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2685A10FF2DFBED21D1AB96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2685A11FF2DF8E820FDAC3B.text	9C298799D2685A11FF2DF8E820FDAC3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Figs 27C–F, 28A–D) </p>
            <p> The pterygoid of lacertids has a pointed, wide and roughly straight palatine process, whose ventral surface can have pterygoid teeth. Teeth are present in  Ac. erythrurus ,  Al. moreoticus ,  Al. nigropunctatus ,  E. arguta ,  Lacerta ,  Po. milensis ,  Po. peloponnesiacus ,  Po. tauricus ,  Psammodromus algirus ,  Ti. lepidus (Fig. 27F, 28D) and some specimens of  Da. oxycephala ,  Po. melisellensis and  Po. siculus . They can be absent or present in low number in juveniles, but their number increases during ontogeny. The development of the ridges of the pterygoid flange varies within species. The dorsal ridge is moderately developed in  Al. moreoticus ,  H. graeca ,  I. bonnali ,  I. cyreni ,  I. monticola cantabrica ,  Po. filfolensis ,  Po. milensis ,  Po. pityusensis and  Ti. lepidus (Fig. 27E), and well developed in  Ac. erythrurus ,  Al. fitzingeri ,  Al. marchi ,  Al. nigropunctatus ,  Ar. bedriagae ,  Da. oxycephala ,  Di. mosorensis ,  E. arguta ,  I. horvathi ,  I. monticola monticola ,  Lacerta ,  Ophisops elegans ,  Po. bocagei ,  Po. hispanicus ,  Po. lilfordi ,  Po. melisellensis ,  Po. muralis ,  Po. siculus ,  Po. tauricus ,  Po. tiliguerta ,  Po. waglerianus ,  Psammodromus algirus and  Z. vivipara (Fig. 27C). The ventral ridge is poorly developed in  Ac. erythrurus ,  Al. fitzingeri (Fig. 27D),  Al. marchi ,  Al. moreoticus ,  Ar. bedriagae ,  Da. oxycephala ,  E. arguta ,  H. graeca ,  I. cyreni ,  I. horvathi ,  I. monticola ,  Lacerta (except for  Lacerta agilis MDHC 178, in which it is more developed),  Ophisops elegans ,  Po. melisellensis (except for MDHC 218, in which it is well developed),  Po. milensis ,  Po. muralis (rarely more developed),  Psammodromus algirus and  Z. vivipara (except for SMNS 06795), and well developed in  Al. nigropunctatus ,  Di. mosorensis ,  I. bonnali ,  Po. bocagei ,  Po. filfolensis ,  Po. hispanicus ,  Po. lilfordi ,  Po. pityusensis ,  Po. siculus ,  Po. tiliguerta ,  Po. waglerianus and  Ti. lepidus (but less developed in MDHC 216 and MRAC 92-050-R-1). The ventral ridge can be either well or poorly developed in  Po. tauricus . Roček (1984: 29) stated that the ridges are completely lacking in small individuals of  Ti. lepidus and well developed in large ones. The pterygoid recess is wide. It can be moderately shallow (  Ac. erythrurus ,  Ti. lepidus ; Fig. 27E, F) or deeper (other species; Fig. 27C, D). Juveniles of  Ti. lepidus have a deeper recess, but its depth decreases during growth. The long quadrate process is straight in dorsal view and has a roughly pointed posterior end. It presents a wide fossa columellae and a pterygoid ridge that goes from moderately developed (  Ac. erythrurus ,  Al. moreoticus ,  Da. oxycephala ,  Di. mosorensis ,  I. monticola ,  Po. filfolensis ,  Po. milensis ,  Po. muralis and  Ti. lepidus ; Figs 27E, 28C) to well developed (  Al. fitzingeri ,  Al. marchi ,  Al. nigropunctatus ,  Ar. bedriagae ,  E. arguta ,  H. graeca ,  I. bonnali ,  I. cyreni ,  I. horvathi ,  Lacerta ,  Ophisops elegans ,  Po. bocagei ,  Po. hispanicus ,  Po. lilfordi ,  Po. melisellensis ,  Po. pityusensis ,  Po. siculus ,  Po. tauricus ,  Po. tiliguerta ,  Po. waglerianus ,  Psammodromus algirus and  Z. vivipara ; Figs 27C, 28A). Sometimes the ridge of large individuals displays a dorsally directed expansion in its posterior-half (e.g.  Al. nigropunctatus MDHC 242 and  Lacerta schreiberi UAM.R. S-6). The basipterygoid fossa is large and shallow. Maximum length is given in the Supporting Information 3. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2685A11FF2DF8E820FDAC3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2695A16FF1FFE552372AE96.text	9C298799D2695A16FF1FFE552372AE96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Figs 27G–P, 28E–N) </p>
            <p> The palatine process of the pterygoid of European scincids is a laminar structure provided with a thicker area in the middle rather than a robust medial margin. It is long and subtriangular in  Ab. kitaibelii (Fig. 27G, H), long and subrectangular in  Chalcides chalcides ,  Chalcides striatus and  Tr. aurata (Fig. 27I, J, O, P), and short and subtriangular in  Chalcides ocellatus and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Fig. 27K–N). The medial margin of the process can be straight (  Tr. aurata ; Fig. 27O, P), slightly convex (  Ab. kitaibelii ,  Chalcides chalcides ,  Chalcides striatus and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus ; Fig. 27G–J, M, N) or strongly convex (  Chalcides ocellatus ; Fig. 27K, L). This morphology fits with the ‘alpha’- type scincid pterygoid described by Greer &amp; Parker (1968) and Greer (1974) (see also: Evans, 2008). In  Chalcides , the anterior end of the process is bifurcate: it has either a V-shaped (most specimens of  Chalcides chalcides ; Fig. 27I, J) or U-shaped (  Chalcides ocellatus ,  Chalcides striatus and  Chalcides chalcides MDHC 398; Fig. 27K, L) notch in the middle, flanked by two small and pointed processes. The palatine process of  Tr. aurata has a straight but slightly interdigitated anterior margin, and a long and slender anterior projection by the medial corner (Fig. 27O, P).  Ablepharus kitaibelii has an anteriorly pointed palatine process (Fig. 27G, H), whereas that of  Ophiomorus punctatissimus has a wavy anterior margin (Fig. 27M, N). Pterygoid teeth are absent in  Ab. kitaibelii and  Chalcides (Fig. 27H, J, L), but present in very low numbers (just one or two in  Tr. aurata MDHC 280 and three in all specimens of  Ophiomorus punctatissimus ) in  Tr. aurata and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Fig. 27N, P). The moderately wide pterygoid recess is very deep and roughly V- or U-shaped in  Chalcides chalcides (Fig. 27I, J), shallow and U-shaped in  Chalcides ocellatus and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Fig. 27K–N), and deep and U-shaped in  Ab. kitaibelii ,  Chalcides striatus and  Tr. aurata (Fig. 27G, H, O, P). As for the ridges of the pterygoid flange, the dorsal one is moderately developed, whereas the ventral one is well developed. The development of the ridges decreases in the small species  Ab. kitaibelii (Fig. 27G, H), but their proportions are the same. In  Ophiomorus punctatissimus , both the dorsal and the ventral ridges are well developed (Fig. 27M, N). The quadrate process is long and straight; its posterior end is narrow in dorsal view and finger-shaped in lateral view. The fossa columellae is slightly anteroposteriorly elongated. In  Chalcides bedriagai ,  Chalcides chalcides ,  Chalcides striatus and  Tr. aurata , the fossa is followed by a pterygoid ridge that is sharp in its anterior portion, whereas posteriorly it tends to lower and to shift in a ventral direction towards the lateral surface (Figs 27I, O, 28G, M). The ridge is completely absent in  Chalcides ocellatus and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Figs 27K, M, 28I, K), whereas only a hint near the fossa is present in  Ab. kitaibelii (Figs 27G, 28E). The basipterygoid fossa is a flattened surface, but the wide surface for the insertion of the pterygoideus muscle is strongly concave. With the exception of  Ab. kitaibelii and  Chalcides striatus MNCN 16508, a foramen opens in the ventral direction on the ventral portion of the lateral surface of the bone, at the joint of the three branches. Measurements of the maximum length are given in the Supporting Information 4. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2695A16FF1FFE552372AE96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D26E5A16FC95FE8222A3AE8F.text	9C298799D26E5A16FC95FE8222A3AE8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Fig. 29A–E) </p>
            <p> Ectopterygoids of  Laudakia stellio have a thick body, a triradiate lateral end and a moderately large and roughly kidney-shaped (in medial view) medial end. The lateral end contacts the maxilla and jugal, whereas there is no contact with the postorbital [in contrast with other agamids; see: Evans (2008)]. It is composed by an anteriorly developed anterolateral process, a posteriorly developed posterolateral process and a ventrally developed ventral process (Fig. 29E). The posterolateral and the ventral processes are similar in size and length, whereas the anterolateral one is slightly longer. All three processes are pointed. The medial end (posteromedial process) contacts the pterygoid flange of the pterygoid with a slightly anteriorly inclined and flattened surface (Fig. 29D). A short, medial expansion is present by the dorsal end of this surface (Fig. 29B), covering the pterygoid flange dorsally. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D26E5A16FC95FE8222A3AE8F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D26E5A16FF2DFBE022CCAC70.text	9C298799D26E5A16FF2DFBE022CCAC70.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Figs 27Q–T, 28O–R) </p>
            <p> In European anguids, the pterygoid has a long, slender and pointed palatine process. Both margins of this process are straight, but the lateral one can have some irregularities. The pterygoid flange is distinctly shorter (roughly half the length of the palatine process) and very slender, with a very prominent dorsal ridge. The ventral ridge is poorly developed in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 27R), but well developed in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 27T). The pterygoid recess is wide, deep and U-shaped in dorsal view. The long and straight quadrate process is pointed in both dorsal and lateral views. The fossa columellae is wide and deep, whereas the basipterygoid fossa is flattened, but marked by flanges both dorsally and ventrally. The flanges are moderately developed and rounded, except for the ventral one of  Pseudopus apodus [the basisphenoid process of Klembara et al. (2010)], which is longer and thumb-like (Fig. 27S, T). The pterygoid ridge can be low or moderately developed. Pterygoid teeth are absent in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 27R), but present in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 27T). The maximum length of the pterygoid of  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis ranges from 6 mm to 10.6 mm, whereas it varies from 13 mm to more than 20 mm in  Pseudopus apodus . </p>
            <p>ECTOPTERYGOID</p>
            <p>The ectopterygoid (Fig. 29) is a small and paired bone, the morphology of which varies greatly among different groups.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D26E5A16FF2DFBE022CCAC70	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D26E5A16FC95FC0225EDA8C8.text	9C298799D26E5A16FC95FC0225EDA8C8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Fig. 29F–J) </p>
            <p> Chamaeleo chamaeleon has an ectopterygoid that is morphologically similar to the one of  Laudakia stellio . The main differences among these are in the proportions of the three processes of the lateral end and in the morphology of the articulation surface with the pterygoid flange. In  Chamaeleo chamaeleon , the ventral process is short and moderately wide, whereas the anterolateral and posterolateral ones are slightly longer, slender and more pointed (Fig. 29J). Moreover, the medial surface of the posteromedial process is narrow and subrectangular and has a concave and rough articulation surface (Fig. 29I). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D26E5A16FC95FC0225EDA8C8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D26E5A17FC95FA3820B2ACDC.text	9C298799D26E5A17FC95FA3820B2ACDC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Fig. 29K–P) </p>
            <p> In lacertids, the ectopterygoid is L-shaped and is composed of three processes. The anterolateral process is laminar and pointed; its ventral surface is covered by the articulation surface with the maxilla. The posterolateral process is short or very short and pointed. The posteromedial process has a V-shaped concavity at its end in which the pterygoid flange of the pterygoid inserts. The concavity is defined by three lappets, among which the anteromedial one is the longest one. The ventral lappet is more developed than the dorsal one. Usually, the longest process is the posteromedial one, even though this feature can be variable among different individuals (Barahona, 1996). However, this is not true for  Ac. erythrurus ,  Al. marchi ,  Ophisops elegans and  Po. muralis , in which this process is usually as long as the anterolateral one (Fig. 29K, L), and for  Z. vivipara , in which they can be similar in length or the longest process may even be the anterolateral one (Fig. 29O, P). The dorsal surface of the bone is smooth. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D26E5A17FC95FA3820B2ACDC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D26F5A14FC87FF3F20FFAFAB.text	9C298799D26F5A14FC87FF3F20FFAFAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Fig. 29Q–X) </p>
            <p> The ectopterygoid of European scincids morphologically resembles that of lacertids, but it lacks the posterolateral process. Because of the absence of the latter, in scincids this bone is crescent-shaped rather than L-shaped. Only  Tr. aurata retains an L-shape because of the presence of a very small and triangular hint of the posterolateral process (Fig. 29W, X). The articulation surface with the maxilla is limited to the lateral margin of the anterior end of the anterolateral process. The ventral lappet is usually the most developed one, whereas the smallest one is the dorsal one.  Ophiomorus punctatissimus is an exception in having similar-sized ventral and anteromedial lappets (Fig. 29U, V). Moreover, a distinct anteromedial lappet seems not to be developed in  Ab. kitaibelii (Fig. 29Q, R). The ventral lappet of the posteromedial process of  Chalcides ocellatus has a small anteromedially developed projection (Fig. 29S, T), which contacts the palatine process of the pterygoid. Anterolateral and posteromedial processes are similar in length in  Ab. kitaibelii ,  Chalcides and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Fig. 29Q–V), whereas the latter process is longer than the former in  Tr. aurata (Fig. 29W, X). Both dorsal and ventral surfaces are smooth. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D26F5A14FC87FF3F20FFAFAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D26C5A14FC95FDDF24B8AEBD.text	9C298799D26C5A14FC95FDDF24B8AEBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae</p>
            <p> The braincase of  Laudakia stellio is roughly as long as it is wide and does not have evident compression. Bones composing the region usually remain separated also in older individuals. The foramen magnum is wide and subcircular. The portion of the occipital condyle made up by each otooccipital appears to be slightly reduced compared to the one made by the basioccipital. Moreover, the condyle has a very little developed posterior notch in ventral view. The large recessus scalae tympani opens laterally with a large, narrow and dorsoventrally elongated lateral opening, whereas both the medial opening of the recessus and the perilymphatic foramen are very large and suboval. Semicircular canals are narrow and poorly prominent. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D26C5A14FC95FDDF24B8AEBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D26C5A14FF2DFCE725C8ACA0.text	9C298799D26C5A14FF2DFCE725C8ACA0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Fig. 29Y –AB) </p>
            <p> Anguids have a crescent-shaped and medially concave ectopterygoid, similar to that of gekkotans (Villa et al., 2018a). The lateral surface of the bone has two concave articulation surfaces: one for the posterior process of the maxilla on the anterior end and a larger one (roughly twice as large as the former) for the pterygoid flange posteriorly. The two articulation surfaces come nearly in contact with each other. In lateral view, the posterior end appears bifurcated, because of the presence of two pointed projections (lappets) clasping the pterygoid flange. The dorsal projection is longer and larger than the ventral one. In  Pseudopus apodus , the anterior end also appears slightly forked, because of the presence of a small and anterolaterally directed expansion clasping ventrally the posterior process of the maxilla (Fig. 29 AA). The mediodorsal surface of the bone is smooth. </p>
            <p>GENERAL FEATURES OF THE BRAINCASE</p>
            <p>The sphenoid, the basioccipital, the prootics, the supraoccipital and the otooccipitals fuse together to form the braincase (Figs 30, 31, 32, 33, 34). The fusion is generally linked to ontogeny, with separated bones in juveniles that fuse in older individuals. On the posterior side of the region, the foramen magnum is defined by the basioccipital ventrally, the supraoccipital dorsally and the otooccipitals laterally. The otooccipitals and the basioccipital form the occipital condyle. On each side, the recessus scalae tympani is enclosed by the basioccipital and each otooccipital. The recessus opens externally with a ventrolaterally directed lateral opening and internally with a medial opening into the cranial cavity and a dorsomedial opening (the perilymphatic foramen) into the cochlear cavity. The external opening of the cochlear cavity is the wide fenestra ovalis, located between the prootics and otooccipitals. The paired anterior, horizontal and posterior semicircular canals are present on each side of the ossified braincase. The anterior canal passes through the prootic and the supraoccipital, the horizontal canal goes from the dorsal portion of the prootic to the base of the paraoccipital process of the otooccipital, and the posterior canal develops between the supraoccipital and the otooccipital.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D26C5A14FF2DFCE725C8ACA0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D26C5A14FC95FBD724B8ABFD.text	9C298799D26C5A14FC95FBD724B8ABFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae</p>
            <p> Bones of the braincase of  Chamaeleo chamaeleon do not fuse. The region is roughly as long as it is wide. The foramen magnum is suboval and slightly laterally compressed and the basioccipital does not participate in its formation (Fig. 35). The occipital condyle is composed mainly by otooccipitals, but a small portion of the posterior end of the basioccipital is also part of it (Fig. 35). The three portions of the condyle do not fuse together. The recessus scalae tympani is strongly reduced, being visible only with a foramen on the otooccipital. Because of this, the basioccipital forms the ventral wall of the cochlear cavity. The ventral margin of the very wide fenestra ovalis is consequently composed of the sphenooccipital tubercles. The portion of margin made by the latter is small, because of the presence of two expansions of the prootic and the otooccipital that almost excludes them. The medial wall of the cochlear cavity is poorly ossified and, therefore, the cavity is open on the medial side. Semicircular canals are moderately narrow and poorly recognizable. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D26C5A14FC95FBD724B8ABFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D26C5A08FC95F91023CCA986.text	9C298799D26C5A08FC95F91023CCA986.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Figs 30, 31A–E) </p>
            <p>Similarly to gekkotans (see: Villa et al., 2018a), lacertids have an ossified braincase that is roughly as long as wide and either slightly or not distinctly dorsoventrally compressed. They display a wide and subcircular foramen magnum and a condyle that is composed equally by the three bones that concur in its formation. In contrast with geckos, the U-shaped notch on the occipital condyle is wider and shallower, or even absent, in lacertids, the lateral opening of the recessus scalae tympani is wide and suboval, its medial opening is usually subcircular or anteroposteriorly elongated and the perilymphatic foramen is wide. Semicircular canals are moderately narrow in medium and large-sized species, but they are wider in small-sized taxa.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D26C5A08FC95F91023CCA986	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2705A09FF2DF93520CAAA12.text	9C298799D2705A09FF2DF93520CAAA12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Fig. 34) </p>
            <p> Anguids have a braincase that is slightly longer than wide, and is provided with a broad and subcircular or subelliptical foramen magnum.The portions of occipital condyle composed by the otooccipitals are reduced compared to the portion composed by the basioccipital. The posterior margin of the condyle is not notched, but convex (  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis ; Fig. 34D, E) or straight (  Pseudopus apodus ; Fig. 34I, J), in dorsal and ventral views. The recessus scalae tympani is moderately reduced in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 34B), but larger in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 34G). It opens externally with an anteroposteriorly elongated lateral opening that is narrow in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 34B). The medial opening of the recessus scalae tympani is wide and, in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis , also anteroposteriorly elongated, whereas the perilymphatic foramen can be either moderately small or large. Like in scincids, the semicircular canals are narrow and poorly prominent. </p>
            <p>BASIOCCIPITAL</p>
            <p>The basioccipital (Fig. 36) is unpaired, subhexagonal and roughly as long as wide. It has a dorsally concave body, with a central cranial depression and two moderately developed lateral wings. In dorsal view, it has a roughly straight or concave anterior margin. Posteriorly, it forms the medial portion of the occipital condyle. The ends of the lateral wings develop the sphenooccipital tubercles and constitute the ventral wall of the recessus scalae tympani. The crista tuberalis marks the posterior wall of the recessus. The basioccipital is smooth, both dorsally and ventrally. The bones that fuse with this bone are the sphenoid anteriorly, the prootics anterolaterally and the otooccipitals posterolaterally.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2705A09FF2DF93520CAAA12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2705A08FF2DFAFD23D2ABD9.text	9C298799D2705A08FF2DFAFD23D2ABD9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Figs 31F–J, 32, 33) </p>
            <p> In scincids, the braincase is roughly as long as it is wide and not compressed. The foramen magnum is wide and subelliptical. The occipital condyle is similar to the one of lacertids. The lateral opening of the recessus scalae tympani is wide, subelliptical and elongated. In  Ophiomorus punctatissimus , this opening has poorly developed margins, largely exposing the recessus scalae tympani in lateral view (Fig. 33B). The medial opening of the recessus scalae tympani is reduced due to expansions of its dorsal margin, whereas the perilymphatic foramen is wide and subcircular. The semicircular canals are narrow and poorly prominent. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2705A08FF2DFAFD23D2ABD9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2715A09FC87F8F3248BAA28.text	9C298799D2715A09FC87F8F3248BAA28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Fig. 36A, B) </p>
            <p> In  Laudakia stellio , the posterior portion of the basioccipital composes more than a third of the </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2715A09FC87F8F3248BAA28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2765A0FFC95FDCB2096A9BA.text	9C298799D2765A0FFC95FDCB2096A9BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Figs 34, 36G) </p>
            <p> The basioccipital is slightly longer than it is wide in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Figs 34E, 36G), but in  Pseudopus apodus length and width of this bone are roughly similar (Fig. 34J). Posteriorly, the basioccipital of anguids composes more than one-third of the occipital condyle. Sphenooccipital tubercles are moderately or well developed in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 34B, C), and always well developed in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 34F–H). They are subtriangular (but with a rather rounded ventral end) in lateral view and almost entirely excluded from the recessus scalae tympani by two expansions of the otooccipital. The degree of development of the tubercles increases with growth, but they are, as a rule, larger in  Pseudopus apodus than in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis . </p>
            <p>SPHENOID</p>
            <p>The complete fusion of parasphenoid and basisphenoid results in an unpaired sphenoid (Fig. 37). This bone has a roughly quadrangular body, from which two basipterygoid processes develop anterolaterally from the anterolateral corners.Two posterolaterally directed cristae ventrolaterales [parasphenoid wings in Daza et al. (2008)] can be also present at the posterolateral corners. On the dorsal surface of the body of the bone, there are two cylindrical trabeculae cranii, the sella turcica (including the hypophysial fossa) and the transverse crista sellaris. The trabeculae, located between the basipterygoid processes, are continued posteriorly by two low cristae trabeculares that border the sella turcica laterally. A parasphenoid rostrum [cultriform process in Daza et al. (2008)] can be present between the trabeculae, on the anterior margin of the bone. The crista sellaris composes the posterior margin of the sella turcica and contacts the prootics laterally, with the alar processes. The crista can develop anterodorsally to form a dorsum sellae that covers the sella turcica. Moreover, it is pierced anteroposteriorly by two abducens foramina. The dorsal surface of the posterior portion of the sphenoid, located posteriorly to the crista sellaris, is smooth. Ventrally, the sphenoid can have a sunken area in the middle.The Vidian canals open anteriorly medial to the base of the basipterygoid process, medially in the sella turcica (with the internal carotid foramina) and posterolaterally towards the contact with the prootics. Both sides of the sphenoid display the recessus vena jugularis extending in a posterodorsal direction, starting from the latter openings. The recessus continues on the prootics. The sphenoid contacts the basioccipital posteriorly and the prootics posterolaterally.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2765A0FFC95FDCB2096A9BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2765A0EFF2DFA9820B5AB54.text	9C298799D2765A0EFF2DFA9820B5AB54.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Fig. 36C, D) </p>
            <p> The small basioccipital of  Chamaeleo chamaeleon is wider than it is long. Its posterior end only slightly participates in the formation of the occipital condyle. Sphenooccipital tubercles are well developed and rounded in lateral view. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2765A0EFF2DFA9820B5AB54	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2765A0EFF2DF9A923EAAA06.text	9C298799D2765A0EFF2DF9A923EAAA06.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Figs 30, 31A–E, 36E) </p>
            <p>The basioccipital of lacertids is similar to that of gekkotans (see: Villa et al., 2018a), but in large species it becomes wider than it is long. Sphenooccipital tubercles are moderately developed in small-sized species and well developed in large-sized ones. The degree of development increases during ontogeny. In lateral view, the tubercles are ventrally pointed.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2765A0EFF2DF9A923EAAA06	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2765A0EFC95FF3F23C0A866.text	9C298799D2765A0EFC95FF3F23C0A866.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Figs 31F–J, 32, 33, 36F) </p>
            <p> In scincids, the basioccipital is longer than wide. As in lacertids, it composes the medial-third of the occipital condyle and has pointed sphenooccipital tubercles. The latter are poorly developed in  Ab. kitaibelii ,  Chalcides bedriagai ,  Chalcides chalcides ,  Chalcides striatus and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Figs 31G, H, 32A–C, 33A–C), and very well developed in  Chalcides ocellatus and  Tr. aurata (Fig. 32F–H). The developed ones become subtriangular in lateral view. </p>
            <p>occipital condyle. The sphenooccipital tubercles are well developed and strongly built. They are roughly rounded and moderately narrow in lateral view. The development of the tubercles is weaker in juveniles.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2765A0EFC95FF3F23C0A866	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2775A0FFF1FFACF23B5AA11.text	9C298799D2775A0FFF1FFACF23B5AA11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Fig. 37A–D) </p>
            <p> The sphenoid of  Laudakia stellio has moderately short and large basipterygoid processes. The processes are roughly rectangular, with an enlarged and horizontal distal end. The trabeculae cranii are well developed and well spaced, but they do not continue posteriorly in the cristae trabeculares (Fig. 37A, B). The rostrum is well developed, wide and thin. A hint of dorsum sellae is present on the moderately developed crista sellaris, covering the posterior portion of the narrow sella turcica (Fig. 37A). The medial openings of the Vidian canals are located close to each other in adults (Fig. 37B), but they are more spaced in juveniles. The ventral surface is only slightly sunken (Fig. 37D). The recessus vena jugularis is deep (Fig. 37C). The supravenous processes (and, therefore, the grooves for the lateral head veins) are absent. Two well-developed cristae ventrolaterales are present in adults. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2775A0FFF1FFACF23B5AA11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2775A0FFC87FC5625FFAB7F.text	9C298799D2775A0FFC87FC5625FFAB7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Fig. 37E–H) </p>
            <p> In  Chamaeleo chamaeleon , the sphenoid is larger than the basioccipital and has a subtrapezoidal body in ventral view. Well-developed cristae ventrolaterales are present and the basipterygoid processes are moderately long, moderately thick and roughly triangular. The processes enlarge distally and are tilted mediolaterally at an angle of about 45°. There are no supravenous processes and distinct grooves for the lateral head veins are not present. A well-developed and thick parasphenoid rostrum is present, whereas there are no trabeculae cranii (Fig. 37E). The crista sellaris is well developed and projects slightly anteriorly, creating a short dorsum sellae (Fig. 37E). The sella turcica is narrow and, therefore, the medial openings of the Vidian canals are close to each other. A very small foramen opens in the sella dorsomedially to the openings of the canals. The ventral surface of the bone is strongly concave and is bordered laterally by two well-developed ridges (Fig. 37H). The recessus vena jugularis is shallow (Fig. 37G). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2775A0FFC87FC5625FFAB7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2775A0DFC87F9932377AB97.text	9C298799D2775A0DFC87F9932377AB97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Figs 30, 31A–E, 37I–M) </p>
            <p> In lacertids, the basipterygoid processes of the sphenoid are moderately short. They can be moderately narrow proximally and strongly enlarged by the distal end (  Ac. erythrurus ,  Ophisops elegans and juveniles of other species; Fig. 30D, E) or enlarged for their entire length (adults of other species; Figs 30I, J, 31D, E, 37I, J, L). In proportion, larger species have larger processes than smaller ones. The distal end of the processes is strongly dorsolaterally concave and not distinctly tilted mediolaterally. Its medial portion is expanded in anterior view. Well-developed (shorter in  Al. marchi ,  Al. moreoticus and  Al. nigropunctatus ; Fig. 37J) cristae ventrolaterales and a long, narrow and laminar parasphenoid rostrum are present. The cristae reach the sphenooccipital tubercles. The trabeculae cranii are dorsoventrally flattened. They are small and well separated from one another in small-sized animals (e.g.  Ac. erythrurus ; Fig. 30D), but they grow bigger and tend to come into contact in adults of larger ones (e.g.  Lacerta bilineata and  Ti. lepidus ; Fig. 30I). Cristae trabeculares merge posteriorly with the well-developed crista sellaris, which does not develop a dorsum sellae. The alar processes of the crista sellaris expand anteriorly, forming vertical and subquadrangular supravenous processes. It is not clear if they are homologous to those of gekkotans (Villa et al., 2018a). Supravenous processes of lacertids are moderately long and moderately wide and they may be connected to the distal end of the basipterygoid processes by a ventral osseous expansion. The anterior openings of the abducens foramina are visible on the medial surfaces of these processes, and a deep and a wide groove for the lateral head vein separates each process from the related basipterygoid process. A low transverse ridge is present on the dorsolateral surface of the latter process and marks the ventral margin of this groove. In some individuals, posterolateral openings of the Vidian canals can be located posteriorly, by the contact with the prootics. In adults of  Ac. erythrurus ,  Ar. bedriagae ,  E. arguta ,  Ophisops elegans ,  Po. tiliguerta ,  Psammodromus algirus and  Ti. lepidus , as well as in both adults and juveniles of  Da. oxycephala ,  H. graeca and  Po. siculus , the ventral surface of the sphenoid has a moderately to strongly sunken area in the middle (Fig. 30E). A distinctly less-developed concavity can also be visible on the ventral surface of other species, such as  I. cyreni ,  Po. melisellensis and  Po. muralis . In adults of  Lacerta and in  Po. tauricus , the ventral surface can be either deeply sunken or not. In the observed specimens of  Da. oxycephala , the concavity is deep in NHMW 629 and shallow in the other specimens: this suggests that this feature is variable in the species, but because NHMW 629 is probably a subadult and the shallow morphology is present in both juveniles (NHMW 659- 2) and adults (NHMW 651 and 659-2), this variation is most probably not strictly linked to ontogeny. This variation is present also in  Po. siculus , because MDHC 91, an adult, has an unsunken surface. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2775A0DFC87F9932377AB97	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2755A0DFF1FF8EB257AAB4E.text	9C298799D2755A0DFF1FF8EB257AAB4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Figs 31F–J, 32, 33, 37N–Q) </p>
            <p> T h e s p h e n o i d o f s c i n c i d s h a s a x e - s h a p e d a n d moderately short basipterygoid processes. The proximal-half of these processes is narrower than the distal one and the difference in width is stronger in  Ab. kitaibelii ,  Ophiomorus punctatissimus and the largest species. Their distal end is narrow, very slightly dorsolaterally concave and mediolaterally tilted at about 30° in anterior view and slightly convex in dorsal view. Except for  Ab. kitaibelii (Fig. 31J), each posterolateral corner of the sphenoid has a short and pointed crista ventrolateralis (Figs 32E, J, 33E). The trabeculae cranii (very poorly developed in  Ab. kitaibelii ,  Tr. aurata and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus ; Figs 31I, 33D, 37N) are not in contact (the only exceptions are  Chalcides bedriagai and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus ; Fig. 33D) and, except for  Ophiomorus punctatissimus , they continue posteriorly with low but distinct cristae trabeculares. There is no parasphenoid rostrum. The sella turcica is smooth, but it is covered dorsally by a short (  Ab. kitaibelii ,  Chalcides chalcides ,  Chalcides striatus and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus ; Figs 31I, 32D, 33D) or well-developed (  Chalcides ocellatus and  Tr. aurata ; Figs 32I, 37P) dorsum sellae. In  Chalcides bedriagai the dorsum sellae is not developed. Vertical and laminar supravenous processes are present, as in lacertids. In scincids, they are well developed, but those of  Ab. kitaibelii are very narrow (Fig. 31G). The crista prootica seems to merge into them and the anterior openings of the abducens foramina are located on their medial surfaces, together with the posterodorsal end of the cristae trabeculares. The groove for the lateral head vein is shallow and moderately wide. The ridge marking its ventral margin is poorly recognizable in  Chalcides chalcides (except for the largest specimen, MDHC 398, in which this feature is more similar to  Chalcides ocellatus ),  Chalcides striatus and  Tr. aurata , whereas in  Chalcides ocellatus it is slightly more developed and extends slightly beyond the posterior margin of the process.  Ablepharus kitaibelii and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus have no clear sign of such a ridge. A shallow sunken area is visible in the middle of the ventral surface of the bone in  Chalcides chalcides ,  Chalcides ocellatus and  Tr. aurata (Fig. 32E, J). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2755A0DFF1FF8EB257AAB4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2755A02FC87F9C02363AA0D.text	9C298799D2755A02FC87F9C02363AA0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Figs 34, 37R, S) </p>
            <p> The basipterygoid processes are axe-shaped and short in the sphenoid of anguids. Their proximal half is strongly enlarged, almost reaching the width of the distal end. The latter is expanded, almost flattened and almost horizontal in anterior view, whereas it is slightly convex in dorsal view. Very long cristae ventrolaterales are present on the posterolateral corners of the bone. The trabeculae are well developed and robust, projecting beyond the anterior margin of the bone; the midline contact between them is a very variable feature both in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis and  Pseudopus apodus . The cristae trabeculares are also well developed. A well-developed rostrum develops between the trabeculae. The sella turcica is very wide and smooth; it is covered by a well-developed dorsum sellae. The ventral surface of the sphenoid is rather flattened, with only a slightly sunken area in the middle. In European anguids, the Vidian canals continue posteriorly and their posterior opening is located on the prootics. However, the lateral wall of this posterior portion of the canals is still composed of the sphenoid, because they are covered by the cristae ventrolaterales. A laminar supravenous process similar to the one of lacertids and scincids develops anteriorly from each alar process of the crista sellaris. As in the latter families, it is not clear if this process can be considered homologous with that of gekkotans, but the merging of the crista prootica into them seems to suggest so. These processes are narrower and more rounded anteriorly in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 34B), whereas they are larger and more squared in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 34G). A wide and moderately deep groove for the lateral head vein is visible ventrally to them, being marked ventrally by a low ridge located on the dorsal surface of the proximal end of the basipterygoid processes. Sometimes, the anterior part of this ridge can form a dorsally directed expansion that comes close to the related supravenous process. </p>
            <p>SUPRAOCCIPITAL</p>
            <p>The unpaired supraoccipital (Fig. 38) includes the epiotic of Jollie (1960). This bone is elongated transversely and posteriorly inclined. It can be separated into three portions: a thin medial portion and two wide lateral portions. The latter form the roof of each cavum capsularis. Posteriorly the supraoccipital represents the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum. Anteriorly, it can carry an anterodorsally developed processus ascendens or other different structures. The anterior margin of the bone hosts the dorsal portions of the anterior semicircular canals. The dorsal portions of the posterior semicircular canals run from the posterolateral corners to the middle of the dorsal surface of the bone. Anterior and posterior canals merge in the common crus, which in turn opens to the cavum capsularis. The endolymphatic foramina are present near the contact with the prootic, on the medial surface of each lateral portion of the supraoccipital. This foramina opens posterodorsally and are moderately wide. The supraoccipital is fused with the prootics and the otooccipitals.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2755A02FC87F9C02363AA0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D27A5A02FC95FF3F25B7AF1B.text	9C298799D27A5A02FC95FF3F25B7AF1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Fig. 38A) </p>
            <p> Laudakia stellio has a large supraoccipital, provided with a short and subcylindrical processus ascendens. In dorsal view, both the posterior portion of the latter and the semicircular canals are poorly distinguishable. The dorsal surface of the bone is otherwise smooth. The anterior margin carries two laminar, moderately developed and anteriorly directed expansions, located on both sides of the processus ascendens. In ventral view, a narrow notch separates each ventral opening of the anterior semicircular canals from the cavum capsularis: this is the dorsal portion of the sphenoccipital foramen (Fig. 39). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D27A5A02FC95FF3F25B7AF1B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D27A5A02FC95FD77228EA952.text	9C298799D27A5A02FC95FD77228EA952.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Fig. 38B, C) </p>
            <p> The supraoccipital is the largest bone of the braincase of  Chamaeleo chamaeleon . In the middle of the dorsal surface of the bone, there is the very well-developed processus ascendens, developed in anterodorsal direction and strongly expanded dorsally to form a tall median crest (Fig. 38B). The dorsal expansion of the processus contacts the parietal crest of the parietal. On both sides of the processus ascendens, two well-developed and anteriorly projecting cylindrical processes are present. The common crus is absent and the semicircular canals enter directly the cavum capsularis. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D27A5A02FC95FD77228EA952	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D27A5A02FC95FB9D25E9AB3E.text	9C298799D27A5A02FC95FB9D25E9AB3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Figs 30, 31A–D, 38D) </p>
            <p> In lacertids, the supraoccipital bears a cylindrical and stocky processus ascendens, which continues posteriorly on the dorsal surface of the bone with a low supraoccipital crest (sometimes sharper in adults of large species). The degree of ossification of the processus varies with growth and within species: in juveniles and small-sized species it is ossified only by its base, whereas in adults and larger species the ossification is more developed. Two lateral crests are present at the sides of the processus, running along the anterior margin of the bone and merging in the short marginal processes by the contact with the prootics. In most species, the anterolateral margins are convergent in dorsal view, giving a hexagonal shape to the bone (Figs 30I, 31D, 38D), but in  Ac. erythrurus they are roughly parallel (Fig. 30D). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D27A5A02FC95FB9D25E9AB3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D27A5A03FC95F950255FA887.text	9C298799D27A5A03FC95F950255FA887.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Figs 31F–I, 32, 33, 38E) </p>
            <p> A cylindrical processus ascendens is present also in  Chalcides and its degree of development recalls the same interspecific differences present in lacertids. The processus of  Chalcides ocellatus is stocky, moderately ossified and continues posteriorly with a well-developed supraoccipital crest (Fig. 32F–I), whereas  Chalcides chalcides and  Chalcides striatus have a short and more slender processus that does not produce a crest posteriorly (Fig. 32A–D). Because of this and of the low development of the semicircular canals, the dorsal surface of the bone is smooth in the latter species.  Ablepharus kitaibelii ,  Ophiomorus punctatissimus and  Tr. aurata have a dorsoventrally compressed processus (Figs 31F–I, 33A–D, 38E), which is short in  Ab. kitaibelii and longer in the two other species. A distinct supraoccipital crest is lacking in these species too. Two small and pointed processes are present at the sides of the processus ascendens in  Chalcides chalcides (Fig. 32A–D). These processes are not recognizable in  Chalcides ocellatus and  Chalcides striatus , but the more expanded processus ascendens of the former could suggest that they are fused with it (Fig. 32F–I). The processus of  Tr. aurata is flanked by two well-developed ridges, running along the anterior margin of the supraoccipital (Fig. 38E). Similar but less-developed ridges are visible in  Chalcides striatus . Small marginal processes are recognizable by the anterior end of the contact with the prootics in  Chalcides and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D27A5A03FC95F950255FA887	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D27B5A01FC87FA012322AF25.text	9C298799D27B5A01FC87FA012322AF25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Fig. 34) </p>
            <p>The supraoccipital of anguids has a well-developed, cylindrical and slightly dorsoventrally compressed processus ascendens, whose degree of ossification increases with growth. A low supraoccipital crest is present, but less developed in juveniles. The rest of the dorsal surface of the bone is smooth because of the poor development of the semicircular canals. Lateral crests similar to those present in lacertids run along the anterior margin of the supraoccipital in anguids too, flanking the processus ascendens. These crests are well developed in adults (sometimes reaching the distal end of the processus), but lower in juveniles. A distinct, roughly V-shaped and rounded notch is clearly visible in the middle of the posterior margin in dorsal view.</p>
            <p>PROOTIC</p>
            <p>The paired prootic (Fig. 40) includes a posterior process (posteriorly), an alar process (anterodorsally) and an anterior inferior process (ventrally). The horizontal semicircular canal and, anterodorsally to the latter, the anterior semicircular canal occupy the posterior process. Posteriorly, this process develops a projection that extends to cover the anterior surface of the paroccipital process of the otooccipital. The alar process extends from the anterodorsal end of the anterior semicircular canal, bearing the articulation surface with the epipterygoid on its anterior margin, which is named crista alaris. The anterior inferior process displays the incisura prootica, the facial foramen and the laminar crista prootica. The incisura prootica is broad and located medioventrally to the alar process. The facial foramen opens both to the lateral and medial surfaces, and ventrally to the horizontal semicircular canal and the crista prootica. The crista prootica runs anteroventrally, starting from the ventral end of the anterior semicircular canal. It continues also on the posterior process, curving posteriorly and becoming a ridge that runs ventrally to the horizontal semicircular canal. The posterior portion of the recessus vena jugularis runs ventrally to the crista prootica. Two other large foramina are visible medially, opening in a concave acoustic recess. These foramina are the smaller anterior acoustic foramen and the very large posterior acoustic foramen. The former is located dorsally to the facial foramen and opens in the ampullary recess, whereas the latter is placed slightly posteriorly and opens internally between the cochlear cavity and the cavum capsularis. These two foramina carry the branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve. The prootic encloses the anterior portion of the inner ear. Its inner structures include the anterior portions of the cavum capsularis dorsally, that of the cochlear cavity ventrally and the cochlear crest between them. The opening of the anterior semicircular canal flanks dorsally the cavum capsularis, whereas laterally to the latter there is the opening of the horizontal semicircular canal. The opening of the ampullary recess is visible at the medioventral corner of the cavum. The dorsal-half of the anterior wall of the cochlear cavity houses the wide groove for the perilymphatic duct. The prootic fuses with the sphenoid anteroventrally, the basioccipital posteroventrally, the supraoccipital posterodorsally and the otooccipital posteriorly.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D27B5A01FC87FA012322AF25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2795A01FF1FFD5823B8A82B.text	9C298799D2795A01FF1FFD5823B8A82B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Fig. 40A–C) </p>
            <p> In  Laudakia stellio , the prootic has a very long and strong paroccipital projection, whereas the alar process is absent. The incisura prootica is very wide, whereas the recessus vena jugularis is not distinguishable. The facial foramen is also wide. The crista prootica is a strong lamina that becomes very much developed in its posterior portion (Fig. 40A). Both the length of the paroccipital projection and the development of the crista prootica are linked to ontogeny, with juveniles having shorter projections and less-developed cristae. By the meeting point of the crista and the anterior semicircular canal, a low and arched ridge runs from the former to the dorsal surface of the latter in adults. On the medial surface, a variably developed, thin and pointed superior trabecular process extends forward from the anterior margin of the swelling representing the cavum capsularis (Fig. 40B). The groove for the perilymphatic duct is very shallow. Similarly to the supraoccipital, a narrow notch marking the ventral portion of the sphenoccipital foramen is present between the opening of the anterior semicircular canal and the cavum capsularis (Figs 39, 40B–C). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2795A01FF1FFD5823B8A82B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2795A01FF1FFA6023EFAB81.text	9C298799D2795A01FF1FFA6023EFAB81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Fig. 40D–E) </p>
            <p> Prootics of  Chamaeleo chamaeleon lack an alar process. The paroccipital projection is moderately long. The incisura prootica and the recessus vena jugularis are not clearly distinguishable and the facial foramen is small. Only the (low) posterior portion of the crista prootica is present (Fig. 40D). The inner structures are poorly ossified and, therefore, they are not closed medially (Fig. 40E). There is no distinct groove for the perilymphatic duct and the cochlear crest is very poorly defined. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2795A01FF1FFA6023EFAB81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2795A01FF1FF8F425DAAEB7.text	9C298799D2795A01FF1FF8F425DAAEB7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Figs 30, 31A–E, 40F–I) </p>
            <p> In the prootic of lacertids, the paroccipital projection of the posterior process can be short (  Al. fitzingeri ,  Al. marchi ,  Al. moreoticus ,  Ar. bedriagae ,  I. cyreni ,  I. horvathi ,  I. monticola cantabrica ,  Ophisops elegans ,  Po. bocagei ,  Po. carbonelli ,  Po. filfolensis ,  Po. hispanicus ,  Po. lilfordi ,  Po. melisellensis ,  Po. milensis ,  Po. muralis ,  Po. tauricus ,  Po. tiliguerta ,  Ps. hispanicus and  Z. vivipara ; Figs 31B, 40F) or long (  Ac. erythrurus ,  Al. nigropunctatus ,  Da. oxycephala ,  Di. mosorensis ,  E. arguta ,  H. graeca ,  I. bonnali ,  I. monticola monticola ,  Lacerta ,  Po. siculus ,  Po. waglerianus ,  Psammodromus algirus and  Ti. lepidus ; Figs 30B, G, 40H). The alar process is wide, wing-like and anteriorly rounded. It is moderately short in  Ac. erythrurus ,  Al. fitzingeri ,  Al. marchi ,  Al. moreoticus ,  Di. mosorensis ,  I. horvathi and  Ophisops elegans (Fig. 30B) and longer in other species (Figs 30G, 31B, 40F, H). The length of both the projection and the alar process are linked to the ontogeny, being always shorter in juveniles. The incisura prootica is deep and the facial foramen is moderately or very wide. The crista prootica is well developed and continues on the sphenoid. In  Ac. erythrurus ,  Al. fitzingeri ,  Al. marchi ,  Al. nigropunctatus ,  Lacerta agilis ,  Po. filfolensis ,  Po. muralis ,  Po. siculus ,  Po. tiliguerta and  Po. waglerianus , it has no posterior portion (Fig. 30B), whereas a low one is present in other species. Usually, neither a clearly distinguishable recessus vena jugularis nor an entocarotid fossa are recognizable. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2795A01FF1FF8F425DAAEB7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2795A06FC87FBD420F2ADB6.text	9C298799D2795A06FC87FBD420F2ADB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Figs 31F–J, 32, 33, 40J–K) </p>
            <p> The prootics of scincids have a short paroccipital projection and an anteriorly rounded alar process that is very short in  Ab. kitaibelii (Fig. 31G), moderately short in  Chalcides bedriagai ,  Chalcides chalcides ,  Chalcides striatus and  Tr. aurata (Figs 32B, 40J), and long in  Chalcides ocellatus and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Figs 32G, 33B). The incisura prootica is deep (very deep in  Chalcides ocellatus ; Fig. 32G) and moderately wide (even wider in  Ab. kitaibelii ; Fig. 31G). The facial foramen is also moderately wide, except for the one of  Ab. kitaibelii . In  Chalcides and  Tr. aurata , the margins of this foramen are raised compared to the external surface of the bone. The foramen is located at the posterodorsal end of a shallow and very wide posterior portion of the recessus vena jugularis. The crista prootica is poorly developed (sometimes even absent) in  Ab. kitaibelii and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Figs 31G, 33B), and well developed in the other species (Fig. 32B, G). In  Chalcides and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus , it does not continue on the entire posterior process of the prootic: that of  Chalcides bedriagai ,  Chalcides chalcides ,  Chalcides striatus and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus ends by the facial foramen, whereas the one of  Chalcides ocellatus extends only slightly beyond it. By the anterior end of the contact with the supraoccipital, a small marginal process is present in all species of  Chalcides and in  Ophiomorus punctatissimus . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2795A06FC87FBD420F2ADB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D27E5A06FC95FE572508AE14.text	9C298799D27E5A06FC95FE572508AE14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Fig. 41A–D) </p>
            <p> Each otooccipital of  Laudakia stellio composes less than a third of the occipital condyle. Two moderately wide hypoglossal foramina are present. The paroccipital process is long and well developed, and a laminar ridge is present on the proximal half of its ventral surface (Fig. 41A, D). Other lower ridges are visible on the anterior and dorsal surfaces, running along the entire process and lowering distally. A medium-sized foramen for the posterior portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve is visible in anterior view, between the opening of the ampullary recess and the perilymphatic foramen (Fig. 41A). It opens posteriorly on the ventromedial wall of the cavum capsularis. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D27E5A06FC95FE572508AE14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D27E5A06FF2DFEC82571AC3B.text	9C298799D27E5A06FF2DFEC82571AC3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Figs 34, 40L, M) </p>
            <p> In anguids, the alar process is long and wide with a rounded anterior end. The paroccipital projection is moderately long. The incisura prootica is U-shaped, very deep and wide, and the facial foramen, which opens laterally in a shallow entocarotid fossa, is also wide. The crista prootica is low (  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis ; Fig. 34B) or moderately developed (  Pseudopus apodus ; Fig. 34G) and moderately robust; it can also be slightly irregular. The anteriormost and posteriormost portions of the crista are almost unrecognizable. The posterior opening of the Vidian canal opens on the ventral surface of the anterior inferior process of the prootic, ventrally to the facial foramen or slightly anteriorly. Only a reduced portion of the recessus vena jugularis is, therefore, visible posterior to it. In disarticulated specimens, the canal appears as a groove, since its lateral wall is composed by the crista ventrolateralis of the sphenoid. </p>
            <p>OTOOCCIPITAL</p>
            <p>The otooccipital (Fig. 41) is a paired bone made up by the complete fusion of exoccipital and opisthotic, which are not recognizable as separate elements. Each otooccipital takes part in composing the occipital condyle. The posterior semicircular canal is visible on the posterior surface of the bone, running vertically and continuing dorsally on the supraoccipital. Few foramina are located between the ventral end of the posterior semicircular canal and the occipital condyle. The vagus foramen is the largest and most dorsally located of these foramina. The other ones are the hypoglossal foramina, whose number is highly variable. On the lateral side of the otooccipital is the well-developed paroccipital process that is roughly rectangular in posterior view. The posterior portion of the horizontal semicircular canal is visible by the base of this process. The crista interfenestralis marks the dorsal margin of the lateral opening of the recessus scalae tympani, running anteroventrally from the paroccipital process on the lateral surface of the otooccipital. The posterior portion of the inner ear is enclosed by this bone. It houses the posterior walls of the cavum capsularis and of the cochlear cavity, located dorsally and ventrally, respectively. There are no ridges or grooves separating the two cavities, but the openings of the ampullary recess ventrally and of the utricular recess dorsally are visible inside the cavum capsularis. The openings of the horizontal semicircular canal and the posterior semicircular canal are present laterally and dorsally to the cavum, respectively. Inside the cochlear cavity is the perilymphatic foramen, opening in the recessus scalae tympani. The otooccipital contacts the basioccipital ventrally, the prootic anteriorly and the supraoccipital dorsally, fusing with them.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D27E5A06FF2DFEC82571AC3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D27E5A06FC95FC6125D0AB6F.text	9C298799D27E5A06FC95FC6125D0AB6F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Fig. 41E–H) </p>
            <p> In  Chamaeleo chamaeleon , the portion of the occipital condyle composed of each otooccipital corresponds to almost its half (Figs 35, 41G–H).A large vagus foramen and, medially to it, a small hypoglossal foramen are present between the posterior semicircular canal and the condyle (Fig. 41F). Another foramen is present between the vagus foramen and the contact with the sphenooccipital tubercles of the basioccipital. This latter foramen is small and completely encircled by the otooccipital and it is the only remnant of the lateral opening of the recessus scalae tympani (Fig. 41F). The paroccipital process (Fig. 41H) is straight, subrectangular in shape in posterior view and moderately thin in dorsal view. Low ridges are present along the dorsal-half and near the ventral margin of its anterior surface. The inner structures are more ossified in the otooccipitals than in the prootics (Fig. 41E). Because of the reduction of the recessus scalae tympani, the perilymphatic foramen opens on the medial surface of the bone. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D27E5A06FC95FC6125D0AB6F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D27E5A07FC95F9A3204AA8C4.text	9C298799D27E5A07FC95F9A3204AA8C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Figs 30, 31A–E, 41I, J) </p>
            <p> As in gekkotans (Villa et al., 2018a), the otooccipital of lacertids composes a third of the occipital condyle and the number of hypoglossal foramina is variable (see the Supporting Information 3). The paroccipital process is short in juveniles, but well developed in adults of all species, except for  Al. fitzingeri ,  Al. marchi ,  Al. moreoticus ,  I. cyreni ,  I. monticola cantabrica ,  Ophisops elegans ,  Po. bocagei ,  Po. carbonelli ,  Po. filfolensis ,  Po. hispanicus ,  Po. melisellensis ,  Po. muralis ,  Po. tauricus ,  Po. tiliguerta ,  Po. waglerianus ,  Ps. hispanicus and  Z. vivipara , in which it remains rather short (Figs 31A– E, 41I). The process is slightly dorsoventrally enlarged by its distal end. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D27E5A07FC95F9A3204AA8C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D27F5A07FF1FFA3A22D6A85F.text	9C298799D27F5A07FF1FFA3A22D6A85F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Figs 31F–J, 32, 33, 41K, L) </p>
            <p> In scincids, the participation of the otooccipital in the formation of the condyle is the same as in gekkotans and lacertids. Hypoglossal foramina are usually two, but there can also be three or four. The paroccipital process is very short (  Ab. kitaibelii and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus ; Figs 31F–J, 33), short (  Chalcides chalcides ,  Chalcides striatus and  Tr. aurata ; Figs 32A–E, 41K) or moderately long (  Chalcides ocellatus ; Fig. 32F–J), and roughly axe-shaped in posterior view. A low (  Ab. kitaibelii and  Chalcides ) or moderately developed (  Ophiomorus punctatissimus and  Tr. aurata ) ridge runs along its ventral margin on the anterior surface. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D27F5A07FF1FFA3A22D6A85F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D27F5A04FC87FAB223EBACDC.text	9C298799D27F5A04FC87FAB223EBACDC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Figs 34, 41M, N) </p>
            <p> Each otooccipital of anguids composes less than one-third of the occipital condyle. Two hypoglossal foramina are usually present, but rarely there is a third. In  Pseudopus apodus , the external opening of one of the foramina is merged with that of the vagus foramen, but they are still recognizable as different foramina because of the presence of a septum between them. The paroccipital process is subrectangular, with only a weak widening by the distal end. It is moderately short in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 34A–E, 41O) and long in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 34F–J). Both the anterior and the posterior surfaces of the process are smooth. Ventrally, the otooccipital develops a projection that posteriorly encloses the lateral opening of the recessus scalae tympani, even if the basioccipital is not completely excluded from its formation. </p>
            <p>STAPES</p>
            <p>The paired stapes (Fig. 42) is a small bone composed of a slender shaft and an enlarged medial footplate.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D27F5A04FC87FAB223EBACDC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D27C5A04FF2DFE3123EDAF67.text	9C298799D27C5A04FF2DFE3123EDAF67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae</p>
            <p> Laudakia stellio has short stapes provided with an elliptical footplate. There is no stapedial foramen. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D27C5A04FF2DFE3123EDAF67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D27C5A7AFC95F9292350AE6D.text	9C298799D27C5A7AFC95F9292350AE6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Fig. 43A, B) </p>
            <p> The dentary of  Laudakia stellio is stocky and its mandibular symphysis is large and subcircular or subelliptical in medial view (Fig. 43A). The Meckelian fossa is narrow, but widens slightly in its posterior-half (Fig. 43A). The subdental table develops a short subdental shelf that is high in medial view. The shelf displays a low ventral expansion in its posterior portion (Fig. 43A). A low subdental ridge is present, marking a shallow sulcus dentalis. The posterior end of the intramandibular septum is located roughly by the middle of the tooth row (by the 13 th /14 th tooth position in adults and between the seventh and eight tooth positions in juveniles). Two different tooth morphologies are present: the two anteriormost teeth are large, subpleurodont, stocky, conical and monocuspid, whereas posteriorly teeth are acrodont and triangular. The latter are closely spaced and can have small accessory cusps located anteriorly and posteriorly to the main one; their base is slightly extended towards the medial surface of the alveolar shelf. Anteriormost acrodont teeth are small, but their size tends to increase posteriorly. The largest acrodont teeth are located in the second-third of the tooth row, because the posteriormost ones are slightly smaller. In juveniles, the two subpleurodont teeth are smaller, whereas all acrodont ones are large (although an increasing trend is still recognizable towards the posterior end of the bone). Posterior processes are well developed, wide and moderately robust. They are roughly pointed and similar in both width and length. The dorsal one can be shorter than the ventral one in juveniles (Smith et al., 2016). In medial and lateral views, only a small U-shaped notch separates the posterior processes. In posterior view, a recess similar to the one present in  Chamaeleo chamaeleon (see below) is present (Fig. 43B), but it is narrow in  Laudakia stellio . The ventral margin of the dentary is slightly convex in medial view and slightly expanded in the medial direction. On the lateral surface of larger individuals, moderately deep and ventrally directed interdental grooves separate each tooth from the adjacent ones (Fig. 43B). The maximum length of the alveolar shelf ranges from 5.7 mm to 17.5 mm and the number of tooth positions varies from ten to 19 (including the two subpleurodont ones). The number of mental foramina ranges from four to eight. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D27C5A7AFC95F9292350AE6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D27C5A04FF2DFBC52544ABD5.text	9C298799D27C5A04FF2DFBC52544ABD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Fig. 42D) </p>
            <p>In anguids, the stapes has a short shaft with no stapedial foramen, and a large and elliptical footplate.</p>
            <p>DENTARY</p>
            <p>The dentary (Fig. 43) is a long, paired bone. It is straight in both dorsal and medial views, but the anterior end bends moderately in the medial direction. The mandibular symphysis covers the medial surface of the anterior end. The Meckelian fossa stands out on the medial surface of the bone, housing the anterior portion of the Meckel’s cartilage. Dorsally to the fossa, there is an alveolar shelf [parapet in Rage &amp; Augé (2010)] supporting the teeth. The bony structures separating the Meckelian fossa from the alveolar shelf were differently named by different authors in the past [including the authors of the present paper; see, for example: Villa et al. (2018a, b)], generating a certain degree of ambiguity on how to correctly define some terms. We herein follow the terminology proposed by Rage &amp; Augé (2010), updating it with a single addition (the subdental ridge; see below). We choose this terminology because it gives clear definitions of the terms used. Teeth are supported ventrally by a subdental table. This table more or less extends medially to form a subdental shelf that is not covered dorsally by the tooth bases. Dorsally, the subdental shelf can have a subdental ridge, which marks the medial margin of the sulcus dentalis. The alveolar canal is present between the Meckelian fossa and the subdental table, housing the inferior alveolar nerve. This canal is visible only as a foramen opening in the posterior direction, since the intramandibular septum closes it medioventrally. The inferior posterior process and the superior posterior process develop at the posterior end of the dentary. They are laminar and posteriorly directed. The lateral surface of the dentary is smooth in extant European lizards, except for a variable number of anteroposteriorly aligned mental foramina.</p>
            <p> Before describing the dentaries of the different lizard groups herein considered, we briefly revise the descriptions of the groups treated by Villa et al. (2018a, b), using a terminology different to those of Rage &amp; Augé (2010). In gekkotans, the subdental table strongly develops medially to form a subdental shelf that is extensively expanded ventrally and contributes to the enclosure of the Meckelian fossa. Dorsally, a distinct subdental ridge and the related sulcus dentalis are visible. In  Blanus , the subdental shelf is rather high in medial view, but not strongly extended in the medial direction. Posteriorly, the subdental shelf displays a wide V-shaped notch in medial view. A low subdental ridge and a shallow sulcus dentalis are present dorsally. The reader is still referred to the original papers for the rest of the description of the dentary in these two groups. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D27C5A04FF2DFBC52544ABD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D27C5A04FF2DFD9B2023AF93.text	9C298799D27C5A04FF2DFD9B2023AF93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Fig. 42A) </p>
            <p> The stapes of  Chamaeleo chamaeleon has a subelliptical footplate, no stapedial foramen and a narrow, pointed distal end. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D27C5A04FF2DFD9B2023AF93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D27C5A04FF2DFCEF232EAE3E.text	9C298799D27C5A04FF2DFCEF232EAE3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Fig. 42B) </p>
            <p>The footplate of the stapes of lacertids is subcircular. No stapedial foramen is present.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D27C5A04FF2DFCEF232EAE3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D27C5A04FF2DFC50204CA948.text	9C298799D27C5A04FF2DFC50204CA948.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Fig. 42C) </p>
            <p>The stapes of scincids has an elliptical footplate and no stapedial foramen.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D27C5A04FF2DFC50204CA948	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2025A7AFF2DFCA023C8AB9B.text	9C298799D2025A7AFF2DFCA023C8AB9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Fig. 43C, D) </p>
            <p> In  Chamaeleo chamaeleon , the dentary is stocky and presents a moderately wide mandibular symphysis (Fig. 43C), which is almost vertical (it has only a low inclination of less than 25° in anteroposterior direction). The Meckelian fossa and the subdental table are similar to the ones of  Laudakia stellio , but the anterior-half of the former opens in the ventral direction (Fig. 43C). The posterior end of the intramandibular septum is visible in the second-half of the tooth row, between the 14 th and the last tooth position (Fig. 43C). Teeth are acrodont and are morphologically similar to the acrodont ones of  Laudakia stellio . However, they differ from them in being well spaced and carried on the dorsal margin of the bone (not expanding on the medial surface). In articulated specimens, they clearly continue posteriorly to the anterior margin of the coronoid. Inferior and superior processes are pointed and have roughly the same width, even though the inferior one can be either as long as, or longer than, the other one. In posterior view, a large recess, deeply developed inside the dentary, is visible between the posterior processes (Fig. 43C). As in  Laudakia stellio , the ventral margin of the bone is slightly convex in medial view and slightly expanded in the medial direction. Interdental grooves are present on the lateral surface (Fig. 43D). The maximum length of the alveolar shelf varies from 15 mm to 18 mm, whereas the number of tooth positions ranges from 17 to 21. The number of mental foramina can be three, four or five. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2025A7AFF2DFCA023C8AB9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2025A7AFF2DF8F725C9AB71.text	9C298799D2025A7AFF2DF8F725C9AB71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Fig. 43E–H) </p>
            <p> Lacertids have a narrow and almost horizontal mandibular symphysis. The Meckelian fossa is wide, but narrows towards the anterior end of the bone. In lacertids, the subdental shelf protrudes more medially than in  Laudakia stellio and  Chamaeleo chamaeleon . It is rather narrow in medial view and can display a very little ventral expansion towards its anterior end. The subdental ridge and the sulcus dentalis are well distinct. Teeth are slender, cylindrical, pleurodont, mono- and bicuspid [morphotype B and G sensu Kosma (2004), respectively]. As in the maxillae, there can be also tricuspid teeth [morphotype H sensu Kosma (2004)], mostly in large-sized species.A distinct increase in the robustness of the teeth is visible in the posterior part of the tooth row of  Algyroides ,  Ar. bedriagae ,  Da. oxycephala ,  Di. mosorensis ,  E. arguta ,  H. graeca ,  I. monticola ,  Lacerta ,  Po. filfolensis ,  Po. hispanicus ,  Po. lilfordi ,  Po. melisellensis ,  Po. milensis ,  Po. muralis ,  Po. pityusensis ,  Po. tauricus ,  Po. waglerianus ,  Ti. lepidus ,  Z. vivipara and some specimens of  Po. siculus . Size and proportions of the pointed posterior processes vary within species: they are similar in length in  Ac. erythrurus ,  E. arguta ,  Lacerta viridis ,  Ti. lepidus , and in adults of  I. bonnali ,  Lacerta agilis ,  Lacerta schreiberi ,  Lacerta trilineata ,  Po. bocagei ,  Po. carbonelli ,  Po. hispanicus ,  Po. muralis and  Psammodromus algirus , whereas the inferior one is longer than the superior one in  Algyroides ,  Ar. bedriagae ,  Da. oxycephala ,  Di. mosorensis ,  H. graeca ,  I. cyreni ,  I. horvathi ,  I. monticola ,  Ophisops elegans ,  Po. filfolensis ,  Po. melisellensis ,  Po. milensis ,  Po. pityusensis ,  Po. siculus ,  Po. tauricus ,  Po. tiliguerta ,  Po. waglerianus ,  Ps. hispanicus ,  Z. vivipara (Fig. 43G, H) and in juveniles of  I. bonnali ,  Lacerta agilis ,  Lacerta schreiberi ,  Po. bocagei ,  Po. carbonelli ,  Po. hispanicus ,  Po. muralis and  Psammodromus algirus . According to Barahona (1996) and Barahona &amp; Barbadillo (1997), the superior process always is the longest one in  Lacerta bilineata [=  Lacerta viridis in Barahona (1996)]. However, in all the herein-studied specimens of this species, the degree of development of the posterior processes follows the standard pattern of other  Lacerta species (i.e. equally long in adults, but inferior one longer in juveniles and subadults; Fig. 43E, F). The ventral margin is distinctly convex in medial view. Measurements and number of tooth positions and mental foramina, and the position of the posterior end of the intramandibular septum, are given in the Supporting Information 3. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2025A7AFF2DF8F725C9AB71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2025A7BFC95F98820E4AB12.text	9C298799D2025A7BFC95F98820E4AB12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Fig. 43I–P) </p>
            <p> The mandibular symphysis is narrow and almost horizontal in the dentaries of European scincids too. The Meckelian fossa is wide in its posterior-half and very narrow in the anterior one. Moreover, the anterior-half of the fossa opens in the ventral direction, because a ventral expansion of the subdental shelf covers it medially. The remaining portion of the shelf is narrow, like in lacertids. Caputo (2004) stated that some specimens of  Chalcides ocellatus can have a partly closed fossa, probably because of a strong ventral development of the subdental shelf. This happens also in  Tr. aurata (e.g. MDHC 280; Fig. 43O).  Ablepharus kitaibelii has an almost entirely closed Meckelian fossa, which opens only at the anterior and posterior ends of the tooth row with narrow notches (Fig. 43I). European scincids display well-distinct subdental ridge and sulcus dentalis, like in lacertids. As in other tooth-bearing bones of this family, teeth are morphologically similar to those of gekkotans [see above and Villa et al. (2018a)], except for a slightly posteriorly curved crown provided with a light striation on the lingual surface. Exceptions are  Chalcides ocellatus , whose teeth are robust and provided with a blunt and enlarged crown (Fig. 43K, L), and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus , in which teeth are increasingly more robust towards the posterior end of the tooth row (but the last tooth position is smaller than the preceding ones; Fig. 43M, N). The morphology of the posterior processes is usually similar to the one presented by gekkotans (i.e. inferior process long and pointed, superior process smaller and composed of two pointed projections; Villa et al., 2018a), but the notch separating the projections of the superior one is shallow and roughly U-shaped. Moreover, the largest projection of the superior process is usually the dorsal one, whereas the ventral one is small. In  Ab. kitaibelii , the latter is not recognizable and a rounded expansion can be present on the dorsal margin of the inferior posterior process (Fig. 43I, J).  Ophiomorus punctatissimus displays three posterior processes at its posterior end, because a central posterior process is located between the dorsal and the ventral ones (Fig. 43M, N). The superior posterior process of  Ophiomorus punctatissimus differs from that of other European scincids, because it is distinctly directed posterodorsally and not composed by separated projections (Fig. 43M, N). In the same species, the three processes can be either roughly similar in size (e.g. in MDHC 427) or the central one can be smaller than the others (e.g. in MCZ 38517). In medial view, the ventral margin of the dentary is straight. Measurements, number of tooth positions and mental foramina, and the position of the posterior end of the intramandibular septum are given in the Supporting Information 4. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2025A7BFC95F98820E4AB12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2035A78FF1FF96C22C2AF41.text	9C298799D2035A78FF1FF96C22C2AF41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Fig. 43Q–T) </p>
            <p> Dentaries of anguids have a narrow and horizontal mandibular symphysis, like lacertids and scincids. In dorsal view,a small, medially developed expansion of the posterior end of the symphysis is recognizable (Fig. 44). The subdental shelf is distinctly developed in the ventral direction and covers the narrow Meckelian fossa almost entirely. Thefore, the fossa opens ventrally and only its wider posterior end is visible in medial view. The subdental ridge is not present and the dorsomedial surface of the shelf is, therefore, smooth. The sulcus dentalis is also absent. Roughly at the beginning of the posterior fourth (  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis ; Fig. 43Q) or third (  Pseudopus apodus ; Fig. 43S) of the tooth row, the subdental shelf presents a posteriorly developed and pointed splenial spine that is moderately long in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis and short in  Pseudopus apodus . The intramandibular septum develops posteriorly with a pointed portion, which reaches the notch between the posterior processes. This portion is free (i.e. unfused to the wall of the fossa) in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 43Q), but fused with the wall of the bone in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 43S). The opening of the alveolar canal is located at the end of the ninth tooth position in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis [near the last tooth position, as stated by Klembara et al. (2014); Fig. 43Q] and between the ninth and the 11 th tooth position in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 43S). Like in the maxilla, teeth are large and subpleurodont, with the maximum size that is reached in the middle of the tooth row in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis and in its third-quarter in  Pseudopus apodus . In the former species, teeth are monocuspid, trenchant, well-spaced, unstriated and distinctly posterolingually bent at their tip (Fig. 43Q, R), whereas the latter species has monocuspid, cylindrical and slightly robust teeth, provided with a pointed and not curved tip, anteriorly and large, cylindrical and stout teeth, provided with a blunt and rounded crown posteriorly (Fig. 43S, T). Moreover, teeth of  Pseudopus apodus are closely spaced and their change in size is gradual. Weak striae are visible both labially and lingually on the crowns of the teeth of  Pseudopus apodus , but not in those of  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis . The inferior posterior process [angular process in Klembara et al. (2014)] is short and pointed, whereas the superior one is long and large (more than twice the former in length). The two posterior projections of the superior process [named, from the dorsal one to the ventral one, coronoid and surangular processes in Klembara et al. (2014)] are separated by a moderately wide and deep U-shaped notch [coronoid incisure in Klembara et al. (2014)]. They are similar in size in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 43Q, R), but the dorsal one is distinctly shorter than the ventral one in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 43S, T). The surangular process of  Pseudopus apodus bears an opening for the anterior surangular foramen (Fig. 43T), since this process covers the surangular opening of this foramen in this species. In medial view, the bone has a rather convex ventral margin, whose posterior end bends distinctly in dorsal direction. The flexure of the posterior end appears to be stronger in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis than in  Pseudopus apodus . The maximum length of the alveolar shelf goes from 3.8 mm to 6.5 mm in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis and from 17 mm to 20 mm in  Pseudopus apodus .  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis has ten or 11 tooth positions [eight or nine in the specimens studied by Edmund (1969)] and three or four mental foramina, whereas in  Pseudopus apodus they range from 12 to 18 and from four to seven, respectively. </p>
            <p>SPLENIAL</p>
            <p>The paired splenial (Fig. 45) is a blade-like bone, pierced by two foramina: the anterior inferior foramen anterodorsally and the anterior mylohyoid foramen posteroventrally.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2035A78FF1FF96C22C2AF41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2005A79FC95FDB3201BAC78.text	9C298799D2005A79FC95FDB3201BAC78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae and  Chamaeleonidae</p>
            <p> According to our observations, the splenial is absent in both  Laudakia stellio and  Chamaeleo chamaeleon , as previously reported for some agamids and chamaeleons in general by other authors (e.g. Jollie, 1960; Evans, 2008). The same authors stated that the condition seen in agamids is variable, including also species in which this bone is either present but reduced or fused to other portions of the lower jaw. Baig et al. (2012) reported a small splenial in  Laudakia s.l. However, the presence of articulated specimens in the herein-studied material (HUJ.OST-Z-5) seems to confirm its absence in the European species (Fig. 46), even though a variable condition could still be considered possible, due to the fact that this bone is easily lost during preparation. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2005A79FC95FDB3201BAC78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2015A7EFC87F8F520B9ABD4.text	9C298799D2015A7EFC87F8F520B9ABD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Fig. 47A, B) </p>
            <p> In  Laudakia stellio , the coronoid is robust and roughly straight in dorsal view. It has a well-developed, stocky and dorsally rounded coronoid process. There is no labial process and the anteromedial one is well developed, laminar and provided with an expanded (not pointed) anterior end. The posterior process is moderately short and pointed. A groove for the articulation with the dorsal margin of the surangular is present on its ventrolateral surface (Fig. 47A). The coronoid and the posterior processes are connected by a low and thin osseous lamina. The posteromedial process is long, thick and straight in medial view. It has a roughly rounded ventral end. On the medial surface of the bone, a very thick coronoid ridge runs from the coronoid process to the ventral end of the posteromedial process (Fig. 47B). The ridge is less developed in juveniles. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2015A7EFC87F8F520B9ABD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2015A79FC87FDBC2448AB98.text	9C298799D2015A79FC87FDBC2448AB98.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Fig. 45O–R) </p>
            <p> In anguids, the splenial is composed of a slender and pointed anterior-half and a wide and laminar posterior-half. The anterior-half is mediolaterally developed, ventrally covering the Meckelian fossa of the dentary. The posterior end of the bone is irregular, with three processes: a wider and posteriorly truncated dorsal process and two longer, slender and pointed ventral ones. Only the small anterior mylohyoid foramen is clearly visible at midlength, whereas a wide notch located on the anterodorsal margin of the bone marks the ventral margin of the anterior inferior foramen, lying between the splenial and the dentary. This notch is usually shallow, but it can be deep in some large specimens of  Pseudopus apodus , because of the presence of a slender and pointed process dorsally (Fig. 45Q, R). The anterior mylohyoid foramen is located ventrally to the posterior margin of the notch of the anterior inferior foramen in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 45Q, R), whereas it is shifted posteriorly in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 45O, P). A medial crest [prearticular crest in Klembara et al. (2014)] runs along the entire length of the bone on its lateral surface, whereas only a hint of the dorsal crest is present on the anterodorsal margin, at the notch of the anterior inferior foramen. The medial surface is smooth. </p>
            <p>CORONOID</p>
            <p>The paired coronoid (Fig. 47) is composed of five processes. The dorsally developed and subtriangular coronoid process stands out in the middle of the bone. Adding to this process, there are the labial process anterolaterally, the anteromedial process anteromedially, the posterior process posteriorly and the posteromedial process posteromedially. The anteromedial process is always larger and longer than the labial process and both are pointed. The morphology of other processes varies among different groups.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2015A79FC87FDBC2448AB98	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2015A79FF1FFE95201DAE15.text	9C298799D2015A79FF1FFE95201DAE15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Fig. 45A–F) </p>
            <p> Lacertids have a large and long splenial, with pointed anterior and posterior ends.  Lacerta agilis ,  Lacerta bilineata ,  Lacerta schreiberi ,  Lacerta viridis and  Ti. lepidus can frequently have a forked anterior end (Fig. 45E, F). This feature can sometimes also be present in  I. cyreni and  Z. vivipara . The foramina are located roughly in the middle of the bone and are close to each other. The anterior inferior foramen is large, whereas the anterior mylohyoid one is small. The medial surface of the bone is smooth and slightly concave. Two ridges are present on the lateral one: the dorsal crest runs along the dorsal margin, whereas the medial crest extends longitudinally in the middle of the surface. The splenial of  Ac. erythrurus is expanded ventrally (Fig. 45A, B). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2015A79FF1FFE95201DAE15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2015A79FF1FFC69255EAF41.text	9C298799D2015A79FF1FFC69255EAF41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Fig. 45G–N) </p>
            <p> The general shape of the splenial of European scincids is similar to that of lacertids, but some differences are present. The two foramina are shifted towards the anterior end of the bone and the anterior inferior one is not closed anteriorly, forming a narrow (wide in  Ophiomorus punctatissimus ; Fig. 45K, L) and very deep notch. The dorsal crest runs ventrally to, and not by, the dorsal margin, whereas the medial one is shifted towards the ventral margin. In  Ophiomorus punctatissimus , the dorsal crest is reduced to a small hint located dorsally to the anterior notch (Fig. 45K). The ventral margin is straighter in medial view than the one of lacertids (which is rather convex) and the posterior portion of the dorsal margin is wavy in  Chalcides (Fig. 45I, J), straight in  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Fig. 45K, L) and convex in  Tr. aurata (Fig. 45M, N). The same margin is concave in lacertids.  Ablepharus kitaibelii has a reduced, thin and blade-like splenial, with pointed anterior and posterior ends (Fig. 45G, H). A deep and wide notch, representing the anterior inferior foramen, is visible on the dorsal margin of its anterior end, whereas the anterior mylohyoid foramen is represented by a small notch located roughly at midlength of the ventral margin. Both the medial and the lateral surfaces of the splenial of  Ab. kitaibelii are smooth. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2015A79FF1FFC69255EAF41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2065A7EFF2DF92925E0AB4F.text	9C298799D2065A7EFF2DF92925E0AB4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Fig. 47C, D) </p>
            <p> Coronoids of  Chamaeleo chamaeleon are robust and straight in dorsal view. The coronoid process is well developed and stocky, provided with a rounded dorsal end. The labial process is absent, whereas the anteromedial one is straight and well developed. The posterior process is well developed, straight and pointed. The posteromedial process is moderately small and triangular. It is connected to the anteromedial process by a moderately developed and thin osseous lamina and to the posterior process by a lower thin lamina that marks the anterior margin of the adductor fossa. A low coronoid ridge runs dorsoventrally on the medial surface of the posteromedial process, starting from the coronoid process (Fig. 47D). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2065A7EFF2DF92925E0AB4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2065A7FFC95F9C323C7AF8A.text	9C298799D2065A7FFC95F9C323C7AF8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Fig. 47E–H) </p>
            <p> If compared with that of gekkotans (Fig. 48A; see also: Villa et al., 2018a), the coronoid is only moderately concave in the medial direction in lacertids (Fig. 48B). The coronoid process is robust and has a rounded dorsal end that is slightly posteriorly directed in  Ac. erythrurus ,  Al. fitzingeri ,  Al. marchi ,  Ophisops elegans and in juveniles of other species (Fig. 47E, F). The anteromedial process is ventrally expanded and the pointed anterior end is represented by a small projection that is more developed in adults of  Al. marchi ,  I. cyreni ,  I. monticola ,  Po. bocagei ,  Po. carbonelli ,  Po. hispanicus ,  Po. muralis and  Z. vivipara than in juveniles and in other species. The posterior process is short and rounded and, therefore, the posterior portion of the coronoid has the shape of a lappet with a wavy posterior margin. A shallow concavity on this latter margin represents the anterior margin of the adductor fossa. Sometimes, the posterior process is slightly more developed and, therefore, the concavity is moderately deeper. The posteromedial process is moderately large, roughly rounded and distinctly ventrally directed. A moderately to well-developed coronoid ridge runs on the medial surface of the latter process, starting from the coronoid process. A second moderately developed ridge connects the posterior surface of the coronoid process with the dorsal surface of the posterior one. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2065A7FFC95F9C323C7AF8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2075A7FFF1FFD0425D4AF64.text	9C298799D2075A7FFF1FFD0425D4AF64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Fig. 47I–N) </p>
            <p> Scincids have a moderately crescent-shaped coronoid (Fig. 48C), provided with an anteromedial process that is morphologically similar to the one of gekkotans (Villa et al., 2018a). However, in contrast with the latter group, this process does not have foramina. The labial process is strongly reduced in  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Fig. 47M). The coronoid process is dorsally rounded. Its thickness is variable, with smaller species (e.g.  Chalcides chalcides ) having a thin process and larger species (e.g.  Chalcides ocellatus ) having a more robust one. The posterior process is usually not distinguishable, but a moderately large, rounded, ventrally directed and lappet-like posteromedial process is present. Only  Ophiomorus punctatissimus Figure 48. Coronoids of  Tarentola mauritanica (Linnaeus, 1758) (MDHC 302) (A),  I. monticola cantabrica (UAM.R.Lm92) (B),  Chalcides ocellatus (MDHC 250) (C) and  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (MDHC 102) (D) in dorsal view, showing the difference in the degree of medial concavity of the bones. Scale bars = 1 mm. </p>
            <p> can display a small posterior process in some specimen (e.g. MCZ 38517). A well-developed coronoid ridge connects the dorsal end of the coronoid process with the ventral end of the posteromedial process, running along the posterior margin of the former and the anterior margin of the latter. In the smallest species (e.g.  Chalcides chalcides ), the ridge is similar to the osseous lamina found in gekkotans (Villa et al., 2018a). In  Chalcides ocellatus , similarly to lacertids, a second, low ridge runs on the posterior surface of the coronoid process, continuing posteriorly on the dorsal portion of the posteromedial process (Fig. 47K, L). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2075A7FFF1FFD0425D4AF64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2075A7CFC87FD9F25DFAF89.text	9C298799D2075A7CFC87FD9F25DFAF89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Fig. 47O–R) </p>
            <p> The coronoid of anguids is straight (but slightly medially concave) in dorsal view (Fig. 48D). The coronoid process is moderately thin (  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis ; Fig. 47O, P) or distinctly robust (  Pseudopus apodus ; Fig. 47Q, R), dorsally rounded and posteriorly directed. In the articulated lower jaw, this process is covered more extensively by the superior posterior process of the dentary in  Pseudopus apodus than it is in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (see: Klembara et al., 2014): the process of the dentary runs up to half the height of the coronoid process in the former taxon, whereas it only covers a short part of it in the latter. The anteromedial process is represented by a horizontal and slender lamina, lacking any foramina and, at least in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis , provided with a pointed and moderately developed projection at its anterior end (Fig. 47O, P). In  Pseudopus apodus , the anterior end of this process defines the anterior inferior foramen, as can be clearly seen in articulated specimens (Klembara et al., 2014). In  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis , the process is excluded from the foramen by the dentary and the splenial (Klembara et al., 2014). The labial process is short in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 47Q), but distinctly longer in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 47O). The posterior process is very short (often lacking in smaller individuals) and is represented only by a small projection on the dorsal margin of the posteromedial process, defining a small and shallow notch on the posterior end of the coronoid. The degree of development of the posterior process is higher in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 47Q, R) than in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 47O, P). The posteromedial process is long, slender and can be lobe-shaped or pointed. In anguids, this process develops more posteriorly than ventromedially. A well-developed and laminar coronoid ridge, similar to the lamina of gekkotans (Villa et al., 2018a), is present between the coronoid and the posteromedial processes. The laminar ridge of  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 47Q, R) is thicker and slightly less developed than the one of  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 47O, P), being also less distinguishable from the coronoid process. </p>
            <p>ANGULAR, SURANGULAR, PREARTICULAR AND ARTICULAR</p>
            <p>These four bones (Figs 49, 50, 51) compose the posterior portion of the mandible, enclosing the posterior portion of the Meckel’s cartilage. They can fuse completely or partially to form a compound bone. The angular is a laminar and elongated bone, composing the ventrolateral wall of this portion of the mandible. The elongate surangular is located dorsally and contributes to the formation of the dorsal and lateral walls of the mandible. At the middle of its length it is expanded and displays a slightly irregular and sunken dorsomedial surface. Another laminar expansion is present near the posterior end. This second expansion is arched and encircles the articular condyle of the articular. Two foramina can be seen in lateral view: the anterior surangular foramen and the posterior surangular foramen. The former is located near the dorsal margin of the bone at the anterior expanded area, whereas the latter is placed near the ventral margin at the posterior expansion.The prearticular and the articular are always fused in a single and straight bone composing the ventral wall of the mandible. This bone has a pointed anterior end and expands dorsally by the second-fourth of its length, forming a projection that contacts the surangular. The posterior end of the bone presents the articular condyle with the quadrate dorsally and the retroarticular process posteriorly. The condyle is wide and subcircular or subquadrangular; the articulation surface is directed posteromedially and bears two slightly sunken areas separated by a low median ridge. The retroarticular process is usually long and wide. It is dorsomedially concave and bears a foramen for the chorda tympani near the anteroventral corner of the medial surface. An angular process can develop in the medial direction ventrally to the condyle. Medially, the broad adductor fossa is present anteriorly to the articular condyle. The fossa is defined by the surangular dorsally and by the prearticular/articular complex ventrally.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2075A7CFC87FD9F25DFAF89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2045A72FC95FCFD23C6A805.text	9C298799D2045A72FC95FCFD23C6A805.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agamidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Agamidae (Figs 49A, B, 50A–D, 51A) </p>
            <p> In  Laudakia stellio , only the prearticular and the articular are fused together, whereas the angular and surangular remain free. The angular (Fig. 49A, B) is slender and elongated, with a strong dorsolateral concavity and pointed anterior and posterior ends. It is straight, but bends slightly in dorsal direction posteriorly. A small foramen is visible in ventral view, at midlength; it continues in a shallow groove on the medial concave surface of the bone, but does not open dorsally. The lateral surface of the angular is smooth, except for a sharp and sigmoid-shaped ridge running along its entire length. The surangular of  Laudakia stellio (Fig. 50A, B) is dorsoventrally enlarged and straight in dorsal view. It is moderately thin in its anterior-half, but gets thicker in the posterior one. In medial view, it has a pointed posterior end and a truncated anterior one, provided with two anteriorly directed and pointed projections (a very short ventral one and a longer dorsal one). On the medial surface, two very low ridges run in the posterior direction from these two projections (Fig. 50A). The dorsal ridge is less developed than the other and marks the ventral margin of the anterior expanded area, whereas the more developed ventral ridge touches the prearticular/ articular complex and marks the dorsal margin of the articulation surface with the angular. The anterior expanded area is less developed than in other lizards and a sharp ridge marks its dorsal margin. The posterior expanded area is short and very poorly arched, but it is moderately thick. The posterior-half of the lateral surface of the bone is smooth, whereas the anterior one is covered by the deep articulation surface with the posterior end of the dentary (Fig. 50B). The imprints of the posterior processes of the latter bone are recognizable by the posterior portion on this articulation surface. Both the anterior and the posterior surangular foramina are shifted towards the middle of the height of the bone. The anterior end of the prearticular/articular complex (Fig. 50C, D) is truncated and the expansion contacting the surangular is reduced. At this expansion, a rounded tubercle is present on the medial surface of the bone (Fig. 50C). The articular condyle is subquadrangular in dorsal view and roughly flat (Fig. 51A). The retroarticular process is long, robust and slightly dorsally curved in the posterior portion. Its dorsomedial concavity is deep and bordered dorsally and ventrally by sharp ridges (of which the ventral one is the well-developed tympanic ridge) and its posterior end is rod-like and truncated. The lateral surface of the process is smooth, but a distinct and sharp ridge-like expansion runs along the ventral margin. A thick, well-developed and thumb-like angular process is present, developing in the anteroventral direction. The lateral surface of the complex is smooth, except for a low ridge marking the ventral margin of the articulation surface with the angular. The adductor fossa is anteroposteriorly elongated and a sharp ridge connects its medioventral margin to the ventral corner of the articular condyle. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2045A72FC95FCFD23C6A805	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D20A5A72FF2DFA78224CAE0F.text	9C298799D20A5A72FF2DFA78224CAE0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamaeleonidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chamaeleonidae (Figs 49C, D, 50E, F) </p>
            <p> Chamaeleo chamaeleon has a stocky compound bone made up of completely fused surangular, prearticular and articular, whereas the angular is unfused. The latter (Fig. 49C, D) has a pointed anterior end and enlarges posteriorly, bending in dorsolateral direction. It is concave in the dorsal direction in its anterior portion, whereas it is straighter in the posterior one. A foramen opens in the anterior direction on the dorsomedial surface of the bone, roughly at midlength. The surangular and prearticular portions of the compound bone are clearly recognizable as distinct branches separated by a notch where the inferior posterior process of the dentary inserts (Fig. 50E, F). Because of the presence of this notch, the latter process contributes to the formation of the lateral wall of the adductor fossa. No expansions are present, neither on the surangular branch nor on the prearticular one. The surangular branch is the shortest one and has a large recess that can be seen in anterior view: this is the posterior continuation of the recess of the dentary. Both the medial and lateral surfaces of this branch are smooth, except for the anterior portion of the latter, which has the articulation surface with both the superior posterior process of the dentary and the posterior process of the coronoid. The anterior surangular foramen is not visible in lateral view. The prearticular branch is twice as long as the surangular one. It is straight and houses the posterior portion of the Meckel’s cartilage in a deep dorsal channel. It also presents a wide groove for the articulation with the angular on the ventrolateral surface. The articular condyle is strongly dorsally concave (Fig. 50E). The retroarticular process is not present, but the medial surface of the bone can have a moderately small tubercle in the position of the angular process (Fig. 50E). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D20A5A72FF2DFA78224CAE0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D20A5A73FC95FC8322E0AE0F.text	9C298799D20A5A73FC95FC8322E0AE0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lacertidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lacertidae (Figs 49E–H, 50G–J, 51B) </p>
            <p> The angular of lacertids (Fig. 49E–H) is unfused and dorsoventrally enlarged. Its anterior end is narrower than the posterior one, which is lobe-shaped (sometimes forked, e.g.  Po. bocagei UAM.R.PB 48 and  Psammodromus algirus UAM.R.Ps 9; Fig. 49E). A moderately developed angular ridge is present on the medial surface, starting roughly in the middle of the ventral margin and running anterodorsally up to the tip of the anterior end. Ventrally to the ridge, the bone is thickened. The posterior alveolar foramen pierces the angular with a dorsomedial to ventrolateral direction (Fig. 49H). The lateral surface is smooth, except for the articulation surface with the dentary, which covers its anterior-half (Fig. 49E, F). The other bones fuse to form a compound bone (Figs 50G–J, 51B) that can be separated in two portions in juveniles. The articular condyle is subquadrangular in dorsal view and rather flattened. A stocky tubercle develops in the medial direction from its anteromedial corner (Fig. 51B). The retroarticular process is straight and subtriangular in medial view, given that it narrows posteriorly. Its posterior end is truncated. A well-developed tympanic ridge is visible on its medial surface, running longitudinally from the posteroventral corner of the articular condyle to the posterior end of the process. This ridge marks the ventral margin of the concave portion of the process, whereas ventrally to it there is a ridge-like ventral expansion. The expansion is well developed in  Ac. erythrurus and  E. arguta , giving a curved ventral margin to the compound bone of these species (Fig. 50G). In other European lacertids, the margin is usually straight in medial view (Fig. 50H, I), but a strong ventral development is visible also in both compound bones of MRAC 91-077-R-76 (Fig. 50J) and in the left one of NHMW 663 (Fig. 52), both large individuals of  Lacerta viridis , suggesting some degree of individual variation maybe linked to size in this species (but some kind of pathological condition cannot be excluded a priori). The angular process is not present. The lateral surface of the compound bone is smooth, except for the presence of the wide articulation surface with the angular (Fig. 50I). In  Lacerta agilis ,  Lacerta bilineata ,  Lacerta viridis and  Ti. lepidus , a distinct and rather sharp longitudinal ridge runs dorsally to the articulation surface (Fig. 50I). This ridge undergoes a significant degree of individual variation, which might either be linked to the age or the size of the animal. A similar ridge is also present in some large specimen of  Al. nigropunctatus (MDHC 243),  Po. muralis (MDHC 6),  Po. siculus (MDHC 91 and 229) and  Po. tiliguerta (a poorly developed one in both the here studied specimens). The adductor fossa is very wide. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D20A5A73FC95FC8322E0AE0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D20B5A70FC87FC832023A93C.text	9C298799D20B5A70FC87FC832023A93C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scincidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scincidae (Figs 49I, J, 50–R, 51C) </p>
            <p> In scincids, all the bones (except the angular) fuse to form a compound bone. This (Fig. 49I, J) is similar to the one of lacertids in morphology, even if it is more slender. The angular ridge starts closer to the posterior end of the bone compared to the latter group and the external opening of the posterior alveolar foramen is shifted dorsally compared to these, being visible in lateral view. The lateral surface is smooth, but its anterior-half is covered by the articulation surface with the dentary, which is more marked in larger species. The compound bone (Figs 50K–R, 51C) has a ventrally concave aspect in lateral view, because the retroarticular process bends in ventral direction. The concavity is size-linked, being less marked in smaller species (e.g.  Ab. kitaibelii ; Fig. 50K, L). Nevertheless, the concavity is well distinct in the small  Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Fig. 50O, P). As in lacertids, the articular condyle is subquadrangular and has a medially developed and stocky tubercle on its anteromedial corner. The tubercle is poorly developed in  Ab. kitaibelii and very well developed in  Chalcides ocellatus (Fig. 51C) and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus . The retroarticular process is lobe-shaped in medial view, with a well-developed tympanic ridge running along its ventral margin. The only exceptions are  Ab. kitaibelii and  Ophiomorus punctatissimus , the process of which is subrectangular and has a less developed ridge (Fig. 50K, L, O, P). The process is more anteroposteriorly elongated in  Ab. kitaibelii ,  Chalcides chalcides and  Chalcides striatus (Fig. 50K, L) and more dorsoventrally expanded in  Chalcides ocellatus ,  Ophiomorus punctatissimus and  Tr. aurata (Fig. 50M–R). There is no angular process. The lateral surface of the compound bone presents the articulation surfaces housing the narrow angular and the posterior end of the dentary, but it is otherwise smooth. The posterior surangular foramen is slightly shifted towards the dorsal margin of the bone. It is replaced by two smaller foramina in the left compound bone of a single specimen of  Ophiomorus punctatissimus, MCZ 38517.  Ophiomorus punctatissimus and  Tr. aurata have a large anterior surangular foramen. The adductor fossa is narrow and anteroposteriorly elongated. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D20B5A70FC87FC832023A93C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
9C298799D2085A70FF2DFB5122ABAE11.text	9C298799D2085A70FF2DFB5122ABAE11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anguidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anguidae (Figs 49K–N, 50S–V, 51D, E) </p>
            <p> Anguids have a free angular, whereas the other bones are fused into a compound bone. The angular (Fig. 49K–N) is slender with pointed anterior and posterior ends. The latter end is slightly larger than the former and a clear constriction is visible at the beginning of the posterior-half of the bone in lateral view. The constriction is slightly more evident in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 49K, L) than in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 49M, N). The angular ridge runs along the ventral margin, having a thickening roughly at midlength. The dorsoventrally directed posterior alveolar foramen pierces this expansion in the middle. The anterior-half of the lateral surface is covered by the articulation surface with the dentary, whereas the posterior one is smooth. The compound bone (Figs 50S–V, 51D, E) can be split into two portions in young individuals, but in adults only the anterior expansions of the surangular and the prearticular remain unfused. The articular condyle is subquadrangular and slightly mediolaterally elongated in dorsal view (Fig. 51D, E). A robust but short tubercle is present on its anteromedial corner. The retroarticular process is short, stocky and quadrangular in medial view. It expands in the ventromedial direction and, therefore, the posterior portion of the compound bone appears concave in medial view. A low or very low longitudinal lateral crest is visible on the lateral surface of the process (Fig. 50T, V). The articulation surface with the angular is visible on the lateral surface of the bone, reaching roughly midlength (Fig. 50T, V). The posterior surangular foramen is shifted dorsally, near the dorsal margin, and in  Pseudopus apodus the anterior one is shifted anteriorly, lying in the articulation surface with the dentary. Because of this latter shift, the anterior surangular foramen of  Pseudopus apodus is not visible in lateral view. At the base of the retroarticular process, a ridge-like ventral expansion is present on the ventral surface of the bone: this expansion is very low in  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis (Fig. 50S), but can be moderately or well developed in  Pseudopus apodus (Fig. 50U). The adductor fossa is strongly reduced, very narrow and anteroposteriorly elongated. In  Anguis gr.  An. fragilis , it is slightly longer than it is in  Pseudopus apodus . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C298799D2085A70FF2DFB5122ABAE11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Villa, Andrea;Delfino, Massimo	Villa, Andrea, Delfino, Massimo (2019): A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 828-928, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz035, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/3/829/5528353
