taxonID	type	description	language	source
66AC0540C6C856AEB3BBFA609816C1A6.taxon	description	Figs 1, 3, Table 1	en	Pansarin, Emerson R. (2025): Vanilla lindmaniana and V. palmarum (Orchidaceae) are distinct allopatric species. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (1): 53-62, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.134103
66AC0540C6C856AEB3BBFA609816C1A6.taxon	description	Description. Epiphytic herbs, long scandent. Roots axillary, one per node; aerial roots 1.5 – 2.5 mm diam., velamenous, glabrous, simple, whitish to greenish; storage roots up to 5 mm diam., branching, white. Stem climbing, sinuous, cylindrical, fleshy, glabrous, green to yellowish green; internodes 40 – 90 × 5 – 9 mm. Leaves 7 – 16 × 3.5 – 6 cm, alternate, distichous, elliptic to lanceolate, rarely ovate, symmetric or asymmetric, fleshy, glabrous, green to yellowish green, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate, pseudopetiolate; pseudopetiole concave, 4 – 8 mm long. Inflorescence 2 – 3 cm long, apical, racemose, pending, with up to 13 flowers opening in succession; 1 flower opening each morning; bracts 5 – 16 × 3 – 11 mm, progressively smaller toward the apex, alternate, triangular to ovate, coriaceous, concave, patent, apex acute, sometimes leafy. Flowers resupinate, pedicellate, with an abscission layer between perianth and ovary; pedicel with ovary 2.4 – 2.8 × 0.3 – 0.34 cm, straight to incurved, calyculate, cylindrical in transverse section, white along the pedicel and green along the ovary; calycule green, persistent. Sepals 6.3 – 6.8 × 0.9 – 1.1 cm, free, oblanceolate, fleshy, slightly concave, internally pale yellow, externally yellow, apex obtuse, margin entire, slightly reflexed; dorsal sepal symmetric; lateral sepals asymmetric. Petals 6 – 6.2 × 1.8 – 2 cm, free, obelliptic to spatulate, asymmetric, membranous, apex acute, slightly reflexed, yellow, adaxial surface with a central and longitudinally arranged keel. Labellum 3 - lobed, 6.1 – 6.4 × 3.5 – 3.8 cm, unguiculate, tubular, yellow, whitish in the basal portion, inner surface with longitudinal prominent stripes converging in four triangular protuberances and in a cluster of the digitiform secretory trichomes at the entrance of the nectar chamber; central crest (nectar guide) ca 5 mm wide, with longitudinal yellow strips near the apex, and with a channel-like depression ca 2 mm wide (concave) just below the anther and stigma; labellum margins fused from the base to ca ¾ of the column length forming a tubular nectar chamber; nectar chamber 2.2 – 2.4 cm long; lateral lobes obliquely rounded, margins undulate; apical lobe emarginated, reflexed, margin undulate. Column 4.1 – 4.3 × 0.35 – 0.38 cm, semi-cylindrical, slender, base attenuate, dilated towards the apex, with white-hyaline hairs close to the stigma, apex with two projections (wings) facing downwards; anther 4 – 4.2 × 3.7 – 4 mm, rhomboid, yellowish, versatile; rostellum 4 – 4.2 × 3.5 – 3.8 mm, trapezoidal, white. Fruits 5.4 – 6.7 × 1.1 – 2 cm, linear to clavate, strait to incurved, cylindrical to subcylindrical in transverse section, fleshy, dehiscent, opening in two valves, green when immature, yellowish when mature. Seeds ca 0.5 mm, ovate, crustose, black.	en	Pansarin, Emerson R. (2025): Vanilla lindmaniana and V. palmarum (Orchidaceae) are distinct allopatric species. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (1): 53-62, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.134103
66AC0540C6C856AEB3BBFA609816C1A6.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. Vanilla lindmaniana occurs in open forests of the Amazonia, Cerrado, and Pantanal Biomes (Fig. 3). Vanilla lindmaniana has an epiphytic habit, rooting on the trunk and leaves of palm trees of the genera Acrocomia Mart., Attalea Kunth., and Mauritia L. f. (Barberena et al. 2019; Table 1). The elevation is from 100 to 500 m a. s. l. Flowers open in the morning hours and each flower lasts ca 12 hours. In a study involving populations from Maranhão State (Brazil), it was found that the flowers of V. lindmaniana (as V. palmarum) offer nectar as a reward which is stored in the nectar chamber. Vanilla lindmaniana has a mechanism of facultative self-pollination. Its flowers are chasmogamous and pollinated by hummingbirds but in the absence of biotic pollination, flowers self-pollinate (Pansarin and Ferreira 2022).	en	Pansarin, Emerson R. (2025): Vanilla lindmaniana and V. palmarum (Orchidaceae) are distinct allopatric species. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (1): 53-62, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.134103
E47B7BC72A9C581D9BAAA923AEC5D15F.taxon	description	Figs 2, 3, Table 1	en	Pansarin, Emerson R. (2025): Vanilla lindmaniana and V. palmarum (Orchidaceae) are distinct allopatric species. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (1): 53-62, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.134103
E47B7BC72A9C581D9BAAA923AEC5D15F.taxon	description	Description. Epiphytic herbs, long scandent. Roots axillary, one per node; aerial roots 1 – 1.5 mm diam., velamenous, glabrous, simple, whitish to creamy; storage roots up to 4 mm diam., branching, white. Stem climbing, sinuous, cylindrical, fleshy, glabrous, glaucous to green with whitish dots; internodes 25 – 50 × 2.5 – 5 mm. Leaves 3.5 – 8.5 × 2 – 4 cm, alternate, distichous, elliptic to ovate, symmetric or asymmetric, fleshy, glabrous, glaucous to yellowish green, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate, pseudopetiolate; pseudopetiole concave, 3 – 5 mm long. Inflorescence 1.8 – 2.5 cm long, apical, racemose, pending, with up to 10 flowers opening in succession; 1 flower opening each morning; bracts 5 – 15 × 3 – 8 mm, progressively smaller toward the apex, alternate, triangular to elliptic, coriaceous, concave, patent, apex acute, sometimes leafy. Flowers resupinate, pedicellate, with an abscission layer between perianth and ovary; pedicel with ovary 2.3 – 2.6 × 0.4 – 0.6 cm, straight to incurved, calyculate, subcylindrical in transverse section, white along the pedicel and green along the ovary. Sepals 4.7 – 5.1 × 0.9 – 1.1 cm, free, oblanceolate, fleshy, slightly concave, internally pale yellow, externally yellow, apex obtuse, margin entire, reflexed at apex; dorsal sepal symmetric; lateral sepals asymmetric. Petals 4.8 – 5.1 × 1.2 – 1.4 cm, free, spatulate, asymmetric, membranous, apex acute, slightly reflexed, yellow, adaxial surface with a central and longitudinally arranged keel. Labellum 1 - lobed to slightly 3 - lobed, 5.1 – 5.3 × 3.9 – 4.1 cm, unguiculate, tubular, yellow, whitish in the basal portion, inner surface with longitudinal prominent stripes converging in two triangular protuberances and in a cluster of the digitiform secretory trichomes at the entrance of the nectar chamber; central crest (nectar guide) ca 5 mm wide near the apex, and with an elevation ca 4 mm wide (convex) just below the anther and stigma; labellum margins fused from the base to ca ¾ of the column length forming a tubular nectar chamber; nectar chamber 1.3 – 1.6 cm long; lateral lobes obliquely rounded, margins undulate; apical lobe emarginated, reflexed, margin undulate. Column 3.4 – 3.6 × 0.34 – 0.37 cm, semi-cylindrical, slender, base attenuate, dilated towards the apex, with white-hyaline hairs close to the stigma, apex with two lateral projections (wings) facing upward; anther 3.6 – 3.9 × 3.5 – 3.8 mm, rhomboid, yellowish, versatile; rostellum 3.8 – 4 × 3.5 – 3.8 mm, trapezoidal, white. Fruits 4.4 – 6.5 × 0.8 – 1.4 cm, linear, incurved, diamond-shaped in transverse section, fleshy, dehiscent, opening in two valves, green when immature, yellowish when mature. Seeds ca 0.5 mm, crustose, ovate, black.	en	Pansarin, Emerson R. (2025): Vanilla lindmaniana and V. palmarum (Orchidaceae) are distinct allopatric species. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (1): 53-62, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.134103
E47B7BC72A9C581D9BAAA923AEC5D15F.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. Vanilla palmarum is a Brazilian endemic species widely distributed in the Caatinga and Atlantic Forest Biomes, occurring in open forests of north-eastern Brazil (Fig. 3). Vanilla palmarum has an epiphytic habit, rooting on the trunk of several palm species of the genera Elaeis Jacq. and Syagrus Mart. (Barberena et al. 2019; Table 1). The elevation is from 212 to 1123 m a. s. l. Flowers open in morning hours and each flower lasts ca 12 hours. As in V. lindmaniana (Pansarin and Ferreira 2022), the flowers of V. palmarum offer nectar as a reward which is stored in the nectar chamber. Flowers of V. palmarum also shows a mechanism of facultative self-pollination. Its flowers are chasmogamous but in the absence of biotic pollination, flowers self-pollinate (Emerson Pansarin unpubl. data). Although V. lindmaniana is pollinated by hummingbirds (Pansarin and Ferreira 2022), the flowers of V. palmarum do not appear to be adapted for avian pollination as their central crest (nectar guide) is convex. In V. lindmaniana, the labellum shows a channel-like depression of ca 2 mm wide, whose function is to guide the hummingbird’s bill to the entrance of the nectar chamber (Pansarin and Ferreira 2022).	en	Pansarin, Emerson R. (2025): Vanilla lindmaniana and V. palmarum (Orchidaceae) are distinct allopatric species. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (1): 53-62, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.134103
