identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
A92B1A06F66BF7741188B70DFAB4698C.text	A92B1A06F66BF7741188B70DFAB4698C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptogemma Dall 1918	<div><p>GENUS  CRYPTOGEMMA DALL, 1918</p><p>Type species:  Gemmula benthima Dall, 1908 (OD)  .</p><p>Ptychosyrinx 
Thiele, 1925 (type species:  Pleurotoma bisinuata Martens, 1901 – OD).</p><p>Bathybermudia 
Haas, 1949 (type species:  Bathybermudia carynae Haas, 1949 – OD).</p><p>†  Pinguigemmula McNeil, 1960 (type species †  Pinguigemmula okinavensis McNeil, 1960 – OD).</p><p>Included species:  Cryptogemma aethiopica (Thiele, 1925);  C. periscelida (Dall, 1889);  C. phymatias (Watson, 1886);  C. powelli;  C. praesignis (Smith, 1895);  C. tessellata (Powell, 1964);  C. timorensis (Tesch, 1915);  C. unilineata (Powell, 1964) .</p><p>Remarks: According to WoRMS (checked http://www. marinespecies.org/, July2019),  Cryptogemma comprises 11 species and has never been revised. A consultation of available type photographs and published images on  Cryptogemma species indicated that all 11 species, except the type species  C. benthima and  C. phymatias, the senior synonym of  C. benthima, should be excluded from the genus, because the majority of them lack key characters, such as the narrow fusiform shell and the well-marked peripheral anal sinus. Moreover, studied samples from Japan, most certainly corresponding to  Cryptogemma corneus (Okutani, 1966) as pictured by Hasegawa (2009: figs 335–338), showed closer affinity to other conoidean families (e.g.  Horaiclavidae) than to the  Turridae, based on both the sequence of the barcode fragment of COI and the radular morphology (results not shown). The eight species of  Cryptogemma listed herein have wide distributions, most of them covering the whole Indo-Pacific tropical region, and are not found at depths shallower than 200 m.</p><p>The protoconch consists of four to 5.25 whorls. The shell shape of the teleoconch combined with size is an important factor to distinguish species (see Results section), despite high intraspecific variability.The widest range of variability is observed in shell proportions, with shells with a wide last whorl and long siphonal canal being at one extreme of the range and more elongated shells with short siphonal canal at the other.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A92B1A06F66BF7741188B70DFAB4698C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zaharias, Paul;Kantor, Yuri I.;Fedosov, Alexander E.;Criscione, Francesco;Hallan, Anders;Kano, Yasunori;Bardin, Jérémie;Puillandre, Nicolas	Zaharias, Paul, Kantor, Yuri I., Fedosov, Alexander E., Criscione, Francesco, Hallan, Anders, Kano, Yasunori, Bardin, Jérémie, Puillandre, Nicolas (2020): Just the once will not hurt: DNA suggests species lumping over two oceans in deep-sea snails (Cryptogemma). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 532-557
A92B1A06F66BF77A1212B666FB106F65.text	A92B1A06F66BF77A1212B666FB106F65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptogemma phymatias (Watson 1886)	<div><p>CRYPTOGEMMA PHYMATIAS (WATSON, 1886)</p><p>(FIG. 6)</p><p>Pleurotoma phymatias 
R. B. Watson, 1886 . 1920 m, Philippine Islands, 16°42′N, 119°22′E (Expedition H.M.S.  Challenger on 13 November 1874, st. 205).</p><p>Gemmula benthima Dall, 1908 . 2323 m, Gulf of Panama.</p><p>Gemmula benthina – Dall, 1918: 318 (lapsus calami); Powell, 1964: 279 (lapsus calami).</p><p>Pleurotoma truncata 
Schepman, 1913 . 2798 m, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=124.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 124.65/lat -6.4)">Banda Sea</a>, Indonesia, 6°24′S, 124°39′E.</p><p>Bathybermudia carynae 
Haas, 1949 . 3109 m, off Bermuda, 32°08.2′N, 64°33′W.</p><p>Remarks: This species was not present in the sampling of Puillandre et al. (2012), but was included in the phylogeny of Puillandre et al. (2011) under the name  Ptychosyrinx carynae .</p><p>Owing to the frequent loss of the shell apex, there are few available protoconchs for this species. Only the eroded protoconch of the type specimen of  Bathybermudia carynae could be measured, with PD = 1.3 mm and PL&gt; 1.6 mm, consisting of more than three whorls  .</p><p>The radula is of medium length, ~ 2.6 mm (0.44 of AL), composed of 74 transverse rows of teeth. Marginal teeth are 118–128 µm long (mean 120 µm, N = 5), duplex. The anterior (inner) one-third of the tooth length is solid, narrow in dorsal view, pointed; in the posterior two-thirds, major and accessory limbs are broadly bifurcating, and the accessory limb has a clear constriction at about half the tooth length, slightly shorter than the major limb. The central formation has a distinct narrow carinated cusp and lateral inconspicuous flaps with indistinct lateral and anterior margins (Fig. 7B, C).</p><p>Although this species can be distinguished from its congeners by the frequent loss of the first whorls, and from its sister species  Cryptogemma praesignis by the slightly larger diameter of the shell, the bathymetry is its most distinct characteristic.  Cryptogemma praesignis is found between ~300 and ~ 1400 m depth, whereas  C. phymatias is the only  Turridae, to our knowledge, to be found exclusively below ~ 1400 m deep. Moreover, it is the only  Turridae so far, and possibly the first reported benthic gastropod, to have a Pacific–Atlantic distribution (Fig. 4; see Discussion). Most studied type specimens have eroded shells, but the variability of the last whorls, siphonal twist and aperture among them agrees with the variability in the sequenced specimens. Note that the etymology of this species combines ‘  Cryptogemma ’ (hidden gems) and  ‘ phymatias ’ (one who has tubercules), resulting in a confusing combination.</p><p>List of COI diagnostic sites (position: character state): [379: T; 493: C; 622: C]. Indexing starts right next to the 3′ end of the LCO1490 primer (from 1 to 658).</p><p>Distribution: From the central Indo-Pacific (Banda Sea) to the North Atlantic Ocean (Bermuda Island) (Fig. 4A), from a depth of ~1400 to ~ 3000 m (Fig. 5). This species is expected to be found in the Indian Ocean, as is the case with other Indo-Pacific species of  Cryptogemma, but it has not been documented there, presumably owing to a lack of sampling at bathyal depths.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A92B1A06F66BF77A1212B666FB106F65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zaharias, Paul;Kantor, Yuri I.;Fedosov, Alexander E.;Criscione, Francesco;Hallan, Anders;Kano, Yasunori;Bardin, Jérémie;Puillandre, Nicolas	Zaharias, Paul, Kantor, Yuri I., Fedosov, Alexander E., Criscione, Francesco, Hallan, Anders, Kano, Yasunori, Bardin, Jérémie, Puillandre, Nicolas (2020): Just the once will not hurt: DNA suggests species lumping over two oceans in deep-sea snails (Cryptogemma). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 532-557
A92B1A06F665F77D121AB734FD406F17.text	A92B1A06F665F77D121AB734FD406F17.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptogemma praesignis (E. A. Smith 1895)	<div><p>CRYPTOGEMMA PRAESIGNIS (SMITH, 1895)</p><p>(FIG. 8A–K)</p><p>Pleurotoma praesignis Smith, 1895. 1234 m, off Colombo, Ceylon [Sri Lanka].</p><p>?  
Pleurotoma microscelida 
Dall, 1895 . 642 m,  South of Oahu Island Albatross st. 3475, Hawaii.</p><p>Pleurotoma (Subulata) bisinuata 
Martens, 1901 . 1134 m, off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.483334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.8166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.483334/lat 1.8166666)">East Africa</a>, 1°49′N, 45°29′E.</p><p>Pleurotoma rotatilis 
Martens, 1902 . 1134 m, off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.483334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.8166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.483334/lat 1.8166666)">Mogadishu</a>, Somalia, East Africa, 1°49′N, 45°29′E.</p><p>Pleurotoma (Surcula) lobata 
G. B. Sowerby III, 1903 . 805 m, off Cape Natal, Durban and 567 m, off Buffalo River,  East London, S. Africa. E. A. Smith, 1906.</p><p>Ptychosyrinx bisinuata japonica 
Okutani, 1964 . 620 m, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=137.975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.428333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 137.975/lat 34.428333)">Sea of Enshu-nada</a>, Japan, 34°25.7′N, 137°58.5′E.</p><p>Ptychosyrinx lordhoweensis 
Kantor &amp; Sysoev, 1991: 205, figs 1, 2. 1210 m, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=161.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 161.85/lat -30.4)">Lord Howe Rise</a>, off eastern Australia, 30°24′S, 161°51′E.</p><p>Remarks: This species corresponds to PSH 11 in the study by Puillandre et al. (2012).</p><p>The protoconch exhibits a wide size range, with PD = 1.05–1.38 mm and PL = 1.4–1.93 mm, and from four to 5.2 whorls.</p><p>The radula is long, ~ 3.4 mm in length (0.44 of AL), formed of 72 transverse rows of teeth. The marginal teeth are 142–151 µm long (mean 149 µm, N = 5, or 1.9% of AL), duplex. The anterior (inner) one-third of the tooth length is solid, narrow in dorsal view, pointed; in the posterior two-thirds the major and accessory limbs are broadly bifurcating, and the accessory limb has a clear constriction and is bent at about half tooth length, shorter than the major limb. The central formation has a distinct narrow carinated cusp and lateral inconspicuous flaps with indistinct lateral and anterior margins (Fig. 7A).</p><p>This species is morphologically close to  C. timorensis, although it differs from that species in its generally smaller size (~ 15–35 mm SL), in having a narrower last whorl and in the presence of a tertiary apertural notch in mature females.  Cryptogemma praesignis also differs from  C. timorensis in having a much longer radula (0.44 vs. 0.2 of AL) and relatively longer marginal teeth (1.9% of AL vs. 1.35%). Anatomical examination of Australian material (AMS C.571714 and AMS C.571704) shows that mature males (SL 29.4 and 34.9 mm, respectively) may possess extremely large and muscular penis, with a width almost equal to the width of the animal itself and with a large, long, lateral appendage situated distally. The penial tip is rather blunt, with the opening situated distally. A third, smaller Australian specimen (AMS C.571757; SL 25.7 mm) did not possess a well-developed papilla, suggesting that such a feature might develop with increasing maturity and therefore not be present in subadults. Furthermore, the shells of AMS C.571714 and AMS C.571704 did not possess a tertiary apertural notch. The observation of AMS C.571714 and AMS C.571704 supplements the findings of Kantor &amp; Sysoev (1991) that the mature females of this species develop a tertiary apertural notch. The authors hypothesized that this structure was possibly connected with the process of fertilization. Such a feature has also been observed in  C. aethiopica specimens (Fig. 9G, I), but not in other  Cryptogemma species.</p><p>The general morphology and, more specifically, the presence of a tertiary apertural notch in  Pleurotoma bisinuata and  Ptychosryinx bisinuata japonica supports the synonymization of these names with  C. praesignis . Given that the holotype of  P. bisinuata japonica is a comparatively large specimen (39 mm), the result of the LDA and the leave-one-out cross-validation procedure attributed it to  C.timorensis . Possibly for the same reason, the holotype of  P. praesignis (42 mm) also fell into the  C. timorensis range. The result of the LDA and the leave-one-out cross-validation procedure when considering only shape predicted the two holotypes as  C. praesignis (see Supporting Information, Fig. S3), thus justifying the attribution of  P. praesignis to this molecular species. The sequencing of a paratype of  Ptychosyrinx lordhoweensis confirmed its conspecificity with  C. praesignis .  Pleurotoma lobata, although conchologically similar to  P. bisinuata, has never been synonymized based on the reportedly different morphology of the radula: the absence of a central tooth (= central formation as understood herein) in the specimens of  P.lobata examined by Barnard (1958), contrasting with the large unicuspid rectangular-based central tooth described in  P. bisinuata by Thiele (1929: 359). Powell (1964) suggested that Thiele could have mixed his radula preparations, but in light of the types of radulae of  Cryptogemma (Fig. 8), all composed of a unicuspid central formation, it is more likely either that it was Barnard who mixed up the radula preparation or that the specimens examined by Barnard are not  Cryptogemma specimens. The holotype of  Pleurotoma rotatilis is almost identical conchologically to a sequenced juvenile from the East African coast (MNHN-IM-2013-62900; Fig. 8J). Some doubts remain regarding the status of  Pleurotoma microscelida, but the size and overall last whorl morphology of the type specimen show a stronger resemblance to  C. praesignis than to any other  Cryptogemma species.</p><p>List of COI diagnostic sites (position: character state): [232: A; 319: T; 407: C; 409: T].</p><p>Distribution: This species is known to occur from the western Indian Ocean to the eastern Pacific Ocean (Fig. 4B), from a depth of ~300 to ~ 1400 m (Fig. 5).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A92B1A06F665F77D121AB734FD406F17	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zaharias, Paul;Kantor, Yuri I.;Fedosov, Alexander E.;Criscione, Francesco;Hallan, Anders;Kano, Yasunori;Bardin, Jérémie;Puillandre, Nicolas	Zaharias, Paul, Kantor, Yuri I., Fedosov, Alexander E., Criscione, Francesco, Hallan, Anders, Kano, Yasunori, Bardin, Jérémie, Puillandre, Nicolas (2020): Just the once will not hurt: DNA suggests species lumping over two oceans in deep-sea snails (Cryptogemma). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 532-557
A92B1A06F662F77D1195B736FB2E6C29.text	A92B1A06F662F77D1195B736FB2E6C29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptogemma timorensis (Tesch 1915)	<div><p>CRYPTOGEMMA TIMORENSIS (TESCH, 1915)</p><p>(FIG. 8L–P)</p><p>†  Pleurotoma timorensis Tesch, 1915 . Timor. Pliocene.</p><p>†  Pleurotoma ktolemandoënsis K. Martin, 1933 . Ktolemando. Miocene.</p><p>Ptychosyrinx timorensis teschi Powell, 1964: 291 (22– 853), pl. 223, figs 5, 6. 759 m, north-west off Sipadan Island, Borneo.</p><p>Type locality:  Pliocene of Timor Island .</p><p>Remarks: This species corresponds to PSH 14 of Puillandre et al. (2012).</p><p>Protoconch commonly eroded, with PD = 1–1.2 mm and PL = 1.3–1.675 mm and number of whorls varying from four to 4.5.</p><p>The radula is medium short, ~ 2.5 mm in length (0.2 of AL), formed of 45 transverse rows of teeth. Marginal teeth are 162–172 µm long (mean 168 µm, N = 5, or 1.35% of AL), duplex. Anterior (inner) one-third of the tooth length is solid, medium broad in dorsal view, lanceolate; in posterior two-thirds the major and accessory limbs are broadly bifurcating, the accessory limb with a clear constriction and bent at about half tooth length, nearly the same length as the major limb. The central formation has a short and obtuse cusp and lateral inconspicuous flaps with indistinct lateral and anterior margins. The posterior margin is thickened and uninterrupted along its length (Fig. 7I).</p><p>The type of this species is a fossil specimen from Timor island (Indonesia /Timor Leste) described by Tesch (1915), and Martin (1935) described another similar specimen from Buton island (Indonesia) as  Pleurotoma ktolemandoënsis, without reference to the work of Tesch. However, Martin (1935) also recognized the affinities between  Pleurotoma timorensis and  Pleurotoma ktolemandoënsis . Finally, Robba et al. (1989) synonymized  Pleurotoma ktolemandoënsis with  Pleurotoma timorensis . Powell (1964) described the subspecies  Ptychosyrinx timorensis teschi based on an extant specimen, which Sysoev (1996) elevated to species rank. The argument by both authors for separating the fossil species from the extant species was the ‘much broader’ shell of the extant  Ptychosyrinx timorensis teschi specimen. Examination of the morphological variability of the sequenced specimens shows that the dimensions and shape of fossil specimens are close to the inferred average breadth of the species; some specimens show a broader aperture and a taller last whorl than others, despite having the same number of teleochonch whorls. The results of the LDA show that  Pleurotoma timorensis and  Ptychosyrinx timorensis teschi fall within the variability of the sequenced specimens. The broader last whorl and the generally larger size (~ 30–55 mm) are characteristic for  C. timorensis when compared with  C. praesignis .</p><p>List of COI diagnostic sites (position: character state): [73: G; 214: G; 334: G; 511: G].</p><p>Distribution: Found from the western Indian Ocean to the central Indo-Pacific (Fig. 4C), from a depth of ~300 to ~ 1200 m (Fig. 5). Curiously, this species has not been found in New Caledonia, despite considerable sampling effort in this region.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A92B1A06F662F77D1195B736FB2E6C29	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zaharias, Paul;Kantor, Yuri I.;Fedosov, Alexander E.;Criscione, Francesco;Hallan, Anders;Kano, Yasunori;Bardin, Jérémie;Puillandre, Nicolas	Zaharias, Paul, Kantor, Yuri I., Fedosov, Alexander E., Criscione, Francesco, Hallan, Anders, Kano, Yasunori, Bardin, Jérémie, Puillandre, Nicolas (2020): Just the once will not hurt: DNA suggests species lumping over two oceans in deep-sea snails (Cryptogemma). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 532-557
A92B1A06F662F77C120EB4F1FD586D36.text	A92B1A06F662F77C120EB4F1FD586D36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptogemma aethiopica (Thiele 1925)	<div><p>CRYPTOGEMMA AETHIOPICA (THIELE, 1925)</p><p>(FIG. 9)</p><p>Pleurotoma aethiopica 
Thiele, 1925 . 638 m, off Somalia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=42.788334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 42.788334/lat -0.45)">East Africa</a>, 0°27′S, 42°47.3′E. (Expedition Deutschen Tiefsee, st. 253).</p><p>Pleurotoma fusiformis Thiele, 1925 . 614 m, Niassüdkanal, 0°15.2′N, 98°08.8′E.</p><p>Gemmula thielei Finlay, 1930 . (nom. nov. for  Pleurotoma fusiformis Thiele, 1925).</p><p>†  Pleurotoma trincincta Martin, 1935: 113, pl. 2, figs 2, 2a.  Buton Island, south-east Celebes. Oligocene  .</p><p>†  Pinguigemmula okinavensis McNeil, 1960 . Okinawa. Japan, Shinzato Tuff Member, Miocene or Pliocene.</p><p>Pinguigemmula luzonica Powell, 1964: 278 (22–790), pl. 215, figs 3, 4. 326 m, off Hermana, Menor Island, Luzon Island, Philippines.</p><p>Pinguigemmula philippinensis 
Powell, 1964: 278 (22–790), pl. 215, figs 5, 6. 512 m, off Santiago,  west Luzon Island, Philippines.</p><p>Remarks: This species was not included in the study by Puillandre et al. (2012). The protoconch is commonly eroded, with PD = 1.05–1.25 mm, PL = 1.375–1.75 mm and number of whorls ranging from 4.2 to five.</p><p>The radula is long, ~ 3.4 mm in length (0.37 of AL), composed of 77 transverse rows of teeth. The marginal teeth are 150–159 µm long (mean 155 µm, N = 5, or 1.66% of AL), duplex. The anterior (inner) 0.4 of the tooth length is solid, narrow in dorsal view, awl shaped; in the posterior part the major and accessory limbs are broadly bifurcating, the accessory limb with a clear constriction and bent at about half tooth length, thin, nearly same length as the major limb. The central formation has a long, narrow, sharp, carinated cusp and lateral flaps with distinct posterior and anterolateral margins. The flaps are not completely fused with the cusp (Fig. 7E).</p><p>The former genus  Pinguigemmula is easily distinguishable from  Gemmula in having a broadly conical spire, a strongly constricted base and a long, straight siphonal canal (Powell, 1964). Although expressing a broad variety of forms, the molecular analysis resulted in a single species hypothesis. Several species were described based on the sculptural details, such as the number of gemmate cords (one, two or none). The sculpture seems to be correlated with geography, with the forms from the western Indian Ocean having a smooth intersuture sculpture, whereas the forms from the eastern Indian Ocean to the western Pacific Ocean usually possess two or three gemmate cords. Some large specimens of this species have a similar ‘tertiary notch’ to that of  C. praesignis, suggesting sexual dimorphism also for this species (Kantor &amp; Sysoev, 1991).</p><p>List of COI diagnostic sites (position: character state): [115: C; 307: A; 418: G].</p><p>Distribution: Found off East Africa to the central Indo-Pacific (Fig. 4E), from a depth of ~400 to ~ 850 m (Fig. 5).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A92B1A06F662F77C120EB4F1FD586D36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zaharias, Paul;Kantor, Yuri I.;Fedosov, Alexander E.;Criscione, Francesco;Hallan, Anders;Kano, Yasunori;Bardin, Jérémie;Puillandre, Nicolas	Zaharias, Paul, Kantor, Yuri I., Fedosov, Alexander E., Criscione, Francesco, Hallan, Anders, Kano, Yasunori, Bardin, Jérémie, Puillandre, Nicolas (2020): Just the once will not hurt: DNA suggests species lumping over two oceans in deep-sea snails (Cryptogemma). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 532-557
A92B1A06F663F77C1229B283FB116D37.text	A92B1A06F663F77C1229B283FB116D37.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptogemma tessellata (POWELL 1967)	<div><p>CRYPTOGEMMA TESSELLATA (POWELL, 1967)</p><p>(FIG. 10A–D)</p><p>Gemmula tessellata Powell, 1967: 439 (22–734a), pl. 315. 183– 219 m, off Waikiki, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands (collected by Dr Pat Burgess).</p><p>Remarks: This species corresponds to PSH 12 in the study by Puillandre et al. (2012). The protoconch of the holotype is 4.5 whorls according to Powell (1967), and PD = 1.22 mm and PL = 1.64 mm according to measurements inferred from photographs of the holotype. The protoconch exhibits high variability, with PD = 1.175–1.3 mm, PL = 1.525 –1.975 mm and consisting of four to 5.5 whorls.</p><p>The radula is of medium length, ~ 1.2 mm (0.29 of AL), composed of 51 transverse rows of teeth. The marginal teeth are 86–91 µm long (mean 89 µm, N = 2, or 2.1% of AL), duplex. The anterior (inner) half of the tooth length is solid, medium broad in dorsal view, triangular. The accessory limb is weak, thin, without constriction, much shorter than the major limb, but of nearly same width (the marginal teeth in Fig. 8F are not fully sclerotized). The central formation has a long, sharp and carinated central cusp, slightly curved in profile, and with lateral conspicuous flaps with distinct margins. The flaps are not completely fused with the cusp. The anterior margin of the central formation is strongly concave (Fig. 7F).</p><p>The ‘light form’ of  C. tessellata has been misidentified by Puillandre et al. (2012) as  Xenuroturris gemmuloides Powell, 1967 because it shares superficially similar features, such as the white-yellowish shell punctuated with regular brown-orange spots, and the small size (~ 15–25 mm). The ‘brown-orange form’ of  C. tessellata, closer to the holotype, is distinctly different from the ‘light form’ not only in colouration, but also in having a stouter outline and a more tuberculate subsutural fold (Powell, 1967). Although readily distinguished from the other  Cryptogemma species owing to its colour pattern and small size, LDA indicates that this species more closely resembles small adults of  C. praesignis .</p><p>List of COI diagnostic sites (position: character state): [46: C; 61: A; 316: T].</p><p>Distribution: The sequenced specimens were found off New Caledonia only, and the holotype is from the Hawaiian Islands (Fig. 4C), from a depth of ~200 to ~ 500 m (Fig. 5). The protoconch characteristics, similar in shape, size and number of whorls to  C. praesignis, imply that the species might have a much broader range than what is currently documented, possibly covering the entire central Pacific.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A92B1A06F663F77C1229B283FB116D37	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zaharias, Paul;Kantor, Yuri I.;Fedosov, Alexander E.;Criscione, Francesco;Hallan, Anders;Kano, Yasunori;Bardin, Jérémie;Puillandre, Nicolas	Zaharias, Paul, Kantor, Yuri I., Fedosov, Alexander E., Criscione, Francesco, Hallan, Anders, Kano, Yasunori, Bardin, Jérémie, Puillandre, Nicolas (2020): Just the once will not hurt: DNA suggests species lumping over two oceans in deep-sea snails (Cryptogemma). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 532-557
A92B1A06F67CF76211ADB7ADFEDE6937.text	A92B1A06F67CF76211ADB7ADFEDE6937.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptogemma unilineata (POWELL 1967)	<div><p>CRYPTOGEMMA UNILINEATA (POWELL, 1967)</p><p>(FIG. 10E–H)</p><p>Gemmula congener unilineata Powell, 1967: 437 (22– 716a), pl. 313. 366 m, off Waikiki, Oahu Island, Hawaii (Expedition Pele, 13 June 1964).</p><p>Remarks: This species corresponds to PSH 13 in the study by Puillandre et al. (2012).</p><p>The protoconch is commonly retained, with PD = 1.075 –1.275 mm, PL = 1.375 –1.925 mm and the number of whorls ranging from 4.75 to 5.5 .</p><p>The radula is long, ~ 3 mm in length (0.31 of AL), composed of 99 transverse rows of teeth. The marginal teeth are 121–127 µm long (mean 125 µm, N = 5, or 1.27% of AL), duplex. The anterior (inner) 0.4 of the tooth length is solid, narrow in dorsal view and awl shaped. In the posterior part, the major and accessory limbs are broadly bifurcating, the accessory limb with a clear constriction and bent at about half the tooth length, slightly shorter than the major limb. The central formation has a long, sharp, carinated cusp and lateral flaps with distinct posterior and anterolateral margins. The flaps are not completely fused with the cusp (Fig. 7G).</p><p>This species has been named based on the characteristic carinated brown-orange subsutural band. The brown-orange subsutural band has been found in  C. powelli and in some specimens of  C. praesignis, and in other  Turridae, such as  Gemmula cosmoi (Sykes, 1930), but it is generally smoother and thinner than that of  C. unilineata . The LDA indicated that  C. unilineata generally has a more angulated shape on the outer aperture lip of the last whorl, indicating a more concave subsutural ramp in comparison to other  Cryptogemma . However, we note that the convex hulls (Fig. 1) of  C. unilineata and  C. powelli are greatly overlapping; therefore, the strong carinated brown-orange subsutural band remains the best-suited character for distinguishing  C. unlineata from  C. powelli .</p><p>List of COI diagnostic sites (position: character state): [172: G; 307: T; 361: G; 370: C].</p><p>Distribution: From East Africa to the central Pacific (Hawaiian and Society Islands) (Fig. 7D), from ~300 to ~ 800 m deep (Fig. 5).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A92B1A06F67CF76211ADB7ADFEDE6937	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zaharias, Paul;Kantor, Yuri I.;Fedosov, Alexander E.;Criscione, Francesco;Hallan, Anders;Kano, Yasunori;Bardin, Jérémie;Puillandre, Nicolas	Zaharias, Paul, Kantor, Yuri I., Fedosov, Alexander E., Criscione, Francesco, Hallan, Anders, Kano, Yasunori, Bardin, Jérémie, Puillandre, Nicolas (2020): Just the once will not hurt: DNA suggests species lumping over two oceans in deep-sea snails (Cryptogemma). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 532-557
A92B1A06F67DF76211A2B1D3FB4A6B4E.text	A92B1A06F67DF76211A2B1D3FB4A6B4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptogemma periscelida (Dall 1889)	<div><p>CRYPTOGEMMA PERISCELIDA (DALL, 1889)</p><p>(FIG. 10I–K)</p><p>Pleurotoma periscelida 
Dall, 1889 . 283 m (USS  Albatross expedition, st. 2143, collected on 23 March 1884) and 196 m, off  Hatteras, North Carolina.</p><p>Remarks: The protoconch is unknown, because it is consistently eroded in all examined material, even in younger specimens.</p><p>The radula is of medium length (part of youngest section lost),&gt; 1.9 mm (&gt; 0.22 of AL), composed of&gt; 50 transverse rows of teeth. The marginal teeth are 107– 116 µm long (mean 110 µm, N = 5 or 1.25% of AL), duplex. The anterior (inner) 0.4 of the tooth length is solid, narrow lanceolate in dorsal view. In the posterior part, the major and accessory limbs are medium broadly bifurcating, and the accessory limb has a clear constriction and is bent at less than half tooth length, thin, nearly the same length and width as major limb. The central formation has a long, narrow, sharp carinated cusp and lateral flaps with distinct posterior and posterolateral margins. The flaps are completely fused with the cusp (Fig. 7D).</p><p>This species has been described from the  Gulf of Mexico, although specimens from  Suriname and from the MNHN recent expedition GUYANE 2014 (French Guiana) were also collected.  This is the only ‘ Gemmula’ - like species to be found exclusively in the Atlantic Ocean, where it occurs in a depth range of 200–800 m.</p><p>List of COI diagnostic sites (position: character state): [352: C, 412: G, 655: C].</p><p>Distribution: Found in the Gulf of Mexico, north to the Carolina coast and south to French Guiana (Fig. 4B), from a depth of ~200 to ~ 500 m (Fig. 5).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A92B1A06F67DF76211A2B1D3FB4A6B4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zaharias, Paul;Kantor, Yuri I.;Fedosov, Alexander E.;Criscione, Francesco;Hallan, Anders;Kano, Yasunori;Bardin, Jérémie;Puillandre, Nicolas	Zaharias, Paul, Kantor, Yuri I., Fedosov, Alexander E., Criscione, Francesco, Hallan, Anders, Kano, Yasunori, Bardin, Jérémie, Puillandre, Nicolas (2020): Just the once will not hurt: DNA suggests species lumping over two oceans in deep-sea snails (Cryptogemma). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 532-557
A92B1A06F67DF76112E0B312FBF76C3B.text	A92B1A06F67DF76112E0B312FBF76C3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptogemma powelli Zaharias & Kantor & Fedosov & Criscione & Hallan & Kano & Bardin & Puillandre 2020	<div><p>CRYPTOGEMMA POWELLI SP. NOV.</p><p>(FIG. 11)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: EC0DAF2A-AD02-4D9D-8970-B49A70385A0A</p><p>Type material: Holotype MNHN-IM-2013-68787; paratype 1, MNHN-IM-2007-40795; paratype 2, MNHN-IM-2007-40765; all live collected and processed for DNA extraction.</p><p>Type locality: New Caledonia, south-west of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=167.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 167.25/lat -22.8)">Ile des Pins</a>, 22°48′S, 167°15′E, 449–465 m depth, sand and debris (Expedition KANACONO, st. DW4697)  .</p><p>Etymology: Named after New Zealand malacologist Arthur William Baden Powell CBE (1901–1987), who contributed enormously to the systematics of  Conoidea and, in particular, who revised the family  Turridae in 1964 and described several species of  Cryptogemma .</p><p>Description (holotype): Shell narrowly fusiform, with high spire and medium-long siphonal canal. Protoconch conical, eroded, with a diameter of 1.125 mm, of about four convex whorls. Teleoconch of nine whorls; suture shallow, impressed. Shell height 38 mm, aperture height 10.9 mm and shell diameter 12.5 mm. Whorls strongly shouldered, with slightly concave shoulder slope, very weakly convex, nearly cylindrical periphery. Spiral sculpture of fine, broadly spaced, wavy, subequal spiral cords on subsutural ramp, ten on last whorl, uppermost being much more pronounced than the others, coloured light orange-brown. Sinus cord strongly gemmate, with gemmules clearly bisected (39 on the body whorl). Spiral cords becoming thicker on whorl periphery, sometimes nodulose, some notably wider than others. Axial sculpture of fine growth lines. Last whorl shortly constricted to long siphonal canal, with 32 cords below the sinus, of which ~20 on canal. Aperture irregular oval, outer lip thin, simple. Anal sinus moderately deep, U-shaped. Shell colour straw-yellow, subsutural cord orange-brown, gemmae slightly lighter than background.</p><p>Radula medium long, ~ 3.1 mm in length (0.28 of AL), composed of 75 transverse rows of teeth. Marginal teeth 129–135 µm long (mean 133 µm, N = 5 or 1.22% of AL), duplex. Anterior (inner) one-third of tooth length solid, lanceolate in dorsal view, in posterior part major and accessory limbs broadly bifurcating; accessory limb with clear constriction at half tooth length, thin, about half the length and width of the major limb. Central formation with medium long and medium broad sharp carinated cusp and lateral flaps with distinct posterior and posterolateral margins. Flaps not completely fused with cusp (Fig. 7H).</p><p>Remarks: This species corresponds to PSH 15 in the study by Puillandre et al. (2012).  Cryptogemma powelli exhibits similar intraspecific variation in shell shape to that of its congeners, based on its convex hull area (Fig. 1). Studied specimens vary in shades of shell colour, from light yellowish to light orange, occasionally with a patchy pattern. In terms of both size and shape,  C. powelli can, in some cases, be undistinguishable from  C. unilineata (Fig. 1). The morphometric analysis shows considerable overlap of the measured shell features between the two species, with the main distinction between them expressed by the second axis. Interpretation of this result suggests that the  C. powelli on average possesses a more concave curvature of the outer aperture lip, in comparison to  C. unilineata . Besides, distinction of  C. powelli and  C. unilineata mostly relies on the degree of pronunciation of the subsutural cord; it is typically not significantly stronger than the succeeding cords in the former species, but is always thick and gemmate in the latter. However, the subsutural cord is thicker in younger specimens, rendering the distinction of juvenile  C. powelli and  C. unilineata specimens problematic.</p><p>List of COI diagnostic sites (position: character state): [112: G; 322: T; 433: A].</p><p>Distribution: The confirmed distribution of this species based on sequenced specimens ranges from the Indian Ocean to the central Pacific (Fig. 4F), from a depth of ~400 to ~ 600 m.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A92B1A06F67DF76112E0B312FBF76C3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zaharias, Paul;Kantor, Yuri I.;Fedosov, Alexander E.;Criscione, Francesco;Hallan, Anders;Kano, Yasunori;Bardin, Jérémie;Puillandre, Nicolas	Zaharias, Paul, Kantor, Yuri I., Fedosov, Alexander E., Criscione, Francesco, Hallan, Anders, Kano, Yasunori, Bardin, Jérémie, Puillandre, Nicolas (2020): Just the once will not hurt: DNA suggests species lumping over two oceans in deep-sea snails (Cryptogemma). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 532-557
