taxonID	type	description	language	source
79D66E8B8D7859989F349BA5A41A1367.taxon	description	Figs 15 A, B, 16	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
79D66E8B8D7859989F349BA5A41A1367.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is currently known from the limestone areas in Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phuket, and Surat Thani Provinces.	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
44AF4A2780835EF184C4D5B50970942E.taxon	description	Fig. 15 C, D	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
44AF4A2780835EF184C4D5B50970942E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is known only from the type locality in Yala Province.	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
858B300701D35F8499C8711C5855CF65.taxon	description	Figs 2, 3, 4, 5, 14 A, B, 15 E, F, 16	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
858B300701D35F8499C8711C5855CF65.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. S. nonghinensis sp. nov. differs in the femur of the legs, in which only the apical margin carries a few teeth, a character only shared with S. bicorne Attems, 1938, S. bolavensis Wesener, 2019, as well as S. onyx sp. nov. and S. petramurum sp. nov. described below. S. nonghinensis sp. nov. differs from both S. bicorne and S. bolavensis in the presence of a “ hook ” on telopoditomere 4 of the posterior telopods. Differs in the unique colouration pattern, black, with orange markings only on the thoracic shield and anal shield from other known Sphaerobelum species, e. g., from S. petramurum sp. nov., which is greenish-bluish brown, and from S. onyx sp. nov., which is entirely black. S. nonghinensis sp. nov. has a “ hook ” on telopoditomere 4 of the posterior telopods that resembles those of S. clavigerum, S. hirsutum, S. laoticum, S. onyx sp. nov., S. petramurum sp. nov., S. schwendingeri, S. separatum, and S. splendidum. The new species differs from S. clavigerum in the presence of a single short or dot-like locking carina on the anal shield (vs. 3 × long), from S. hirsutum and S. separatum in the presence of glabrous tergites (vs. hairy). It differs from S. laoticum and S. schwendingeri by having <60 apical cones on antenna (vs. 81 – 86 in S. laoticum, 36 – 73 in S. schwendingeri) and by having a greenish-brown antenna (vs. red). It differs from S. splendidum by having an elongated telopoditomere 2 of the anterior telopod (vs. short, as long as telopoditomere 3).	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
858B300701D35F8499C8711C5855CF65.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: Male holotype; body length 26.1 mm; width (broadest) of thoracic shield 13.0 mm, of tergite 7 = 13.1 mm; height of tergite 7 = 7.7 mm. Males: body length = 24.4 – 27.9 mm; width (broadest) of thoracic shield = 11.8 – 12.5 mm, of tergite 7 = 12.2 – 13.1 mm; height of tergite 7 = 7.9 – 8.0 mm. Females: body length = 25.7 – 28.7 mm; width (broadest) of thoracic shield = 13.1 – 14.6 mm, of tergite 7 = 14.0 – 15.7 mm; height of tergite 7 = 8.4 – 10.1 mm. Colouration (Fig. 2 A – F): Live specimens with dark body colour, shiny. Head, collum, and tergites shiny black. Lateral margins of both thoracic and anal shields contrastingly orangish brown. Antennae brown. Legs and venter greenish brown. Specimens in 70 % alcohol after 4 years changed to brownish black. Head (Fig. 3 A, E): Trapeziform, sparsely setose; setae on anterior part longer than posterior one; each seta located inside small pit. With 75 – 87 ommatidia (ocelli) in males and 72 – 78 in females. Aberrant ommatidium present at brim of antennal groove. Organ of Tömösváry situated at brim near ocelli, separated from eye field. No sclerotised crest / ridge between antennal socket and eye field. Antennae (Figs 2 B, C, 3 A – D): Short and stout, covered by long and dense setae; last antennomere reaching back to leg pair 2 or 3. Lengths of antennomeres 6> 5 = 4> 3> 2 = 1. Antennomere 6 apically rounded, oval; with sensilla basiconica apically. Apical disc flat, with 14 – 50 apical cones in male or 29 – 34 in female. Epipharynx (Fig. 3 F): With a regular central tooth (ct); laterally with numerous external teeth (et), short; inner area of each side with a row of crenate spines (rsp). Gnathochilarium (Fig. 3 G, H): With long and dense setae. Lamellae linguales (ll) rectangular, flat apically. Central pads (Cp) modified, with numerous sensory cones. Stipites (st) large; located laterally to lamellae linguales. Mentum (me) large, fused. Lateral palpi inconspicuous. Inner palpi (ip) with sensory cones (sc) arranged in two fields. Mandibles (gnathal lobe) (Fig. 3 I): With undivided external tooth (Et) and with conspicuous 3 - combed inner tooth (3 it). With 4 – 5 rows of pectinate lamellae (pl). Inner area (Ia) with group of tiny teeth. Molar plate (mp) flat, velvet-like; lacking a membranous fringe. Condylus (co) conspicuous, apically with two distinct ridges. Tegument (Fig. 2 A – F): Shiny; collum, thoracic shield, tergites, and anal shield sparsely microscopic setose; each seta located in an inconspicuous pit. Anterior margins of midbody tergite and anal shield with a few rows of long setae. Collum (Figs 2 B, 3 A): Subsemicircular; tip of lateral margin obtuse. Thoracic shield: Anteriorly with shallow and large grooves separated by a long ridge. Groove and ridge smooth, without setae. Sloped towards groove laterally with 4 inconspicuous keels. Midbody tergite: With a row of oval impressions at anterior margin. Tips of midbody paratergites projecting posteroventrad. Paratergites: Paratergites 3 and 4 slender, slightly attenuate; tip sharp. Paratergites 5 – 12 wide; tip obtuse. Anal shield: Large and well-rounded in female, slenderer in male. Underside with a single, short, black locking carina, as long as those of tergites, sometimes dotlike. Endotergum of midbody tergite (Fig. 14 A, B): Posterior margin (pm) flat, regular. Outer area (oa) wide; without setae. Marginal bristles arranged in 3 – 4 rows; tips of the longest bristles not protruding above posterior margin. Middle area (ma) with a single row of conspicuous, circular cuticular impressions (cp); distance between impressions twice as long as individual diameter. Inner area (ia) without tubercles or setae. Pleurites (laterotergites): First pleurite slender, boomeranglike; apical margin attenuated, strongly projecting into a wide tip. Pleurite 2 wider than the first one, projecting into obtuse tip. All remaining pleurites flat and broad, apical margin slightly extended. Subanal plate (Fig. 4 G): Densely setose; large and wide; well-rounded; apical margin slightly concave. Stigmatic plates (Fig. 4 C): First stigmatic plate slender, apex well-rounded. Second stigmatic plate in both sexes not curved. Legs (Fig. 4 A – F): All podomeres sparsely setose. Coxa (cx) large; coxal process absent in first legs; legs 2 – 21 laterally with conspicuous coxal ridge (legs 2 of female slightly smaller than in male). Prefemur (pre) short; apico-mesally with inconspicuous projection. Femur (fe) 1.5 times longer than wide, with long femoral ridge in all leg pairs; apico-mesally with dentate margin, carrying inconspicuous teeth (Sp). Postfemur (po) and tibia (ti) short. Tarsus (ta) of midbody legs quite long, 3.4 times longer than wide, as long as length of femur + postfemur. First two leg pairs without apical spine; leg-pair 1 with 2 ventral spines; leg-pair 2 with 5 ventral spines; leg-pair 3 with 5 or 6 ventral spines and 1 apical spine; leg pairs 4 – 21 with 6 or 7 ventral spines and 1 apical spine. Claw normal, with a small notch at base. Male gonopore (Fig. 4 E): Small, triangular; covered by long setae. Anterior telopods (Fig. 5 A, C, E – G): First telopoditomere large, stout, apically widening. Telopoditomere 2 large, with projection as long as telopoditomere 3. Immovable finger (process of telopoditomere 2) short; clearly seen in posterior and ventral views; almost as long as telopoditomere 3; strongly curved; attenuate near tip; tip obtuse. Telopoditomere 3 indistinctly demarcated from telopoditomere 4 (with inconspicuous suture), both of equal length and cylindrical; telopoditomere 3 apically with a single spine and telopoditomere 4 with two spines or five spines on some specimens. Posterior telopods (Figs 5 A – D, 15 E, F): With 4 telopoditomeres. First telopoditomere rectangular, longer than wide. Telopoditomere 2 large. Immovable finger (process of telopoditomere 2) long, massive, hammerlike, 2 times longer than wide, with a characteristic, apically extremely swollen, round, inner margin. With single spine; with thin dark spot near apex; tip in situ, curving ventrad; antero-apical margin a bit collapsed to accommodate tip of telopoditomere 4. Telopoditomere 3 stout; 2 times longer than wide, with single spine at excavate inner margin. Telopoditomere 4 relatively short, half as long as telopoditomere 3, strongly tapering toward apex; with two spines; immediately curved midway by forming a digitiform tip. Telopoditomeres 1 and 2 in anterior view covered by sparse setae, in posterior view glabrous. Telopoditomeres 3 and 4 glabrous. Inner horns with sharp tips, directed posteriad. Female sexual characters (Fig. 4 F): Vulva slightly short and slender; sparsely setose; covering almost 1 / 3 of coxa; extending mesally near base of prefemur. Operculum (op) round, slender, mesal margin protruding into a short, well-rounded lobe. Bursa (bu) relatively long, demarcated from operculum by a triangular groove.	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
858B300701D35F8499C8711C5855CF65.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after Nong Hin District, where all specimens were collected. Adjective.	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
858B300701D35F8499C8711C5855CF65.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat (Fig. 2 G, H). Sphaerobelum nonghinensis sp. nov. is currently known only from the type locality in Nong Hin District, Loei Province. This new species was observed during the daytime in an evergreen forest within limestone habitat. Individuals typically conceal themselves beneath thick layers of leaf litter and decayed logs on rocky surfaces or in crevices, highlighting their adaptation to this unique environment.	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
1C7594B55CEA5AC187B38824EB26510E.taxon	description	Figs 6, 7, 8, 9, 14 C, D, 15 G, H, 16	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
1C7594B55CEA5AC187B38824EB26510E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. S. onyx sp. nov. differs in the femur of the legs, in which only the apical margin carries a few teeth (no teeth or teeth at the entire margin in the other known Sphaerobelum species), a character only shared with S. bicorne Attems, 1938, S. bolavensis Wesener, 2019, S. nonghinensis sp. nov., as well as S. petramurum sp. nov. described below. S. onyx sp. nov. differs from both S. bicorne and S. bolavensis in the presence of a “ hook ” on telopoditomere 4 of the posterior telopods. S. onyx sp. nov. differs by the glabrous tertgites (vs. hairy) from both S. nonghinensis sp. nov. and S. petramurum sp. nov. The black body colour with red appendages of S. onyx sp. nov. is unique for known Thai members of the genus but does also occur in S. schwendingeri Wesener, 2019, and S. laoticum Wesener, 2019, and potentially (known specimens are faded in ethanol) S. peterjaegeri Wesener, 2019, from Laos. S. onyx sp. nov. shares only with S. clavigerum, S. hirsutum, S. laoticum, S. nonghinensis sp. nov., S. petramurum sp. nov., S. schwendingeri, S. separatum, and S. splendidum the presence of a hook-like tip on telopoditomere 4 of the posterior telopods. S. onyx sp. nov. differs from S. clavigerum by having a shorter locking carina on anal shield (vs. 3 × long), from S. hirsutum and S. separatum by glabrous tergites (vs. hairy), from S. laoticum, S. nonghinensis sp. nov., S. petramurum sp. nov., S. schwendingeri, and S. splendidum by the presence of 5 – 6 rows of marginal bristles and marginal bristles covering 3 / 4 of outer area (vs. 3 – 4 rows and 1 / 4 covered area).	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
1C7594B55CEA5AC187B38824EB26510E.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: Male holotype; body length 26.3 mm; width (broadest) of thoracic shield 13.5 mm of tergite 7 = 13.6 mm; height of tergite 7 = 7.2 mm. Males: body length = 23.7 – 26.1 mm; width (broadest) of thoracic shield = 11.9 – 13.3 mm, of tergite 7 = 12.2 – 13.7 mm; height of tergite 7 = 6.3 – 8.0 mm. Females: body length = 25.7 – 32.4 mm; width (broadest) of thoracic shield = 12.4 – 16.4 mm, of tergite 7 = 13.3 – 17.3 mm; height of tergite 7 = 8.2 – 10.0 mm. Colouration (Fig. 6 A – F): Live specimens with shiny black colour. Head, collum, thoracic shield, tergites, and anal shield black. Antennae, legs, and venter contrastingly brownish orange. Some specimens in alcohol after 3 years faded to dark brown; anterior margin of tergites and venter dark olive; legs brown. Head (Fig. 7 A, E): Trapeziform; with long and sparse setae, each seta located inside small pit. With 59 – 78 ommatidia (ocelli) in males and 71 – 85 in females. Aberrant ommatidium situated at brim of antennal groove. Organ of Tömösváry located at brim near the base of antenna, separated from eye field. No sclerotised crest / ridge between antennal socket and eye field. Antennae (Figs 6 B, C, 7 A – D): Quite short; covered by long and dense setae; last antennomere extending back to leg pair 3 or 4. Lengths of antennomeres 6> 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5. Antennomere 6 slightly rounded apically, oval; apically with sensilla basiconica. Apical disc slightly convex, with 34 – 59 apical cones in male or 31 – 42 in female. Epipharynx (Fig. 7 F): With a regular central tooth (ct); laterally with abundant external teeth (et), short, triangular; inner area of each side with a row of dentate spines (rsp). Gnathochilarium (Fig. 7 G, H): Structure typical as for Sphaerotheriida. Lamellae linguales (ll) rectangular, apically truncate. Central pads (Cp) modified, with numerous sensory cones. Stipites (st) large; densely setose; located laterally to lamellae linguales. Mentum (me) large; fused at base; with dense and long setae. Lateral palpi inconspicuous. Inner palpi (ip) with sensory cones (sc) arranged in three fields (clusters). Mandibles (gnathal lobe) (Fig. 7 I, J): With undivided external tooth (Et) and with conspicuous 3 - combed inner tooth (3 it). With 5 – 6 rows of pectinate lamellae (pl). Inner area (Ia) with group of tiny teeth. Molar plate (mp) flat, velvet-like; lacking a membranous fringe. Condylus (co) conspicuous, apically with one distinct ridge. Tegument (Fig. 6 A – F): Shiny and smooth; all tergites sparsely microscopic setose; each seta located in an inconspicuous pit. Anterior margins of midbody tergite and anal shield with a few rows of long setae. Collum (Figs 6 B, C, 7 A): Subsemicircular; tip of lateral margin obtuse; sparsely long setose. Thoracic shield: With large and shallow groove demarcated by a large and long ridge at anterior edge. Groove and ridge smooth, without setae. Sloped towards groove with 3 inconspicuous (but traceable) keels. Midbody tergite: With a row of oval impressions at anterior margin. Tips of midbody paratergites projecting posteroventrad. Paratergites: Paratergites 3 and 4 slender, slightly attenuate; tip sharp. Paratergites 5 – 12 wide; tip obtuse. Anal shield: Slightly sexually dimorphic, in female large and well-rounded, in male slenderer. With a row of oval impressions at anterior edge. Underside without or with a single short or dot-like, black locking carina. Endotergum of midbody tergite (Fig. 14 C, D): Posterior margin (pm) unmodified, flat, regular. Outer area (oa) narrow; smooth, without setae. Marginal bristles arranged in five or six rows; tips of the longest bristles reaching to posterior margin (but not reaching above the margin). Middle area (ma) with several tiny cuticular impressions (cp), tubercle-like. Inner area (ia) without tubercles or setae. Pleurites (laterotergites): First pleurite slender, boomeranglike; apical margin slightly attenuated, strongly projecting into a wide tip. Pleurite 2 wider than the first one, tip obtuse. All remaining pleurites flat and broad, apical margin slightly extended. Subanal plate (Fig. 8 H): Densely setose; large and wide; subsemicircular; heartlike; apical; apical margin strongly concave. Stigmatic plates (Fig. 8 C, D): First stigmatic plate slender, apex rounded. Second stigmatic plate in both sexes not curved. Legs (Fig. 8 A – G): All podomeres sparsely setose. Coxa (cx) large; coxal process absent in first legs; each side of legs 2 – 21 laterally with a dentate ridge. Prefemur (pre) quite short; apico-mesally with short but conspicuous projection. Femur (fe) 1.8 times longer than wide, with a long ridge in all leg pairs; apico-mesally with inconspicuous dentate margin, carrying inconspicuous teeth (Sp). Postfemur (po) and tibia (ti) relatively short. Tarsus (ta) of midbody legs quite long, 3.9 times longer than wide, as long as length of femur + postfemur; first two leg pairs without apical spine; leg-pair 1 with 2 ventral spines; leg-pair 2 with 4 ventral spines; leg-pair 3 with 6 or 7 ventral spines and 1 apical spine; leg pairs 4 – 21 with 6 or 8 ventral spines and 1 apical spine. Claw normal, with a small notch at base. Male gonopore (Fig. 8 F): Small, triangular; covered by long setae. Anterior telopods (Fig. 9 A, C, E – G): First telopoditomere rectangular. Telopoditomere 2 large and stout, with process as long as telopoditomere 1. Immovable finger (process of telopoditomere 2) slightly long; almost as long as telopoditomere 3; strongly curved; tip obtuse, inner margin with single spine. Telopoditomere 3 longer than telopoditomere 4, clearly demarcated from telopoditomere 4 by suture when seen in ventral view, apically with one spine. Tepoloditomere 4 short, less than half as long as telopoditomere 3, with two small spines; tip directed mesad. Posterior telopods (Figs 9 A – D, 15 G, H): Consisting of 4 telopoditomeres. First telopoditomere rectangular, length = width. Telopoditomere 2 large and stout. Immovable finger (process of telopoditomere 2) quite long, hammerlike; 2 times longer than wide, with a characteristic, extremely swollen, apically round apex; tip obtuse; with thick and dark spot near apex; tip in situ, curving ventrad; antero-apical margin a bit collapsed to accommodate tip of telopoditomere 4. Telopoditomere 3 quite short, 2 times longer than wide, with a single spine at excavated inner margin. Telopoditomere 4 short, 3 times shorter than telopoditomere 3, with two spines, strongly tapering toward apex and slightly curved near apex by forming a digitiform tip. Telopoditomeres 1 and 2 in anterior and posterior views mostly covered by setae. Telopoditomeres 3 and 4 mostly glabrous, except small area at basal part of telopoditomere 3 with long setae. Inner horns with sharp-edged tips. Female sexual characters (Fig. 8 G): Vulva short and stout; sparsely setose; covering almost 1 / 3 of coxa; projecting mesally to base of prefemur. Operculum (op) narrow, flattened dorso-ventrally when seen in posterior view; mesal margin protruding into a small lobe on each side. Bursa (bu) short and stout, demarcated from operculum by a triangular groove.	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
1C7594B55CEA5AC187B38824EB26510E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name is a noun in apposition and refers to the remarkable black body colour, which somewhat resembles the chalcedony mineral “ onyx. ”	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
1C7594B55CEA5AC187B38824EB26510E.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat (Fig. 6 G, H). Sphaerobelum onyx sp. nov. is currently known from the Mekong River basin, specifically in Laos and Thailand. All examined specimens in Thailand (Bueng Khan and Nakhon Phanom Districts) were observed during the daytime on rocky sandstone beds that were covered with thick leaf litter in evergreen forests. Notably, a single female previously reported by Wesener (2019) was found in limestone habitats in the Vang Vieng district (18 ° 55 ' 46.9 " N, 102 ° 20 ' 56.8 " E), indicating some habitat variability within its distribution.	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
7F56B2A47D025F37BC8B22FCEF675318.taxon	description	Figs 10, 11, 12, 14 E, F, 15 I, J, 16	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
7F56B2A47D025F37BC8B22FCEF675318.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. S. petramurum sp. nov. differs in the femur of the legs, in which only the apical margin carries a few teeth (no teeth or teeth at the entire margin in the other known Sphaerobelum species), a character only shared with S. bicorne Attems, 1938, S. bolavensis Wesener, 2019, S. nonghinensis sp. nov., and S. onyx sp. nov. S. petramurum sp. nov. differs from both S. bicorne and S. bolavensis in the presence of a “ hook ” on telopoditomere 4 of the posterior telopods. S. petramurum sp. nov. differs strongly in the colouration from both S. nonghinensis sp. nov. and S. onyx sp. nov. (greenish-bluish brown vs. black). S. petramurum sp. nov. shares only with S. clavigerum, S. hirsutum, S. laoticum, S. nonghinensis sp. nov., S. onyx sp. nov., S. schwendingeri, S. separatum, and S. splendidum the presence of a “ hook ” on telopoditomere 4 of the posterior telopods. This new species differs from S. clavigerum by having a single short or dot-like locking carina on the anal shield (vs. 3 × long), from S. hirsutum and S. separatum in the presence of glabrous tergites (vs. hairy). It also differs from S. laoticum and S. schwendingeri in the presence of apical dish carrying <60 apical cones and tergites greenish-bluish brown (vs. 81 – 86 in S. laoticum, 36 – 73 in S. schwendingeri, and tergites black), from S. splendidum in the presence of leg 2 with coxal process (vs. absent) and a long telopoditomere 2 of anterior telopod (vs. short, without process as long as telopoditomere 3), and from S. nonghinensis sp. nov. by having a greenish-bluish brown body colour (vs. almost black). It differs from S. onyx sp. nov. by the presence of 5 – 6 rows of marginal bristles and marginal bristles covering 3 / 4 of outer area (vs. 3 – 4 rows, 1 / 4 cover area).	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
7F56B2A47D025F37BC8B22FCEF675318.taxon	description	Description. Measurements: Male holotype; body length 29.1 mm, width (broadest) of thoracic shield 13.7 mm, of tergite 7 = 14.5 mm; height of tergite 7 = 8.5 mm. Males: body length = 25.7 – 25.9 mm; width (broadest) of thoracic shield = 13.0 – 13.7 mm, of tergite 7 = 13.9 – 14.7 mm; height of tergite 7 = 8.3 – 8.9 mm. Females: body length = 29.7 – 30.5 mm; width (broadest) of thoracic shield = 14.5 – 15.3 mm, of tergite 7 = 15.3 – 16.2 mm; height of tergite 7 = 9.2 – 10.0 mm. Colouration (Fig. 10 A – G): Specimens in life greenish-bluish brown or light brown, shiny. Head and collum brown to dark brown. Antennae, thoracic shield, paratergites, anal shield, legs, and venter light brown. Midbody area of each tergite with a longitudinal bluish-green or brown stripe (band), becoming visible when the animal rolls up. Lateral margin of each tergite with a brown patch. Anal shield with a large triangular brown patch. Specimens in alcohol after 3 years slightly faded to pale greenish-bluish brown. Head (Fig. 11 A, E): Trapeziform; densely setose in anterior part and sparsely setose in posterior one; each seta located inside small pit. With 66 – 83 ommatidia (ocelli) in males and 54 – 79 in females. Aberrant ommatidium and organ of Tömösváry as in S. nonghinensis sp. nov. and S. onyx sp. nov. Antennae (Figs 10 B, C, 11 B – D): Quite short and slender; covered by long and dense setae; last antennomere reaching back to leg pair 2 or 3. Lengths of antennomeres 6> 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 Antennomere 6 rounded apically; oval; apically with sensilla basiconica. Apical disc slightly convex, with 49 – 56 apical cones in male or 27 – 32 in female. Epipharynx (Fig. 11 F): With a regular central tooth (ct); laterally with numerous external teeth (et), short and sharp; inner area of each side with a row of delicately dentate spines (rsp). Gnathochilarium (Fig. 11 G, H): Structure typical as for Sphaerotheriida. Lamellae linguales (ll) rectangular, apically truncate. Central pads (Cp) modified, with numerous sensory cones. Stipites (st) large; densely setose; located laterally to lamellae linguales. Mentum (me) large; fused at base; with dense and long setae. Lateral palpi inconspicuous. Inner palpi (ip) with sensory cones (sc) arranged in three fields (clusters). Mandibles (gnathal lobe) (Fig. 11 I): With undivided external tooth (Et) and with conspicuous 3 - combed inner tooth (3 it). With 5 – 6 rows of pectinate lamellae (pl). Inner area (Ia) with group of tiny teeth. Molar plate (mp) flat, velvet-like; lacking a membranous fringe. Condylus (co) apically with two or three ridges. Tegument (Fig. 10 A – G): Shiny; all tergites sparsely microscopic setose; each seta located in an inconspicuous pit. Anterior margins of midbody tergite and anal shield with a few rows of long setae. Collum (Figs 10 B, C, 11 A): Subsemicircular; tip of lateral margin obtuse; sparsely long setose at margin. Thoracic shield: Anteriorly with shallow and large grooves separated by a long ridge. Groove and ridge smooth, without setae. Sloped towards groove laterally with 4 inconspicuous keels. Midbody tergite: With a row of oval impressions at anterior margin. Tips of midbody paratergites projecting posteroventrad. Paratergites: Paratergites 3 and 4 slender, slightly attenuate; tip sharp. Paratergites 5 – 12 wide; tip obtuse. Anal shield: Slightly sexually dimorphic; large and well-rounded in female, slenderer in male. Underside with a single, black locking carina; twice as long as length of tergites. Endotergum of midbody tergite (Fig. 14 E, F): Posterior margin (pm) unmodified, flat, regular. Outer area (oa) quite wide; smooth, without setae. Marginal bristles arranged in three or four rows; tips of the longest bristles not protruding above posterior margin. Middle area (ma) with a single row of conspicuous, wavy impressions; distance between impressions twice as long as individual diameter. Inner area (ia) without tubercles or setae. Pleurites (laterotergites) (Fig. 12 D): First pleurite slender, boomeranglike; apical margin attenuated, strongly projecting into a wide tip. Pleurite 2 wider than the first one, protruding into obtuse tip. All remaining pleurites flat and broad, apical margin slightly extended. Subanal plate (Fig. 12 H): Densely setose; broad and wide; subsemicircular; apical margin slightly concave. Stigmatic plates (Fig. 12 C): First stigmatic plate trapeziform, apex rounded. Second stigmatic plate in both sexes not curved. Legs (Fig. 12 A – G): All podomeres sparsely setose. Coxa (cx) large; coxal process absent in first legs; each side of legs 4 – 21 marginally with a large, dentate ridge. Prefemur (pre) quite short; apico-mesally with a weak projection. Femur (fe) 1.8 times longer than wide, with long ridge in all leg pairs; apico-mesally with inconspicuous dentate margin, carrying inconspicuous teeth (Sp). Postfemur (po) and tibia (ti) short. Tarsus (ta) of midbody legs quite long, 4 times longer than wide, as long as length of femur + postfemur; first two leg pairs without an apical spine; leg-pair 1 with 2 ventral spines; leg-pair 2 with 4 or 5 ventral spines; leg-pair 3 with 6 or 7 ventral spines and 1 apical spine; leg pairs 4 – 21 with 6 or 7 ventral spines and 1 apical spine. Claw normal, with a small notch at base. Male gonopore (Fig. 12 F): Small, triangular; covered by long setae. Anterior telopods (Fig. 13 A, C, E – G): First telopoditomere rectangular, slender, width <height. Telopoditomere 2 large, longer than telopoditomere 1. Immovable finger (process of telopoditomere 2) long and slender, longer than telopoditomere 3, clearly seen in posterior and ventral views, strongly curved; tip obtuse, apically with several sclerotised spots. Telopoditomere 3 longer than telopoditomere 4, distinctly demarcated from telopoditomere 4 by suture when seen in ventral view, apically with a single spine. Tepoloditomere 4 short, less than half as long as telopoditomere 3, with three spines (two spines located near base and one at apex); tip directed mesad. Posterior telopods (Figs 13 A – D, 15 I, J): Slender. Consisting of 4 telopoditomeres. First telopoditomere rectangular. Telopoditomere 2 large and long. Immovable finger (process of telopoditomere 2) long, hammer-like; 2 times longer than wide, with a characteristic, mesally swollen apex; tip obtuse, with thick and dark spot near apex; in-situ curving ventrad; antero-apical margin slightly collapsed to accommodate tip of telopoditomere 4; inner margin with single spine. Telopoditomere 3 quite short, 2 times longer than wide, with single spine at excavated inner margin. Telopoditomere 4 relatively short, 2 times shorter than telopoditomere 3, strongly tapering toward apex; slightly curved toward apex by forming a digitiform tip with two long spines. Telopoditomere 1 covered by setae. Telopoditomeres 2 with setae only in anterior view. Telopoditomeres 3 and 4 glabrous, except small area at basal part of telopoditomere 3. Inner horns with sharp-edged tips, slightly curved caudad. Female sexual characters (Fig. 12 G): Vulva quite long and slender. Vulva large, slender; covering almost 1 / 3 of coxa; extending mesally to almost half of prefemur. Operculum (op) wide and slender; mesal margin strongly protruding into an obtuse lobe on each side. Bursa (bu) long and slender, demarcated from operculum by a triangular groove.	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
7F56B2A47D025F37BC8B22FCEF675318.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name is a Latin noun, here in apposition, meaning “ rock wall, ” and refers to the preferred habitat of the new species found in limestone.	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
7F56B2A47D025F37BC8B22FCEF675318.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat (Fig. 10 H). Sphaerobelum petramurum sp. nov. is currently distributed in limestone borders of Chaiyaphum and Khon Kaen Provinces. Most specimens have been discovered exclusively in small crevices within rocky walls or beds in humid limestone evergreen forests. This unique habitat highlights the adaptation to its specific environment, where moisture and shelter are abundant, allowing it to thrive in these limestone-rich ecosystems.	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
C697B9134B0653DB913049E69E01584E.taxon	description	Figs 15 K, L, 16	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
C697B9134B0653DB913049E69E01584E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species occurs only in a small area near the Nan-Phayao border. The new specimen was collected from limestone habitats, whereas the type materials were found in montane evergreen-bamboo forest.	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
6C989EC4885F56C7AEC076BAB410B1F1.taxon	description	Figs 15 M, N, 16	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
6C989EC4885F56C7AEC076BAB410B1F1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is known only from the type locality, which is characterised by the highly irregular geomorphology of limestone habitat at Phu Pha Lom Forest Park in Loei Province. Based on our observations of specimens at both the forest floor and on rocks, we suggest that this species is likely inhabiting only rock crevices or walls.	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
D78B4831022F502B9C2BB80EEDEDDD11.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Sphaerobelum clavigerum Verhoeff, 1924, by subsequent designation of Jeekel (1971: 28).	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
D78B4831022F502B9C2BB80EEDEDDD11.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (3 species), Laos (10 species), Thailand (7 species), and Vietnam (7 species).	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
D78B4831022F502B9C2BB80EEDEDDD11.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A genus of Zephroniinae in which the posterior telopod has 4 telopoditomeres distal to the syncoxite, immovable finger apically uniquely enlarged and massively swollen (except for S. aesculus, S. meridionalis, and S. benqii, in which there is just a swollen spot). Anterior telopod either with 3 or 4 podomeres distal to syncoxite, with podomeres 3 and 4 simple, either completely fused, partly fused, or completely separated. See more detail of diagnosis in Wongthamwanich et al. (2012), Wesener (2016), Semenyuk et al. (2018), and Srisonchai et al. (2024 b).	en	Srikampha, Khanet, Wesener, Thomas, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Srisonchai, Ruttapon (2025): The millipede genus Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924, in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (1): 273-300, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.143073
