identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
BA5287B6FFD8FFA8FF2FFC0B8E718254.text	BA5287B6FFD8FFA8FF2FFC0B8E718254.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplectana xishuangbannaensis Chen & Gu & Ni & Li 2021	<div><p>Aplectana xishuangbannaensis n. sp.</p><p>Type host: White-spotted thigh tree-frog  Polypedates megacephalus (Hallowell) ( Anura:  Rhacophoridae).</p><p>Type-locality: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.416664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.683332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.416664/lat 21.683332)">XiShuangBanNa Tropical Botanical Garden</a> (21°41 ′ N, 101°25 ′ E), Yunnan Province, China  .</p><p>Type specimens:  Holotype: male (HBNU–N-2020A009L); allotype: female (HBNU–N-2020A010L); paratypes: 41 males, 122 females (HBNU–N-2020A011L).</p><p>Site of infection: Intestine.</p><p>Prevalence and intensity of infection: 12.1% (11  P. megacephalus infected out of 91 examined) were infected with intensity of 1–88 (mean 15.0) nematodes.</p><p>ZooBank registration: To comply with the regulations set out in Article 8.5 of the amended 2012 version of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) [19], details of the new species have been submitted to ZooBank. Te Life Science Identifier (LSID) of the article is urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:09F4B1EF-C3AF42E6-80E6-B734D6B084B8. Te LSID for the new name  Aplectana xishuangbannaensis is urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act: 5E4C6C18-7B72-4C28-BD28-6964C6D8F0A3.</p><p>Etymology: Te specific epithet refers to the type location XiShuangBanNa Tropical Botanical Garden, Yunnan Province, China.</p><p>Description</p><p>General</p><p>Small-sized, whitish nematodes. Body cylindrical, maximum width at about region of middle body. Cuticle with fine transverse striations and longitudinal stockade-like ornamentation (Fig. 1a–c). Somatic papillae small, distributed irregularly over body surface (Figs. 1a–c, e, i, 2b). Lateral alae extending from 60–70 posterior to base of lips as far as about middle of tail in both sexes (Fig. 1b, f, i). Oral aperture simple, triangular, surrounded by 3 small lips, each with inner flanges (Figs. 1a, b, d, 2b). Dorsal lip with pair of large double cephalic papillae; subventral lips with single large double cephalic papilla and amphid each (Figs. 1a, 2b). Oesophagus divided into anterior short pharynx, cylindrical corpus, slightly narrower isthmus and terminal posterior bulb with valves (Fig. 2a). Nerve ring located at about 1/2 of oesophageal length. Excretory pore slightly anterior to of oesophageal bulb (Fig. 2a). Tail of both sexes conical, with long filamentous tip (Figs. 1e–g, i, 2c, f, h).</p><p>Male</p><p>[Based on 10 mature specimens; Figs. 1b, d–h, 2a, f–h]: Body 2.32–2.72 (2.49) mm long, maximum width 139–178 (158). Oesophagus 317–426 (374) long, representing 12.6–16.1 (15.0) % of body length; pharynx + corpus + isthmus 248–356 (307) long, bulb 59–69 (67) × 50–59 (54) (Fig. 2a). Nerve ring 158–198 (176) and excretory pore 257–376 (334) from anterior extremity, respectively (Fig. 2a). Posterior end of body distinctly curved ventrally (Figs. 1e, 2f). Spicules small, similar in shape and length, 139–178 (161) long, distal end pointed, representing 5.98–7.09 (6.47) % of body length (Fig. 2g). Gubernaculum absent. Caudal papillae: 6 pairs of precloacal, 3 pairs paracloacal (distinguishable from somatic papillae) and 4 pairs postcloacal papillae. Single median, ventral precloacal papilla present (Figs. 1g, h, 2h). Tail 198–248 (230) long, representing 8.26 ‒ 9.84 (9.26) % of body length (Figs. 1e–g, 2f, h).</p><p>Female</p><p>[Based on 10 mature specimens; Figs. 1a, c, i, 2b–e]: Body 3.54–3.86 (3.65) mm long, maximum width 248–297 (272). Oesophagus 416–446 (431) long, representing 11.0–12.6 (11.8) % of body length; pharynx + corpus + isthmus 347–366 (356) long, bulb 69–79 (74) × 50–69 (62). Nerve ring 208–228 (215) and excretory pore 347–386 (366) from anterior extremity, respectively. Vulva transverse slit, 1.60–2.10 (1.89) mm from anterior extremity, at 44.8–54.5 (51.8) % of body length. Ovaries two, located anterior to vulva. Vagina muscular (Fig. 2d). Uteri amphidelphic, full of eggs in different stages of development; egg oval, large, with smooth surface, 149–297 (205) × 99–238 (146) (n = 20) (Fig. 2e). Tail 347–406 (384) long, representing 9.78 ‒ 11.1 (10.5) % of body length (Figs. 1i, 2c).</p><p>Genetic characterization</p><p>Partial 18S region</p><p>Tree 18S sequences of  Aplectana xishuangbannaensis n. sp. (accession numbers MW329041–MW329043) obtained were all 1539 bp long, representing only one genotype. Tere is no species of  Aplectana with 18S sequenced registered in GenBank. Pairwise comparison between  A. xishuangbannaensis n. sp. and the other species of  Cosmocercidae regarding the 18S sequences available in GenBank, including  Cosmocerca simile (MN839758–MN839760),  Cosmocercoides dukae (FJ516753),  C. pulcher (LC018444, MH178322– MH178326),  C. qingtianensis (MH032769–MH032771, MH178319–MH178321),  C. tonkinensis (AB908160),  C. wuyiensis (MK110872),  Nemhelix bakeri (DQ118537) and  Raillietnema sp. (DQ503461), displayed 1.88– 3.77% nucleotide divergence.</p><p>Partial ITS-1 region</p><p>Tree ITS-1 sequences of  A. xishuangbannaensis n. sp. (accession numbers MW329035–MW329037) obtained were all 554 bp long, representing only one genotype. Tere are two species of  Aplectana with ITS sequences available in GenBank, including  A. chamaeleonis (MN907375 ‒ MN907378) and  Aplectana sp. ’  Neyraplectana ’ PNLS-530 (MH836325). Pairwise comparison between  A. xishuangbannaensis n. sp. and the previously mentioned taxa showed 46.67 and 45.47% nucleotide divergence, respectively. Pairwise comparison between  A. xishuangbannaensis n. sp. and the other species of  Cosmocercidae regarding the ITS sequences available in GenBank, including  Cosmocerca japonica (LC052772 ‒ LC052782),  C. longicauda (MG594349 ‒ MG594351),  C. ornata (MT108302),  Cosmocerca sp. LL-2020 (MT108303),  C. simile (MN839761 ‒ MN839768),  Cosmocercoides pulcher (MH178314–MH178318, LC018444),  C. qingtianensis (MH178311–MH178313, MH032772–MH032774),  C. tonkinensis (AB908160, AB908161) and  C. wuyiensis (MK110871), displayed 28.53–47.52% of nucleotide divergence.</p><p>Partial 28S region</p><p>Tree 28S sequences of  A. xishuangbannaensis n. sp. (accession numbers MW329038–MW329040) obtained were all 740 bp long, representing only one genotype. Tere is only one species of  Aplectana,  Aplectana sp. ’  Neyraplectana ’ PNLS-530, with 28S sequence data (MH909070) available in GenBank. Pairwise comparison between  A. xishuangbannaensis n. sp. and the previously mentioned taxon showed 20.67% of nucleotide divergence. Pairwise comparison between  A. xishuangbannaensis n. sp. and the other species of  Cosmocercidae with 28S sequences available in GenBank, including  Cosmocerca simile (MN839755–MN839757),  Cosmocercoides pulcher (LC018444) and  C. tonkinensis (AB908160), displayed 16.78–17.94% of nucleotide divergence.</p><p>Partial cox1 region</p><p>Tree cox 1 sequences of  A. xishuangbannaensis n. sp. (accession numbers MW327586–MW327588) obtained were all 384 bp long, representing only one genotype. Tere is no species of  Aplectana with cox 1 sequence registered in GenBank. Pairwise comparison between  A. xishuangbannaensis n. sp. and the other species of  Cosmocercidae regarding the cox 1 sequences available in GenBank, including  C. japonica (LC052756 ‒ LC052770),  C. ornata (MT108304),  Cosmocerca sp. LL-2020 (MT108305),  C. simile (MN833301 ‒ MN833303),  C. pulcher (MH178306–MH178310, LC052771) and  C. qingtianensis (MH178303–MH178305, MH032775– MH032777), displayed 10.23–21.09% nucleotide divergence.</p><p>Phylogenetic analyses</p><p>Phylogenetic trees inferred from maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) showed that representatives of  Cosmocercoidea were divided into four major clades (Fig. 3). Clade I included the species of three genera  Cosmocerca,  Cosmocercoides and  Aplectana, representing the family  Cosmocercidae . Among the three genera,  Cosmocerca displayed a closer relationship to  Aplectana rather than  Cosmocercoides . Clade II included only  Cruzia americana (a common nematode parasite in the digestive tract of opossums), which belongs to the subfamily  Cruzinae in the family  Kathlaniidae according to the current classification [1]. Clade III included species of  Falcaustra and  Megalobatrachonema, which represent the family  Kathlaniidae . Te representatives of  Orientatractis and  Rondonia formed Clade IV, representing the family  Atractidae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA5287B6FFD8FFA8FF2FFC0B8E718254	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chen, Hui-Xia;Gu, Xiao-Hong;Ni, Xue-Feng;Li, Liang	Chen, Hui-Xia, Gu, Xiao-Hong, Ni, Xue-Feng, Li, Liang (2021): Description of a new species of AplECTana (Nematoda: Ascaridomorpha: Cosmocercidae) using an integrative approach and preliminary phylogenetic study of Cosmocercidae and related taxa. Parasites & Vectors (165) 14 (1): 1-10, DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04667-9, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04667-9
