taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
BA767A6D320EFFC0FEFFFD9F7DF3579A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508849/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508849	Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among taxa within North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae recovered by Bayesian inference with five concatenated loci (three mitochondrial and two nuclear) and 130 species.Red dots depict nodes with posterior probabilities <95%. Green arrows show fossil calibration points and brown arrows show secondary calibration points (Table 1). Numbered nodes are associated with environmental and geologic events in our biogeographical synthesis (Table 2).	Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among taxa within North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae recovered by Bayesian inference with five concatenated loci (three mitochondrial and two nuclear) and 130 species.Red dots depict nodes with posterior probabilities <95%. Green arrows show fossil calibration points and brown arrows show secondary calibration points (Table 1). Numbered nodes are associated with environmental and geologic events in our biogeographical synthesis (Table 2).	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D320EFFC0FEFFFD9F7DF3579A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508861/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508861	Figure 7. Oligocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region. Putative estuaries of origin for each Oligocene lineage are labelled.Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.3) are indicated as N4, N8, N12, and N13, showing hypothetical separations between lineages (for details, see main text, Table 2, and Fig.6). The base map is a reconstruction for 35 Mya (ending Late Eocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). Superimposed river drainages and estuaries are adapted from the study by Snedden and Galloway (2019). Details on the Chiapas region are from the study by Villagómez et al. (2022). Three putative dispersal events are illustrated: N8, cyprinodontid southward immigration founding Floridichthys–Jordanella pulchra on the Yucatán platform; N12, fundulid eastward immigration, including crossing the Suwanee Channel during sea-level recession, founding Leptolucania on the Ocala High; and N13, fundulid westward immigration founding Lucania–Wileyichthys in the Río Grande–Río Bravo estuary, where it presumably co-occurred with Cyprinodontidae.	Figure 7. Oligocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region. Putative estuaries of origin for each Oligocene lineage are labelled.Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.3) are indicated as N4, N8, N12, and N13, showing hypothetical separations between lineages (for details, see main text, Table 2, and Fig.6). The base map is a reconstruction for 35 Mya (ending Late Eocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). Superimposed river drainages and estuaries are adapted from the study by Snedden and Galloway (2019). Details on the Chiapas region are from the study by Villagómez et al. (2022). Three putative dispersal events are illustrated: N8, cyprinodontid southward immigration founding Floridichthys–Jordanella pulchra on the Yucatán platform; N12, fundulid eastward immigration, including crossing the Suwanee Channel during sea-level recession, founding Leptolucania on the Ocala High; and N13, fundulid westward immigration founding Lucania–Wileyichthys in the Río Grande–Río Bravo estuary, where it presumably co-occurred with Cyprinodontidae.	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D320EFFC0FEFFFD9F7DF3579A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508855/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508855	Figure 5. Reconstruction of ancestral areas for the North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae.A, distribution of North American killifishes divided as Nearctic = A and Neotropical = B, with the boundary between realms being the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (Rico et al.2022). B, ancestral areas computed using the BAYAREALIKE+J model in BIOGEOBEARS.	Figure 5. Reconstruction of ancestral areas for the North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae.A, distribution of North American killifishes divided as Nearctic = A and Neotropical = B, with the boundary between realms being the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (Rico et al.2022). B, ancestral areas computed using the BAYAREALIKE+J model in BIOGEOBEARS.	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D320EFFC0FEFFFD9F7DF3579A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508863/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508863	Figure 8. Early–Middle Miocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region.Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.3) are indicated as N5–N7, N9–N11, and N14–N17, showing hypothetical separations between lineages (for details, see main text, Table 2, and Figs 6, 7). The Early Miocene Red River followed the Sabine route to an independent delta, potentially the estuary of origin for subgenus Fundulus, with subgenus Zygonectes arising in the Mississippi River estuary to the east (N15). The Red River joined the Mississippi River in the Middle Miocene.A Guadalupe River drainage emerged to the west in the Early–Middle Miocene, potentially the estuary of origin for the Fundulus similis species group, which diverged from subgenus Fundulus (N16). Widespread, sustained tectonism across southwestern North America isolated western tributaries from the Gulf of México, becoming endorheic drainages, some of which evidently harboured killifishes. Owing to a long history of tectonic activity, the details of these ancient endorheic drainages are unknown.Break-up of the Oligocene Río Grande drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Wileyichthys inland from Lucania (N14). Break-up of the Oligocene Madrean River drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Empetrichthyinae from Goodeinae (N6). Further break-up of the Madrean River separated Goodeinae from Characodontini-Illyodontini (N7). In the southern Gulf, capture of the upper Río Grijalva from an ancestral Río Coatzacoalcos isolated Profundulus from Tlaloc (N5). In the western Gulf, inland immigration of cyprinodontids resulted in peripheral isolates Cualac in the Río Pánuco (N9) and Megupsilon in the Late Miocene Río San Fernando (N11). The base map is a reconstruction for 20 Mya (Early Miocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). The narrowed Gulf Trough follows Popenoe (1990) for Early Miocene.Later sea-level rise flooded the trough and isolated the Ocala High as an island. Two putative dispersal events are illustrated: N10, cyprinodontid eastward coastal immigration, founding Jordanella floridae on the Ocala High; and N17, Fundulus inland immigration up the Mississippi River, founding Fundulus sciadicus–Plancterus on the Northern High Plains.	Figure 8. Early–Middle Miocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region.Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.3) are indicated as N5–N7, N9–N11, and N14–N17, showing hypothetical separations between lineages (for details, see main text, Table 2, and Figs 6, 7). The Early Miocene Red River followed the Sabine route to an independent delta, potentially the estuary of origin for subgenus Fundulus, with subgenus Zygonectes arising in the Mississippi River estuary to the east (N15). The Red River joined the Mississippi River in the Middle Miocene.A Guadalupe River drainage emerged to the west in the Early–Middle Miocene, potentially the estuary of origin for the Fundulus similis species group, which diverged from subgenus Fundulus (N16). Widespread, sustained tectonism across southwestern North America isolated western tributaries from the Gulf of México, becoming endorheic drainages, some of which evidently harboured killifishes. Owing to a long history of tectonic activity, the details of these ancient endorheic drainages are unknown.Break-up of the Oligocene Río Grande drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Wileyichthys inland from Lucania (N14). Break-up of the Oligocene Madrean River drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Empetrichthyinae from Goodeinae (N6). Further break-up of the Madrean River separated Goodeinae from Characodontini-Illyodontini (N7). In the southern Gulf, capture of the upper Río Grijalva from an ancestral Río Coatzacoalcos isolated Profundulus from Tlaloc (N5). In the western Gulf, inland immigration of cyprinodontids resulted in peripheral isolates Cualac in the Río Pánuco (N9) and Megupsilon in the Late Miocene Río San Fernando (N11). The base map is a reconstruction for 20 Mya (Early Miocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). The narrowed Gulf Trough follows Popenoe (1990) for Early Miocene.Later sea-level rise flooded the trough and isolated the Ocala High as an island. Two putative dispersal events are illustrated: N10, cyprinodontid eastward coastal immigration, founding Jordanella floridae on the Ocala High; and N17, Fundulus inland immigration up the Mississippi River, founding Fundulus sciadicus–Plancterus on the Northern High Plains.	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D320EFFC0FEFFFD9F7DF3579A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508853/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508853	Figure 4. A, BAMM phylorate plot showing speciation rates along each branch within the North American killifish families Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae. Cool colours represent slow rates; warm colours represent fast rates.B–E, speciation rate over time is shown graphically for Fundulidae (B), Cyprinodontidae (C), Profundulidae (D), and Goodeidae (E). λ = mean diversification rate.	Figure 4. A, BAMM phylorate plot showing speciation rates along each branch within the North American killifish families Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae. Cool colours represent slow rates; warm colours represent fast rates.B–E, speciation rate over time is shown graphically for Fundulidae (B), Cyprinodontidae (C), Profundulidae (D), and Goodeidae (E). λ = mean diversification rate.	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D320EFFC0FEFFFD9F7DF3579A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508847/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508847	Figure 2. Reconstruction of ancestral habitats for the North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae.A, distribution of North American killifish families with respect to the boundary (red line) between the coastal plain and continental interior (uplands). B, pie charts at each node represent the probability of each character state: coast including coastal plain, upland, or both.	Figure 2. Reconstruction of ancestral habitats for the North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae.A, distribution of North American killifish families with respect to the boundary (red line) between the coastal plain and continental interior (uplands). B, pie charts at each node represent the probability of each character state: coast including coastal plain, upland, or both.	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D3207FFC6FBD9FEBB78A85484.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508849/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508849	Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among taxa within North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae recovered by Bayesian inference with five concatenated loci (three mitochondrial and two nuclear) and 130 species.Red dots depict nodes with posterior probabilities <95%. Green arrows show fossil calibration points and brown arrows show secondary calibration points (Table 1). Numbered nodes are associated with environmental and geologic events in our biogeographical synthesis (Table 2).	Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among taxa within North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae recovered by Bayesian inference with five concatenated loci (three mitochondrial and two nuclear) and 130 species.Red dots depict nodes with posterior probabilities <95%. Green arrows show fossil calibration points and brown arrows show secondary calibration points (Table 1). Numbered nodes are associated with environmental and geologic events in our biogeographical synthesis (Table 2).	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D3207FFC6FBD9FEBB78A85484.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508853/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508853	Figure 4. A, BAMM phylorate plot showing speciation rates along each branch within the North American killifish families Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae. Cool colours represent slow rates; warm colours represent fast rates.B–E, speciation rate over time is shown graphically for Fundulidae (B), Cyprinodontidae (C), Profundulidae (D), and Goodeidae (E). λ = mean diversification rate.	Figure 4. A, BAMM phylorate plot showing speciation rates along each branch within the North American killifish families Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae. Cool colours represent slow rates; warm colours represent fast rates.B–E, speciation rate over time is shown graphically for Fundulidae (B), Cyprinodontidae (C), Profundulidae (D), and Goodeidae (E). λ = mean diversification rate.	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D3207FFC6FBD9FEBB78A85484.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508855/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508855	Figure 5. Reconstruction of ancestral areas for the North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae.A, distribution of North American killifishes divided as Nearctic = A and Neotropical = B, with the boundary between realms being the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (Rico et al.2022). B, ancestral areas computed using the BAYAREALIKE+J model in BIOGEOBEARS.	Figure 5. Reconstruction of ancestral areas for the North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae.A, distribution of North American killifishes divided as Nearctic = A and Neotropical = B, with the boundary between realms being the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (Rico et al.2022). B, ancestral areas computed using the BAYAREALIKE+J model in BIOGEOBEARS.	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D3207FFC6FBD9FEBB78A85484.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508847/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508847	Figure 2. Reconstruction of ancestral habitats for the North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae.A, distribution of North American killifish families with respect to the boundary (red line) between the coastal plain and continental interior (uplands). B, pie charts at each node represent the probability of each character state: coast including coastal plain, upland, or both.	Figure 2. Reconstruction of ancestral habitats for the North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae.A, distribution of North American killifish families with respect to the boundary (red line) between the coastal plain and continental interior (uplands). B, pie charts at each node represent the probability of each character state: coast including coastal plain, upland, or both.	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D3207FFC6FBD9FEBB78A85484.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508843/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508843	Figure 1. Map depicting the distribution of: A, North American killifish families; B, Fundulidae; C, Cyprinodontidae; D, Profundulidae; and E, Goodeidae.	Figure 1. Map depicting the distribution of: A, North American killifish families; B, Fundulidae; C, Cyprinodontidae; D, Profundulidae; and E, Goodeidae.	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D3207FFC6FBD9FEBB78A85484.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508859/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508859	Figure 6. Early–Middle Eocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region. Putative estuaries of origin for each Eocene lineage are labelled (Cypr. = Cyprinodontidae, Good.-Profund. = Goodeidae–Profundulidae).Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.2) are indicated as N1–N3 (node 1–node 3; for details, see main text and Table 2). The base map is a reconstruction for 50 Mya (late Early Eocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). The dashed line approximates the shore of an inland sea that is hypothesized to have formed 55.8–55.0 Mya (Early Eocene), at which time land would have surrounded the entire Gulf, separating it from the world ocean (Cossey et al. 2016), theoretically causing vicariance between northern and southern clades of North American killifishes (N1). Superimposed drainages and estuaries are adapted from the work of Snedden and Galloway (2019). Details on southwestern Gulf tributaries are from studies by Snedden et al. (2018) and Cossey et al. (2021). Alternate routes to the Gulf are shown for the Madrean River, a Tamaulipas route (Early Eocene), and a Río Bravo route (Middle Eocene). The ancestor of Goodeidae is hypothesized to have populated this drainage via the Early Eocene Tamaulipas route.High sea levels of the Early Eocene presumably allowed widespread dispersal within northern and southern regions, whereas sea-level falls in the early Middle Eocene potentially separated Cyprinodontidae from Fundulidae in the north (N2) and Cubanichthyidae from Goodeidae–Profundulidae in the south (N3).	Figure 6. Early–Middle Eocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region. Putative estuaries of origin for each Eocene lineage are labelled (Cypr. = Cyprinodontidae, Good.-Profund. = Goodeidae–Profundulidae).Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.2) are indicated as N1–N3 (node 1–node 3; for details, see main text and Table 2). The base map is a reconstruction for 50 Mya (late Early Eocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). The dashed line approximates the shore of an inland sea that is hypothesized to have formed 55.8–55.0 Mya (Early Eocene), at which time land would have surrounded the entire Gulf, separating it from the world ocean (Cossey et al. 2016), theoretically causing vicariance between northern and southern clades of North American killifishes (N1). Superimposed drainages and estuaries are adapted from the work of Snedden and Galloway (2019). Details on southwestern Gulf tributaries are from studies by Snedden et al. (2018) and Cossey et al. (2021). Alternate routes to the Gulf are shown for the Madrean River, a Tamaulipas route (Early Eocene), and a Río Bravo route (Middle Eocene). The ancestor of Goodeidae is hypothesized to have populated this drainage via the Early Eocene Tamaulipas route.High sea levels of the Early Eocene presumably allowed widespread dispersal within northern and southern regions, whereas sea-level falls in the early Middle Eocene potentially separated Cyprinodontidae from Fundulidae in the north (N2) and Cubanichthyidae from Goodeidae–Profundulidae in the south (N3).	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D3207FFC6FBD9FEBB78A85484.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508861/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508861	Figure 7. Oligocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region. Putative estuaries of origin for each Oligocene lineage are labelled.Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.3) are indicated as N4, N8, N12, and N13, showing hypothetical separations between lineages (for details, see main text, Table 2, and Fig.6). The base map is a reconstruction for 35 Mya (ending Late Eocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). Superimposed river drainages and estuaries are adapted from the study by Snedden and Galloway (2019). Details on the Chiapas region are from the study by Villagómez et al. (2022). Three putative dispersal events are illustrated: N8, cyprinodontid southward immigration founding Floridichthys–Jordanella pulchra on the Yucatán platform; N12, fundulid eastward immigration, including crossing the Suwanee Channel during sea-level recession, founding Leptolucania on the Ocala High; and N13, fundulid westward immigration founding Lucania–Wileyichthys in the Río Grande–Río Bravo estuary, where it presumably co-occurred with Cyprinodontidae.	Figure 7. Oligocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region. Putative estuaries of origin for each Oligocene lineage are labelled.Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.3) are indicated as N4, N8, N12, and N13, showing hypothetical separations between lineages (for details, see main text, Table 2, and Fig.6). The base map is a reconstruction for 35 Mya (ending Late Eocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). Superimposed river drainages and estuaries are adapted from the study by Snedden and Galloway (2019). Details on the Chiapas region are from the study by Villagómez et al. (2022). Three putative dispersal events are illustrated: N8, cyprinodontid southward immigration founding Floridichthys–Jordanella pulchra on the Yucatán platform; N12, fundulid eastward immigration, including crossing the Suwanee Channel during sea-level recession, founding Leptolucania on the Ocala High; and N13, fundulid westward immigration founding Lucania–Wileyichthys in the Río Grande–Río Bravo estuary, where it presumably co-occurred with Cyprinodontidae.	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D320CFFDFFE18FD1C7CC455C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508859/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508859	Figure 6. Early–Middle Eocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region. Putative estuaries of origin for each Eocene lineage are labelled (Cypr. = Cyprinodontidae, Good.-Profund. = Goodeidae–Profundulidae).Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.2) are indicated as N1–N3 (node 1–node 3; for details, see main text and Table 2). The base map is a reconstruction for 50 Mya (late Early Eocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). The dashed line approximates the shore of an inland sea that is hypothesized to have formed 55.8–55.0 Mya (Early Eocene), at which time land would have surrounded the entire Gulf, separating it from the world ocean (Cossey et al. 2016), theoretically causing vicariance between northern and southern clades of North American killifishes (N1). Superimposed drainages and estuaries are adapted from the work of Snedden and Galloway (2019). Details on southwestern Gulf tributaries are from studies by Snedden et al. (2018) and Cossey et al. (2021). Alternate routes to the Gulf are shown for the Madrean River, a Tamaulipas route (Early Eocene), and a Río Bravo route (Middle Eocene). The ancestor of Goodeidae is hypothesized to have populated this drainage via the Early Eocene Tamaulipas route.High sea levels of the Early Eocene presumably allowed widespread dispersal within northern and southern regions, whereas sea-level falls in the early Middle Eocene potentially separated Cyprinodontidae from Fundulidae in the north (N2) and Cubanichthyidae from Goodeidae–Profundulidae in the south (N3).	Figure 6. Early–Middle Eocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region. Putative estuaries of origin for each Eocene lineage are labelled (Cypr. = Cyprinodontidae, Good.-Profund. = Goodeidae–Profundulidae).Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.2) are indicated as N1–N3 (node 1–node 3; for details, see main text and Table 2). The base map is a reconstruction for 50 Mya (late Early Eocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). The dashed line approximates the shore of an inland sea that is hypothesized to have formed 55.8–55.0 Mya (Early Eocene), at which time land would have surrounded the entire Gulf, separating it from the world ocean (Cossey et al. 2016), theoretically causing vicariance between northern and southern clades of North American killifishes (N1). Superimposed drainages and estuaries are adapted from the work of Snedden and Galloway (2019). Details on southwestern Gulf tributaries are from studies by Snedden et al. (2018) and Cossey et al. (2021). Alternate routes to the Gulf are shown for the Madrean River, a Tamaulipas route (Early Eocene), and a Río Bravo route (Middle Eocene). The ancestor of Goodeidae is hypothesized to have populated this drainage via the Early Eocene Tamaulipas route.High sea levels of the Early Eocene presumably allowed widespread dispersal within northern and southern regions, whereas sea-level falls in the early Middle Eocene potentially separated Cyprinodontidae from Fundulidae in the north (N2) and Cubanichthyidae from Goodeidae–Profundulidae in the south (N3).	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D320CFFDFFE18FD1C7CC455C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508849/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508849	Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among taxa within North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae recovered by Bayesian inference with five concatenated loci (three mitochondrial and two nuclear) and 130 species.Red dots depict nodes with posterior probabilities <95%. Green arrows show fossil calibration points and brown arrows show secondary calibration points (Table 1). Numbered nodes are associated with environmental and geologic events in our biogeographical synthesis (Table 2).	Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among taxa within North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae recovered by Bayesian inference with five concatenated loci (three mitochondrial and two nuclear) and 130 species.Red dots depict nodes with posterior probabilities <95%. Green arrows show fossil calibration points and brown arrows show secondary calibration points (Table 1). Numbered nodes are associated with environmental and geologic events in our biogeographical synthesis (Table 2).	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D320CFFDFFE18FD1C7CC455C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508861/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508861	Figure 7. Oligocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region. Putative estuaries of origin for each Oligocene lineage are labelled.Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.3) are indicated as N4, N8, N12, and N13, showing hypothetical separations between lineages (for details, see main text, Table 2, and Fig.6). The base map is a reconstruction for 35 Mya (ending Late Eocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). Superimposed river drainages and estuaries are adapted from the study by Snedden and Galloway (2019). Details on the Chiapas region are from the study by Villagómez et al. (2022). Three putative dispersal events are illustrated: N8, cyprinodontid southward immigration founding Floridichthys–Jordanella pulchra on the Yucatán platform; N12, fundulid eastward immigration, including crossing the Suwanee Channel during sea-level recession, founding Leptolucania on the Ocala High; and N13, fundulid westward immigration founding Lucania–Wileyichthys in the Río Grande–Río Bravo estuary, where it presumably co-occurred with Cyprinodontidae.	Figure 7. Oligocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region. Putative estuaries of origin for each Oligocene lineage are labelled.Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.3) are indicated as N4, N8, N12, and N13, showing hypothetical separations between lineages (for details, see main text, Table 2, and Fig.6). The base map is a reconstruction for 35 Mya (ending Late Eocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). Superimposed river drainages and estuaries are adapted from the study by Snedden and Galloway (2019). Details on the Chiapas region are from the study by Villagómez et al. (2022). Three putative dispersal events are illustrated: N8, cyprinodontid southward immigration founding Floridichthys–Jordanella pulchra on the Yucatán platform; N12, fundulid eastward immigration, including crossing the Suwanee Channel during sea-level recession, founding Leptolucania on the Ocala High; and N13, fundulid westward immigration founding Lucania–Wileyichthys in the Río Grande–Río Bravo estuary, where it presumably co-occurred with Cyprinodontidae.	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D320CFFDFFE18FD1C7CC455C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508863/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508863	Figure 8. Early–Middle Miocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region.Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.3) are indicated as N5–N7, N9–N11, and N14–N17, showing hypothetical separations between lineages (for details, see main text, Table 2, and Figs 6, 7). The Early Miocene Red River followed the Sabine route to an independent delta, potentially the estuary of origin for subgenus Fundulus, with subgenus Zygonectes arising in the Mississippi River estuary to the east (N15). The Red River joined the Mississippi River in the Middle Miocene.A Guadalupe River drainage emerged to the west in the Early–Middle Miocene, potentially the estuary of origin for the Fundulus similis species group, which diverged from subgenus Fundulus (N16). Widespread, sustained tectonism across southwestern North America isolated western tributaries from the Gulf of México, becoming endorheic drainages, some of which evidently harboured killifishes. Owing to a long history of tectonic activity, the details of these ancient endorheic drainages are unknown.Break-up of the Oligocene Río Grande drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Wileyichthys inland from Lucania (N14). Break-up of the Oligocene Madrean River drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Empetrichthyinae from Goodeinae (N6). Further break-up of the Madrean River separated Goodeinae from Characodontini-Illyodontini (N7). In the southern Gulf, capture of the upper Río Grijalva from an ancestral Río Coatzacoalcos isolated Profundulus from Tlaloc (N5). In the western Gulf, inland immigration of cyprinodontids resulted in peripheral isolates Cualac in the Río Pánuco (N9) and Megupsilon in the Late Miocene Río San Fernando (N11). The base map is a reconstruction for 20 Mya (Early Miocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). The narrowed Gulf Trough follows Popenoe (1990) for Early Miocene.Later sea-level rise flooded the trough and isolated the Ocala High as an island. Two putative dispersal events are illustrated: N10, cyprinodontid eastward coastal immigration, founding Jordanella floridae on the Ocala High; and N17, Fundulus inland immigration up the Mississippi River, founding Fundulus sciadicus–Plancterus on the Northern High Plains.	Figure 8. Early–Middle Miocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region.Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.3) are indicated as N5–N7, N9–N11, and N14–N17, showing hypothetical separations between lineages (for details, see main text, Table 2, and Figs 6, 7). The Early Miocene Red River followed the Sabine route to an independent delta, potentially the estuary of origin for subgenus Fundulus, with subgenus Zygonectes arising in the Mississippi River estuary to the east (N15). The Red River joined the Mississippi River in the Middle Miocene.A Guadalupe River drainage emerged to the west in the Early–Middle Miocene, potentially the estuary of origin for the Fundulus similis species group, which diverged from subgenus Fundulus (N16). Widespread, sustained tectonism across southwestern North America isolated western tributaries from the Gulf of México, becoming endorheic drainages, some of which evidently harboured killifishes. Owing to a long history of tectonic activity, the details of these ancient endorheic drainages are unknown.Break-up of the Oligocene Río Grande drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Wileyichthys inland from Lucania (N14). Break-up of the Oligocene Madrean River drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Empetrichthyinae from Goodeinae (N6). Further break-up of the Madrean River separated Goodeinae from Characodontini-Illyodontini (N7). In the southern Gulf, capture of the upper Río Grijalva from an ancestral Río Coatzacoalcos isolated Profundulus from Tlaloc (N5). In the western Gulf, inland immigration of cyprinodontids resulted in peripheral isolates Cualac in the Río Pánuco (N9) and Megupsilon in the Late Miocene Río San Fernando (N11). The base map is a reconstruction for 20 Mya (Early Miocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). The narrowed Gulf Trough follows Popenoe (1990) for Early Miocene.Later sea-level rise flooded the trough and isolated the Ocala High as an island. Two putative dispersal events are illustrated: N10, cyprinodontid eastward coastal immigration, founding Jordanella floridae on the Ocala High; and N17, Fundulus inland immigration up the Mississippi River, founding Fundulus sciadicus–Plancterus on the Northern High Plains.	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D3213FFDFFEFFFEC67D7C56D1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508849/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508849	Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among taxa within North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae recovered by Bayesian inference with five concatenated loci (three mitochondrial and two nuclear) and 130 species.Red dots depict nodes with posterior probabilities <95%. Green arrows show fossil calibration points and brown arrows show secondary calibration points (Table 1). Numbered nodes are associated with environmental and geologic events in our biogeographical synthesis (Table 2).	Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among taxa within North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae recovered by Bayesian inference with five concatenated loci (three mitochondrial and two nuclear) and 130 species.Red dots depict nodes with posterior probabilities <95%. Green arrows show fossil calibration points and brown arrows show secondary calibration points (Table 1). Numbered nodes are associated with environmental and geologic events in our biogeographical synthesis (Table 2).	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D3213FFDFFEFFFEC67D7C56D1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508863/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508863	Figure 8. Early–Middle Miocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region.Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.3) are indicated as N5–N7, N9–N11, and N14–N17, showing hypothetical separations between lineages (for details, see main text, Table 2, and Figs 6, 7). The Early Miocene Red River followed the Sabine route to an independent delta, potentially the estuary of origin for subgenus Fundulus, with subgenus Zygonectes arising in the Mississippi River estuary to the east (N15). The Red River joined the Mississippi River in the Middle Miocene.A Guadalupe River drainage emerged to the west in the Early–Middle Miocene, potentially the estuary of origin for the Fundulus similis species group, which diverged from subgenus Fundulus (N16). Widespread, sustained tectonism across southwestern North America isolated western tributaries from the Gulf of México, becoming endorheic drainages, some of which evidently harboured killifishes. Owing to a long history of tectonic activity, the details of these ancient endorheic drainages are unknown.Break-up of the Oligocene Río Grande drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Wileyichthys inland from Lucania (N14). Break-up of the Oligocene Madrean River drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Empetrichthyinae from Goodeinae (N6). Further break-up of the Madrean River separated Goodeinae from Characodontini-Illyodontini (N7). In the southern Gulf, capture of the upper Río Grijalva from an ancestral Río Coatzacoalcos isolated Profundulus from Tlaloc (N5). In the western Gulf, inland immigration of cyprinodontids resulted in peripheral isolates Cualac in the Río Pánuco (N9) and Megupsilon in the Late Miocene Río San Fernando (N11). The base map is a reconstruction for 20 Mya (Early Miocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). The narrowed Gulf Trough follows Popenoe (1990) for Early Miocene.Later sea-level rise flooded the trough and isolated the Ocala High as an island. Two putative dispersal events are illustrated: N10, cyprinodontid eastward coastal immigration, founding Jordanella floridae on the Ocala High; and N17, Fundulus inland immigration up the Mississippi River, founding Fundulus sciadicus–Plancterus on the Northern High Plains.	Figure 8. Early–Middle Miocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region.Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.3) are indicated as N5–N7, N9–N11, and N14–N17, showing hypothetical separations between lineages (for details, see main text, Table 2, and Figs 6, 7). The Early Miocene Red River followed the Sabine route to an independent delta, potentially the estuary of origin for subgenus Fundulus, with subgenus Zygonectes arising in the Mississippi River estuary to the east (N15). The Red River joined the Mississippi River in the Middle Miocene.A Guadalupe River drainage emerged to the west in the Early–Middle Miocene, potentially the estuary of origin for the Fundulus similis species group, which diverged from subgenus Fundulus (N16). Widespread, sustained tectonism across southwestern North America isolated western tributaries from the Gulf of México, becoming endorheic drainages, some of which evidently harboured killifishes. Owing to a long history of tectonic activity, the details of these ancient endorheic drainages are unknown.Break-up of the Oligocene Río Grande drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Wileyichthys inland from Lucania (N14). Break-up of the Oligocene Madrean River drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Empetrichthyinae from Goodeinae (N6). Further break-up of the Madrean River separated Goodeinae from Characodontini-Illyodontini (N7). In the southern Gulf, capture of the upper Río Grijalva from an ancestral Río Coatzacoalcos isolated Profundulus from Tlaloc (N5). In the western Gulf, inland immigration of cyprinodontids resulted in peripheral isolates Cualac in the Río Pánuco (N9) and Megupsilon in the Late Miocene Río San Fernando (N11). The base map is a reconstruction for 20 Mya (Early Miocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). The narrowed Gulf Trough follows Popenoe (1990) for Early Miocene.Later sea-level rise flooded the trough and isolated the Ocala High as an island. Two putative dispersal events are illustrated: N10, cyprinodontid eastward coastal immigration, founding Jordanella floridae on the Ocala High; and N17, Fundulus inland immigration up the Mississippi River, founding Fundulus sciadicus–Plancterus on the Northern High Plains.	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D320AFFC2FBA5FA8F7CB75718.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508861/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508861	Figure 7. Oligocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region. Putative estuaries of origin for each Oligocene lineage are labelled.Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.3) are indicated as N4, N8, N12, and N13, showing hypothetical separations between lineages (for details, see main text, Table 2, and Fig.6). The base map is a reconstruction for 35 Mya (ending Late Eocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). Superimposed river drainages and estuaries are adapted from the study by Snedden and Galloway (2019). Details on the Chiapas region are from the study by Villagómez et al. (2022). Three putative dispersal events are illustrated: N8, cyprinodontid southward immigration founding Floridichthys–Jordanella pulchra on the Yucatán platform; N12, fundulid eastward immigration, including crossing the Suwanee Channel during sea-level recession, founding Leptolucania on the Ocala High; and N13, fundulid westward immigration founding Lucania–Wileyichthys in the Río Grande–Río Bravo estuary, where it presumably co-occurred with Cyprinodontidae.	Figure 7. Oligocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region. Putative estuaries of origin for each Oligocene lineage are labelled.Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.3) are indicated as N4, N8, N12, and N13, showing hypothetical separations between lineages (for details, see main text, Table 2, and Fig.6). The base map is a reconstruction for 35 Mya (ending Late Eocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). Superimposed river drainages and estuaries are adapted from the study by Snedden and Galloway (2019). Details on the Chiapas region are from the study by Villagómez et al. (2022). Three putative dispersal events are illustrated: N8, cyprinodontid southward immigration founding Floridichthys–Jordanella pulchra on the Yucatán platform; N12, fundulid eastward immigration, including crossing the Suwanee Channel during sea-level recession, founding Leptolucania on the Ocala High; and N13, fundulid westward immigration founding Lucania–Wileyichthys in the Río Grande–Río Bravo estuary, where it presumably co-occurred with Cyprinodontidae.	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D320AFFC2FBA5FA8F7CB75718.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508849/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508849	Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among taxa within North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae recovered by Bayesian inference with five concatenated loci (three mitochondrial and two nuclear) and 130 species.Red dots depict nodes with posterior probabilities <95%. Green arrows show fossil calibration points and brown arrows show secondary calibration points (Table 1). Numbered nodes are associated with environmental and geologic events in our biogeographical synthesis (Table 2).	Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among taxa within North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae recovered by Bayesian inference with five concatenated loci (three mitochondrial and two nuclear) and 130 species.Red dots depict nodes with posterior probabilities <95%. Green arrows show fossil calibration points and brown arrows show secondary calibration points (Table 1). Numbered nodes are associated with environmental and geologic events in our biogeographical synthesis (Table 2).	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D320AFFC2FBA5FA8F7CB75718.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508863/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508863	Figure 8. Early–Middle Miocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region.Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.3) are indicated as N5–N7, N9–N11, and N14–N17, showing hypothetical separations between lineages (for details, see main text, Table 2, and Figs 6, 7). The Early Miocene Red River followed the Sabine route to an independent delta, potentially the estuary of origin for subgenus Fundulus, with subgenus Zygonectes arising in the Mississippi River estuary to the east (N15). The Red River joined the Mississippi River in the Middle Miocene.A Guadalupe River drainage emerged to the west in the Early–Middle Miocene, potentially the estuary of origin for the Fundulus similis species group, which diverged from subgenus Fundulus (N16). Widespread, sustained tectonism across southwestern North America isolated western tributaries from the Gulf of México, becoming endorheic drainages, some of which evidently harboured killifishes. Owing to a long history of tectonic activity, the details of these ancient endorheic drainages are unknown.Break-up of the Oligocene Río Grande drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Wileyichthys inland from Lucania (N14). Break-up of the Oligocene Madrean River drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Empetrichthyinae from Goodeinae (N6). Further break-up of the Madrean River separated Goodeinae from Characodontini-Illyodontini (N7). In the southern Gulf, capture of the upper Río Grijalva from an ancestral Río Coatzacoalcos isolated Profundulus from Tlaloc (N5). In the western Gulf, inland immigration of cyprinodontids resulted in peripheral isolates Cualac in the Río Pánuco (N9) and Megupsilon in the Late Miocene Río San Fernando (N11). The base map is a reconstruction for 20 Mya (Early Miocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). The narrowed Gulf Trough follows Popenoe (1990) for Early Miocene.Later sea-level rise flooded the trough and isolated the Ocala High as an island. Two putative dispersal events are illustrated: N10, cyprinodontid eastward coastal immigration, founding Jordanella floridae on the Ocala High; and N17, Fundulus inland immigration up the Mississippi River, founding Fundulus sciadicus–Plancterus on the Northern High Plains.	Figure 8. Early–Middle Miocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region.Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.3) are indicated as N5–N7, N9–N11, and N14–N17, showing hypothetical separations between lineages (for details, see main text, Table 2, and Figs 6, 7). The Early Miocene Red River followed the Sabine route to an independent delta, potentially the estuary of origin for subgenus Fundulus, with subgenus Zygonectes arising in the Mississippi River estuary to the east (N15). The Red River joined the Mississippi River in the Middle Miocene.A Guadalupe River drainage emerged to the west in the Early–Middle Miocene, potentially the estuary of origin for the Fundulus similis species group, which diverged from subgenus Fundulus (N16). Widespread, sustained tectonism across southwestern North America isolated western tributaries from the Gulf of México, becoming endorheic drainages, some of which evidently harboured killifishes. Owing to a long history of tectonic activity, the details of these ancient endorheic drainages are unknown.Break-up of the Oligocene Río Grande drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Wileyichthys inland from Lucania (N14). Break-up of the Oligocene Madrean River drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Empetrichthyinae from Goodeinae (N6). Further break-up of the Madrean River separated Goodeinae from Characodontini-Illyodontini (N7). In the southern Gulf, capture of the upper Río Grijalva from an ancestral Río Coatzacoalcos isolated Profundulus from Tlaloc (N5). In the western Gulf, inland immigration of cyprinodontids resulted in peripheral isolates Cualac in the Río Pánuco (N9) and Megupsilon in the Late Miocene Río San Fernando (N11). The base map is a reconstruction for 20 Mya (Early Miocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). The narrowed Gulf Trough follows Popenoe (1990) for Early Miocene.Later sea-level rise flooded the trough and isolated the Ocala High as an island. Two putative dispersal events are illustrated: N10, cyprinodontid eastward coastal immigration, founding Jordanella floridae on the Ocala High; and N17, Fundulus inland immigration up the Mississippi River, founding Fundulus sciadicus–Plancterus on the Northern High Plains.	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D320AFFC6FBB5FE027FF25008.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508849/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508849	Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among taxa within North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae recovered by Bayesian inference with five concatenated loci (three mitochondrial and two nuclear) and 130 species.Red dots depict nodes with posterior probabilities <95%. Green arrows show fossil calibration points and brown arrows show secondary calibration points (Table 1). Numbered nodes are associated with environmental and geologic events in our biogeographical synthesis (Table 2).	Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among taxa within North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae recovered by Bayesian inference with five concatenated loci (three mitochondrial and two nuclear) and 130 species.Red dots depict nodes with posterior probabilities <95%. Green arrows show fossil calibration points and brown arrows show secondary calibration points (Table 1). Numbered nodes are associated with environmental and geologic events in our biogeographical synthesis (Table 2).	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D320AFFC6FBB5FE027FF25008.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508863/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508863	Figure 8. Early–Middle Miocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region.Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.3) are indicated as N5–N7, N9–N11, and N14–N17, showing hypothetical separations between lineages (for details, see main text, Table 2, and Figs 6, 7). The Early Miocene Red River followed the Sabine route to an independent delta, potentially the estuary of origin for subgenus Fundulus, with subgenus Zygonectes arising in the Mississippi River estuary to the east (N15). The Red River joined the Mississippi River in the Middle Miocene.A Guadalupe River drainage emerged to the west in the Early–Middle Miocene, potentially the estuary of origin for the Fundulus similis species group, which diverged from subgenus Fundulus (N16). Widespread, sustained tectonism across southwestern North America isolated western tributaries from the Gulf of México, becoming endorheic drainages, some of which evidently harboured killifishes. Owing to a long history of tectonic activity, the details of these ancient endorheic drainages are unknown.Break-up of the Oligocene Río Grande drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Wileyichthys inland from Lucania (N14). Break-up of the Oligocene Madrean River drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Empetrichthyinae from Goodeinae (N6). Further break-up of the Madrean River separated Goodeinae from Characodontini-Illyodontini (N7). In the southern Gulf, capture of the upper Río Grijalva from an ancestral Río Coatzacoalcos isolated Profundulus from Tlaloc (N5). In the western Gulf, inland immigration of cyprinodontids resulted in peripheral isolates Cualac in the Río Pánuco (N9) and Megupsilon in the Late Miocene Río San Fernando (N11). The base map is a reconstruction for 20 Mya (Early Miocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). The narrowed Gulf Trough follows Popenoe (1990) for Early Miocene.Later sea-level rise flooded the trough and isolated the Ocala High as an island. Two putative dispersal events are illustrated: N10, cyprinodontid eastward coastal immigration, founding Jordanella floridae on the Ocala High; and N17, Fundulus inland immigration up the Mississippi River, founding Fundulus sciadicus–Plancterus on the Northern High Plains.	Figure 8. Early–Middle Miocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region.Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.3) are indicated as N5–N7, N9–N11, and N14–N17, showing hypothetical separations between lineages (for details, see main text, Table 2, and Figs 6, 7). The Early Miocene Red River followed the Sabine route to an independent delta, potentially the estuary of origin for subgenus Fundulus, with subgenus Zygonectes arising in the Mississippi River estuary to the east (N15). The Red River joined the Mississippi River in the Middle Miocene.A Guadalupe River drainage emerged to the west in the Early–Middle Miocene, potentially the estuary of origin for the Fundulus similis species group, which diverged from subgenus Fundulus (N16). Widespread, sustained tectonism across southwestern North America isolated western tributaries from the Gulf of México, becoming endorheic drainages, some of which evidently harboured killifishes. Owing to a long history of tectonic activity, the details of these ancient endorheic drainages are unknown.Break-up of the Oligocene Río Grande drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Wileyichthys inland from Lucania (N14). Break-up of the Oligocene Madrean River drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Empetrichthyinae from Goodeinae (N6). Further break-up of the Madrean River separated Goodeinae from Characodontini-Illyodontini (N7). In the southern Gulf, capture of the upper Río Grijalva from an ancestral Río Coatzacoalcos isolated Profundulus from Tlaloc (N5). In the western Gulf, inland immigration of cyprinodontids resulted in peripheral isolates Cualac in the Río Pánuco (N9) and Megupsilon in the Late Miocene Río San Fernando (N11). The base map is a reconstruction for 20 Mya (Early Miocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). The narrowed Gulf Trough follows Popenoe (1990) for Early Miocene.Later sea-level rise flooded the trough and isolated the Ocala High as an island. Two putative dispersal events are illustrated: N10, cyprinodontid eastward coastal immigration, founding Jordanella floridae on the Ocala High; and N17, Fundulus inland immigration up the Mississippi River, founding Fundulus sciadicus–Plancterus on the Northern High Plains.	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D3213FFDFFF46FBD57F0B53C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508849/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508849	Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among taxa within North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae recovered by Bayesian inference with five concatenated loci (three mitochondrial and two nuclear) and 130 species.Red dots depict nodes with posterior probabilities <95%. Green arrows show fossil calibration points and brown arrows show secondary calibration points (Table 1). Numbered nodes are associated with environmental and geologic events in our biogeographical synthesis (Table 2).	Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among taxa within North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae recovered by Bayesian inference with five concatenated loci (three mitochondrial and two nuclear) and 130 species.Red dots depict nodes with posterior probabilities <95%. Green arrows show fossil calibration points and brown arrows show secondary calibration points (Table 1). Numbered nodes are associated with environmental and geologic events in our biogeographical synthesis (Table 2).	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D3213FFDFFF46FBD57F0B53C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508847/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508847	Figure 2. Reconstruction of ancestral habitats for the North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae.A, distribution of North American killifish families with respect to the boundary (red line) between the coastal plain and continental interior (uplands). B, pie charts at each node represent the probability of each character state: coast including coastal plain, upland, or both.	Figure 2. Reconstruction of ancestral habitats for the North American killifish families Cubanichthyidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Goodeidae, and Profundulidae.A, distribution of North American killifish families with respect to the boundary (red line) between the coastal plain and continental interior (uplands). B, pie charts at each node represent the probability of each character state: coast including coastal plain, upland, or both.	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
BA767A6D3213FFDFFF46FBD57F0B53C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14508863/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14508863	Figure 8. Early–Middle Miocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region.Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.3) are indicated as N5–N7, N9–N11, and N14–N17, showing hypothetical separations between lineages (for details, see main text, Table 2, and Figs 6, 7). The Early Miocene Red River followed the Sabine route to an independent delta, potentially the estuary of origin for subgenus Fundulus, with subgenus Zygonectes arising in the Mississippi River estuary to the east (N15). The Red River joined the Mississippi River in the Middle Miocene.A Guadalupe River drainage emerged to the west in the Early–Middle Miocene, potentially the estuary of origin for the Fundulus similis species group, which diverged from subgenus Fundulus (N16). Widespread, sustained tectonism across southwestern North America isolated western tributaries from the Gulf of México, becoming endorheic drainages, some of which evidently harboured killifishes. Owing to a long history of tectonic activity, the details of these ancient endorheic drainages are unknown.Break-up of the Oligocene Río Grande drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Wileyichthys inland from Lucania (N14). Break-up of the Oligocene Madrean River drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Empetrichthyinae from Goodeinae (N6). Further break-up of the Madrean River separated Goodeinae from Characodontini-Illyodontini (N7). In the southern Gulf, capture of the upper Río Grijalva from an ancestral Río Coatzacoalcos isolated Profundulus from Tlaloc (N5). In the western Gulf, inland immigration of cyprinodontids resulted in peripheral isolates Cualac in the Río Pánuco (N9) and Megupsilon in the Late Miocene Río San Fernando (N11). The base map is a reconstruction for 20 Mya (Early Miocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). The narrowed Gulf Trough follows Popenoe (1990) for Early Miocene.Later sea-level rise flooded the trough and isolated the Ocala High as an island. Two putative dispersal events are illustrated: N10, cyprinodontid eastward coastal immigration, founding Jordanella floridae on the Ocala High; and N17, Fundulus inland immigration up the Mississippi River, founding Fundulus sciadicus–Plancterus on the Northern High Plains.	Figure 8. Early–Middle Miocene diversification of North American killifishes in the Gulf of México region.Phylogenetic nodes (Fig.3) are indicated as N5–N7, N9–N11, and N14–N17, showing hypothetical separations between lineages (for details, see main text, Table 2, and Figs 6, 7). The Early Miocene Red River followed the Sabine route to an independent delta, potentially the estuary of origin for subgenus Fundulus, with subgenus Zygonectes arising in the Mississippi River estuary to the east (N15). The Red River joined the Mississippi River in the Middle Miocene.A Guadalupe River drainage emerged to the west in the Early–Middle Miocene, potentially the estuary of origin for the Fundulus similis species group, which diverged from subgenus Fundulus (N16). Widespread, sustained tectonism across southwestern North America isolated western tributaries from the Gulf of México, becoming endorheic drainages, some of which evidently harboured killifishes. Owing to a long history of tectonic activity, the details of these ancient endorheic drainages are unknown.Break-up of the Oligocene Río Grande drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Wileyichthys inland from Lucania (N14). Break-up of the Oligocene Madrean River drainage (Fig. 7) isolated Empetrichthyinae from Goodeinae (N6). Further break-up of the Madrean River separated Goodeinae from Characodontini-Illyodontini (N7). In the southern Gulf, capture of the upper Río Grijalva from an ancestral Río Coatzacoalcos isolated Profundulus from Tlaloc (N5). In the western Gulf, inland immigration of cyprinodontids resulted in peripheral isolates Cualac in the Río Pánuco (N9) and Megupsilon in the Late Miocene Río San Fernando (N11). The base map is a reconstruction for 20 Mya (Early Miocene, used with permission ©2023 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc.). The narrowed Gulf Trough follows Popenoe (1990) for Early Miocene.Later sea-level rise flooded the trough and isolated the Ocala High as an island. Two putative dispersal events are illustrated: N10, cyprinodontid eastward coastal immigration, founding Jordanella floridae on the Ocala High; and N17, Fundulus inland immigration up the Mississippi River, founding Fundulus sciadicus–Plancterus on the Northern High Plains.	2024-10-26	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.		Zenodo	biologists	Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela;Hoagstrom, Christopher W.;Matamoros, Wilfredo A.			
