identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
BF285E14BE3FFFFB26D1FF1FD46A283F.text	BF285E14BE3FFFFB26D1FF1FD46A283F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Wagneriana Cabra-García & Hormiga 2020	<div><p>WAGNERIANA TOTAL EVIDENCE PHYLOGENY 1027</p><p>TAXONOMY</p><p>ARANEIDAE CLERCK, 1757</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF285E14BE3FFFFB26D1FF1FD46A283F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cabra-García, Jimmy;Hormiga, Gustavo	Cabra-García, Jimmy, Hormiga, Gustavo (2020): Exploring the impact of morphology, multiple sequence alignment and choice of optimality criteria in phylogenetic inference: a case study with the Neotropical orb-weaving spider genus Wagneriana (Araneae: Araneidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 976-1151
BF285E14BE3FFFFD24A5FAD2D20628B7.text	BF285E14BE3FFFFD24A5FAD2D20628B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Popperaneus CABRA-GARCIA & HORMIGA 2020	<div><p>POPPERANEUS CABRA-GARCÍA &amp; HORMIGA GEN. NOV.</p><p>Type species:  Wixia gavensis Camargo, 1950 .</p><p>lsid urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D1A9401D-9D76- 4320-9AE7-3BB047AE7ACE</p><p>Diagnosis: Males of  Popperaneus can be distinguished from all other araneids with a paramedian apophysis by the morphology of the conductor, which has two distinct portions with a shared attachment to the tegulum (Figs 83A, B, D, 84A, C, 100E, F, 103B, C). The females are distinguished by the cylindrical aggregate spigots (Figs 55F–H, 56A) and the morphology of the copulatory ducts, which have two distinct, almost perpendicular portions (Figs 118D, 119D).</p><p>The monophyly of  Popperaneus (Goodman–Bremer support = 126) is supported by ten unambiguous phenotypic synapomorphies, four of which are unique and non-homoplastic (Fig. 17): pale lateral spots on the female carapace (character 3), cylindrical aggregate spigots (character 67), conductor with two distinct portions (character 87) and terminal apophysis with a well-developed perpendicular ridge (character 115).</p><p>Description: Total body length 5.1 mm – 5.5 mm in males and 5.5–7.7 in females. Carapace longer than wide, with dusky sides and a medial pale yellow to brown longitudinal region. Females with two lateral pale spots on the cephalic region (Figs 19I, J). Female carapace densely covered by type II white setae on the cephalic region (Figs 18E, F, 19I,J; character 1) and some scattered ones on the thoracic region (Fig. 18E). Male carapace more hirsute than that of females. Sternum pale yellow to brown, approximately as long as wide and with imbricate cuticle texture. Labium pale yellow to brown, wider than long. Lateral eyes subequal in size. Posterior median eyes larger than anterior median eyes and surrounded by black rings (Figs 7B–D, 8D). Clypeus low, subequal to the diameter of the AME and with imbricate cuticle texture. Chelicerae pale yellow to dark brown. Female paturon with a pale area in the frontal surface. Legs yellowish, with dusky rings. Leg formula I&gt;II&gt;IV&gt;III. Male coxae I with ventral hook (Fig. 26H), femora II with prolateral groove (Fig. 30I), and tibia II with enlarged macrosetae in the prolateral surface (Fig. 32J) and macrosetae in the ventral sector of the retrolateral surface (Fig. 33D). Male coxae IV and trochanter IV without macrosetae.</p><p>Abdomen longer than wide. Dorsal and lateral surfaces with white, brown and black irregular marks, forming highly variable patterns among individuals. Ventral surface with a dusky median band from the epigynum to the spinnerets, flanked by two thin, white longitudinal bands. Booklungs cuticle obscurely imbricate (Fig. 46E). Dorsal and lateral surfaces of the abdomen covered by white to pale brown short setae type II (see characters 41 and 42; Fig. 41A, B). Abdominal tubercles disposed in four lateral pairs, the first bifid, and one posteromedian (Figs 8D, 19I, J, 41A). ALS with a large PI field and one MAP accompanied by a nubbin (Figs 48F, 49A). Posterior median spinneret with numerous AC anterior to a central CY. One to three AC are located between the CY and the posterior mAP, which is accompanied by a posterior nubbin (Fig. 52A, B). Posterior lateral spinnerets with numerous AC (Figs 55F, 56A). Females AG –FL triplet anterior to the AC and almost parallel with the anterior CY spigot. AG cylindrical, with smooth cuticle texture and not embracing the flagelliform spigot (Figs 55F–H, 56A). Posterior CY surrounded by AC. Epiandrous fusules arranged in a transverse line (Fig. 60H) .</p><p>Male palpal coxae with a tooth-like projection facing a ventrobasal femoral projection (Fig. 62H). Palpal patella with one macroseta. Paracymbium with a median ridge (Figs 83C, 84B). Tegulum basal knob well developed, projecting between the conductor upper portion and the terminal apophysis (Fig. 83A, B). Median apophysis with a strongly sclerotized ridge (Figs 65E, F, 83A, 84A). Conductor divided into two main portions connected to the tegulum by a shared medial attachment (Figs 65E, F, 83A, B, D, 84C, 100E, F, 103B, C). Outer margin of the paramedian apophysis stalk oriented towards the conductor and apical fold, decreasing abruptly in width towards the tip (Fig. 103B, C). Paramedian apophysis connected to the conductor through a short membrane (Fig. 100E, F). Terminal apophysis surpassing the tegulum upper border, with a well-developed median ridge and attached to the radix by a thin, membranous region (Figs 65E, F, 83A, 84A). Embolus elongate and fused with the terminal apophysis (Figs 64E, F, 83A, 84A). Epigynum with a small scape (Fig. 118A, B), lightly sclerotized. Epigynal lateral plates wider than the medial plate (Figs 118B, 119B). Copulatory ducts longer than fertilization ducts, with two almost perpendicular portions (Figs 118D, 119D). Spermathecae oval to spherical (Figs 118E, 119E).</p><p>Composition: The genus consists of two species:  Popperaneus gavensis (Camargo, 1950) comb. nov. and  Popperaneus iguape (Levi, 1991) comb. nov. Complementary descriptions of  Popperaneus species will be published in a forthcoming paper.</p><p>Etymology: The generic name is a patronym honoring Sir Karl R. Popper (1902–1994), in recognition of his eminent contributions to the philosophy of science. The ending is derived from the genus  Araneus . The gender is masculine.</p><p>Distribution: Known from Brazil and Paraguay. It occupies a broad elevational range from sea level to 1500 m.</p><p>Natural history:  Popperaneus species are nocturnal spiders found in the Atlantic Forest.  Popperaneus gavensis builds its vertical web at different heights above ground level, from ~ 5 cm to 1.5 m in vegetation associated with ravines. The web has an open hub, with relatively few radii and sticky spirals (Fig. 7A). The spider rests at the centre of the web, hanging upside down. If the spider is disturbed, it moves quickly towards an attachment point, usually twigs or leaf petioles, where it remains immobile with its legs pressed to its body. There is no retreat.  Popperaneus gavensis and  P. iguape have been reported as prey of several hunting-wasp species of the genus  Trypoxylon ( Hymenoptera:  Crabronidae) (Gonzaga &amp; Vasconcellos-Neto, 2005; Buschini &amp; Wolff, 2006; Buschini et al., 2006, 2008, 2010a). A male specimen of  P. gavensis was collected in a female web frame in Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF285E14BE3FFFFD24A5FAD2D20628B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cabra-García, Jimmy;Hormiga, Gustavo	Cabra-García, Jimmy, Hormiga, Gustavo (2020): Exploring the impact of morphology, multiple sequence alignment and choice of optimality criteria in phylogenetic inference: a case study with the Neotropical orb-weaving spider genus Wagneriana (Araneae: Araneidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 976-1151
BF285E14BE39FFF52707FA75D2C82A53.text	BF285E14BE39FFF52707FA75D2C82A53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraverrucosa Mello-Leitao 1939	<div><p>PARAVERRUCOSA MELLO-LEITÃO, 1939 REVALIDATED</p><p>Paraverrucosa Mello-Leitão, 1939a: 64 (type species  Paraverrucosa neglecta Mello-Leitão, 1939a, by monotypy).</p><p>N.B.  Paraverrucosa was synonymized with  Wagneriana by Levi, 1991: 370 (contra Archer, 1951: 20, who instead regarded that name as a junior synonym of  Verrucosa McCook, 1888).</p><p>Diagnosis: Males of  Paraverrucosa are distinguished from all other araneids with a paramedian apophysis by the sharp sclerotized projection on the apical portion of the conductor (Fig. 86B, D, F), the subapical constriction of the embolus (Figs 85D, E, 86B, D, F) and the sclerotized projection dividing the membrane between the paramedian apophysis and the conductor (Figs 100D, 103D, E). The females are distinguished by the following combination of characters: cephalic region covered by white setae type I (Figs 18B, 19D, 23C), absence of macrosetae anterior to the fovea (Figs 19D, 22B), scape short (Figs 120, 121) and wide copulatory ducts (i.e. maximal width&gt; 0.5 times the spermathecae minimal width) not surpassing the outer margin of spermathecae, curved ectally and slightly separate at the base (Figs 120D, 121B, D, F).</p><p>The monophyly of  Paraverrucosa (Goodman–Bremer support = 14) is supported by four unambiguous phenotypic synapomorphies, two of which are unique and non-homoplastic (Fig. 17): distal projection on the conductor (character 89) and embolus with subapical constriction (character 134).</p><p>Description: Total body length 5.0 mm– 10.7 mm in males and 6.0 mm–16.0 mm in females. Carapace longer than wide. Female carapace brown to black, with a pale transversal band posterior to the eyes (Figs 19D, 22B), not well-defined in  P. neglecta . The female carapaces of  P. eupalaestra and  P. heteracantha also have a medial pale longitudinal band (Fig. 22B). Male carapace with dusky sides and a medial pale yellow to brown longitudinal region. Female carapace densely covered by type I white setae in the cephalic region (Figs 18B, 19D, 23C; see character 1) and some scattered ones in the thoracic region. Male carapace more hirsute than that of females. Sternum brown to black, approximately as long as wide and with imbricate cuticle texture. Labium brown to black and wider than long. Eyes subequal in size. Clypeus low, subequal to the diameter of the AME and with imbricate cuticle texture. Chelicerae pale yellow to dark brown. Female paturon with a pale area in the frontal surface (Fig. 23C). Legs yellowish with dusky rings. Leg formula I&gt;II&gt;IV&gt;III. Male coxae I with ventral hook, femora II with prolateral groove and tibia II with enlarged macrosetae in the prolateral surface. Male trochanter IV with macrosetae.</p><p>central CY. Two to three AC are located between the CY and the posterior mAP, which is accompanied by a posterior nubbin (Fig. 52C, D). Posterior lateral spinnerets with numerous AC (Fig. 56B, C). Females AG–FL triplet anterior to the AC and almost parallel with the anterior CY spigot. AG conical, with shallow grooves and embracing the flagelliform spigot (Fig. 56B, C). Posterior CY surrounded by AC. Epiandrous fusules arranged in a transverse line. Male palpal coxae with a tooth-like projection facing a ventrobasal femoral projection. Palpal patella with one macroseta. Paracymbium hook-like, with a smooth cuticle texture (Fig. 85F). Median apophysis basal portion with a smooth cuticle on the upper ridge. Conductor with a distal sharp sclerotized projection (Figs 85D, E, 86B, D, F). Outer margin of the paramedian apophysis stalk oriented towards the tegulum (Fig. 103D, E) and apical fold narrowed gradually towards the tip (Figs 85A, 86A, C, E, 103D, E). Paramedian apophysis connected to the conductor throughout a short membrane, divided by a sclerotized projection of the conductor (Figs 100D, 103D, E). Terminal apophysis with median slit (Figs 85A, 86C), distal (Figs 85A, 86A, C, E) and basal projections (Figs 85D, E, 86B, D, F). Embolus with a subapical constriction and fused with the terminal apophysis (Figs 85D, E, 86). Epigynum with a small scape (Figs 120A–C, 121A, C, E). Copulatory ducts wide (i.e. maximal width&gt; 0.5 times the spermathecae minimal width) and longer than fertilization ducts (Figs 120D, 121B, D, F). Spermathecae oval (Figs 120D, 121B, D, F).</p><p>Abdomen longer than wide. Dorsal and lateral surfaces with white, brown and black irregular marks forming highly variable patterns among individuals. Ventral surface homogeneously brown to black or with a dusky median band from the epigynum to the spinnerets, flanked by two thin white longitudinal bands. Booklungs cuticle smooth. Abdomen dorsal and lateral surfaces covered by white to pale brown short setae type I (see characters 41 and 42). Abdominal tubercles disposed in a single anteromedian tubercle, absent in  P. heteracantha, four lateral pairs, the first bifid in  P. uzaga and two to three posteromedian (Fig. 44C, D). ALS with a large PI field and one MAP accompanied by a nubbin (Fig. 49B, C). Posterior median spinneret with numerous AC anterior to a</p><p>Composition: The genus consists of four species:  Paraverrucosa eupalaestra Mello-Leitão, 1943 comb. rest.,  P. heteracantha (Mello-Leitão, 1943) comb. nov.,  P. neglecta Mello-Leitão, 1939 comb. rest. and  P. uzaga (Levi, 1991) comb. nov. Complementary descriptions of  Paraverrucosa species will be published in a forthcoming paper.</p><p>Distribution: Known from Trinidad and Tobago to Argentina. It occupies a broad elevational range from sea level to 1960 m.</p><p>Natural history: Natural history data of  Paraverrucosa species are scarce and limited to information gathered from collecting labels. Male and female specimens have been collected by sweeping net, beating tray and nocturnal hand search. Males of  P. neglecta were collected by fogging in the Ecuadorian Amazon region.  Paraverrucosa eupalaestra and  P. neglecta have been reported as prey of several hunting-wasp species of the genus  Trypoxylon ( Hymenoptera:  Crabronidae) (Gonzaga &amp; Vasconcellos-Neto, 2005; Buschini &amp; Wolff, 2006; Buschini et al., 2006, 2008, 2010a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF285E14BE39FFF52707FA75D2C82A53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cabra-García, Jimmy;Hormiga, Gustavo	Cabra-García, Jimmy, Hormiga, Gustavo (2020): Exploring the impact of morphology, multiple sequence alignment and choice of optimality criteria in phylogenetic inference: a case study with the Neotropical orb-weaving spider genus Wagneriana (Araneae: Araneidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 976-1151
BF285E14BE32FFBB24FBF970D47A2BBF.text	BF285E14BE32FFBB24FBF970D47A2BBF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Wagneriana F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1904	<div><p>WAGNERIANA F. O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, 1904</p><p>Wagneria McCook, 1894: 203, type species by monotypy  Epeira tauricornis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 . The name is preoccupied by  Wagneria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 for a dipteran, and by Gistel, 1848 for a mollusc (Neave, 1940: 650).</p><p>Wagneriana F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904: 497 . Replacement name for  Wagneria McCook, 1894 .</p><p>Anawixia Chamberlin, 1916: 258, type species by original designation  Anawixia atopa Chamberlin, 1916 . Synonymized by Levi, 1991: 370.</p><p>Diagnosis: Males of  Wagneriana are distinguished from all other araneids with a paramedian apophysis by having the bases of the paramedian apophysis and the conductor contiguous (Figs 101, 103F, 104), the outer margin of the paramedian apophysis stalk connected to the tegulum (Figs 101B, C, 104) and the inner margin connected to the conductor through a short, entire membrane (Figs 101B, C, 104). Females resemble those of  Paraverrucosa by the presence of white setae type I on the cephalic region (Fig. 18A– D), the short scape (Figs 122–133) and the absence of a thoracic constriction (Fig. 18A, C). They can be distinguished from  Paraverrucosa by the presence of macrosetae anterior to the fovea (Figs 18C, 22F).  Wagneriana females lacking those macrosetae do not present the diagnostic character combination for  Paraverrucosa females.</p><p>The monophyly of  Wagneriana (Goodman–Bremer support = 13) is supported by a single unambiguous phenotypic synapomorphy (non-unique, homoplastic): absence of macrosetae on the dorsal surface of the male metatarsus II (character 30; Fig. 17). Additional morphological synapomorphies optimize ambiguously (see Table 11).</p><p>Description: see Levi (1991). Additional data are as follows.</p><p>Total body length 3.7 mm – 8.5 mm in males and 4.5 mm – 14.5 mm in females. Female carapace densely covered by white setae type I on the cephalic region (Fig. 18A–D; see character 1) and some scattered ones on the thoracic region (Fig. 18A, C). Male carapace more hirsute than that of females. Female carapace with a pale transversal band posterior to the eyes in some species (Fig. 19A, B). Sternum with imbricate cuticle texture (Fig. 24E, F). Eyes subequal in size. Clypeus low, subequal to the diameter of the AME and with imbricate cuticle texture (Figs 20G, H, 23F). Chelicerae pale yellow to dark brown. Female paturon with a pale area on the frontal surface (Fig. 23D, E). Leg formula I&gt;II&gt;IV&gt;III. Male coxae I with ventral hook (Fig. 26I), femora II with prolateral groove (Fig. 30J) and tibia II with enlarged macrosetae on the prolateral surface (Fig. 32G–I).</p><p>Abdomen dorsal and lateral surfaces covered by white to pale brown short setae type I (see characters 41 and 42; Fig. 41E–H). Booklungs cuticle smooth (Fig. 45). ALS with a large PI field and one MAP accompanied by a nubbin (Fig. 50B–F). Posterior median spinneret with numerous AC anterior to a central CY. One to three AC are located between the CY and the posterior mAP, which is accompanied by a posterior nubbin (Figs 52I, 53). Posterior lateral spinnerets with numerous AC (Figs 56H, 57). Females AG –FL triplet anterior to the AC and almost parallel with the anterior CY spigot. AG conical, with shallow grooves and embracing the flagelliform spigot (Figs 56H, 57). Posterior CY surrounded by AC. Epiandrous fusules arranged in a transverse line (Fig. 61C–J) .</p><p>Paracymbium hook-like, with a smooth cuticle texture in most species (Figs 66E, F, 67–71, 90B, C, 99C). Outer margin of the paramedian apophysis stalk oriented towards the tegulum (Figs 101B, C) and apical fold narrowing gradually towards the tip (Figs 96A, C, E, 98A, C, E). Median and terminal apophyses highly variable across species (Figs 66E, F, 67–71, 87–99). Scape small (Figs 124A, E, 125A, C, 126A, C, 128A, C, E), lightly sclerotized (Fig. 129A). Copulatory openings medial (Figs 125A, 126A) or apical (Figs 124A, C, E).</p><p>Composition:  Wagneriana currently includes 34 species:  W. acrosomoide s (Mello-Leitão, 1939),  W. alma Levi, 1991,  W. atuna Levi, 1991,  W. carinata F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904,  W. cobella Levi, 1991,  W. dimastophora (Mello-Leitão, 1940),  W. eldorado Levi, 1991,  W. hassleri Levi, 1991,  W. huanca Levi, 1991,  W. jacaza Levi, 1991,  W. jelskii (Taczanowski, 1873),  W. juquia Levi, 1991,  W.lechuza Levi, 1991,  W. madrejon Levi, 1991,  W. maseta Levi, 1991,  W. neblina Levi, 1991,  W. pakitza Levi, 1991,  W. roraima Levi, 1991,  W. silvae Levi, 1991,  W.spicata (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889),  W. taboga Levi, 1991,  W. taim Levi, 1991,  W. tauricornis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889),  W. tayos Levi, 1991,  W. transitoria (C. L. Koch, 1839),  W. undecimtuberculata (Keyserling, 1865),  W. allenuevo Alayón, 2011,  W. vegas Levi, 1991,  W. yacuma Levi, 1991 and five undescribed species (J.C.-G., unpublished data).</p><p>Natural history:  Wagneriana species build vertical orb webs at different heights from ground level (1 cm) to 2.5 m in a wide variety of habitats across the Neotropical region (Fig. 1).  Wagneriana webs have an open hub, with numerous radii and sticky spirals (Fig. 2; see also Levi, 1991). The spider rests at the centre of the web, hanging upside down. If the spider is disturbed, it moves quickly towards an attachment point, usually twigs, where it remains immobile with its legs pressed to its body. The body morphology and resting position make it difficult to distinguish the spider from the substrate (Figs 3–6).  Wagneriana dimastophora and  W. juquia have been reported as prey of hunting-wasp species of the genus  Trypoxylon ( Hymenoptera:  Crabronidae) (Gonzaga &amp; Vasconcellos-Neto, 2005; Buschini et al., 2006, 2008, 2010b). In addition, according to collecting labels,  W. jacaza and  W. undecimtuberculata have been collected within nests of  Sceliphron hunting-wasps ( Hymenoptera:  Sphecidae).</p><p>Distribution: Known from southern USA to Argentina. It occupies a broad elevational range from sea level to 2700 m.</p><p>NEW SYNONYMIES</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF285E14BE32FFBB24FBF970D47A2BBF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cabra-García, Jimmy;Hormiga, Gustavo	Cabra-García, Jimmy, Hormiga, Gustavo (2020): Exploring the impact of morphology, multiple sequence alignment and choice of optimality criteria in phylogenetic inference: a case study with the Neotropical orb-weaving spider genus Wagneriana (Araneae: Araneidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 976-1151
BF285E14BE7FFFBD2539F94AD4C82A47.text	BF285E14BE7FFFBD2539F94AD4C82A47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Wagneriana atuna Levi 1991	<div><p>WAGNERIANA ATUNA LEVI, 1991</p><p>(FIGS 22D, E, 39, 50E, 53C, 57C, 61D, 63H, 67A, 91C, D, 122E, F)</p><p>Wagneriana atuna Levi, 1991: 392, figs 93–97 (female holotype from Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia [3°26′N, 76°31′W], elevation 1000 m, 1.iv.1964, P. B. Schneble leg., deposited in MCZ 20388, examined; paratypes: one ♀ from  La Selva, Heredia, Costa Rica, [10°25′50.24″N, 84°0′25.1″W], elevation [58 m], 16.ix.1981, Coville, leg., deposited in MCZ, not examined; two ♂ from Ikurua Rivers, Canje, Guyana, [5°55′21.97″N, 57°29′48.4″W], elevation [58 m], viii-xii.1961, G. Bentley leg., deposited in AMNH, not examined; one ♀ from Kartabo, Guyana, 1920, deposited in AMNH, not examined; one ♀ from Kartabo, Guyana, 1924, deposited in AMNH, not examined; one ♀ from Atuncela, Valle, Colombia, [3°44′16.22″N, 76°40′35.11″W], elevation 800 m, 15.xii.1969, W. Eberhard leg., deposited in MCZ, not examined; one ♂ from Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, [3°26′N, 76°31′W], elevation 1000 m, 1976, W. Eberhard leg., deposited in MCZ, not examined; one♀ from near Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, elevation 1000 m, W. Eberhard deposited in MCZ, not examined; one ♂ from Utcuyacu, Junín, Peru, elevation 1600–2200 m, 4.iv.1948, F. Woytkowski leg., deposited in AMNH, not examined; one ♀ from Utinga, Belém, Pará, Brazil, [1°25′7.85″S, 46°26′19.1″W], elevation [19 m], 10.21. xi.1963, Oliveira, P. Wygodzinski leg., deposited in AMNH, not examined; one ♀ from Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, [22°56′28.89″S, 43°11′36.55″W] elevation [19 m], deposited in MNRJ 302, examined; one ♂ from 260 km N N. Xavantina,  Mato Grosso, Brazil, 12°49′S, 51°46′W, elevation [279 m], ii-iv.1969, deposited in MCZ, not examined; one ♀ from Parque Zoológico, Sapucaia do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, [29°48′6.05″S, 51°9′59.38″W], elevation [39 m], 20.i.1986, A. Tavares leg., deposited in MCN 14339, examined; one ♀ from Parque  Nacional Cerro Corá, Amambay, Paraguay, [22°39′0.95″S, 56°0′49.86″W], elevation [266 m], 28.v-9.vi.1982, J. A. Kochalka leg., not examined); World Spider Catalog, 2019.</p><p>C y c l o s a b r e v i s A l a y ó n, 1 9 9 3: 2, f i g s 1A – D. Misidentification.</p><p>Wagneriana fina Alayón, 2011: 21, figs 1–3, synon.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF285E14BE7FFFBD2539F94AD4C82A47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cabra-García, Jimmy;Hormiga, Gustavo	Cabra-García, Jimmy, Hormiga, Gustavo (2020): Exploring the impact of morphology, multiple sequence alignment and choice of optimality criteria in phylogenetic inference: a case study with the Neotropical orb-weaving spider genus Wagneriana (Araneae: Araneidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 976-1151
BF285E14BE74FFB024EBFACED2C32B27.text	BF285E14BE74FFB024EBFACED2C32B27.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Wagneriana jelskii (Taczanowski 1873)	<div><p>WAGNERIANA JELSKII (TACZANOWSKI, 1873)</p><p>(FIGS 30J, 32I, 41E, F, 50F, 53D, 57D, 61I, 71B, 90, 101C, D, 104B, 133E, F)</p><p>Epeira jelskii 
Taczanowski, 1873: 139, pl. 5, fig. 17 (male lectotype from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.9166665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.3/lat 4.9166665)">Cayenne</a>, French Guiana, [4°55′N, 52°18′W], elevation [20 m], deposited in PAN, not examined).</p><p>Wagneriana jelskii: Caporiacco, 1954: 97, fig. 20; Levi 1991: 380, figs 35–39; World Spider Catalog, 2019.</p><p>Wagneriana bamba 
Levi, 1991: 383, figs 45–48, synon. nov. (female holotype from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.166667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.25/lat -10.166667)">Quebrada Castillo</a>, NW Iscozacin, Huancabamba, Pasco, Peru, 10°10′S, 75°15 ′W, elevation 345 m, 13.ix.1987, D. Silva leg., deposited in MUSM 0507341, examined).</p><p>Justification for synonymy: Study of the holotype of  W. bamba revealed that the diagnostic character suggested by Levi (1991) for this species, i.e. the oval shape of the epigynal median plate, is a position artefact. When the epigynum is observed at a different angle, the heart shape of the median plate, characteristic of the species  W. jelskii (Fig. 133E), is evident.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF285E14BE74FFB024EBFACED2C32B27	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cabra-García, Jimmy;Hormiga, Gustavo	Cabra-García, Jimmy, Hormiga, Gustavo (2020): Exploring the impact of morphology, multiple sequence alignment and choice of optimality criteria in phylogenetic inference: a case study with the Neotropical orb-weaving spider genus Wagneriana (Araneae: Araneidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 976-1151
BF285E14BE74FFB627F5F9C5D5B42B49.text	BF285E14BE74FFB627F5F9C5D5B42B49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Wagneriana taim Levi 1991	<div><p>WAGNERIANA TAIM LEVI, 1991</p><p>(FIGS 27, 70E, 98A, B, 132C, D)</p><p>Wagneriana taim Levi, 1991: 388, figs 72–76 (female holotype from Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, [29°41′S, 51°07′W], elevation[80 m], 4.xi.1985, C.J.Bacuer leg., deposited in MCN 14352, examined; paratypes: one ♀ from Itamaraju, Bahia, Brazil, [17°2′33.34″S, 39°32′20.94″W], elevation [41 m], ii.1985, deposited in MNRJ 1833, examined; one ♀ from Sooretama, Linhares, Espírito Santo, Brazil, [19°6′17.16″S, 40°10′50.76″W], elevation [79 m], 12–27.x.1962, Pe. Pereira leg., deposited in MZSP 7678, examined; one ♀ from Conceição da Barra, Espírito Santo, Brazil, [18°35′2.4″S, 39°44′55.04″W], elevation [79 m], A. Ruschi leg., deposited in MNRJ 1834, examined; one ♀ from Río Matipó,  Minas Gerais, Brazil, [20°17′42.27″S, 45°20′15.08″W], elevation [630 m], viii.1910, D. Pinto Fonseca leg., deposited in MZSP 9618, examined; three ♀, viii.1919, deposited in MZSP 5777, examined; one ♀ from Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, [22°29′39.01″S, 44°34′17.51″W], elevation [409 m], 20.ii.1943, P. Wygodzinsky leg., deposited in MZSP 5735, examined; one ♀ from Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, [22°25′1.04″S, 42°58′32.23″W], elevation [913 m], 27.ix.1944, P. Wygodzinsky leg., deposited in MZSP, not examined; one ♀ from Boracéia, São Paulo, Brazil, [22°11′40.74″S, 48°46′32.23″W], elevation [485 m], 12.i.1961, P. Biasi leg., deposited in MZSP 7725, examined; one ♀ from Caraguatatuba, São Paulo, Brazil, [23°37′25.88″S, 45°25′31.71″W], elevation [7 m], v.1962, deposited in MZSP 7944, examined; one ♀ from Ilha de São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil, [23°49′4.94″S, 45°21′26.53″W], elevation [16 m], 15–21.i.1948, H. Urban leg., deposited in MZSP 7419, examined; one ♀, 24.viii.1967, F. Liho leg., deposited in MZSP 7169, examined; one ♀ from Santo Amaro, Engenheiro Marsilac, São Paulo, Brazil, [23°56′29.02″S, 46°41′27.77″W], elevation [735 m], 16–17.xii.1966, P. Biasi leg., deposited in MZSP 5400, examined; one ♀ from São Francisco Xavier, Serra Mantiqueira, São Paulo, Brazil, [22°54′39.58″S, 45°57′11.88″W], elevation [1088 m], xii.1944, E. Dente leg., deposited in MZSP 7600, examined; one ♂ from Estaçao Ecológica do Taim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, [32°32′19.87″S, 52°32′19.49″W], elevation [7 m], 2.ix.1986, A. A. Lise leg., deposited in MCN 15657, examined, misidentified; one ♀ from Irai, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, [27°15′16.58″S, 53°14′22.9″W], elevation [273 m], 20.xi.1975, A. A. Lise leg., deposited in MCN 3123, examined); World Spider Catalog, 2019.</p><p>Wagneriana levii Pinto-da-Rocha &amp; Buckup, 1995: 159, figs 1–2, synon. nov. (male holotype from Usina Hidroelétrica Segredo, Barra do Capoteiro, Pinhão, Paraná, Brazil [25°41S, 51°39W], elevation [1000 m], 21.ii.1992, R. Pinto-da-Rocha leg., deposited in MHNCI, examined); World Spider Catalog, 2019.</p><p>Justification for synonymy: Male specimens showing the diagnostic palp morphology of  W. levii were collected together with females of the species  W. taim . Levi (1991) considered his association of male and female in  W. taim as uncertain. In our analysis, the male designated as  W. taim by Levi (1991) was phylogenetically placed far away from the  W. taim female (Figs 15, 17), and consequently, it is considered here as  Wagneriana sp. nov. 5.</p><p>NOMINA DUBIA</p><p>The types of the following nominal  Wagneriana species are immature. Therefore, we consider the specimens unidentifiable and the associated names as nomina  dubia .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF285E14BE74FFB627F5F9C5D5B42B49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cabra-García, Jimmy;Hormiga, Gustavo	Cabra-García, Jimmy, Hormiga, Gustavo (2020): Exploring the impact of morphology, multiple sequence alignment and choice of optimality criteria in phylogenetic inference: a case study with the Neotropical orb-weaving spider genus Wagneriana (Araneae: Araneidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 976-1151
BF285E14BE72FF4B2764F90BD77E2888.text	BF285E14BE72FF4B2764F90BD77E2888.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Wagneriana vermiculata MELLO-LEITAO 1949	<div><p>WAGNERIANA VERMICULATA MELLO-LEITÃO, 1949</p><p>Wagneriana vermiculata Mello-Leitão, 1949: 10, fig. 10 (immature holotype from Rio Kuluene, Rio Xingu,  Mato Grosso, Brazil, J. C. Carvalho leg., deposited in MNRJ 1822, examined); World Spider Catalog, 2019.</p><p>Remarks: Levi (1991) suggested this species as a doubtful synonym of  W. transitoria .</p><p>Nevertheless, being a juvenile specimen, this species could be assigned to any of the several  Wagneriana species distributed in the Brazilian Pantanal and Amazon regions.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF285E14BE72FF4B2764F90BD77E2888	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cabra-García, Jimmy;Hormiga, Gustavo	Cabra-García, Jimmy, Hormiga, Gustavo (2020): Exploring the impact of morphology, multiple sequence alignment and choice of optimality criteria in phylogenetic inference: a case study with the Neotropical orb-weaving spider genus Wagneriana (Araneae: Araneidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 976-1151
BF285E14BE8FFF4B2494FA25D2E928FE.text	BF285E14BE8FFF4B2494FA25D2E928FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Wagneriana grandicornis MELLO-LEITAO 1935	<div><p>WAGNERIANA GRANDICORNIS MELLO-LEITÃO, 1935</p><p>Wagneriana grandicornis Mello-Leitão, 1935: 96, fig. 6 (immature holotype from Pesqueira, Pernambuco, Brazil, [8°21′S, 36°44′W], R. Ihering leg., deposited in MNRJ 41850, examined); Levi 1991: 386, figs 60–66; World Spider Catalog, 2019.</p><p>Remarks: Levi (1991) considered the size of the first pair of abdominal tubercles as a diagnostic character for  W. grandicornis . Nevertheless, the size and shape of abdominal tubercles across  Wagneriana species are extremely variable and, as such, not reliable for delineation (see Supporting Information, Appendix S1, Fig. 39). For example, we observed dorsally projected anterior tubercles as those characteristic of the  W. grandicornis holotype in several specimens of  W. atuna,  W. dimastophora and  W. vegas . The female specimen collected in Costa Rica tentatively identified as  W. grandicornis by Levi (1991) was examined (MCZ139867) and identified as  W. atuna .</p><p>MISPLACED TAXA</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF285E14BE8FFF4B2494FA25D2E928FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cabra-García, Jimmy;Hormiga, Gustavo	Cabra-García, Jimmy, Hormiga, Gustavo (2020): Exploring the impact of morphology, multiple sequence alignment and choice of optimality criteria in phylogenetic inference: a case study with the Neotropical orb-weaving spider genus Wagneriana (Araneae: Araneidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 976-1151
BF285E14BE8FFF452776F98AD3A12BD6.text	BF285E14BE8FFF452776F98AD3A12BD6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parawixia carimagua (LEVI 1991) Cabra-García & Hormiga 2020	<div><p>PARAWIXIA CARIMAGUA (LEVI, 1991) COMB. NOV.</p><p>(FIG. 134)</p><p>Wagneriana carimagua Levi, 1991: 393, fig. 102 (male holotype from Carimagua, Meta, Colombia, [4°34′N, 71°20′W], elevation 100 m, x.1973, W. Eberhard leg., deposited in MCZ 20706, examined); World Spider Catalog, 2019.</p><p>Parawixia porvenir 
Levi, 1992: 20, figs 54–55, synon. nov. (male holotype from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.566666/lat 4.35)">Finca Chenevo</a>, ~ 20 km N. of Río Muco, 20 km S. of  El Porvenir, Meta, Colombia, [4°21′N, 71°34′W], elevation 170 m, W. Eberhard leg., deposited in MCZ 22725, examined through photographs of the habitus and genitalia); World Spider Catalog, 2019.</p><p>Justification for the transfer: Our phylogenetic analysis places  W. carimagua in  Parawixia (Figs 15, 17).  Parawixia carimagua has pale, rounded patches in the sternum (character 12; Fig. 134B), terminal apophysis articulated with the radix (character 111) and a long membrane between the paramedian apophysis and the conductor bases (character 97; Fig. 134E), as is the case in other  Parawixia species.</p><p>Justification for synonymy: Examination of the male holotype of  P. porvenir shows that this specimen has the diagnostic C-shaped embolus of  P. carimagua and, as such, it should be considered as a junior synonym of the latter species.</p><p>Diagnosis:  Parawixia carimagua can be differentiated from all other species by having a C-shaped embolus (Fig. 134D, E).</p><p>Description: Male: see Levi (1991).</p><p>Female: unknown.</p><p>Distribution: Known only from two localities in the Meta state, Colombia.</p><p>ALPAIDA UROPYGIALIS (MELLO-LEITÃO, 1944) COMB.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF285E14BE8FFF452776F98AD3A12BD6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cabra-García, Jimmy;Hormiga, Gustavo	Cabra-García, Jimmy, Hormiga, Gustavo (2020): Exploring the impact of morphology, multiple sequence alignment and choice of optimality criteria in phylogenetic inference: a case study with the Neotropical orb-weaving spider genus Wagneriana (Araneae: Araneidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 976-1151
BF285E14BE83FF5E2719F941D2B72A14.text	BF285E14BE83FF5E2719F941D2B72A14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alpaida turrigera (SCHENKEL 1953) Cabra-García & Hormiga 2020	<div><p>ALPAIDA TURRIGERA (SCHENKEL, 1953) COMB. NOV.</p><p>Wagneriana turrigera Schenkel, 1953: 24, figs 22a, b (female holotype from El Pozon, Falcon, Venezuela, [12°6′N, 59°69′W], elevation [20 m], deposited in NMB, examined through photographs of the habitus and genitalia); Levi 1991: 413, figs 200–204; World Spider Catalog, 2019.</p><p>Justification for the transfer:  Wagneriana turrigera  was not included in our phylogenetic analysis, because we gained access to images of the holotype only after completion of the analytical stage.  We attempted to collect specimens of  A. turrigera in Colombia without success. The type locality in Venezuela was not accessible  .</p><p>The holotype of  W. turrigera reveals that this specimen does not present any of the diagnostic characters of the genus  Wagneriana, but instead it has a combination of characters typical of the genus  Alpaida, such as the small scape, a yellow carapace with black rings around the eyes, and setae type III in the cephalic area. The placement of this species in  Alpaida should be tested further with the scoring of morphological characters from the still unknown male palp.</p><p>Diagnosis:  Alpaida turrigera resembles  A. octolobata in the presence of abdominal tubercles disposed in three lateral pairs, one anteromedian and one posteromedian and the weakly sclerotized epigynum. It can be distinguished from the latter species by the greater size of the anteromedian tubercle and the shape of the median epigynal plate.</p><p>Description: Male: unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF285E14BE83FF5E2719F941D2B72A14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cabra-García, Jimmy;Hormiga, Gustavo	Cabra-García, Jimmy, Hormiga, Gustavo (2020): Exploring the impact of morphology, multiple sequence alignment and choice of optimality criteria in phylogenetic inference: a case study with the Neotropical orb-weaving spider genus Wagneriana (Araneae: Araneidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 976-1151
