identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
BC3D9F166E1DFFD7FFC8E8EE22B1FA81.text	BC3D9F166E1DFFD7FFC8E8EE22B1FA81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria lithosperma	<div><p>1. Scleria lithosperma (L.) Sw. var. lithosperma</p><p>Scleria lithosperma (L.) Sw.(1788) 18 var. lithosperma . — Scirpus lithospermus L. (1753) 51. — Schoenus lithospermus (L.) L. (1762) 65. — Carex lithosperma (L.) L. (1774) 706. — Hypoporum lithospermum (L.) Nees (1842) 117. — Scleria wightiana Steud., nom.superfl.(1855) 176. — Lectotype designated by Camelbeke &amp; Goetghebeur (2000): India, plate 48 in Rheede, Hort. Malab. 12 (1693).</p><p>Scleria margaritifera Gaertn. (1788) 13. — Type: Fruct. 1 (1788) 13, t. 12.</p><p>Scleria tenuis Retz.(1786) 13. — Carex tenuis (Retz.) J.F.Gmel.(1791) 138. — Type: Koenig s.n. (lectotype designated here: LD1277858), Sri Lanka.</p><p>Scleria filiformis Sw. (1788) 19. — Carex subulata J.F.Gmel. (1791) 138. — Scleria subulata (J.F.Gmel.) Steud. (1840) 296. — Scleria lithosperma var. filiformis (Sw.) Britton (1885) 231. — Type: Banks s.n. (lectotype designated here: K00058443), Hispaniola.</p><p>Scleria gracilis Rich. (1792) 113. — Type: Leblond s.n. (type P, not found), French Guiana.</p><p>Scleria purpurea Poir. (1806) 4. — Hypoporum purpurascens Nees (1834) 303, nom illeg. — Type: Collector unknown (type not located), U.S. Virgin Islands, Saint Thomas.</p><p>Scleria capillaris R.Br. (1810) 240. — Hypoporum capillare (R.Br.) Nees (1834) 303. — Type: R. Brown 6069 (lectotype designated by Bauters et al. 2019: K000960246; isotypes BM00090054, E00393211), Australia, North Australia,Arnhem South Bay, 1802.</p><p>Scleria elongata J.Presl &amp; C. Presl (1828) 202. — Type: Haenke s.n. (lectotype designated here: PRC450377), Mexico, Acapulco .</p><p>Scleria glaucescens J.Presl &amp; C. Presl (1828) 202. — Type: Haenke s.n.</p><p>(lectotype designated here: PRC 450376), Philippines. Hypoporum sieberi Nees (1834) 303, nom. inval. Scleria krugiana Boeckeler (1888) 35. — Type: Sintenis 4945 (lectotype designated by Bauters et al. 2019: LD1644490; isolectotypes BM000629124,</p><p>JE00005190, L0042770, S13-19138), Puerto Rico, Jabucoa. Scleria puzzolanea K.Schum. (Engler 1894) 28, nom. inval. based on Holst</p><p>2797 (K), Tanzania, Tanga District, Amboni. Scleria lithosperma f. ramosa Domin (1915) 487, nom. nud. in synon.</p><p>Rhizomatous perennial, caespitose. Culm 60–80 cm, glabrous to puberulous. Leaves 10–35 cm by 1–4 mm, puberulent; sheaths finely pilose to glabrescent; contraligule triangular, densely ciliate. Inflorescence spiciform, terminal and lateral, unbranched, with 3–5 glomerules (Fig. 1i), laterals subtended by leafy bracts. Spikelets androgynous, 4–5.5 mm long, glumes glabrous. Nutlet 2 by 1.5 mm, ovoid to obovoid, smooth, trigonous, with three depressions at the base.</p><p>Distribution — Pantropical. It is a very widespread species which grows in maritime regions, but also present in semi-dry grasslands, croplands and disturbed areas (Simpson &amp; Inglis 2001, Naczi &amp; Ford 2008). In West Polynesia, it is a weed (Holm et al. 1979).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In Madagascar, present along the southeastern and northwest coast, in low altitude dry and semideciduous forest, rarely over alt. 600 m.</p><p>Conservation — Scleria lithosperma is pantropical, and there are no specific threats which affect this species. Therefore, it is here assessed as Least Concern.</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, Antsiranana, Daraina, 81 m, 2 Mar. 2005, L. Nusbaumer &amp; P.Ranirison LN1526 (G, K); Bassin de Biromba, 217 m, 28 May 2001, S. Wholhauser &amp; H. Andriamalaza SW448 (G, K); Daraina, 204 m, 20 Mar.2004, L. Gautier et al. LG4654 (G, K); Daraina, 325 m, 5 Mar. 2003, L. Gautier et al. LG4230 (G, K) .</p><p>Note — Because of its leafy bracts and lateral panicles, it is included in its own sect. Lithospermae (Clarke 1908, Chermezon 1937, Bauters et al. 2018). Previously, Haines &amp; Lye (1983) placed this species in sect. Corymbosae Pax. The other variety, Scleria lithosperma var. linearis Benth., is restricted to tropical Asia and Australia. It is used to treat skin infections and diseases in India (Vijayan et al. 2007, Chendurpandy et al. 2010, Rani et al. 2011). In Tanzania, it is used in treatments for dysmenhorrhoea and to help during childbirth (Burkill 1985).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E1DFFD7FFC8E8EE22B1FA81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E1DFFD6FC87E8CE26D4FDEE.text	BC3D9F166E1DFFD6FC87E8CE26D4FDEE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria andringitrensis Cherm.	<div><p>2. Scleria andringitrensis Cherm.</p><p>Scleria andringitrensis Cherm. (1923) 297. — Type: Perrier de la Bâthie 14385 (lectotype designated by Bauters et al. 2019: P00457098; isolectotypes: K000363345, P00457099, P00457100, TAN000431), Madagascar, Fianarantsoa, Massif de l’Andringitra, 2200 m, Mar. 1922.</p><p>Perennial, caespitose. Culms 20–30 cm by 0.5–0.8 mm, glabrous. Leaves 1–1.5 mm broad, glabrous, sheaths glabrous; contraligule hairy. Inflorescence a 15 cm spike with unbranched glomerules spread every 2–3 cm; each glomerule consists of 1–3 erect androgynous spikelets. Spikelets with glumes 5–5.5 mm long; glumes glabrous, reddish. Nutlet 1.3 by 1 mm, ellipsoid, white, conspicuously transversally striated (Fig. 2o).</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Madagascar.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Endemic to the Andringitra Massif, growing in ericoid forest, alt. 1600–2200 m.</p><p>Conservation — Scleria andringitrensis is endemic to Madagascar and found only in the Andringitra Protected Area. This species is only known from two herbarium specimens, the most recent of which was collected in 1970. The estimation of AOO (8 km 2) does not exceed the value of the Critical Endangered category, and the species is only known from one location. This species and its habitat are threatened by grazing and increased frequency of fires for the renewal of pastures (F. Rakotonasolo, pers. comm. 2017). Therefore, it is assessed as Critically Endangered under the criterion B2ab(ii,iii).</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, Fianarantsoa, Massif de l’Andringitra, 2200 m, Mar.1922, H.Perrier de la Bâthie 14385 (K);ibid., 1700 m, 2 Mar.1970, J.L.Guillaumet 3502 (P01898843); Reserve Naturelle IntegraleAndringitra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.9/lat -22.166666)">Plateau d’Andohariana</a>, 1950–2000 m, S22°10' E046°54', 5 Feb.1997, C. Rakotovao et al. 753 (K) .</p><p>Note — The shape and ornamentation of the nutlets of S. andringitrensis is unique amongst the rest of Madagascan species, and makes it very easy to identify.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E1DFFD6FC87E8CE26D4FDEE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E1CFFD6FFC8EF13263AFB49.text	BC3D9F166E1CFFD6FFC8EF13263AFB49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria ankaratrensis Bauters	<div><p>3. Scleria ankaratrensis Bauters</p><p>Scleria ankaratrensis Bauters (2018) 17. — <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.338833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.345835" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.338833/lat -19.345835)">Type</a>: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.338833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.345835" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.338833/lat -19.345835)">Larridon</a> et al. 2010-0340 (holotype GENT; isotypes K, TAN), Madagascar, Ankaratra, Lac Froid, S19°20'45.0" E47°20'19.8", 1650 m, 24 Apr. 2010.</p><p>Tufted annual, slightly decumbent. Culms up to 22 cm tall, with white hairs (up to 0.2 mm). Leaves up to 26 cm by 1–1.2 mm, densely hairy with white hairs (c. 0.2 mm long); sheaths glabrous to densely hairy with a convex, hairy contraligule. Inflorescence terminal, glomerate spicate, up to 9 cm long, sometimes slightly branched near the base, branches not longer than 1 cm; up to 6 glomerules along the main axis. Glomerules consisting of 2–4 spikelets. Spikelets 4–4.5 mm long; glumes densely hairy on the midrib (pistillate ones). Nutlet c. 1.5 by 0.8 mm broad, obovoid, surface slightly trabeculate, trigonous stipe darker in colour.</p><p>Distribution — Only known from Ankaratra in Madagascar.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Boggy lake edges.</p><p>Conservation — Since this species has only recently been discovered, more information is needed to perform a detailed conservation assessment. Therefore, it is currently indicated as Data Deficient.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E1CFFD6FFC8EF13263AFB49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E1CFFD6FFC8E9F92384FB3F.text	BC3D9F166E1CFFD6FFC8E9F92384FB3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria bulbifera A. Rich.	<div><p>4. Scleria bulbifera Hochst. ex A.Rich.</p><p>Scleria bulbifera Hochst. ex A.Rich. (1850) 510. — Type: Schimper III 1557 (lectotype designated by Bauters et al. 2019: P00465915; isolectotypes BR0000008454294, BR0000008638458, E00200224, GENT, GOET002935, K000320846, M0107104, MO-2204657, P00465917), Ethiopia, Sana, In montibus prope Dochli, 5 Aug. 1841.</p><p>Scleria atrosanguinea Hochst. ex Steud. (1855) 175. — Type: Schimper III 327 (lectotype designated by Bauters et al. 2019: P00465919; isolectotypes B†, BR0000008454621, GENT, K000320849, K000320850, LG0000090029172, M0107109, M0107108, MPU012533, P00465920, P00465921,S13-18976,S13-18978,STU000378,STU000379,WU0073559), Ethiopia, Adoa, Montis Scholada, 3 Oct. 1837.</p><p>Scleria schweinfurthiana Boeckeler (1879) 570. — Scleria bulbifera var. schweinfurthiana (Boeckeler) Piérart (1953) 26. — Type: Schweinfurth 2193 (lectotype designated by Franklin Hennessy (1985) 518:K000320848; isolectotype B†, P00465918), Sudan, Grosse Seriba Ghattas, Lande der Djur, 27 July 1869.</p><p>Scleria bulbifera var. pallidiflora Ridl. (1884a) 167 (as ‘ Scleria bulbosa ’). — Type: Welwitsch 7133 (lectotype designated here:BM000922701), Angola, Lower Guinea Pungo Andongo, in pratis humidis peculiaribus, Mar. 1857.</p><p>Scleria mechowiana Boeckeler (1884) 510. — Scleria bulbifera var. mechowiana (Boeckeler) Kük. (1938) 530. — Type: Von Mechow 345 (lectotype designated by Bauters et al. 2019: JE00006528; isolectotype B†), Angola, Malange, Oct. 1879.</p><p>Scleria buchananii Boeckeler (1888) 33. — Type: Buchanan 32 (lectotype designated by Robinson 1966: 503: K000363340; isolectotypes B†, P00465922), Malawi, Shiri highlands, July 1885.</p><p>Scleria cenchroides Hochst., nom. nud. in synon. (Clarke 1895) 669.</p><p>Scleria bojeri C.B. Clarke (1895) 669,nom. inval.based on specimen: Hilsenberg &amp; Bojer s.n. (BM000922713), Madagascar.</p><p>Scleria buchananii var. latifolia De Wild. (1919) 20. — Scleria bulbifera var. latifolia (De Wild.) Piérart (1953) 26. — Type: Ringoet 485 (lectotype designated by Bauters et al. 2019: BR0000005571628; isolectotype BR0000005571604), Democratic Republic of Congo, Katanga,Schinsenda, 6 Mar. 1912. Residual syntype: Homblé 55 (BR0000008638489), Democratic Republic of Congo, Elisabethville, Feb. 1912.</p><p>Scleria verdickii De Wild. (1926) 26. — Type: Verdick 398 (lectotype designated here:BR0000008638533), Democratic Republic of Congo, Katanga, Lukafu, Mar. 1900.</p><p>Scleria buchananii var. typica Gross (1932) 658, nom. nud.</p><p>Scleria buchananii var. laevinux Gross (1932) 658, nom. nud.</p><p>Perennial, bulbous at the base. Tubers 0.5–1.0 cm thick, brown, covered by old leaves and connected by thin stolons. Culm glabrous to puberulous, 50–100 cm long. Leaves 20–30 by 0.2–0.7 cm, puberulous, pale green. Inflorescence a terminal spike, 10 cm long, made up of 4–10 erect unbranched glomerules; basal glomerules with bracts less than 1.5 cm long. Spikelets androgynous; glumes 4–5 mm long, purple, scabrid, sometimes with hairs. Nutlet 1–1.5 mm diam, smooth to slightly verrucose, with tubercles transversally arranged.</p><p>Distribution — Tropical and South Africa, Madagascar and Arabian Peninsula.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In Madagascar, it is restricted to the Central Plateau and Highlands. The species occurs in grasslands and mixed woodland grasslands, on siliceous soils, alt. 800–1500 m.</p><p>Conservation — Scleria bulbifera is widely distributed in Africa and Madagascar, and there are no specific threats which affect this species. Therefore, it is here assessed as Least Concern.</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, Antananarivo, Antsirabe, Sahatsiho, 1600 m, 24. Dec. 1928, H. Humbert 7124 (P01707777, K); ibid., 1500 m, Oct. 1913, H. Perrier de la Bâthie 2661 (P01707770); Central Madagascar, Oct. 1882, R. Baron 2003 (K, P01707771, P01707772) ; Fianarantsoa, Massif de l’Andringitra, 1600–2000 m, Nov.–Dec. 1924, H. Humbert 3636 (P01707773,P01707774); Ihosy, Isalo, 856 m, 23 Jan.2008, M.Andriamahay &amp; S. Rokotoarisoa SNGF1859 (K, SNGF, TEF) ; Toliara, Antanimena-Itremo, 4. Dec. 2012, F. Rakotonasolo RNF2093 (K, P01063613, TAN) .</p><p>Note — Gordon-Gray (1995) pointed that S. bulbifera shows a wide range of nutlet morphologies. Further research is needed to assess its intraspecific variation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E1CFFD6FFC8E9F92384FB3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E1CFFD9FC87E82D26FAFCB2.text	BC3D9F166E1CFFD9FC87E82D26FAFCB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria distans var. distans Poir. var. distans	<div><p>5. Scleria distans Poir. var. distans</p><p>Scleria distans Poir. (1806) 4 var. distans . — Hypoporum distans (Poir.) Nees (1842) 171. — Type: Ledru 110 (lectotype designated by Raynal (1976) 214, 216: P00274452; isolectotypes P00274453, P00274454), Puerto Rico, 1797.</p><p>Cenchrus hirsutus Spreng. (1822) 15. — Type: Collector unknown (holotype B†), Hispaniola.</p><p>Hypoporum humile Nees (1834) 303, nom. nud.</p><p>Scleria mollis Kunth (1837) 351. — Type: Sellow s.n. (lectotype designated by Bauters et al. 2019: K001081692; isolectotype B†), Brazil.</p><p>Scleria nutans Willd. ex Kunth (1837) 351. — Hypoporum nutans (Willd. ex Kunth) Nees (1842) 170. — Scleria hirtella var. glabrescens Boeckeler (1869) 151. — Type: Von Humboldt s.n. (lectotype designated here: B-W17336; isolectotypes P00274463,P00274464,P0066517), Venezuela.</p><p>Scleria cenchroides Kunth (1837) 352. — Type: Drège 4365 (lectotype designated by Bauters et al. 2019: HAL0082047; isolectotypes K n.v., L0042779,P00465931,P00465932,P00465933,S1319036,TUB007471), South Africa.</p><p>Acorus brasiliensium Schott ex Nees (1842) 170, nom. nud. in synon.</p><p>Anerma hispidula Schrad. ex Nees (1842) 170, nom. nud. in synon.</p><p>Scleria michauxii Chapm. (1860) 532. — Type: Michaux s.n. (lectotype designated by Bauters et al. 2019: P00169707; isolectotype P00668894), USA, Florida.</p><p>Scleria humilis (Nees) Britton (1885) 235, nom. nud.</p><p>Scleria hirtella var. pauciciliata Britton (1885) 236. — Scleria tenella ‘sensu Griseb. ’(1866) 249,non Scleria tenella Kunth (1837) 353. — Type: Wright 3418 (lectotype designated by Bauters et al. 2019:GH00549023; isolectotype MA607212, MO716305), Cuba, San Juan de Buenavista.</p><p>Scleria hirtella var. tuberculata Boeckeler ex C.B. Clarke (1898) 294. — Type: Burke 62 (lectotype designated here: K000363498), South Africa, Trans- vaal.</p><p>Scleria hirtella auct. mult., non Scleria hirtella Sw. (1788) 19.</p><p>Perennial, rhizome 2–3 mm diam. Culms 20– 50 cm, arising every 1– 2 cm along the rhizome, sometimes thickened at the base. Leaves 10–15 cm by 2 –5 mm, puberulous, less often glabrous; sheaths hairy; contraligule strongly ciliate. Inflorescence a terminal spike, 8–10 cm long, with 4–8 glomerules; glomerules unbranched, reflexed (Fig. 1g). Spikelets androgynous; glumes 4–4.5 mm, straw-coloured, villose, awned; hairs white, dark towards the apex. Nutlets 1–2 mm long, obovoid, white, smooth.</p><p>Distribution — (Sub)tropical America, Tropical Africa and Madagascar.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In Madagascar, it is found on the Central High Plateau.</p><p>Conservation — Scleria distans var. distans is widely distributed in (sub)tropical America, Tropical Africa and Madagascar, and there are no specific threats which affect this species. Therefore, it is here assessed as Least Concern.</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, 1867, Lyall 209 (K); ibid., Lyall s.n.</p><p>(K); Central Madagascar, Dec. 1883, R. Baron 397 (K) .</p><p>Note — Most vouchers of S. distans in Madagascar belong to the variety chondrocarpa . In South America, the rhizome is smashed and drunk as mate or tereré, to treat diabetes and intestinal parasites (Pin et al. 2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E1CFFD9FC87E82D26FAFCB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E13FFD9FFC8EEA0267DF7CA.text	BC3D9F166E13FFD9FFC8EEA0267DF7CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria distans var. chondrocarpa (Nelmes) Lye	<div><p>6. Scleria distans var. chondrocarpa (Nelmes) Lye</p><p>Scleria distans var. chondrocarpa (Nelmes) Lye (1983) 243. — Scleria hirtella var. chondrocarpa Nelmes (1955) 451. — Type: Thomas 95 (holotype K000321076; isotype KAW), Uganda, Bugala Island, Kalangala, 1170 m, 5 June 1932.</p><p>Shares all characters with the type variety but has ornamented nutlets, i.e., nutlets are transversely wrinkled or tuberculate (although not equally pronounced across the specimens).</p><p>Distribution — Eastern Africa and Madagascar.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In Madagascar, it is found in canopy gaps, degraded mid altitude evergreen forest, and grasslands, alt. 700–1600 m. Less frequent along the low altitude evergreen forest.</p><p>Conservation — Scleria distans var. chondrocarpa is widely distributed in Eastern Africa and Madagascar, and there are no specific threats which affect this species. Therefore, it is here assessed as Least Concern.</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, 7 May 1912, P.A. Methuen s.n. (K); Antananarivo, Ankazobe, 25 Mar. 1930, R. Decary 7711 (P01707753, TAN); Ivato, 1365 m , 25 Jan. 1975, T.B. Croat 29582 (K, MO, P01896575); Intremo Massif, 1300–1400 m , 27 Jan. 1975, T.B. Croat 29888 (K, MO, P01896573); Central Madagascar, Oct. 1881, R. Baron 801 (K); Aug. 1880, G.W. Parker 23 (K); Fianarantsoa, Ranomafana National Park, 1205 m , 21 Apr. 2010, I. Larridon et al. 2010-0241 (GENT); ibid., 1128 m, 21 Apr. 2010, I. Larridon et al. 2010-0229 (GENT); ibid., 1178 m, 21 Apr. 2010, I. Larridon et al. 2010-0248 (GENT); ibid., RN 7, PK 294, 1717 m, 22 Apr. 2010, I. Larridon et al. 2010-0279 (GENT); Ambohimitombo Forest, 1350–1440 m , Jan. 1895, Forsyth Major 226 (K); 33 km south of Irondro 600 m , 26 Mar. 1993, D. Turk &amp; M. Beck 367 (K); Ambohimahamasina, 1941, Herbier. Jard. Bot 4550 (K, TAN); South Midongy National Park, 2 Mar. 1927, R. Decary 4980 (K); Toamasina, 15 Feb. 1930, R. Decary 7137 (P01707752).</p><p>Note — The drooping glomerules with black hairs make it very similar to the annual Scleria melanotricha Hochst. &amp; A.Rich. However, S. melanotricha does not have a creeping rhizome and its nutlet has three conspicuous tubercles mixed with three smooth bands and an orange rugose rim on the stipe. Scleria melanotricha is restricted to mainland Africa. In addition, S. distans var. chondrocarpa has been confused many times with S. hirtella, another annual very similar in appearance. However, S. hirtella is a strictly American species (Raynal 1976, Camelbeke et al. 2001).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E13FFD9FFC8EEA0267DF7CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E13FFD9FC87ED842303FC13.text	BC3D9F166E13FFD9FC87ED842303FC13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria hilsenbergii Ridl.	<div><p>7. Scleria hilsenbergii Ridl.</p><p>Scleria hilsenbergii Ridl.(1884b) 16. — Type: Hilsenberg &amp; Bojer s.n. (lectotype designated here: BM000922714), Madagascar.</p><p>Annual. Culms puberulous at least at the base, 30–40 cm long. Leaves 10–15 cm by 1–1.5 mm, glabrous to puberulent. Inflorescence is a terminal lax panicle, 5–10 cm long (Fig. 1h); glomerules with 2 – 5 spikelets, held by thin erect branches up to 4 cm long. Spikelets androgynous; glumes 3–4.5 mm long, straw-coloured or reddish, glabrous; glumes bearing female flowers mucronate (0.5–1 mm). Nutlet 1–1.3 by 0.7–1 mm diam, trigonous, densely tuberculate, wrinkles arranged mainly transversally (Fig. 2i–j).</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Madagascar.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Endemic to Central Madagascar, alt. 1000–1700 m. Wetlands, degraded grasslands and secondary forest patches.</p><p>Conservation — Scleria hilsenbergii is endemic and widespread in the Central Highland of Madagascar. It is found in Andringitra, Isalo and Marojejy protected areas. There are no specific threats known which affect this species. Therefore, it is here assessed as Least Concern.</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, Antananarivo, Analamanga Region, 9 Mar.2010, F.A. Rajaonary 45 (K, MO) ; ibid., June 1961, J. Bosser 15071 (K, TAN); Ankatso, 10 Feb.1923, M. Decary 382 (K, P01888589); Itasy Region, Lake Itasy, Jan. 1931, G.F. Scott Elliot 1908 (K, P01888593); Antsirabe, Vontovorona, 2035 m, 1 Apr. 1971, K.A. Lye 5947 (K) ; Fianarantsoa, Apr. 2010, I. Larridon et al. 2010-0268 (GENT); Andringita National Park, 1581 m, Apr. 2010, I. Larridon et al. 2010-0122 (GENT) ; Toamasina: Besakay, Apr. 1992, A. Dhondt 7 (GENT) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E13FFD9FC87ED842303FC13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E13FFD9FC87E907224EF895.text	BC3D9F166E13FFD9FC87E907224EF895.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria perpusilla Cherm.	<div><p>8. Scleria perpusilla Cherm.</p><p>Scleria perpusilla Cherm. (1929) 557. — Type: Perrier de la Bâthie 18433 (lectotype designated by Bauters et al. 2019: P00346040; isolectotypes BR0000013180607,P00346041,US), Madagascar, Antananarivo, Analabé au nord de Tananarive, 1500 m, Feb. 1928.</p><p>Annual. Culms 3–8 cm by 0.3–0.5 mm, glabrous. Leaves 1.5– 2.5 cm by 0.75 mm, glabrous. Inflorescence a reduced, terminal spike with 1–3 glomerules, each with 1–6 spikelets. Spikelets androgynous; glumes 3.5–4.5 cm, dark purple, glabrous. Nutlet 1.2 by 1 mm, ellipsoid, white, ornamentation transversely wrinkled to reticulated (Fig. 2f).</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Madagascar.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Endemic to Central Madagascar. On rocky soils, alt. 1200–1500 m.</p><p>Conservation — Scleria perpusilla is endemic and only occurs in the Central Highlands of Madagascar. It is known from three locations and found in the Andringitra Protected Area. This species and its habitat are threatened by grazing and pasture fire (F. Rakotonasolo, pers. comm. 2017). Therefore and in com- bination with its restricted distribution (AOO = 12 km 2, EOO = 9 769 km 2), this species is assessed as Endangered under the criteria B2ab(i,ii,iii).</p><p>Additionalspecimens. MADAGASCAR, Antananarivo, 1500m, Feb.1928, H. Perrier de la Bâthie 18433 (BR, P00346040, P00346041); Ankazobe, Mar. 1930, R. Decary 7695 (K, P01888491); ibid., Mar. 1962, J. Bosser 15968 (P01888490) .</p><p>Note — This species may be undercollected because of its small habit. It was collected for the last time in 1962.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E13FFD9FC87E907224EF895	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E13FFD8FC87EABA2645FBFE.text	BC3D9F166E13FFD8FC87EABA2645FBFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria pooides Ridl.	<div><p>9. Scleria pooides Ridl.</p><p>Scleria pooides Ridl.(1884a) 170. — Type: Welwitsch 7142 (lectotype designated by Bauters et al. 2019: LISU222777; isolectotype BM000922698, K000363388, LISU222778), Angola, Huilla, Nov. 1859.</p><p>Scleria multispiculata Boeckeler (1888) 36. — Type: Buchanan s.n. (lectotype designated by Bauters et al. 2019: K000363389; isolectotypes B†, E00200199, K, P00465996), Malawi, Shiri Highlands, July 1885.</p><p>Scleria prophyllata Nelmes (1955) 434. — Type: Milne-Redhead 3995 (lectotype designated by Bauters et al. 2019: K000363386, isolectotypes BM, BR0000005577842, K000363387, PRE0105028-0), Angola, Moxico, 8 Jan. 1938.</p><p>Perennial, rhizomatous. Culm 30–40 cm long, glabrous. Leaves 12–17 cm by 0.5–1.5 mm, glabrous. Inflorescence a terminal lax panicle, 4–8 cm long, with compound branches; glomerules formed by single spikelets subtended by thin flexuous branches. Spikelets androgynous; glumes bearing the female flower 2–3 mm long, glabrous to shortly hispidulous, dark. Nutlet 1–1.5 mm long, ovoid to globose, tuberculate.</p><p>Distribution — Tropical Africa and Madagascar.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In Madagascar it is found in the central grasslands, alt. 1200–1500 m.</p><p>Conservation — Scleria pooides is widely distributed in Tropical Africa and Madagascar, and there are no specific threats which affect this species. Therefore, it is here assessed as Least Concern.</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, Antananarivo, environs de Antsirabe, Jan.1914, H.Perrier de la Bâthie 2727 (P01888480);ibid., Jan.1956, J.Bosser 8921 (P01888479, TAN); Mont Lombony, environs de Antsirabe, 1500 m, Jan. 1920, H. Perrier de la Bâthie 12982 (P01888481, TAN001211); forêt de la Mandraka, 1909, d’ Alleizetle 328 (P01888482) .</p><p>Note — Ridley named this species after the genus Poa L. because of the slender and flexuous branches that hold the solitary spikelets. It can be distinguished from S. hilsenbergii due to its smaller glumes, solitary spikelets and shorter and crowded panicle. It appears as S. po ae oides in the protologue, however, its spelling has been revised to S. pooides (Govaerts et al. 2019, IPNI 2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E13FFD8FC87EABA2645FBFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E12FFD8FC87ECB72489F8F0.text	BC3D9F166E12FFD8FC87ECB72489F8F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria greigiifolia (Ridl.) C. B. Clarke	<div><p>11. Scleria greigiifolia (Ridl.) C.B.Clarke</p><p>Scleria greigiifolia (Ridl.) C.B. Clarke (1902) 509. — Acriulus greigiifolius Ridl. (1883) 336. — Type: Welwitsch 6959 (lectotype designated here: BM000922708), Angola, Huilla, marshes on the river Cacolobar, near lake Ivantala, Feb. 1860.</p><p>Acriulus madagascariensis Ridl. (1883) 336. — Scleria acriulus C.B. Clarke (1902) 509. — Type: Hildebrandt 3751 (lectotype designated here: BM000922716; isolectotype K000363343), Madagascar, Andrangaloaka, East Imarina, Nov. 1880.</p><p>Acriulus titan C.B. Clarke (1908) 62. — Type: Gentil s.n. (lectotype designated here: BR0000008638557), Democratic Republic of Congo, Vallée de la Djuma, July 1902.</p><p>Scleria friesii Kük. (1921a) 9. — Type: Fries 743 (holotype UPS), Zambia.</p><p>Perennial with a thick rhizome. Culm 0.75–1.5 m by 3–8 mm. Leaves 25–40 cm by 5–8 mm, scabridous to glabrous; basal leaves persistent; antrorse hairs present on margins and central nerve, up to 0.5 mm long; sheath closed, V-shaped, partially membranous; contraligule absent. Inflorenscence of truncated panicles (Fig. 1e), terminal and lateral, several per node, secondary branches very short; peduncles up to 20 cm, flexuous, reddish. Spikelets unisexual or subandrogynous; rachilla purple, dentate; glumes densely ciliate on the inner surface, male 3–4 mm, female 4.5–5 mm, purple on the lower half, straw-coloured at the top, margin finely ciliate. Nutlet 4–4.5 by 2–3 mm diam, beaked, smooth, white; hypogynium present, margin revolute, embracing the stipe, red dotted.</p><p>Distribution — Tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In Madagascar, occurring on the grasslands and the mixed woodland grasslands of the Central High Plateau, alt. 1300–1700 m.</p><p>Vernacular name — Malagasy: vendrana.</p><p>Conservation — Least Concern (Thacker &amp; Juffe Bignoli 2013).</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, Dec. 1958, J. Bosser 12395 (K000455296); Antananarivo, 17 Jan.–22 Apr.1955, H. Humbert 28167 (MO, P01921102, TAN); Andrangoloaka, Ost-Imerina, Nov. 1880, J.M. Hildebrandt 3751 (K000363343); Ankaratra, Lac Froid, 1650 m , 24 Apr. 2010, I. Larridon et al. 2010-0336 (GENT, K); near Carion, Mar. 1961, J. Bosser 15031 (K000455295,P01896547); Central, Oct.1882, R.Baron 1870 (K000363344); ibid ., Dec. 1883, R. Baron 3331 (K000455294); ibid ., Nov. 1885, R. Baron 4102 (K000455293); Fianarantsoa,near Ambatofinandrahana, 1400–1500 m , 16 Jan.1955, H. Humbert &amp; R. Capuron 28123 (K, MO, P01896548); Ambositra, 3 Dec.1995, M. Desfayes 95.3121 (GENT); RN 7,113– 116 km N of Fianarantsoa, 1580–1590 m, 28 Jan.1975, T.B.Croat 29973 (MO, P01896564); West Itremo, 17 Jan.–22 Apr. 1955, H. Humbert 30062 (P01896546) .</p><p>Note — Scleria greigiifolia is often misspelled. Kern (1963) commented on the origin of this issue. In Madagascar, a prepa- ration from the leaves is drunk to treat fevers (Rasoanaivo et al. 1992).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E12FFD8FC87ECB72489F8F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E12FFD8FFC8E9BB2469FECA.text	BC3D9F166E12FFD8FFC8E9BB2469FECA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria poiformis Retz.	<div><p>10. Scleria poiformis Retz.</p><p>Scleria poiformis Retz. (1786) 13. — Carex poiformis (Retz.) J.F.Gmel. (1791) 138. — Type: KÖnig s.n. (lectotype designated here: C10010679), Sri Lanka.</p><p>Scleria oryzoides J.Presl &amp; C. Presl (1828) 201. — Type: Haenke s.n. (lectotype designated here: PRC450374; isolectotypes HAL0063378, K000291177, W n.v.), Philippines, Luzon .</p><p>Scleria coriacea G.Bertol. (1854) 476, nom. illeg. — Scleria bertolonii M. Martens (1857) 570. — Type: Bertoloni s.n. (isotype P00465995), Mozambique, 1842.</p><p>Perennial, aquatic with strong rhizome. Culm 1.3–2 m by 3–10 mm, glabrous. Leaves 40–70 by 1–3 cm, glabrous to scabrid; sheaths glabrous; contraligule truncated. Inflorescence a single terminal panicle, densely branched, 10–20 by 5–10 cm; sometimes small lateral panicles present. Spikelets unisexual or subandrogynous; glumes 3–4.5 mm long, brown, dark. Nutlet 3–3.5 by 2–2.5 mm, ovoid, smooth, white.</p><p>Distribution — Eastern Africa, Southern Africa, Madagascar, Asia and Australia. It has become a weed in Australia, Thai- land, Vietnam and Indonesia, where it grows in swamps, wet grasslands and in croplands (Holm et al. 1979, Simpson &amp; Inglis 2001, Naczi &amp; Ford 2008).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In Madagascar, it occurs along the east coast, at sea level.</p><p>Conservation — Scleria poiformis is widely distributed in Eastern Africa, Southern Africa, Madagascar, Asia and Australia, and there are no specific threats which affect this species. Therefore, it is here assessed as Least Concern.</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, Fianarantsoa, Jan. 1964, J. Bosser 19017 (MO, P01888489, TAN); Toamasina,environs deTamatave, 10Jan.1933, Decary s.n. (P01888488); environs de Tamatave, 27 Nov. 1912, R. Viguier &amp; H.Humbert 431 (P01888485); Vatomandry, Nov.1921, H. Perrier de la Bâthie 14102 (P01888484, TAN) .</p><p>Note — It is used in West Africa, for polishing wood and to reduce abdominal inflammation (Burkill 1985). The name that appears in the protologue is S. po ae formis; however, its spelling has been revised to S. poiformis (Govaerts et al. 2019, IPNI 2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E12FFD8FFC8E9BB2469FECA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E12FFDBFC87EABF27A1F8F3.text	BC3D9F166E12FFDBFC87EABF27A1F8F3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria melanomphala Kunth	<div><p>12. Scleria melanomphala Kunth</p><p>Scleria melanomphala Kunth (1837) 345. — Type: Drège 4379 (lectotype designated here:K000363499; isolectotypes P00465985,P00465986), South Africa, Eastern Cape, between the Bashee river and Morley, 300–600 m, Feb. 1840.</p><p>Scleria melanocephala Drège (1843) 147, nom. inval. based on: Drège 19 (HAL0063383), South Africa.</p><p>Scleria macrantha Boeckeler,nom. illeg. (1879) 572. — Type: Schweinfurth 3746 (lectotype designated here: K000321074; isolectotype B†), Sudan.</p><p>Scleria melanomphala f. oculo-albo C.B. Clarke (1900b) 59. — Type: Gillet 321 (not located), Democratic Republic of Congo, Kisantu, 1899 .</p><p>Scleria longigluma Kük.(1921b) 22. — Type: Ule 8066 (lectotype designated here: B100296703, isolectotypes K000584481, K000584482, L0819883, NY00051758, NY00051795), Brazil, Amazonas, Rio Branco, Parime, auf Sumpfcampo bei der Serra de Paracaima, Nov. 1909.</p><p>Scleria centralis Cherm. (1931) 50. — Type: not located.</p><p>Scleria tisserantii Cherm. (1931) 50. — Type: Tisserant 2692 (lectotype designated here: P00466029; isolectotypes BR0000005572144, IFAN31813, P00466030, P00466031), Central African Republic, Région de Bambari, Yanguya, 50 km SE of Bambari, 21 Sept. 1928.</p><p>Perennial with well-developed rhizome, 4–6 mm thick; tufted, many leaves and stems with hairy margins and edges persist. Culm 0.5–1.3 m by 1–2 mm, edges pilose at the base. Leaves 25–35 by 0.3–0.5 cm, margin ciliate at the proximal part (1 mm); contraligule truncated, obtuse, slightly membranous on the margin, glabrous or ciliate. Inflorescence a truncated panicle (Fig. 1d), in terminal and lateral positions, sometimes more than one per node; bracts 2–3 cm long, shorter than the inflorescence, straw-coloured or purplish; peduncles 2–15 cm. Spikelets unisexual or subandrogynous; glumes 0.8–1.2 cm long, mucronate, glabrous inside and hairy on the external side, purplish with a green brownish midrib. Nutlet 3–3.5 by 2–2.5 mm diam, ovoid to elliptic, smooth, apex dark; hypogynium with lobes barely marked, yellowish brown.</p><p>Distribution — Africa, South America and Madagascar, in open wet places (Simpson &amp; Inglis 2001).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In Central Madagascar, alt. 900– 1700 m.</p><p>Conservation — Scleria melanomphala is widely distributed in Africa, South America and Madagascar, and there are no specific threats which affect this species. Therefore, it is here assessed as Least Concern.</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, Herbier du Jardin Botanique de Tananarive 331.9 (P01888503); ibid., Herbier du Jardin Botanique de Tananarive 331.10 (P01888505); Antananarivo, 16 Mar. 1930, R. Decary 7590 (P01784488, TAN); Ambotolampy, 14 Feb. 1930, J. Peltier &amp; M. Peltier 1875 (P01888511); Antsirabe, Vontovorona, 2020–2050 m, 1 Apr. 1971, K.A. Lye 5945 (K); Manankazo, Ankazobe, 9 Jan. 1913, H. Perrier de la Bâthie 2692 (P01888513); Ankaratra, Lake Froid, 1650 m, 24 Apr. 2010, I. Larridon et al. 2010-0336B (GENT); Mandraka Forest, Aug.1906, Herbier de Ch.d’Alleizette 1013 (P01888507); Mandraka Forest, 16 Aug. 1906, Herbier L. Rotereau s.n. (P01888510); Soamahamanina, 1200 m, 3 Feb. 2000, A. Raynal-Roques et al. 24936 (MO, P01888500, TAN); Central Madagascar, Betsileo, Jan. 1881, J.M. Hildebrandt 4015 (K, P01888508); Oct. 1882, R. Baron 2007 (K, P01888499); Fianarantsoa: 14 km au sud de Fianarantsoa, 22 Oct. 1970, M. Keraudren-Aymonin &amp; G.G. Aymonin 25103 (P01888509); near Ambatofinandrahana (Betsileo), 1400–1500 m, 16 Jan. 1955, H. Humbert &amp; R. Capuron 28118 (P01888498); West Itremo, 1500–1700 m, 17–22 Jan. –18–22 Apr. 1955, H. Humbert 300?2 (P01888502); ibid., H. Humbert 28168 (P01888504) .</p><p>Note — This species was identified in Middle Stone Age settlements in South Africa along with S. natalensis Boeckeler ex C.B.Clarke, used for bedding (Wadley et al. 2011). Burkill (1985) recorded its use as treatment for disorders of the urinary system.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E12FFDBFC87EABF27A1F8F3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E11FFDBFFC8EAB3229EF99C.text	BC3D9F166E11FFDBFFC8EAB3229EF99C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria boivinii Steud.	<div><p>13. Scleria boivinii Steud.</p><p>Scleria boivinii Steud.(1855) 173. — Type: Boivin 1643 (lectotype P 04021507; isolectotype K), Madagascar, Toamasina, Sainte Marie, Lafondrou Forest (Tafondro), 1849.</p><p>Scleria barteri Boeckeler (1874) 504. — Type: Barter 1786 (lectotype designated here: K000363314; isolectotypes S-G-9586, TCD0000355), Nigeria, Onitsha .</p><p>Perennial climber, tufted at the base. Culm 2–10 m by 1.5–2 mm thick, triquetrous, bulbous at the base. Leaves 30–35 cm by 2–3 mm, glabrous except main vein villose; hairs present in margins and central costa of the leaf, antrorse along the distal part, the rest retrorse; sheaths puberulent on the abaxial side; contraligule large, obtuse, membranous at the margin, ciliate at the base. Inflorescence with conspicuous leafy bracts; terminal and lateral panicles pyramidal, erect, 6 –10 cm long, grouped at the top of the culm. Spikelets unisexual or subandrogynous; spikelet bract 1–1.5 times longer than the spikelet; glumes bearing the male flower 3–4.5 mm, female 4.5–6 mm, brown, glabrous, midrib scabrid and purplish, rest straw-coloured; staminal crest well developed, up to 1 mm. Nutlet 2.5–3.5 by 1.5–2.5 mm, trigonous, minutely hairy, white; hypogynium cream-coloured, rotund, margin revolute, brown.</p><p>Distribution — Tropical Africa, Madagascar and the Comoros. This species is recorded as invasive in Ghana (Holm et al. 1979).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In Madagascar, it is very common and forms dense populations on edges and in canopy gaps of wet forest, alt. 0–2000 m.</p><p>Vernacular names — Malagasy: vondranditi, sambi havitra, filelatra, diti.</p><p>Conservation — Scleria boivinii is widely distributed in Tropical Africa, Madagascar and the Comoros, and there are no specific threats which affect this species. Therefore, it is here assessed as Least Concern.</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, Antsiranana, Reserve Spéciale Monongarivo, Bekolosy, 22 May 1995, L. Gautier &amp; C. Chatelain LG2766 (K, MO, P01888433); ibid., 7–12 Dec. 1992, S. Malcomber et al. 1975 (K, MO, P01888419); Betsitsika Forest, 149 m, 12 Jan. 2009, M.Y. Ammann et al. MYA247 (K); SAVA, 940 m, 15 Jan. 2004, L. Nusbaumer 993 (G) ; Fianarantsoa, 12 km E of Ifanadiana, 600 m, 18 Dec. 1997, P. Wilkin et al. 946 (GENT,K, P01888423, TAN); Ambilandrano, 450 m, 9 Jan.1993, H. Beentje 4802 (K, TAN); Soanierana, 100 m, 30 Nov. 1938, Lam &amp; Meeuse 5556 (K, P01888425) ; Toamasina, 10 km south of Foulpointe, 12 Dec.1984, L.J. Dorr &amp; L.C. Barnett 3394 (K, MO, P01888432); Sainte Marie, Lafondrou Forest (Tafondro) 1849, M. Boivin 1643 (K, P04021507); Valleé de la Fanjahirana, 19 Sept. 1932, M.R. Decary 10647 (K, P01888420) ; Toliara, Fort-Dauphin, Ivohibe Forest, 386 m, Nov.2005, R. Razakamalala et al.2476 (K, MO); near Fort-Dauphin, Manantantely Forest, 60–300 m, 22 Nov. 1928, H. Humbert 5780 (K, P01888422) .</p><p>Note — According to morphological and molecular data (Bauters et al. 2016), it is closely related to Scleria secans . This has led to many misidentifications. However, S. boivinii is an African taxon, whereas S. secans only occurs in South America. Scleria boivinii is locally used in many ways. Nutlets are used as beads in necklaces in Ghana (Abbiw 1990). In Tropical Africa, macerates and decoctions of leaves and stems are used to ease childbirth (Lebbie &amp; Guries 1995), treat coughs, blennorrhoea, toothache, snakes bites (Burkill 1985), headaches (Betti 2004, Idu et al. 2014) and onchocerciasis (Abondo et al. 1990).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E11FFDBFFC8EAB3229EF99C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E11FFDAFC87EBDB25BDFD07.text	BC3D9F166E11FFDAFC87EBDB25BDFD07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria achtenii De Wild.	<div><p>14. Scleria achtenii De Wild.</p><p>Scleria achtenii De Wild. (1926) 16. — Type: Achten 97B (lectotype designated here: BR0000008638908), Democratic Republic of Congo, Kasaï.</p><p>Scleria substriatoalveolata De Wild. (1926) 23. — Type: Vanderyst 1890 (lectotype BR0000008638915), Democratic Republic of Congo, June 1913.</p><p>Scleria subintegriloba De Wild.(1927) 238. — Scleria achtenii var. subintegriloba (De Wild.) Piérart (1953) 47. — Type: H. Vanderyst 2839 (lectotype designated here: BR0000008638397, isolectotype: BR0000008638380), Democratic Republic of Congo, Dec. 1913.</p><p>Perennial with reddish rhizome, 6 by 0.3 cm. Culm 0.45–0.70 m by 0.7–1.1 mm, slightly swollen at the base. Leaves 20– 25 by 0.4–0.5 cm, pseudopraemorse, scabrid, with retrorse hairs along the margin and central nerves; sheath winged, scabrid; contraligule membranous, reddish. Inflorescence consisting of reduced, truncated panicles, laterals solitary; peduncles 2–6 cm. Spikelets unisexual or subandrogynous; glumes bearing male flowers 4–4.5 mm long, female 4.5–5.5, straw-coloured. Nutlet white, pitted, hairy; hypogynium with long lobes, 2–3- fid, white.</p><p>Distribution — Tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar.</p><p>Habitat — Only one locality in Madagascar, on a sandy embankment in mid altitude evergreen forest, alt. 1127 m.</p><p>Conservation — Scleria achtenii is widely distributed in Tropical and southern Africa, and there are no specific threats which affect this species. Therefore, it is here assessed as Least Concern.</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, Fianarantsoa,Ranomafana National</p><p>Park, 1127 m, 21 Apr. 2010, I. Larridon et al. 2010-0228B (GENT) .</p><p>Note — First time cited from Madagascar. The hypogynium of S. achtenii, unlike S. nyasensis C.B.Clarke, has bifid or trifid lobes and a single inflorescence panicle in each node.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E11FFDAFC87EBDB25BDFD07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E10FFDAFFC8EE2A25F5F7CE.text	BC3D9F166E10FFDAFFC8EE2A25F5F7CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria foliosa A. Rich.	<div><p>15. Scleria foliosa Hochst. ex A. Rich.</p><p>Scleria foliosa Hochst.ex A.Rich.(1850) 509. — Type: Schimper 1232 (lectotype designated here: BM000758637), Ethiopia, Afar, 18 Sept. 1838.</p><p>Scleria foliosa var. major Oliv. (1875) 169. — Type: not located.</p><p>Scleria complanata Boeckeler (1879) 571. — Type: Schweinfurth 2389 (lectotype designated here: P00465984; isolectotype B†), Central African Republic, Lande der Djur, grosse Seriba-Ghattas, 17 Sept. 1869.</p><p>Scleria dumicola Ridl. (1884a) 169. — Type: Welwitsch 7122 (lectotype designated here: LISU222796; isolectotype LISU222797), Angola, Pungo Andongo, Jan. 1857.</p><p>Scleria perrieri Cherm.(1923) 297. — Type: Perrier de la Bâthie 12704 (lectotype designated here: P00346037, isolectotypes P00346038,P00346039), Madagascar, near Onilahi River (Benenitsa), July 1919.</p><p>Annuals with a poorly developed root system. Culm 0.35–0.8 m by 2–3 mm. Leaves 15–30 cm by 3–4 mm, glabrous, antrorse hairs on the central veins of the distal part, margin scabrid, three conspicuous central nerves, pleated when dried; contraligule rounded, glabrous, margin entire, surface slightly ciliate towards the mouth. Inflorescence of terminal and lateral truncated panicles (Fig. 1f), two per node; leafy bracts present, much longer than the inflorescence on the basal panicles, at least as long on the terminal; laterals with a peduncle of 3–15 cm long, longer towards the base. Spikelets unisexual or subandrogynous; glumes straw-coloured with green midrib, male 4.5–5 mm long, females 5 by 2.5–3 mm. Nutlet ovoid, 3.5 by 2.5 mm, reticulated but smooth towards the distal third, white; hypogynium cream-coloured, loosely attached to the nutlet, trilobed, lobes rounded to orbicular.</p><p>Distribution — Tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In Madagascar, it is found in open forest and grasslands, alt. 500–1300 m.</p><p>Conservation — Least Concern (Mani 2011).</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, Antananarivo, Mar.1960, J.M. Bosser 13623 (TAN); ibid ., Feb.1961, J M. Bosser 14870 (TAN); Fianarantsoa, Apr. 1960, J.M. Bosser 14115 (P01707650,P01707651,P01707652,P01707653, TAN); Mahajanga, Betainkankana,Ankaizina, Mar. 1952, J.M. Bosser 2771 (P01707649); Toamasina, Apr.1962, J.M. Bosser 15912 (P01707648, TAN); Toliara, Analavelona Forest, 950–1250 m , Mar.1934, H. Humbert 14233 (K, TAN) .</p><p>Note — Chermezon (1937) distinguished the only Malagas- can specimen of S. foliosa included in his revision as S. perrieri, based on the faded reticulation of the nutlet and its attached hypogynium. However, the rest of characters are identical to S. foliosa . Used as fodder in Sudan (Simpson &amp; Inglis 2001) and as a treatment for gonorrhoea in Tanzania (Burkill 1985).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E10FFDAFFC8EE2A25F5F7CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E10FFDAFC87ED8424E2FB6B.text	BC3D9F166E10FFDAFC87ED8424E2FB6B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria hildebrandtii Boeckeler	<div><p>16. Scleria hildebrandtii Boeckeler</p><p>Scleria hildebrandtii Boeckeler (1880a) 454. — Type: Hildebrandt 2044 (lectotype designated here:P00465972; isolectotype P00465973), Kenya, Fessland von Mombassa, Aug. 1877.</p><p>Annual with short rhizome, tufted, many basal leaves persistent as scales. Culm 40–60 cm by 1.5–2 mm. Leaves 15– 20 cm by 5–8 mm, glabrous; antrorse hairs present along the margin on the distal half; margin scabrid; sheaths sometimes shortly winged; contraligule truncated, membranous and puberulous on the surface. Inflorescence a truncated panicle with leafy bracts; usually two panicles per node; leafy bracts much longer than the inflorescence on the basal panicles, and at least as long in the terminal. Spikelets unisexual or subandrogynous; glumes straw-coloured to reddish, 5–5.5 mm long. Nutlets 3.5 by 1.7–2 mm, oblong, smooth, although sometimes very slightly pitted, white; hypogynium without conspicuous lobes as the other species, margin obscure with red dots.</p><p>Distribution — Eastern coast of Africa and northeastern coast of Madagascar.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In Madagascar, it is only known from two localities in the province of Mahajanga. It was found on limestone and sandy soils at sea level.</p><p>Conservation — Scleria hildebrandtii occurs along the eastern coast of Africa and the northeastern coast of Madagascar. There are no specific threats which affect this species. Therefore, it is here assessed as Least Concern.</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, Mahajanga, Feb. 1908, H. Perrier de la Bâthie 2485 (P01888605); environs de Marovoray (Boïar), May 1925, H. Perrier de la Bâthie 17252 (K, P01888604, TAN001259) .</p><p>Note — It has been confused with specimens of S. foliosa with smooth nutlets. However, the nutlets of S. hildebrandtii are cylindrical to oblong, whereas S. foliosa has an ovoid nutlet that is slightly apiculate.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E10FFDAFC87ED8424E2FB6B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E10FFDDFC87E993253CFCBB.text	BC3D9F166E10FFDDFC87E993253CFCBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria lagoensis Boeckeler	<div><p>17. Scleria lagoensis Boeckeler</p><p>Scleria lagoensis Boeckeler (1869) 151. — Type: Warming 494 (lectotype designated here: C10010663), Brazil, Lagoa Santa, 2 Mar. 1864.</p><p>Scleria moritziana Boeckeler (1874) 460. — Type: Moritz 645b (lectotype designated here: BM000598740), Venezuela, Caripe, 1865. The other specimen at BM (BM000598720) is a remaining syntype,because although it is also indicated as Moritz 645b, it was collected in Colombia .</p><p>Scleria canaliculatotriquetra Boeckeler (1879) 573. — Scleria lagoensis subsp. canaliculatotriquetra (Boeckeler) Lye (1983) 243. — Type: Schweinfurth 2474 (lectotype designated here: K000321072; isolectotype B†, P00465981, S-G-9585), Sudan, Djur, Seriba Ghattas, 12 Oct. 1869.</p><p>Scleria diurensis Boeckeler (1879) 573. — Type: Schweinfurth 2389 (lectotypedesignatedhere:K000321073;isolectotypeB†,P00465982,P00465983), Sudan, Lande der Djur, grosse Seriba-Ghattas, 17 Sept. 1869.</p><p>Scleria cervina Ridl.(1884a) 171. — Type: Welwitsch 7127 (lectotype designated here: BM000798943; isolectotypes LISU222806, LISU222807), Angola, Pungo Andongo, Mar. 1857.</p><p>Scleria mayottensis C.B. Clarke (1908) 92. — Type: Boivin 3043 (isotype P00196802), Mayotte.</p><p>Scleria vanderystii De Wild. (1926) 25. — Type: Vanderyst 3471 (lectotype designated here: BR0000008638601; isolectotype BR0000008638595), Democratic Republic Congo, Feb. 1914.</p><p>Scleria canaliculatotriquetra var. clarkeana Piérart (1953) 49. — Type: Mullenders 159 (lectotype designated here: BR0000008638625; isolectotype YBI196456948), Democratic Republic of Congo, 10 Mar. 1947.</p><p>Perennial. Culm 0.8–1 m by 1–2 mm thick, distinctly triquetrous. Leaves 40–60 by 0.4–1 cm, glabrous but hairs present on the distal part; sheaths markedly winged; contraligule rounded, membranous, veins well marked, glabrous, with red dots. Inflorescence consisting of terminal and lateral truncated panicles, 6–8 cm long. Spikelets unisexual or subandrogynous; glumes straw-coloured. Nutlets 2.5–3.5 by 1.8–2.2 mm, subtly pitted, hairy underneath, ovoid; hypogynium with three slender lobes, sometimes red at the tip.</p><p>Distribution — Tropical and southern Africa, South America and Madagascar.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Widespread in Madagascar, occurring in evergreen and dry forests, in northern and in central Madagascar, from low altitude to 1300 m. Tolerant to dry soils.</p><p>Vernacular name — Malagasy: zamana.</p><p>Conservation — Scleria lagoensis is widely distributed in Tropical and southern Africa, South America and Madagascar, and there are no specific threats which affect this species. Therefore, it is here assessed as Least Concern.</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, Jan. 1899, H. Perrier de la Bâthie 883 (K, P01888566); Antananarivo, Mar. 1960, J.M. Bosser 13620 (TAN); ibid ., 18 Mar. 1951, H. Humbert &amp; R. Capuron 25622 (MO); Andraisoro, 11 Mar.1919, R. Decary s.n. (P01888559); Antsiranana, Bemarivo, Boina, Feb. 1907, H. Perrier de la Bâthie 2408 (P01888555); Nosy Be, Boivin 1990; Mahajanga, Tsaramandroso, 12 Mar. 1965, Jacqueline &amp; Maurice Peltier 5209 (P01888552); Toliara, Analavelona Forest, 950–1250 m , Mar. 1934, H. Humbert 14233 (MNHN-P1888560).</p><p>Note — Vegetative parts of African and American specimens are practically identical. However, nutlets of plants from Brazil (where the type comes from) are frequently hairy all over and more globose than its African relatives. They could be different species or subspecies, as previously noted by Robinson (1966). Nevertheless, further research is required .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E10FFDDFC87E993253CFCBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E17FFDDFC87EDD2229EF924.text	BC3D9F166E17FFDDFC87EDD2229EF924.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria rutenbergiana Boeckeler	<div><p>19. Scleria rutenbergiana Boeckeler</p><p>Scleria rutenbergiana Boeckeler (1880b) 40. — Type: Rutenberg s.n. (lectotype designated here: BRNU 347461!), Madagascar, Antsiranana, Im Gehölz von Luku bé (Nossi-bé), Apr. 1878.</p><p>Perennial rhizomatous. Culm 1–2 m by 2–3 mm, glabrous, scabridous along the edges, reddish. Leaves 20–30 cm by 1.2–1.5 mm, pseudopraemorse, glabrous, margin entire to scabridous; contraligule triangular, apex rounded, glabrous. Inflorescence consisting of panicles in lateral and terminal position, 5 –15 cm long, lax; lateral panicles usually less than 5 cm long, the most basal isolated; bracts leafy. Spikelets unisexual or subandrogynous; rachilla reddish, scabrid; bracts ciliate at the base, up to 2 cm long; glumes 3 mm, straw-coloured. Nutlet 2.5–3 mm diam, globose to ovoid, white, smooth; hypogynium trilobed, lobes truncated, yellowish brown (Fig. 2k–l).</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Madagascar.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In Madagascar, most frequently along the eastern and north-western coasts, alt. 0–1200 m.</p><p>Conservation — Scleria rutenbergiana is a widespread species, endemic to Madagascar, occurring in the North Western and Eastern parts of Madagascar. This species is found in Analamazaotra, Betampona, Isalo, Lokobe, Manongarivo and Montagne d’Ambre protected areas. Using all records, the estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is 193 379 km 2 which exceeds the value of any threatened category. However, the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km 2 which is smaller than 2 000 km 2 and meets the threshold of Vulnerable, and its number of locations nearly meets the threshold for Vulnerable (11&gt; 10). Hence, it is here assessed as Near Threatened.</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, Tsivendrambendrana, R.N. 70, Z. 27 (P01888460, P0188846, P01888461, P01888462); Antsiranana, Nossibe, Dec. 1857, Boivin s.n. (P01888464); P.N. Montagne d’Ambre, 1400–1475 m, 9–13 Apr. 1993, S. Malcomber et al. 2371 (K, MO); Fianarantsoa, km 23 R.N.25 Mananjary-Ifanadiana, 30 m, 16 Dec. 1997, P. Wilkin et al. 941B (P01888458); Analamazaota, 1908, d’Alleizette s.n. (P01888447); Tananarive, Fotsimano, Dec. 1962, J. Bosser 17028 (P01888449); Toamasina, Mar. 1954, J. Bosser 163 (P01888450); near Toamasina, 20 Sept. 1912, R. Viguier &amp; H. Humbert 195 (P01888454, P01888455); Ste. Marie, May 1847, M. Boivin 1645B (P01888445) .</p><p>Note — Our morphological study agrees with both Chermezon (1937) and Bauters et al. (2016) that S. rutenbergiana appears to be related to certain species in sect. Elatae, such as S. terrestris . However, sect. Elatae only occurs in Asia and Oceania, except for S. sumatrensis, which has been recorded from the Seychelles, but is very different from S. rutenbergiana . Alternatively, S. rutenbergiana may belong to sect. Abortivae because of the heart-shaped hypogynium. This would provide a more parsimonius explanation since S. rutenbergiana occurs in the same place where sect. Abortivae diversified.A molecular study is needed to confirm the placement of this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E17FFDDFC87EDD2229EF924	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E17FFDDFFC8EEAF27C8F808.text	BC3D9F166E17FFDDFFC8EEAF27C8F808.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria tessellata Willd.	<div><p>18. Scleria tessellata Willd.</p><p>Scleria tessellata Willd. (1805) 315. — Type: Willdenow 17323 (lectotype designated here: B-W17323-010), India.</p><p>Tufted annual, completely glabrous. Culm 30–80 cm. Leaves 10–20 cm by 3–4 mm; antrorse hairs present in the distal part of the leaf; contraligule truncated, membranous, glabrous, red dotted. Inflorescence of terminal and lateral truncated panicles; laterals solitary. Spikelets unisexual or subandrogynous; glumes 5–6 mm long, straw-coloured; male flowers with two stamens. Nutlets oblong, 3–3.5 by 1.5–2 mm, regularly tessellate, white; hypogynium strongly trilobed, loosely appressed to the nutlet, yellowish brown.</p><p>Distribution — Tropical Africa, Madagascar, Australia, India and South East Asia.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Very common in wetlands, grasslands and rice fields (Naczi &amp; Ford 2008). Only two localities known in Madagascar. In Madagascar, its distribution area overlaps with S. hildebrandtii . On wet and sandy grassland, at sea level. Chermezon (1937) suggested it was introduced in Madagascar.</p><p>Conservation — Scleria tessellata is widely distributed in Tropical Africa, Madagascar, Australia, India and South East Asia, and there are no specific threats which affect this species. Therefore, it is here assessed as Least Concern.</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, Mahajanga,near Majunga, Apr.1908, H. Perrier de la Bâthie 2595 (K, P01888413, P01888414); ibid., Mar. 1927, H. Perrier de la Bâthie 17945 (K, TAN001257) .</p><p>Note — Kühn (1982) noted that this taxon originated from Madagascar, a statement totally unfounded. Scleria tessellata resembles S. hildebrandtii and S. foliosa . Scleria tessellata can be distinguished because of the oblong and reticulate nutlet, and the deeply trilobed hypogynium, lobes are oblong. The pits of S. tessellata are not as deep as in S. foliosa . It has also been misidentified as S. bambariensis Cherm. However, there is no evidence that S. bambariensis occurs in Madagascar.This misunderstanding is probably due to the incorrect identification of Perrier de la Bâthie 17945 (K) as S. bambariensis by E.A. Robinson.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E17FFDDFFC8EEAF27C8F808	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E17FFDCFC87EA0D27F4FB20.text	BC3D9F166E17FFDCFC87EA0D27F4FB20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria angusta	<div><p>20. Scleria angusta Nees ex Kunth</p><p>Scleria angusta Nees ex Kunth (1837) 346. — Type: Drège 4246 (lectotype designated here: P00462002; isolectotypes P00462000, P00462001, K000363518, K000363519), Madagascar, Cap. b. Spei., 1 Mar. 1832 .</p><p>Scleria angustata Steud. (1841) 542. — Type: not located.</p><p>Perennial. Culm 1–2.5 m by 3–4 mm, triangular, mainly glabrous, sheath occasionally puberulent. Leaves 30–40 by 1.2–2 cm, largely acuminate, pleated when pressed, pseudopraemorse. Medium leaves closely arranged, sheaths completely covering the culm; antrorse-hairs usually present along margins and distal third of the central nerves on the abaxial side; contraligule triangular, rounded, puberulous, purplish. Inflorescence a panicle with leafy bracts, pyramidal, terminal, 7–12 cm long, laterals solitary and at least the most basal shorter than the internode (Fig. 1c); peduncle only visible in the basal panicles, generally less than 5 cm long. Spikelets unisexual or subandrogynous; rachilla pale brown to greenish, sometimes reddish, flattened; prophyll, rachilla and bracts of the spikelet glabrous, sometimes hairy; glume bearing male flower 3–4 mm long, female 3 mm, shortly mucronate, straw-coloured, mucronate, ciliate at the base. Nutlet ovoid to piriform, 2–2.5 mm long, 1.5–2 mm diam, white to purple, smooth, shiny; hypogynium heart-shaped, laciniate, especially on the lobes (Fig. 2m –n).</p><p>Distribution — South Africa and Madagascar. South Africa: patchy distribution along the coast of Natal. Madagascar: along the east coast, and more rarely in the Central region.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In swamp forest (Gordon-Gray 1995), in wetlands, more rarely close to rivers and lakes, alt. 0–1000 m.</p><p>Conservation — Scleria angusta is native to Madagascar and found also in South Africa. This is a widespread species, which is found in the Mananara Nord and Isalo protected areas. The estimated of EOO is much larger than the threshold for a threatened category. Furthermore, there are no major threats which affect this species. Hence, it is assessed as Least Concern.</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, L’Ouest de l’Isalo, 30 July 1928, H. Humbert 5055 (K, P0189809, TAN001250); ibid., 700–800 m, Mar. 1934, H. Humbert 13750 (P01898854) ; Antananarivo, Oct.1882, R. Baron 1435 (K, P01707789); Antsiranana, Daraina,Antsahabe Forest, 550 m, 11 Jan. 2004, L. Nusbaumer LN916 (K) ; Toamasina, Tamatave, 26 July 1912, K. Afzelius s.n. (K) ; Toliara, Tôlanaro, Ste. Luce, 10 m, 20 Oct. 1989, R. Rabehovitra 2062 (K, MO); Soomierana, 10 Oct. 1932, R. Decary 10768 (K) .</p><p>Note — The niche of this species is the same in Madagascar and South Africa. Therefore, it probably diversified in Madagascar, along with the rest of Abortivae group, and dispersed to South Africa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E17FFDCFC87EA0D27F4FB20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E16FFDCFFC8E9D22302FE82.text	BC3D9F166E16FFDCFFC8E9D22302FE82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria baronii C. B. Clarke	<div><p>21. Scleria baronii C.B.Clarke</p><p>Scleria baronii C.B. Clarke (1895) 669. — Type: Baron 4296 (lectotype designated here: K000363341; isolectotype P00457088), Madagascar, Antananarivo, 1889.</p><p>Perennial with a robust rhizome. Culm 1–2.5 m by 5–6 mm. Leaves 30–40 by 2.5 cm, pseudopraemorse, glabrous; contraligule triangular, puberulous on the surface, margin membranous and reddish, inner nerves curved outwards following the margin. Inflorescence with leafy bracts, lateral panicles always solitary at the nodes; panicles lax, copiously branched, basal secondary branches over 4 cm long; laterals 10–12 cm long; peduncles 3 cm, longer than the internodes. Spikelets unisexual or subandrogynous; glumes 3–4 mm long, dark purple, female mucronate, glabrous, prophyll puberulous. Nutlet ovoid, 2.5–3 mm long, 2–2.5 mm diam, white to purplish, smooth, shinny; hypogynium very reduced, cupule very thick and dark (Fig. 2e).</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Madagascar.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Mid and low altitude evergreen forests, alt. 500–1600 m.</p><p>Conservation — Although endemic to Madagascar, Scleria baronii is a widespread species. It occurs within protected areas such as Ambohitantely and Andohahela. Since there are no specific threats which affect this species, it is here assessed as Least Concern.</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, Antananarivo, 1889, R. Baron 4296 (K000363341, P00457088); Antsiranana, Diana, 500 m, H. Perrier de la Bâthie 2632 (P00457087) ; Fianarantsoa, Ambohimitombo Forest, Jan.1895, Forsyth Major 205 (K); Ivohibe, Marovitsika Forest, 17 Oct. 2000, P. Hoffman et al. 221 (K, P01898846) ; Toamasina, 11 Dec. 1958, Réserves Naturelles 9632 (P01896595, P01896596); Alaotra-Mangoro, 987 m, 14 Feb. 2007, P. Antilahimena 5872 (MO, P01708459, TAN); Alaotra-Mangoro, 993 m, 14 Feb.2007, P.Antilahimena 5349 (MO, P01670451, TAN) ; Toamasina, 900 m, Sept.1953, J.M. Bosser 6569 (P01896592,P020640250); ibid., 900–1200 m, Sept. 1937, H. Humbert 18035 (P02640249) .</p><p>Note — The reduced hypogynium led Chermezon (1937) to place it in sect. Elatae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E16FFDCFFC8E9D22302FE82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E16FFDCFC87ECB222AFF9AF.text	BC3D9F166E16FFDCFC87ECB222AFF9AF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria madagascariensis Boeckeler	<div><p>22. Scleria madagascariensis Boeckeler</p><p>Scleria madagascariensis Boeckeler (1884) 514. — Type: Hildebrandt 3745 (lectotype designated here: K00363342; isolectotypes P00457089, P00457090), Madagascar, Antananarivo, Ost-Imerina, Andrangoloaka, Nov. 1880.</p><p>Perennial with conspicuous rhizome. Culm 1.5–2 m by 2.5–3.5 mm, triquetrous, scabridulous, edges red. Leaves 20–30 by 1.2–1.4 cm, pseudopraemorse, arranged every 10 cm along the culm; leaf sheaths glabrous or puberulous, winged; hairs present all along the margin and wings, retrorse, reddish, antrorse along the veins, only in the apical part, scarce; contraligule triangular, rounded, margin red, membranous. Inflorescence red, with leafy bracts; internodes red; panicles pyramidal, one terminal plus 3–4 laterals, 8–13 cm long, each lateral as long as the internode, the basal pedunculate. Spikelets unisexual or subandrogynous; bracts conspicuous, 2–6 cm long; prophyll purple, puberulous; glumes 3–4 mm long, slightly mucronate, reddish, finely ciliate along the margin and hairy at the base. Nutlet 3–3.5 by 2–2.5 mm, ovate, smooth, white, apex purplish; hypogynium trilobed, dentate, white with red dots (Fig. 2a–b).</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Madagascar. Only known from four localities.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Evergreen forest, alt. 1200–1400 m.</p><p>Conservation — Scleria madagascariensis is endemic and is found only in the Central Highlands of Madagascar. It is known from two locations. The estimated of EOO (170 km 2) and AOO (12 km 2) do not exceed the value of the Endangered category. This species and its habitat are threatened by fire, illegal logging, deforestation for charcoal production and marketing and shifting agriculture (Ravoniarijaona 2010). Therefore, it is assessed as Endangered under the criterion B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v).</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, Antananarivo, Anjozorabe Forest, 1400 m, 3 Sept. 1991, A. Rokotozafy et al. 2741 (K, MO); Ost-Imerina, Andrangoloaka, Nov. 1880, J.M. Hildebrandt 3745 (K000363342); Central, Oct. 1881, R. Baron 452 (K) .</p><p>Note — There are many misidentifications between S. madagascariensis and S. rosea . However, S. madagascariensis is a very rare species that always shows winged sheaths, reddish glumes, spikelets with long bracts and a dentate hypogynium.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E16FFDCFC87ECB222AFF9AF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E16FFDFFC87EB5D27D4FA49.text	BC3D9F166E16FFDFFC87EB5D27D4FA49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria rosea Cherm.	<div><p>23. Scleria rosea Cherm.</p><p>Scleria rosea Cherm. (1923) 298. — Scleria trialata var. rosea (Cherm.) Cherm. (1927 ‘1928’) 608. — Type: Viguier &amp; Humbert 574 (lectotype designated here: P00457097; isolectotype B100166745), Madagascar, Andorovanto, Anivorano, 8 Oct. 1912.</p><p>Perennial, rhizome well lignified. Culm 0.8–1.5 m by 2–3.5 mm, triquetrous, scabridulous, reddish. Leaves 15–25 by 1–1.4 cm, glabrous but puberulous towards the mouth, pseudopraemorse; sheaths sometimes winged; margin and distal part of the veins scabrid, reddish; contraligule triangular, apex rounded, margin dark, ciliate. Inflorescence with terminal and lateral panicles subtended by leafy bracts; panicles pyramidal to spiciform (Fig. 1a); peduncles very short, almost entirely inside the sheath; laterals shorter than the internodes, solitary. Spikelets unisexual or subandrogynous; rachilla reddish; prophyll purple, puberulous; glumes 2–3.5 mm long, shortly mucronate, straw-coloured to dark purple/reddish, margin ciliate. Nutlet ovoid, 2.5–3 by 1.5–2 mm, white, smooth; hypogynium heart-shaped, white, laciniate (Fig. 2g –h).</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Madagascar.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In littoral to mid altitude evergreen forests, alt. 0–900 m.</p><p>Vernacular names — Malagasy: vendranala, lamiera.</p><p>Conservation — Scleria rosea is endemic to Madagascar and widespread in the Eastern evergreen forest. There are no specific threats known which affect this species. Therefore, it is here assessed as Least Concern.</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, Antsiranana, Ambahatra, 800 m, 3 Mar.1999, L. Gautier et al. LG3457 (GENT,K, P01888410); Ambre Mount, 850 m, 29 Mar. 2012, S.D. Ramandimbomanana et al. SDR460 (GENT, K); Bekolosy, 850 m, 20 May 1995, L. Gautier &amp; C. Chatelain LG2737 (K, P01888409); Daraina, 800 m, 3 Dec. 2004, L. Gautier &amp; R. Claude LG4821 (GENT, K, P01708460); ibid., 400 m, 4 May 2010, C. Birkinshaw et al. 1769 (K, MO) ; Fianarantsoa, Ivohimonitra Forest, 1896, Forsyth Major 90 (K); Manombo, 20 m, 20 Sept. 2005, R. Razakamalala et al. 2175 (K, MO); R. Razakamalala et al. 776 (MO, P01888402) ; Toamasina, Maroantsetra, 100–200 m, 1 Nov. 2001, O. Poncy 1549 (K, P00373065); Maroantsetra, 4 m, 5 Sept. 2009, H. Ralimanana RLI1285 (K); Mangerivola, 491 m, 23 July 2006, T. Ranarivelo et al. RTI282 (K) ; Toliara, Anosy, 0–10 m, 29 Apr. 1989, R.E. Gereau et al. 3434 (K, MO, P01888401); Manantanteli Forest, 60–300 m, 22 Sept. 1928, H. Humbert 5820 (K, P01888400) .</p><p>Note — Many Scleria specimens found in the Seychelles and the Mascarenes have been identified as S. sieberi Nees. However, the status of this taxon is uncertain since Nees (1834: 303) confusingly published two names on the same page with the same epithet, i.e., Scleria sieberi Nees (no specimen indicated) and Hypoporum (now accepted as Scleria) sieberi Nees (based on Sieber Agrostotheca 97 which is a specimen of Scleria lithosperma). Kunth (1837: 346) validated Scleria sieberi Kunth and indicated a specimen (Sieber Agrostotheca 141). Scleria sieberi sensu Clarke (as indicated on the herbarium specimens: J. Home 636, K000363347; J. Home 642, K000363348) is closely related to, and possibly the same species as, S. rosea bearing largely acuminate leaves, white to purple nutlets with a laciniate hypogynium, spikelets with conspicuous bracts and inflorescences with a reddish rachilla and straw-coloured glumes. If both taxa are merged, the name S. sieberi has priority over S. rosea . However, the relationship between these species needs further investigation including examination of additional collections from the Seychelles and Mauritius.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E16FFDFFC87EB5D27D4FA49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E15FFDFFFC8E8F8236FFAAF.text	BC3D9F166E15FFDFFFC8E8F8236FFAAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria trialata Poir.	<div><p>24. Scleria trialata Poir.</p><p>Scleria trialata Poir. (1806) 6. — Type: du Petit-Thouars s.n. (lectotype designated here: P00457082; isolectotype P00457083), Madagascar.</p><p>Scleria abortiva Nees ex Kunth (1837) 346. — Type: Goudot s.n. (lectotype designated here: P00457085), Madagascar. The other specimen at P (P00457084) is a remaining syntype (Herb. Maire instead of Herb.Goudot and therefore not part of the same collection).</p><p>Scleria abortiva var. planifolia Cherm. (1923) 299. — Type: Perrier de la Bâthie 2651 (lectotype designated here: P00457086), Madagascar, Nossibé, Lokobe, Aug. 1913.</p><p>Perennial. Culm 1.5–2 m by 3–6 mm, triangular, puberulous, soft, with appressed hairs scattered all over specially near the mouth. Leaves 25–35 by 1.4–2 cm, pseudopraemorse, arranged every 5–7 cm; hairs present, antrorse, along the margin and distal part of veins; blade sometimes rough, covered by a dense indumentum of stiff appressed antrorse hairs; leaf sheaths loose, rarely winged, covering the culm almost completely; contraligule triangular, apex rounded, puberulous, margin ciliate, internal veins curved outwards sometimes straight at the mouth. Inflorescence conspicuous, densely branched (Fig. 1b); terminal panicle 7–12 cm long; laterals longer than the internode, solitary; peduncles usually less than 3–5 cm, sometimes covered by the sheath. Spikelets unisexual or subandrogynous; rachilla straw-coloured; bracts &lt;2 cm long, scabrid; prophyll straw-coloured, puberulent; glume bearing the male flower 3.5–4 mm long, female 3–3.5 mm, mucronate, margin entire or finely ciliate; external glumes mainly brownish, purple/red on the margins, internals completely purplish. Nutlet ovoid, 2.5–3 by 1.5–2 mm, smooth, white; hypogynium heart-shaped, yellowish brown, laciniate (Fig. 2c–d).</p><p>Distribution — Madagascar and the Comoros.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In Madagascar, it is restricted to the northern and eastern wet forests, alt. 0–1400 m.</p><p>Vernacular names — Malagasy: tsivendrambendrana, verrdradity.</p><p>Conservation — Scleria trialata is native to Madagascar and the Comoros. It is found in Andohahela, Masoala, Marojejy, Montagne d’Ambre and Ranomafana protected areas. This is a widespread species and there are no specific threats known which affect this species. Therefore, it is here assessed as Least Concern.</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, Antananarivo, 950 m, 13 Aug. 1968, J.H. McWhirter 120 (K); Ankazobe, 23 Dec. 1947, M.P. Saboreau 1185 (K); Oct. 1882, R. Baron 1424 (K, P01875262, P01875263); Antsiranana, Doany, 1250 m, 26 Oct. 2001, L. Gautier et al. LG3944 (GENT, K, P01708454); Fianarantsoa, Ranomafana Forest, 1200 m, 29 July 1987, P.Phillipson 2169 (MO); Toamasina, Alaotra-Mangoro, 1085 m, 10 Feb. 2008, A. Rakotondrafara 533 (MO, P01668985, TAN); NW Masoala Peninsula, 550 m, 10 Oct. 1986, P.P. Lowry II et al. 4062 (K, MO); Antaralava Besalampy Forest, 958 m, 15 Nov. 2008, P.Antilahimena et al. 6906 (K, MO);Masoala Peninsula, 0–10 m, June 1993, M.L. Zjhra &amp; J. Hutcheon 238 (K, MO); 470 m, 19 Sept.1993, K. Lance 30 (K); Moramanga, 900 m, 11 Nov. 1938, Lam &amp; Meeuse 5375 (K); Perinet Reserve, 5 May 1988, D.A. Simpson 88 /112 (K); Vavatenina, 300–350 m, 12 July 2003, A. Rakotondrafara et al. 234 (K, MO); Toliara, Andohahela, 200–700 m, 4–24 May 1993, B. Randriamampionona 328 (K, P01875304); Massif de Bezavona, 28 Aug. 1919, R. Decary 10434 (K, MO, P01898905); Pic St Louis, 9 July 1932, R. Decary 9954 (K, MO) . – MAYOTTE, Grande- Terre, Mamoudzou, 1 July 2003, F. Barthelat 1204 (K); Reserve Forestiere de Majimbini, 18 June 2002, F. Barthelat 934 (K) . – RÉUNION, Sainte-Rose, 300 m, Mar. 1957, J. Bosser 11954 (K) .</p><p>Note — Scleria trialata differs from S. angusta in its larger panicles, generally longer than the internodes, dark glumes, and broader scabrid leaves. In Madagascar, it is used to treat toothaches (Chermezon 1937).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E15FFDFFFC8E8F8236FFAAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E15FFDEFC87E8882593F870.text	BC3D9F166E15FFDEFC87E8882593F870.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria gaertneri Raddi	<div><p>25. Scleria gaertneri Raddi</p><p>Scleria gaertneri Raddi (1823) 331. — Type: Raddi s.n. (holotype PI), Brazil, Rio de Janeiro.</p><p>Scleria melaleuca Rchb.ex Schltdl.&amp; Cham.(1831) 29. — Scleria pterota var. melaleuca (Rchb.ex Schltdl.&amp; Cham.) Uittien (1934) 140. — Type: Weigelt s.n. (lectotype designated here: G00098565; isolectotypes F0045612F, G00098566, HAL0079367), Surinam, 1827.</p><p>Scleria asperata C. Presl (1828) 268, nom. inval., later validly described as Scleria communis Kunth. — Scleria communis Kunth (1837) 340. — Type: Sieber Agrostotheca 100 (lectotype designated here: HAL0082038), Australia, 1823.</p><p>Scleria scindens Nees ex Kunth (1837) 343. — Scleria pterota C.Presl ex C.B. Clarke (1900a) 146, nom. superfl.. — Type: Sieber 269 (isotype MO657694 n.v.), Martinique. Note: Presl (1828: 268) cited the type, previously identified as Scleria latifolia Sw., as representing a new species Scleria pterota C.Presl, nom. inval.</p><p>Scleria affinis C.Presl ex Steud. (1841) 542, nom. inval.</p><p>Scleria pratensis Lindl. ex Nees (1842) 179. — Type: Nees (1842) 179, t. XXIII.</p><p>Scleria conspersa Sellow ex Nees (1842) 179. — Type: Sellow 79 (not located).</p><p>Scleria pratensis var. melanocarpa Nees (1842) 179. — Type: not located.</p><p>Scleria selloana Schrad. ex Nees (1842) 179, nom inval. in synon.</p><p>Scleria simplicior Steud. (1855) 169. — Type: Guyana (not located).</p><p>Scleria flagellata Sw. ex Boeckeler (1874) 506, nom inval. in synon.</p><p>Scleria ottonis Boeckeler (1874) 490. — Type: Otto 299 (not located), Cuba.</p><p>Scleria longifolia Boeckeler (1882) 30. — Type: Hildebrandt 2924 (lectotype designated here: K000363352; isolectotypes B†, CORD00002145, GOET002940, JE00005191, JE00005192, L0042785, M0107094, P00346042, P00346043, US00087112), Madagascar, Nossi-be, forests near Loucou-be, Apr. 1879.</p><p>Scleria pittieri Boeckeler (1896) 159. — Type: Pittier s.n. (not located), Costa Rica.</p><p>Scleria boliviana Palla (1910) 90, nom. nud.</p><p>Scleria congolensis De Wild. (1926) 19. — Type: Vanderyst 2229 (lectotype BR0000008638939), Democratic Republic Congo.</p><p>Scleria pterota var. submelaleuca Kük. (1926) 216. — Type: not located.</p><p>Perennial, tufted with well-developed rhizome. Culm 35–80 cm by 1.3–1.6 mm. Leaves 10–30 cm by 5–8 mm, generally glabrous but central vein ciliate, some basal leaves with few but conspicuous hairs, margins scabrid; spine-like hairs present along the distal part of the leaves, antrorse, sheaths slightly winged; contraligule triangular, glabrous, sometimes puberulous, strongly ciliate along the margin. Inflorescence with panicles spiciform, little branched, rachilla reddish, flattened, completely glabrous; one or two terminal panicles, up to 5 cm long; laterals solitary, generally two or three, distal panicle close to the terminal, basal much shorter than the internode; peduncles up to 5 cm. Spikelets unisexual, mostly 3/ 4 female; glumes bearing male flowers 2.5–3.5 mm long, female 3–3.5 mm, both straw-coloured with reddish margin and green midrib. Nutlets globose, 2–3 mm diam, smooth, hairy underneath, shiny, white; hypogynium deeply trilobed, margin revolute.</p><p>Distribution — Africa, Central and South America, and Madagascar. It is as a weed in Peru (Clavo Peralta 1993), Costa Rica, Honduras, Trinidad and Dominican Republic (Holm et al. 1979).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In Madagascar, coastal to mid altitude wet forest, alt. 0–1200 m.</p><p>Vernacular names — Malagasy: vendrmaro, serosera nbambo.</p><p>Conservation — Scleria gaertneri is widely distributed in Africa, Central and South America and Madagascar, and there are no specific threats which affect this species. Therefore, it is here assessed as Least Concern.</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, Antsiranana, 400 m, 28 May 1995, L. Gautier &amp; C. Chatelain 2829 (MO, TAN); Ankarana Massif, 170 m, 31 Jan. 2003, M. Bardot-Vaucoulon et al. 1385 (K, MO, TAN) ; Besinkaram, 350 m, 2 Apr. 1996, L. Gautier &amp; S.T. Beck LG2959 (G, K, MO, TAN) ; Maroantsetra, 28 Feb. 1988, D.A. Simpson 88/87 (K, MO, TAN) ; Nossibé, Apr. 1879, J.M. Hildebrandt 2924 (JE, K, P01888534); Sava, 1190 m, 3 Mar.2006, R. Razakamalala et al.2709 (K, MO) ; Fianarantsoa,km 23 RN25 Mananjary-Ifanadiana, 30 m, 16 Dec. 2017, P. Wilkin et al. 941 (K) ; Toamasina, Maroantsetra,An- dranofotsy river, 11 Feb. 1988, D.A. Simpson &amp; M. Cheek 88/19 (K, TAN) ; route Fotsimaro-Ambodiriano, Dec. 1962, J.M. Bosser 17021 (K, TAN) .</p><p>Note — In a study from Brazil, Silva et al. (2001) noted that S. gaertneri establishes arbuscular mycorrhizae in some environments. In South America, it has been utilised as a stimulant of the nervous system and to treat constipation (Alcorn 1984) and snake poisoning (Soares et al. 2004). In Tanzania, it is locally used as a medicine to treat dysmenorrhoea and colds in humans, and rinderpest in cattle (Burkill 1985). Schoenus latifolius Vahl (1805: 226) and its nomen novum Dichromena vahlii A.Dietr. (1833: 169) based on the type specimen from Puerto Rico is sometimes placed in synonymy. Although the type specimen (C10010674) is not in good condition and therefore difficult to identify with certainty, Camelbeke (2002) considered it to be Scleria mitis P.J.Bergius instead.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E15FFDEFC87E8882593F870	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E14FFDEFC87EDD222AFF919.text	BC3D9F166E14FFDEFC87EDD222AFF919.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria racemosa Poir.	<div><p>26. Scleria racemosa Poir.</p><p>Scleria racemosa Poir. (1806) 6. — Ophryoscleria racemosa (Poir.) Nees (Nees 1842) 183. — Type: du Petit-Thouars s.n. (lectotype designated here: P00346044; isolectotype P00346045), Madagascar.</p><p>Scleria macrosperma Nees ex Kunth (1837) 344, nom. nud.in synon. based on Lindley s.n. — Scleria macrocarpa Nees (1842) 183,nom.nud.in synon. based on Lindley s.n.</p><p>Scleria ciliolata Boeckeler (1882) 31. — Type: Hildebrandt 2921 (lectotype designated here: K000363350; isolectotype: P01888440), Madagascar, Nossibé, in marsh, Apr. 1879.</p><p>Scleria racemosa var. eciliaris Kük. (1921a) 10. — Type: not located.</p><p>Perennial with strong rhizome. Culm 1.5–3 m by 4–6 mm. Leaves 30–60 by 1.5–3 cm, pseudopraemorse; hairs present along distal third of margins and nerves of the abaxial side, antrorse, conspicuous, up to 0.2 mm; sheath winged; contraligule triangular, glabrous, margin membranous. Inflorescence a terminal panicle and several smaller laterals, do not overlap with each other, barely branched. Spikelets unisexual or subandrogynous; glumes bearing male flowers 4–4.5 mm long, female 4– 5 mm, straw-coloured outside with brown red dots at the top, purplish inside, puberulous. Spikelet bracts ciliate at the base. Nutlets 4.5–5 by 3–4 mm, smooth, beige, style persistent; hypogynium regularly ciliate; cupule swollen, cupshaped, yellowish brown.</p><p>Distribution — Tropical and East Africa, Madagascar, the Comoros and Mayotte.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Widespread across the wetlands of the northern half of Madagascar. Associated with Raphia farinifera (Gaertn.) Hyl., alt. 0–500 m.</p><p>Vernacular name — Malagasy: sirosera.</p><p>Conservation — Scleria racemosa is widely distributed in Tropical and East Africa, Madagascar, the Comoros and Mayotte, and there are no specific threats which affect this species. Therefore, it is here assessed as Least Concern.</p><p>Additional specimens. MADAGASCAR, 10 Oct. 1969, B. Descoings 1198 (P01888436); Moquin-Tandon, C.H.B.A. Moquin-Tandon s.n. (P00346045); Antsiranana, Ambilobé, Mahavary, 31 July 1939, R. Decary 14767 (P01888468, TAN); Antsakoamanondro, 17 May 1960, J. Peltier &amp; M. Peltier 2432 (P01888443); Nossibé, 28 Jan. 1841, A. Pervillé 485 (P01888476, P01888477, TAN); ibid ., Aug. 1841, A. Pervillé 248 (K); ibid ., May 1879, J.M. Hildebrandt 2984 (K000363351,P01888441);ibid ., June 1847, M. Boivin 1991 (P01888466, P01888467); ibid ., June 1907, L. Rotereau s.n. (P01888444); ibid., J.M.C. Richard 924 (P01888472); Sava, 1190 m , 4 May 2006, R. Razakamalala et al. 2814 (K, MO, P01888437, TAN); Mahajanga, 1932, H. Perrier de la Bâthie 638 (P01888469); ibid ., 27 May 1912, K. Afzelius s.n. (K); Ambatoboeny, 125 m , 18 May 2001, R. Randrianaivo et al. 638 (K, MO); Ampijoara, Natural Reserve, 12 Nov. 1995, M. Desfayes 95.12111 (GENT); Ampombimanangy, 113 m , 24 July 2006, M.Andriamahay &amp; S. Rakotoarisoa 1446 (K); Analalava, 15 m , 5 May 2012, S.E. Rakotoarisa &amp; H. Randrianavsoa SNGF3069 (K000753248, MO, P, TAN); Befandriana-Nord, 29 July 1942, Herbier du Jardin Botanique de Tananarive 5175 (P01888439); North, Jan. 1892, R. Baron 6371 (K); North-West, Sept.1887, R. Baron 3787 (K); Toamasina, M. Bojer s.n. (P01888474); Besinkara, 300 m , 23 June 1994, L. Gautier et al. LG2411 (G, MO, P01888465, TAN); Analamazaotra Forest, Oct. 1909, A.C. D’Alleizette 681 (P01888471); Ste.Marie, M. Boivin 1647 (P01888442) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E14FFDEFC87EDD222AFF919	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E14FFC1FC87EA9A27DBF9D1.text	BC3D9F166E14FFC1FC87EA9A27DBF9D1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria woodii	<div><p>1. Scleria aff. woodii</p><p>Perennial. Rhizome 2 mm wide. Stems very close to each other, reddish at the base, old sheaths persistent. Culm 0.5–0.7 by 0.5–1 mm, triquetrous, slightly bulbous at the base. Leaves 15–20 cm by 1–1.5 mm, glabrous, margin entire; contraligule truncated, rounded, ciliated, dark red. Inflorescence a lax terminal panicle, 10–15 cm long; inflorescence bract slender and as long as the whole panicle; glomerules with 4–5 spikelets, branches up to 3 cm. Spikelets androgynous; glumes 4–4.5 mm, glabrous, straw-coloured, not mucronate at all. Nutlet 1.5–1.8 by 0.8–0.9 mm, trigonous, elliptic, white, longitudinally wrinkled; hypogynium absent, 3 depressions at the base.</p><p>Specimens. MADAGASCAR, Fianarantsoa, Ambatofinandrahana, 1400– 1500 m, 17 Jan. 1955, H. Humbert &amp; R. Capuron 28113 (K) ; Toliara,Andra- homana, 1–100 m, 25–26 Feb. 1955, H. Humbert &amp; R. Capuron 29119 (K) .</p><p>Note — There are two specimens available, collected the same year from very distant places. This taxon belongs to a group of subg. Hypoporum species (like S. woodii C.B.Clarke, S. rehmannii C.B.Clarke, S. paupercula E.A.Rob.), which are not represented in Madagascar, i.e., species with large inflorescences branched just once and a conspicuous rhizome (Haines &amp; Lye 1983: 334). The nutlet is very distinct, with weak longitudinal wrinkles (Fig. 5a). The nutlets of S. woodii are very different.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E14FFC1FC87EA9A27DBF9D1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E0BFFC1FC87E9BC24DDF8BA.text	BC3D9F166E0BFFC1FC87E9BC24DDF8BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria	<div><p>3. Scleria aff. sect. Abortivae</p><p>Herb, underground parts not collected. Culm 2.5 m by 0.5–0.8 mm. Leaves 30–35 by 2.5–3.5 cm, praemorse, glabrous; central vein of the abaxial side pilose; contraligule triangular, edge ciliate and red; leaf sheath winged. Inflorescence 30 cm long, formed by lateral and terminal panicles 8–15 cm in length, laterals being longer than the internodes; inflorescence bracts leafy, longer than the inflorescence. Spikelets with rachilla greenish, puberulous; spikelet bracts greenish, up to 1 cm, ciliate along the margin; flowers mostly male; glumes 4–5 mm, both external and internal completely purple, puberulous. Nutlet tuberculate, scabrid, purple, 4–5 by 2.2–3 mm, ovoid, apiculate; hypogynium, trilobate, yellowish, ciliate on the apex of the lobes.</p><p>Specimen. MADAGASCAR, 1600 m, 9 Nov. 1999, P.J. Rakotomalaza &amp;</p><p>D. Ravelomanantsoa 2128 (K, MO).</p><p>Note — This taxon belongs to sect. Abortivae but has rugose nutlets with a marked mucro. The hypogynium is also quite different from those found in other species of this section. However, the inflorescence resembles the inflorescence of S. trialata . Along with S. madagascariensis, S. trialata, and this specimen are these only taxa having winged leaf sheaths in this section.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E0BFFC1FC87E9BC24DDF8BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
BC3D9F166E0BFFC1FFC8EB4122B7FB8E.text	BC3D9F166E0BFFC1FFC8EB4122B7FB8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria gaertneri	<div><p>2. Scleria aff. gaertneri</p><p>Perennial, with many stolons present. Culms 70–80 cm by 2–3 mm, old leaves surrounding the base. Leaves every 4 – 6 cm, 25–30 cm by 6–7 mm, villose all over; contraligule rounded, pilose, reddish. Inflorescence a lax panicle, with a leafy bract at the base; terminal inflorescence 10–11 cm long, plus peduncle 10–15 cm long; lateral 6–7 cm long in total, clearly shorter than the internode. Spikelets with hairy rachilla; spikelet bracts leafy, up to 3–4 cm long, hairy; glumes 4–5 mm long, straw-coloured; external glumes hairy. Nutlet globose, 3 mm diam; hypogynium triangular, margin yellowish brown thickened, black inside, white to beige.</p><p>Specimen. MADAGASCAR, Antsiranana, Ambilobe, Ifasy Valley, 50–200 m ,</p><p>31 Mar. 1951, H. Humbert &amp; R. Capuron 25909 (K).</p><p>Note — This specimen has a peculiar hypogynium (Fig.</p><p>5b–c). Scleria gaertneri has a perfectly regular trilobed hypogynium, whereas this specimen has a triangular thickened yellowish one. The inflorescence is triangular, and it is made up of spikelets with long conspicuous bracts resembling those of S. boivinii . These bracts are not found in Scleria gaertneri .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC3D9F166E0BFFC1FFC8EB4122B7FB8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Goetghebeur, P.;Larridon, I.	Goetghebeur, P., Larridon, I. (2019): A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar. Blumea 64 (3): 195-213, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.01
