taxonID	type	description	language	source
C77F87C3FFBE454841A8EC15E789F9F5.taxon	description	2 A, 2 C, 2 E, 3 A, 3 B, 4 A, 4 E, 4 I, 5 A)	en	Mayorga, Alfredo, Kang, Ji Hyoun, Bae, Yeon Jae (2024): Taxonomic review of Korean Ephemera Linnaeus with lectotype designation of E. sachalinensis Matsumura (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae). Journal of Species Research 13 (4): 423-433, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2024.13.4.423
C77F87C3FFBE454841A8EC15E789F9F5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. South Korea: Seoul: 6 males & 23 female subimagoes, Gwangnaru, Hangang (R.), 2018 - V- 14, Park SH, Seok SW. Gyeonggi-do: 10 male subimagoes & 19 female subimagoes, Gapyeong, 2011 - V- 2; 4 males & 13 female subimagoes, Gapyeong, 2011 - VI- 2; 17 males & 23 females, Gapyeong, Yeopgwang-gyo (Br.), 2017 - V- 8; 16 males & 19 females, Namyangju-si, Deokso, 2018 - V- 13; 12 males & 20 females, Pocheon-si, Hwanhyunmeon, 1991 - VII- 18; 3 males & 14 females, Yangpyeong, 2002 - IV- 29. Gangwon-do: 25 males & 37 females, Jeongsun-gun, Hwaam-myeon, 2018 - V- 7, Park SH, Kim JS; 5 larvae, Jeongseon, 2018 - VI- 2, Park SH, Kim JS; 4 larvae, Jeongseon-gun, Bungyang-ri (E 128 ° 40 ʹ 02.11 ʺ N 37 ° 22 ʹ 41.04 ʺ), 2018 - IX- 14, Park SH, Kim JS, Mayorga A; 6 larvae, Wonju-si, Cheondungsan (Mt.) (E 127 ° 56 ʹ 52.88 ʺ N 37 ° 04 ʹ 31.31 ʺ), 2016 - IX- 11, Park SH, Seok SW. Gyeongsangnam-do: 9 larvae, Sancheong-gun, Jirisan National Park, 2017 - V- 31, Bae YJ, Park SH.	en	Mayorga, Alfredo, Kang, Ji Hyoun, Bae, Yeon Jae (2024): Taxonomic review of Korean Ephemera Linnaeus with lectotype designation of E. sachalinensis Matsumura (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae). Journal of Species Research 13 (4): 423-433, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2024.13.4.423
C77F87C3FFBE454841A8EC15E789F9F5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Body length 16.4 ± 0.3 mm in female adult and 14.1 ± 0.1 mm in male adult (Fig. 1 A, 1 B). Pronotum with lateral dark stripes and yellowish pale median band (Fig. 2 A, 2 D, 2 E). Abdomen with paired multi-striped markings; segments I- II of abdominal tergum with dark pigment covering all or almost all the segments; pigmentation can be as dots, bars or irregular-shaped (Figs. 3 A, 3 B, 4 A). Adult. Forewing transparent with dark brown marks on crossveins; costal area dark brown; MP 1 - MP 2 with a dark spot; CuA and MP 2 fused (Fig. 1 C). Forelegs anterior half of fore femur pale brown and posterior half dark brown; fore tibia and tarsus dark brown (Fig. 1 A). Male genital lobes square-shaped, sclerotized and without prominent apical inner concavity; penis with distinct titillators triangular-shaped (Fig. 5 A). Mature larva. Claw pointed and elongated (Fig. 4 I). Posterior margin of tergum X trapezoid-shaped and pronounced (Fig. 4 E).	en	Mayorga, Alfredo, Kang, Ji Hyoun, Bae, Yeon Jae (2024): Taxonomic review of Korean Ephemera Linnaeus with lectotype designation of E. sachalinensis Matsumura (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae). Journal of Species Research 13 (4): 423-433, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2024.13.4.423
C77F87C3FFBE454841A8EC15E789F9F5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China, Japan [type locality], Korea, Mongolia, Russia.	en	Mayorga, Alfredo, Kang, Ji Hyoun, Bae, Yeon Jae (2024): Taxonomic review of Korean Ephemera Linnaeus with lectotype designation of E. sachalinensis Matsumura (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae). Journal of Species Research 13 (4): 423-433, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2024.13.4.423
C77F87C3FFBE454841A8EC15E789F9F5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Among the Ephemera species with paired multi-striped markings on abdominal segments, this species is one of the most widely distributed species in Far East Asia, and is well studied especially in Japan and South Korea in terms of life history (Gose, 1970; Lee et al., 1995; 1999; 2008; Hwang et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2011; Seok et al., 2019), the level of genetic diversity and its ecology (Kuroda et al., 1984; Lee et al., 1995; Kang et al., 2005; Hwang et al., 2009; Takenaka et al., 2023). This species was redescribed based on the holotype (Demoulin, 1965), although the redescription lacked details of larva and male genitalia. Because of its wide distribution in a variety of habitats and geographical regions, morphological variations between local populations or cohorts are still poorly understood. Based on a close examination of adult and larval materials, we found that the shape of the pigmentation on the abdominal segment I- II (Fig. 3 A, 3 B; also illustrated by Gose, 1981) could be a useful character to distinguish E. orientalis from its sympatric E. sachalinensis. In addition, despite its wide distribution across various habitats and countries, studies on the morphological variability among populations and cohorts remain incomplete. For instance, this study observed some morphological variations. Specimens from different sites in South Korea exhibited certain variations in the pigmentation patterns on tergal segments I- II (Fig. 3 A, 3 B), such as complete dark pigmentation, or incomplete dark pigmentation (Fig. 3 A). However, other distinctive morphological features proposed in this study remained consistent across sex, both larval and adult stages.	en	Mayorga, Alfredo, Kang, Ji Hyoun, Bae, Yeon Jae (2024): Taxonomic review of Korean Ephemera Linnaeus with lectotype designation of E. sachalinensis Matsumura (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae). Journal of Species Research 13 (4): 423-433, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2024.13.4.423
C77F87C3FFBD454F4196EFD6E304F91F.taxon	materials_examined	Other material examined. South Korea: Seoul: 34 female subimagoes, Amsa-dong, Hangang (R.), 2017 - VI- 1, Kang JH, Seok SW, Lim CS; 1 male imago & 14 female subimagoes, Seoul, Gwangnaru, Hangang (R.), 2018 - V- 14, Park SH, Seok SW. Gyeonggi-do: 1 male, Namyangju-si, Gu-am-dong-san, 1994 - VII- 20, Bae YJ; 3 male imagoes, Gapyeong, 2005 - VIII- 21; 12 female imagoes, Namyangju-si, Deokso, 2017 - VI- 29, Kang JH, Park SH, Lim CS; 4 larvae, Gapyeong, 1997 - V- 30, Bae YJ; 5 male subimagoes & 12 female subimagoes, Gapyeong, 2017 - V- 8; 8 male subimagoes, Gapyeong, 2017 - V- 20, Park SH, Uy CJ. Gangwon-do: 3 larvae, Jeongseon-gun, Jeongseon-eup (E 128 ° 42 ʹ 50.5 ʺ N 37 ° 23 ʹ 15.3 ʺ), 2018 - VI- 2, Park SH, Kim JS; 37 larvae, Jeongseon-gun, Hwaam-myeon, 2018 - VI- 2, 2018 - V- 7, Park SH, Kim J. Jeollanam-do: 2 male subimagoes & 3 female subimagoes, Yeongam-gun, Hoemun-ri (N 34 ° 46 ʹ 46.1 ʺ E 126 ° 40 ʹ 47.6 ʺ), 2018 - VII- 18, Mayorga A, Uy CJ, Jung SW. North Korea: 1 male imago, Hwanghae Province (= Hwanghae-do): Haeju, 1986 - VI- 8, Kwang S. Mongolia: 3 female imagoes, Bulgan Aimag, Teshing Soum (wetland), 4.3 km SSW of Teshing (N 49 ° 90 ʹ 72.5 ʺ E 102 ° 65 ʹ 66.5 ʺ), 970 m a. s. l., 2005 - VII- 10 - 11, Samaa. Russia: 1 male imago, Primosky Krai, Nakhodka City, Westshore of Rivadia Lake (N 42 ° 51 ʹ 46.43 ʺ E 103 ° 38 ʹ 53.44 ʺ), 2013 - VIII- 17, Bae YJ, Kang JM, Lee JM, Vshivkova T.	en	Mayorga, Alfredo, Kang, Ji Hyoun, Bae, Yeon Jae (2024): Taxonomic review of Korean Ephemera Linnaeus with lectotype designation of E. sachalinensis Matsumura (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae). Journal of Species Research 13 (4): 423-433, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2024.13.4.423
C77F87C3FFBD454F4196EFD6E304F91F.taxon	description	Redescription (adult female lectotype). Specimen is pinned. Overall body yellowish and brownish (Fig. 6 B). Pronotum with two lateral dark stripes becoming narrower basally and a yellowish pale median band (Fig. 6 D). Mesonotum with a thick dark median band and lateral borders with dark pigmentation (Fig. 6 C). Abdomen with paired multi-striped markings; abdominal terga I- II pale without dark pigmentation; terga III- VI with apparently dark multiple stripes but becoming unclear at last segments (Fig. 6 C, 6 B). Forewings and hindwings completely damaged (Fig. 6 B). Three yellowish to brownish caudal filaments present. Forelegs broken; middle legs and hind legs completely yellowish (Fig. 6 B).	en	Mayorga, Alfredo, Kang, Ji Hyoun, Bae, Yeon Jae (2024): Taxonomic review of Korean Ephemera Linnaeus with lectotype designation of E. sachalinensis Matsumura (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae). Journal of Species Research 13 (4): 423-433, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2024.13.4.423
C77F87C3FFBD454F4196EFD6E304F91F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Body length 21.80 ± 0.50 mm in female adult and 18.50 ± 0.10 in male adult (Fig. 1 D, 1 E). Pronotum with lateral dark stripes becoming narrower basally and a yellowish median band (Fig. 2 B, 2 D, 2 F). Abdominal terga I- II pale without dark pigmentation (Fig. 3 C). Adult. Forewings with dark brown marks on crossveins; costal area dark brown; CuA and MP 2 fused (Fig. 1 C). Foreleg trochanter, tibia-femur, tibia-tarsus junctions with dark pigmentation (Fig. 1 D). Male genital lobes non-sclerotized, rounded at apex and elongated with inner concavity; penis with distinct thin titillators (Fig. 5 B). Mature larva. Claw neither elongated nor sharp (Fig. 4 J). Posterior margin of tergum X trapezoid-shaped and not pronounced, almost straight (Fig. 4 F).	en	Mayorga, Alfredo, Kang, Ji Hyoun, Bae, Yeon Jae (2024): Taxonomic review of Korean Ephemera Linnaeus with lectotype designation of E. sachalinensis Matsumura (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae). Journal of Species Research 13 (4): 423-433, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2024.13.4.423
C77F87C3FFBD454F4196EFD6E304F91F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China, Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia Far East [type locality].	en	Mayorga, Alfredo, Kang, Ji Hyoun, Bae, Yeon Jae (2024): Taxonomic review of Korean Ephemera Linnaeus with lectotype designation of E. sachalinensis Matsumura (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae). Journal of Species Research 13 (4): 423-433, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2024.13.4.423
C77F87C3FFBD454F4196EFD6E304F91F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species has not been well defined in terms of taxonomy and relations with other sympatric species in the same genus. Because the type information was lacked in the Matsumura’s (1911) original description of this species, mayfly taxonomists like Tshernova (1973) were unable to locate any type specimens that were used in Matsumura’s original description of this species. While the first author of this study had searched Matsumura’s collection in the Hokkaido University Museum in Sapporo, a female subimago specimen (Fig. 6 A) that was most probably labeled and used by Matsumura in the original description of Ephemera sachalinensis Matsumura, 1911 was found. The locality (Karafuto = Sakhalin) and collector (Miyake) also coincide with the information in the Matsumura’s brief description of the species: “ Fundorte: Chippsani und Suzuya, gesammelt in 2 females. Exemplaren von Herrn B. Miyake [= Locations: Chippsani and Suzuya, collected in 2 females. Specimens by Mr. B. Miyake] ” (Fig. 6 A). Although the condition of this Matsumura’s specimen is not complete, some preserved characters such as the lateral dark stripes becoming narrower basally from pronotum and the lack of pigmentation at the abdominal terga I and II (Fig. 6 B) well substantiate Matsumura’s (1911) species concept of E. sachalinensis. The lectotype designation must involve one of the original specimens used by the author for the description, which is the case in our study. Further revision of fresh specimens from the type locality (Sakhalin, Russia) will be beneficial to complement both Matsumura’s original description (1911) and ours. The discovery of this historical specimen has significant scientific and historical relevance. A B 5 mm C D Lateral Dark StripeS beCOming narrOWer baSally Ephemera sachalinensis is morphologically similar to E. pieli Navás based on the observation data of Chinese specimens provided by Li et al. (2023). Both E. sachalinensis and E. pieli lack dark pigmentation on the abdominal terga I- II, but E. pieli possesses two lateral dark spots on the abdominal tergum II. In addition, E. sachalinensis can be distinguished by different shape of male genitalia (Li et al., 2023). Ephemera sachalinensis is widely distributed in Northeast Asia and largely overlaps in distribution with its sympatric E. orientalis (Tshernova, 1973; Bae and Sóldan, 1997; Hwang et al., 2003; 2008). Further investigations on life history, distribution and habitat, and other ecological features are needed to understand adaptation and evolution of these two closely related species. Compared to E. orientalis, in specimens from different sites around South Korea and other countries, it was not found important variability in the diagnostic characters for this species.	en	Mayorga, Alfredo, Kang, Ji Hyoun, Bae, Yeon Jae (2024): Taxonomic review of Korean Ephemera Linnaeus with lectotype designation of E. sachalinensis Matsumura (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae). Journal of Species Research 13 (4): 423-433, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2024.13.4.423
C77F87C3FFB9454C4196EDF7E3DDFDAF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Abdominal tergum I pale with a pair of dark thick lateral bars. Abdominal terga V- IX with a pair of dark thick lateral bars reaching the median area basally (Fig. 1 J, 1 K). Adult: Forewings transparent with dark brown marks on crossveins; costal area dark brown; CuA- MP 2 not fused (Fig. 1 L). Male genital lobes wide Y-shaped with a slight inner concavity; forks apex curved inertly; penis without distinct titillators (Fig. 5 D). Mature larva. Generally similar to adults in abdominal markings. Posterior margin of tergum X quadrilateralshaped (Fig. 4 H).	en	Mayorga, Alfredo, Kang, Ji Hyoun, Bae, Yeon Jae (2024): Taxonomic review of Korean Ephemera Linnaeus with lectotype designation of E. sachalinensis Matsumura (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae). Journal of Species Research 13 (4): 423-433, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2024.13.4.423
C77F87C3FFB9454C4196EDF7E3DDFDAF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China, Japan [type locality], Korea, Mongolia, Russia.	en	Mayorga, Alfredo, Kang, Ji Hyoun, Bae, Yeon Jae (2024): Taxonomic review of Korean Ephemera Linnaeus with lectotype designation of E. sachalinensis Matsumura (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae). Journal of Species Research 13 (4): 423-433, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2024.13.4.423
C77F87C3FFB9454C4196EDF7E3DDFDAF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species has been frequently treated as an ecological model species of life history studies, intermediate host of nematodes, and population analysis using machine-learning techniques (Gose, 1970; Kuroda et al., 1984; Takemon, 1990; Hirasawa and Urabe, 2003; Li et al., 2020). In some immature larval specimens (7 - 12 mm in body length), abdominal terga VIII- IX are completely dark with a pair of pale median stripes, but this pigmentation changes to typical larval markings in the mature larvae.	en	Mayorga, Alfredo, Kang, Ji Hyoun, Bae, Yeon Jae (2024): Taxonomic review of Korean Ephemera Linnaeus with lectotype designation of E. sachalinensis Matsumura (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae). Journal of Species Research 13 (4): 423-433, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2024.13.4.423
