identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
C515F31CFF97FFF43049D3F7FB6CFEE2.text	C515F31CFF97FFF43049D3F7FB6CFEE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alexandromys evoronensis Kovalskaya et Sokolov 1980	<div><p>4.3 | Taxonomic status of A. evoronensis and A. mujanensis</p><p>Trees constructed on the basis of both mitochondrial and nuclear data sets are similar in very close phylogenetic proximity of A. maximowiczii, A. evoronensis and A. mujanensis . Our results of the JML test found that mtDNA-based genetic distances are significantly shorter in the pair A. maximowiczii – A. mujanensis, than the distances calculated on the basis of analysis of posterior distributions of nuclear species-trees from *BEAST with known ratio of mitochondrial to nuclear mutation rates. Such result suggests hybridisation with mitochondrial introgression scenario (Joly et al., 2009). The same result was obtained for A. maximowiczii – A. evoronensis pair but at lower confidence level. It should be noted that in the analysis of the larger taxa set with cytb (Figure 2), A. maximowiczii is not monophyletic relative to A. evoronensis and A. mujanensis . Monophyly is broken by the specimen of A. maximowiczii from Hentiyn Nuruu, Mongolia. Similar results showing paraphyly of A. maximowiczii related to A. evoronensis and A. mujanensis were obtained with the control region of mtDNA (Haring et al., 2011).</p><p>Genetic distances between these three taxa calculated using both mitochondrial and nuclear data sets (Table 1) are notably shorter than distances between recognised species of Alexandromys . In cytb, these distances are even shorter than intraspecific distances within A. oeconomus; in nuclear BRCA1, these sets of distances are comparable.</p><p>Two of the species from the group under discussion, A. evoronensis and A. mujanensis, were described as separate species on the basis of different chromosome structure (Kovalskaya &amp; Sokolov, 1980; Orlov &amp; Kovalskaya, 1978). Laboratory experiments showed that offspring of interspecies hybridisation in these three species are sterile (Meyer et al., 1996). The results of those experiments seem to contradict our results of JML test implying gene flow between A. maximowiczii and two other species, especially A. mujanensis . There are two possible explanations of such contradiction. In the first case, establishment of postzygotic reproductive isolation could be very recent and took place after hybridisation events suggested by JML test. In the second case, laboratory hybridisation experiments may not reflect real natural situation. Indeed, supposed postzygotic reproductive isolation is a result of chromosomal rearrangements. Laboratory experiments cited above used limited number of specimens from one population per species. Meanwhile, all the three species share notable chromosomal variation (Kartavtseva et al., 2008; Lemskaya et al., 2015; Sheremetyeva, Kartavtseva, &amp; Vasil’eva, 2017); thus, gene flow could occur through some populations that were not involved in the hybridisation study.</p><p>The shallow difference between Maximowicz’s vole and two other species was earlier found in numerous morphological and allozyme studies (Frisman, Korobitsyna, Kartavtseva, Sheremetyeva, &amp; Voyta, 2009; Lissovsky &amp; Obolenskaya, 2011; Meyer et al., 1996; Pozdnyakov, 1996; Voyta et al., 2013). Thus, it is clear that A. evoronensis and A. mujanensis represent taxa at a very low level of speciation. The only reason to increase their taxonomic status to independent species lies in the results of experimental hybridisation that is in conflict with other data sets. Thus, species status for the taxa in question would be justified if one considers postzygotic reproductive isolation of the same taxonomic weight as speciation time and previous gene flow. Taking into consideration the discussion above, we suggest recognising A. evoronensis and A. mujanensis as subspecies of A. maximowiczii: A. m. evoronensis and A. m. mujanensis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C515F31CFF97FFF43049D3F7FB6CFEE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lissovsky, Andrey A.;Petrova, Tatyana V.;Yatsentyuk, Svetlana P.;Golenishchev, Fedor N.;Putincev, Nikolay I.;Kartavtseva, Irina V.;Sheremetyeva, Irina N.;Abramson, Natalia I.	Lissovsky, Andrey A., Petrova, Tatyana V., Yatsentyuk, Svetlana P., Golenishchev, Fedor N., Putincev, Nikolay I., Kartavtseva, Irina V., Sheremetyeva, Irina N., Abramson, Natalia I. (2017): Multilocus phylogeny and taxonomy of East Asian voles Alexandromys (Rodentia, Arvicolinae). Zoologica Scripta 47 (1): 1-12, DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12261, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12261
C515F31CFF96FFFB304DD4BFFE3CFE3F.text	C515F31CFF96FFFB304DD4BFFE3CFE3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alexandromys baicalensis (Fetisov 1941)	<div><p>4.4 | Taxonomic status of A. baicalensis</p><p>The nominal taxon Microtus arvalis baicalensis Fetisov, 1941 was described as a subspecies of the common vole M. arvalis . The holotype (ID 231, collected on 22.7.1936 on “Ordak Golets”) was kept in the collection of the East-Siberian University, now State Irkutsk University (IGU). Fetisov (1941) mentioned 26 specimens of M. arvalis collected by him in 1936. An earlier publication (Fetisov, 1937) contains a list of exact places where the series was collected: Tsagan-Chelutay (51.505 N; 106.172 E), Ortsak (51.292 N; 103.785 E; this is the correct name for “Ordak”: “d” and “ts” are similar letters in Russian), Khan-Ula (51.182 N; 103.982 E) and Khatyn-Ula (undefined). The holotype is absent in both the collection of IGU and the inventory documents. It is known that A. Fetisov moved some specimens he collected to larger museums. However, we did not find the specimens in the ZMMU or ZIN collections. The only two specimens related to the topic were found in the ZIN collection. These are voles initially identified as M. arvalis collected by Fetisov on 9.7.1936 (ZIN 25840) and 14.7.1936 (ZIN 25841) at Snezhnaya River. Taking into account that the difference in collection date is a few days, they should be collected at Khan-Ula Golets (distance between Ortsak and Khan-Ula is about 18 km), the only site situated at this river. As Fetisov (1937, 1941) mentioned voles collected in 1936 in the region of Snezhnaya River in the original description of Microtus arvalis baicalensis, the latter two specimens (25,840 and 25,841) should be designated as paratypes (ICZN, 1999 Art. 72.4.1.1, 72.4.5).</p><p>Voles of M. arvalis do not inhabit high altitudes of East Siberia, thus Ognev (1950) referred to M. a. baicalensis as a junior synonym of A. mongolicus . If this species identification was correct, this name could be a senior synonym to Mongolian voles of western or central Mongolia. It should be noted that Ognev did not list any exact museum specimen of M. a. baicalensis in the publication.</p><p>Our analysis found that two paratypes of M. a. baicalensis belong to different species: one is A. middendorffii and another is young specimen of A. oeconomus . Such identification is concordant with teeth morphology of these two specimens. The second case could be considered as accidental collector’s identification mistake—the tail length of the adult root vole is notably larger than values provided by Fetisov (1941), so probably adult root voles were absent in the type series of M. a. baicalensis . However, our identification of A. middendorffii explains this confusion. Specimens of A. middendorffii are very similar to M. arvalis in terms of dental morphology (Gromov &amp; Erbajeva, 1995; Gromov &amp; Polyakov, 1977). Distribution of A. middendorffii and A. mongolicus is allopatric, and thus, it is less probable that the type series included both species. Consequently, we can hypothesise that the holotype of M. a. baicalensis also belonged to A. middendorffii .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C515F31CFF96FFFB304DD4BFFE3CFE3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lissovsky, Andrey A.;Petrova, Tatyana V.;Yatsentyuk, Svetlana P.;Golenishchev, Fedor N.;Putincev, Nikolay I.;Kartavtseva, Irina V.;Sheremetyeva, Irina N.;Abramson, Natalia I.	Lissovsky, Andrey A., Petrova, Tatyana V., Yatsentyuk, Svetlana P., Golenishchev, Fedor N., Putincev, Nikolay I., Kartavtseva, Irina V., Sheremetyeva, Irina N., Abramson, Natalia I. (2017): Multilocus phylogeny and taxonomy of East Asian voles Alexandromys (Rodentia, Arvicolinae). Zoologica Scripta 47 (1): 1-12, DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12261, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12261
C515F31CFF98FFFA3305D20AFB99FCA1.text	C515F31CFF98FFFA3305D20AFB99FCA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alexandromys kharanurensis	<div><p>4.8 | Taxonomic status of A. o. kharanurensis</p><p>Our trees constructed on the basis of mtDNA confirm previous studies (Brunhoff, Galbreath, Fedorov, Cook, &amp; Jaarola, 2003) in the existence of three clades within A. oeconomus: roughly European, Siberian and Beringian. Nuclear genes display a more homogenous cluster for the root vole as a whole. Thus, from a phylogenetic point of view, the root vole represents a compact clade.</p><p>Our previous morphological study (Lissovsky &amp; Obolenskaya, 2011) suggested that A. o. kharanurensis forms a distinct group within Alexandromys voles. None of the genes used in the present study supported distinct position of A. o. kharanurensis . The phenomenon of morphological separation of A. o. kharanurensis could be explained by additional information obtained from the collector of the specimens studied. All specimens of A. o. kharanurensis in the collection of Zoological Museum of Moscow University originated from animals kept in captivity (V. Malygin, personal communication). This information was not indicated in the museum documentation. Captive mammals often have somewhat disproportional skulls, so this could be the reason for the separate position of A. o. kharanurensis in the morphological study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C515F31CFF98FFFA3305D20AFB99FCA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lissovsky, Andrey A.;Petrova, Tatyana V.;Yatsentyuk, Svetlana P.;Golenishchev, Fedor N.;Putincev, Nikolay I.;Kartavtseva, Irina V.;Sheremetyeva, Irina N.;Abramson, Natalia I.	Lissovsky, Andrey A., Petrova, Tatyana V., Yatsentyuk, Svetlana P., Golenishchev, Fedor N., Putincev, Nikolay I., Kartavtseva, Irina V., Sheremetyeva, Irina N., Abramson, Natalia I. (2017): Multilocus phylogeny and taxonomy of East Asian voles Alexandromys (Rodentia, Arvicolinae). Zoologica Scripta 47 (1): 1-12, DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12261, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12261
C515F31CFF98FFFA3305D76FFD26F959.text	C515F31CFF98FFFA3305D76FFD26F959.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alexandromys limnophilus Buchner 1889	<div><p>4.7 | Phylogenetic position and taxonomy of A. limnophilus</p><p>A lacustrine vole A. limnophilus inhabits wet habitats in extra dry surroundings from the Qaidam to Gobi Desert. According to Musser and Carleton (2005), the junior synonyms for this name are A. flaviventris Satunin, 1903; A. malcolmi Thomas, 1911; and A. malygini Courant et al. 1999 . Representatives of these nominal taxa were never checked for genetic proximity. We had no data on A. malcolmi; however, we analysed cytb sequences derived from type specimens of A. limnophilus and A. flaviventris . The main study was conducted on the basis of specimens of A. l. malygini from Mongolia. Our results confirmed that limnophilus, flaviventris and malygini belong to the same clade, thus supporting the current taxonomic concept. We found some polymorphism in cytb sequences of A. limnophilus . This result is expected, as we previously found a morphological difference between A. l. malygini and A. l. limnophilus (Lissovsky &amp; Obolenskaya, 2011). Although we found taxonomical integrity of A. limnophilus, it is premature to discuss taxonomy, unless a type specimen of A. malcolmi is evaluated.</p><p>The topology of mtDNA-based trees in both previous (Bannikova et al., 2010) and present (Figure 2; Fig. S1) studies contradict our nuclear DNA-based results (Figure 3). Both hypotheses are supported by similar bpp values. However, our JML study revealed that the position of A. limnophilus on the mitochondrial tree could be successfully explained by incomplete lineage sorting, if the nuclear data set reflects the true phylogenetic pattern. Thus, there are no unresolved conflicts between both sets of genes; we can hypothesise that A. limnophilus is a sister to short-tailed voles. This hypothesis is indirectly supported by morphological similarity of the voles in question (Lissovsky &amp; Obolenskaya, 2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C515F31CFF98FFFA3305D76FFD26F959	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lissovsky, Andrey A.;Petrova, Tatyana V.;Yatsentyuk, Svetlana P.;Golenishchev, Fedor N.;Putincev, Nikolay I.;Kartavtseva, Irina V.;Sheremetyeva, Irina N.;Abramson, Natalia I.	Lissovsky, Andrey A., Petrova, Tatyana V., Yatsentyuk, Svetlana P., Golenishchev, Fedor N., Putincev, Nikolay I., Kartavtseva, Irina V., Sheremetyeva, Irina N., Abramson, Natalia I. (2017): Multilocus phylogeny and taxonomy of East Asian voles Alexandromys (Rodentia, Arvicolinae). Zoologica Scripta 47 (1): 1-12, DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12261, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12261
