identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
CB3687DDFFA5FFA1FF4CF8E2FAC71865.text	CB3687DDFFA5FFA1FF4CF8E2FAC71865.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoameropterus Jepson & Makarkin 2023	<div><p>Genus  Pseudoameropterus gen. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E5FAC79E-0647-404E-92F5-4577429C98AD</p><p>Type and only species.  Pseudoameropterus ambiguus gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>Etymology. From the Greek pseudos, false, and  Ameropterus, a genus-group name of  Ascalaphidae . Gender masculine.</p><p>Diagnosis. May be distinguished from other genera by a set of the following hind wing characters: RP1 profusely branched; hypostigmal cell relatively long; MP and CuA spaces relatively narrow; CuA long and incurved; branches of CuA and MP interlinked by only one row of crossveins.</p><p>Remarks. The status of  Ascalaphidae as a family is an area of debate. Many studies based on morphology only have recovered a monophyletic  Ascalaphidae closely related to  Myrmeleontidae (e.g., Aspöck et al. 2001; Aspöck &amp; Aspöck 2008). However, studies that have included molecular data in addition to morphology have recovered conflicting trees supporting monophyly of both  Ascalaphidae and  Myrmeleontidae, or showing a paraphyletic relationship of  Ascalaphidae with respect to  Myrmeleontidae (see Machado et al. 2018; Winterton et al. 2018; Jones 2019 for review). Recently, phylogenomic studies by Machado et al. (2018) and Winterton et al. (2018) recovered  Ascalaphidae and  Myrmeleontidae as being paraphyletic with respect to each other, this prompted Machado et al. (2018) to synonymize  Ascalaphidae with  Myrmeleontidae, dividing the family into four subfamilies and 17 tribes. But the family status of  Ascalaphidae is still debated (Jones 2019; Cai et al. 2023). Here we follow Cai et al. (2023) and consider  Ascalaphidae to be retained as a family with the inclusion of Stilbopteryginae as a subfamily.</p><p>The long and more or less strongly incurved CuA in the hind wing as found in  Pseudoameropterus gen. nov. is present in several genera of  Ascalaphidae: all genera of Stilbopteryginae ( Stilbopteryx Newman, 1838 and  Aeropteryx Riek, 1968) and Albardiinae ( Albardia van der Weele, 1903), and most genera of Ululodinae (i.e.,  Ameropterus Esben-Petersen, 1922,  Cordulecerus Rambur, 1842 and  Ululodes Currie in Smith, 1900). Interestingly, all these taxa are now distributed in the Americas (Albardiinae, Ululodinae) or Australia (Stilbopteryginae).</p><p>The hind wing venation of the new genus is most similar to that of  Ameropterus, especially e.g.  A. trivialis (Gerstaecker, 1888) and  A. mexicanus (van der Weele, 1908) (see Penny 2002: Figs 14, 16). The genus is distributed from southern Mexico in the north to Argentina in the south. However,  Pseudoameropterus gen. nov. differs from that genus in that RP1 is more proximally and profusely branched, which is branched more distally in  Ameropterus (see van der Weele 1909: Figs 83–85; Penny 2002: Figs 12–15). All species of  Cordulecerus (except  Cordulecerus praecellens (Gerstaecker, 1885)) differ from  Pseudoameropterus ambiguus sp. nov. by the hind wings being strongly broadened proximally (see van der Weele 1909: Figs 98–112, 115, 116; Penny 1982: Fig. 11; Ardila-Camacho et al. 2019: Fig. 9). The species of  Ululodes differ from the new species by the presence of a longitudinal crossvein connecting crossveins between RA/Sc+RA and RP below the pterostigma (see van der Weele 1909: Figs 59–68, 73–76; Penny 2002: Figs 22–26).</p><p>However, it is possible that the new genus belongs to Stilbopteryginae or Albardiinae. The hind wing venation of  Aeropteryx Riek, 1968 (Stilbopteryginae) and  Pseudoameropterus gen. nov. are very similar, including the profusely branched RP1 (see Riek 1968: Pl. 1). Moreover, a new undescribed ascalaphid species from the Green River Formation, the venation of which is most similar to that of  Pseudoameropterus ambiguus sp. nov., possesses entire eyes characteristic of Stilbopteryginae and Albardiinae, while eyes are divided in Ululodinae. But the true subfamilial affinity of  Pseudoameropterus gen. nov. may only be determined when more complete material is found.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB3687DDFFA5FFA1FF4CF8E2FAC71865	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jepson, James E.;Makarkin, Vladimir N.	Jepson, James E., Makarkin, Vladimir N. (2023): Fossil Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera and Raphidioptera) from the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation, Montana, USA. Zootaxa 5306 (4): 427-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2
CB3687DDFFA6FFA0FF4CFA55FDCE1CE1.text	CB3687DDFFA6FFA0FF4CFA55FDCE1CE1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoameropterus ambiguus Jepson & Makarkin 2023	<div><p>Pseudoameropterus ambiguus sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4A61DA82-99EF-410B-BADE-94C6D728246F</p><p>Fig. 1</p><p>Etymology. From the Latin  ambiguus [- a, -um], ambiguous, obscure, mysterious.</p><p>Type material. Holotype USNM PAL 626076, deposited in USNM. A nearly complete hind wing .</p><p>Type locality and horizon.  Middle Fork of the Flathead River, between Paola and Stanton Creeks approximately 17 miles south of West Glacier; the Coal Creek Member of the Kishenehn Formation, north-western Montana, U.S.A. The Middle Eocene (Lutetian).</p><p>Diagnosis. As for genus.</p><p>Description. Hind wing 30.3 mm long as preserved (estimated complete length 35–37 mm), 8.1 mm wide. Costal space moderately broad, with all veinlets simple, closely spaced. Pterostigma indistinct, short, bound by two simple veinlets, two incorporated veins, one multibranched, one simple. Sc fused with RA in distal part of wing level with centre of the pterostigma. Seven preserved veinlets of Sc+RA connected by 10 preserved crossveins; four proximal veinlets simple or forked once, three distal veinlets strongly forked. Thirteen ra-rp crossveins preserved. RP with seven branches. RP1 originating before mid-point of wing, profusely branched at mid-point of vein. Other branches of RP probably shallowly branched (their terminal parts not preserved). Numerous crossveins (66 preserved) throughout RP spaces. One presectoral crossvein preserved. Between R and M (radiomedial space) 17 crossveins preserved. MA slightly incurved medially, simple. MP terminally simple, stronger incurve medially than MA, pectinately branched with four branches, one of these (MP1) rather shallowly forked, other simple. Stem of MP and its branches connected by four crossveins (one between each pair). In intramedial space (between MA and MP) 15 crossveins preserved. Between MP and CuA (mediocubital space) nine preserved widely spaced crossveins. CuA long, strongly incurved; stem of CuA shallowly forked terminally, with eight pectinate branches; one of these rather shallowly forked, other simple. Stem of CuA and three distal branches connected by three crossveins (one between each pair). One cua-cup crossvein preserved in intracubital space. CuP probably rather long, fragmentarily preserved. Anal veins not preserved.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB3687DDFFA6FFA0FF4CFA55FDCE1CE1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jepson, James E.;Makarkin, Vladimir N.	Jepson, James E., Makarkin, Vladimir N. (2023): Fossil Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera and Raphidioptera) from the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation, Montana, USA. Zootaxa 5306 (4): 427-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2
CB3687DDFFA7FFA7FF4CF9C5FA721DC9.text	CB3687DDFFA7FFA7FF4CF9C5FA721DC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Minimochrysa Jepson & Makarkin 2023	<div><p>Genus  Minimochrysa gen. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1A315754-A548-4BB7-9739-6A3C2E948EA7</p><p>Type and only species.  Minimochrysa latialata sp. nov.</p><p>Etymology. From the Latin minimus, - a, - um, tiny, smallest, and  Chrysopa, a genus-group name, in reference to smallest chrysopid genus. Gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis. Differs from other nothochrysine genera by combination of following forewing character states: extremely short (≤ 5 mm); broadly-rounded apically; distal branches of RP originating at almost right angles; RA almost reaching wing apex.</p><p>Remarks. The  Nothochrysinae affinity is based on a very long RA and long Sc. In Chrysopinae, RA is much shorter, terminating at C well proximad of wing apex. In Limaiinae, Sc is much shorter than RA. The venation of Apochrysinae is very different from that of this specimen.</p><p>In most other genera of  Nothochrysinae, the forewing is apically subacute or at least has a more oval apex, and the distal branches of RP originate more obliquely. In those genera that have a similar broadly-rounded forewing apex and distal branches of RP originating at almost right angles (e.g., Kimachrysa Tjeder, 1966), their RA is very short.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB3687DDFFA7FFA7FF4CF9C5FA721DC9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jepson, James E.;Makarkin, Vladimir N.	Jepson, James E., Makarkin, Vladimir N. (2023): Fossil Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera and Raphidioptera) from the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation, Montana, USA. Zootaxa 5306 (4): 427-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2
CB3687DDFFA0FFA6FF4CFECCFA771FFD.text	CB3687DDFFA0FFA6FF4CFECCFA771FFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Minimochrysa latialata Jepson & Makarkin 2023	<div><p>Minimochrysa latialata sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 36FE8A47-EF3A-4718-8374-1DE02063E5FE</p><p>Fig. 2</p><p>Type material.  Holotype USNM PAL 622725, deposited in USNM. A distal part of a forewing .</p><p>Type locality and horizon.  Middle Fork of the Flathead River, between Paola and Stanton Creeks approximately 17 miles south of West Glacier; the Coal Creek Member of the Kishenehn Formation, north-western Montana, U.S.A. The Middle Eocene (Lutetian).</p><p>Etymology. From the Latin  latus, broad, and ala, wing, in reference to broad distal part of the forewing (broadly-rounded apically).</p><p>Description. Forewing 2.5 mm long as preserved (estimated complete length ca. 4.5–5.0 mm), 1.4 mm wide as preserved. Forewing broadly rounded apically. Costal space with 12 preserved simple crossveins, narrowing distally. No crossveins present in subcostal space. Sc long terminating well before apex of wing. RA long almost reaching apex of the wing. Radial space wide with eight regularly spaced ra-rp crossveins preserved. RP with eight preserved branches, majority simple, four forked distally near wing margin. RP crossveins forming two gradate series. Basal portion of wing not preserved.</p><p>Remarks.  Minimochrysa latialata sp. nov. is the smallest known chrysopid species. The species of the smallest extant genera have a minimum forewing length of 6 mm, e.g., the chrysopine  Suarius Navás, 1914 and the nothochrysine  Kimochrysa Tjeder, 1966 (Brooks &amp; Barnard 1990). The smallest known fossil chrysopid species  Pseudochrysopa harveyi Makarkin &amp; Archibald, 2013 from the early Eocene Driftwood Canyon (Canada) with a minimum forewing length of ca. 8.2 mm is nearly twice as long as the new species (Makarkin &amp; Archibald 2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB3687DDFFA0FFA6FF4CFECCFA771FFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jepson, James E.;Makarkin, Vladimir N.	Jepson, James E., Makarkin, Vladimir N. (2023): Fossil Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera and Raphidioptera) from the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation, Montana, USA. Zootaxa 5306 (4): 427-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2
CB3687DDFFA1FFA6FF4CFCE5FE5518A1.text	CB3687DDFFA1FFA6FF4CFCE5FE5518A1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palaeochrysa Scudder 1883	<div><p>Genus  Palaeochrysa Scudder, 1883</p><p>Remarks. The genus  Palaeochrysa was recently revised to include only one species  P. stricta Scudder, 1890 from the late Eocene of Florissant (Makarkin et al. 2022). Two more species in this genus are described below from the Kishenehn Formation. Makarkin et al. (2022) diagnosed the genus with the following characters: in the fore- and hind wings (1) two gradate series are present in the radial space; (2) inner gradate series is arranged in a strongly broken line; (3) Psm is nearly straight, slightly zigzagged; (4) Psm is formed by five branches of RP; in the forewing (5) im is elongate; and in the hind wing (6) three branches of CuA proximad fusion with MP. Two of the species ( P. stricta and  P. greenwalti sp. nov.) share the whole set of these character states. The character states (2) and (4) are slightly different in  P. minor sp. nov.: in this species the inner gradate series is arranged in a curved line, but not broken, and Psm is formed by three branches of RP (most likely related to its small size).</p><p>We found a new feature distinguishing  Palaeochrysa from most other genera of  Nothochrysinae . This genus possesses a proximal cell between two gradate series of crossveins in the hind wing (located at the termination of Psm; labelled gc 1 in Figs. 3C and 4E). The cell is acute anteriorly as the very oblique crossvein of the inner series and a part of a RP branch (which are limited the cell anteriorly) coincide in the same direction, which continues the Psm. All gradate cells are principally similar in shape at least in other fossil genera from North America.</p><p>Therefore, the assignment of  Palaeochrysa greenwalti sp. nov. to  Palaeochrysa is undoubted, while  P. minor sp. nov. is very probable.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB3687DDFFA1FFA6FF4CFCE5FE5518A1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jepson, James E.;Makarkin, Vladimir N.	Jepson, James E., Makarkin, Vladimir N. (2023): Fossil Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera and Raphidioptera) from the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation, Montana, USA. Zootaxa 5306 (4): 427-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2
CB3687DDFFA1FFA4FF4CFA29FE611F29.text	CB3687DDFFA1FFA4FF4CFA29FE611F29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palaeochrysa greenwalti Jepson & Makarkin 2023	<div><p>Palaeochrysa greenwalti sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A0BCCD17-AA0C-4961-89AD-BBC32456AC1C</p><p>Fig. 3</p><p>Type material.  Holotype USNM PAL 622159, deposited in USNM. One nearly complete forewing, one incomplete forewing, and one incomplete hind wing .</p><p>Type locality and horizon.  Middle Fork of the Flathead River, between Paola and Stanton Creeks approximately 17 miles south of West Glacier; the Coal Creek Member of the Kishenehn Formation, north-western  Montana, U.S.A. Middle Eocene (Lutetian) .</p><p>Etymology. From the surname of Dale E. Greenwalt, in recognition of his work on the Kishenehn Formation.</p><p>Diagnosis. Similar to  Palaeochrysa stricta differing from it by smaller size [forewing length ca. 11.2 mm in  P. greenwalti sp. nov.; 15.5 mm in  P. stricta] and proximal-most crossvein of inner gradate series in hind wing (after RP5) shifted posteriorly, so that it terminates on Psm [terminates on RP5 far anterior to Psm in  P. stricta]; it differs from  P. minor sp. nov. by larger size and wider forewing [length/width ratio ca. 2.95 in  P. greenwalti sp. nov.; ca. 3.17 in  P. minor sp. nov.].</p><p>Description. Forewing ca. 11.2 mm long, 3.8 mm wide. Costal space moderately broad. Subcostal veinlets simple, relatively closely spaced. Sc long (its termination not discernible). Subcostal space narrow, crossveins not detected. RA terminated at margin slightly proximad wing apex. RA space broad, narrowed distad, with 14 regularly spaced crossveins. RP with 13 pectinate branches. RP1 to RP5 terminated at Psm; two distal branches simple; forking of most other branches unclear, at least two in distal portion forked once in one of forewings. Psm straight, only slightly zigzagged. M poorly preserved proximally, forked slightly distad origin of RP. im incompletely preserved (its shape probably similar to that of other species of the genus: narrow, elongate). Presumable MA forked once distad Psc; presumable MP forked at Psc. Crossvein 2m-cu long, located in proximal part of im. Psc straight, slightly zigzagged only distally. CuA presumably with three branches. CuP forked, with both branches widely spaced. 1A partially preserved. Two gradate series of crossveins nearly parallel; inner series forming distinct angle with Psm at RP5, with six preserved crossveins after RP5 (probably eight in life); outer series continuing Psc, with nine crossveins after RP5.</p><p>Hind wing 9.5 mm long as preserved, 2.9 mm wide as preserved. Costal space not preserved. Sc preserved only basally. RA not preserved in distal part. RA with 10 preserved crossveins. RP with 11 preserved pectinate branches (probably 12 in life). RP1 (presumably) to RP5 terminating at Psm; two distal branches simple; other branches forked once. Psm straight, almost not zigzagged. Proximal part of M not preserved; presumable MA forked distad Psc; presumable MP forked at Psc. Psc straight, zigzagged only in distal part. Presumable CuA with two preserved branches. Anal veins not preserved. Two gradate series of crossveins: inner series convex, forming distinct angle with Psm at RP5, with seven preserved crossveins before RP5 (eight in life); outer series continuing Psc, with six preserved crossveins before RP5 (eight in life).</p><p>Remarks. The apex of the forewing of  P. greenwalti sp. nov. appears more rounded than in the other species. No body parts are preserved and some parts of the forewing venation and the basal part of the hind wing are difficult to interpret.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB3687DDFFA1FFA4FF4CFA29FE611F29	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jepson, James E.;Makarkin, Vladimir N.	Jepson, James E., Makarkin, Vladimir N. (2023): Fossil Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera and Raphidioptera) from the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation, Montana, USA. Zootaxa 5306 (4): 427-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2
CB3687DDFFA3FFABFF4CFDACFCDA1991.text	CB3687DDFFA3FFABFF4CFDACFCDA1991.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palaeochrysa minor Jepson & Makarkin 2023	<div><p>Palaeochrysa minor sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: ECE45B39-18B0-45CC-97C1-07942C4A2BC7</p><p>Fig. 4</p><p>Type material.  Holotype USNM PAL 722497, deposited in USNM. An incomplete, crumpled specimen .</p><p>Type locality and horizon.  Middle Fork of the Flathead River, between Paola and Stanton Creeks approximately 17 miles south of West Glacier; the Coal Creek Member of the Kishenehn Formation, north-western Montana, U.S.A. The Middle Eocene (Lutetian).</p><p>Etymology. From the Latin  parvus, - a, - um (comparative  minor), meaning “small (smaller)”.</p><p>Diagnosis. Differs from two other species by smaller size, subcostal veinlets widely spaced [closely spaced in other species], and three branches of RP terminating on Psm [five in other species].</p><p>Description. Body very poorly preserved, details not discernible.</p><p>Forewing ca. 9.5 mm long, ca. 3.0 mm wide. Costal space relative narrow. Subcostal veinlets simple, relatively widely spaced. Distal parts of Sc, RA not preserved. Subcostal space narrow, crossveins not detected. RA space with five detected, widely spaced crossveins. RP with nine pectinate branches. RP1 to RP3 terminated at Psm; two or three distal branches simple; RP1 deeply forked at Psc and its proximal branch shallowly forked in left forewing; other branches rather shallowly onсe forked. Basal crossvein 1r-m very short, connecting anterior trace of RP and MA within im at proximal one-third length. Psm straight, only slightly zigzagged. M forked slightly distad origin of RP. im narrow, elongate (3.8 times as long as wide). Crossvein 2m-cu long, connecting im and CuA at nearly proximal one-fifth of im. Psc straight, slightly zigzagged distally. CuA probably with two simple branches. CuP deeply forked. Two intracubital crossveins; c1: c2 length ratio 0.82: 1 in right wing. A1 simple. A2 strongly arched, simple. Two gradate series of crossveins nearly parallel; inner series with six crossveins after RP3; outer series continuing Psc, with six crossveins after RP3.</p><p>Hind wing 6.8 mm long as preserved, 2.3 mm wide as preserved. Costal space very narrow. Sc preserved proximally. Subcostal space appears to be very narrow. RA long, terminating at margin probably near wing apex. RA space with eight regularly spaced crossveins. RP with nine pectinate branches. RP1 to RP3 terminated at Psm; three distal branches simple; forking of other branches mostly unknown. Psm straight, slightly zigzagged. M proximally fused with RP. Presumable MA forked distad Psc; presumable MP forked at Psc. Psc slightly zigzagged. CuA with three simple branches; probably all originating before fusion of CuA with MP. CuP, A1, A2 simple. Two nearly parallel gradate series of crossveins: inner series with four preserved crossveins after RP (probably six in life); outer series continuing Psc, with six crossveins after RP3.</p><p>Remarks.  Palaeochrysa minor sp. nov. is the smallest member of the genus and has a more elongate forewing than the other species. The small size is reflected in the venation with it having only three branches of RP terminating on Psm [five in the other species of the genus].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB3687DDFFA3FFABFF4CFDACFCDA1991	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jepson, James E.;Makarkin, Vladimir N.	Jepson, James E., Makarkin, Vladimir N. (2023): Fossil Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera and Raphidioptera) from the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation, Montana, USA. Zootaxa 5306 (4): 427-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2
CB3687DDFFACFFA9FF4CFAC0FC131CB9.text	CB3687DDFFACFFA9FF4CFAC0FC131CB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megalomus	<div><p>Megalomus -group gen. et sp. indet.</p><p>Fig. 5</p><p>Material. Specimen USNM PAL 624842, deposited in USNM. An incomplete specimen.</p><p>Locality and horizon. Middle Fork of the Flathead River, between Paola and Stanton Creeks approximately 17 miles south of West Glacier; the Coal Creek Member of the Kishenehn Formation, north-western Montana, U.S.A. The Middle Eocene (Luteian).</p><p>Description. Body poorly preserved, fine details not discernable. Head poorly preserved, only both eyes well discernible (0.5 mm wide). Prothorax 0.6 mm long, mesothorax 1.5 mm long, metathorax 0.8 mm long. Legs and abdomen not preserved.</p><p>Forewing fragmentary, poorly preserved, ca. 6.8 mm long (as preserved; estimated complete length ca. 8 mm), 2.7 mm wide (as preserved; estimated width ca. 3 mm). Recurrent humeral veinlet well developed, with four preserved branches. Costal space narrowing distally, with ca. 15 partially preserved costal veinlets, mainly forked; trichosors present on costal margin. Sc and RA partially preserved; subcostal crossveins not detected. RP poorly preserved, with five to six branches separately originating on RA. RP1 at least deeply-forked once near origin. Three gradate series of crossveins partially preserved. Second series consists of two preserved crossveins (right wing), between M and CuP. Third (‘inner’) series consists of eight preserved crossveins anterior to CuA (probably nine in life) (left wing); fourth (‘outer’) series with four preserved crossveins (left wing). M forked nearly opposite fork of RP1; posterior branch probably forked again at inner gradate series. Cubital veins fragmentarily preserved; proximal branch of CuA originating at second gradate series. Anal veins not preserved.</p><p>Hind wing fragmentarily preserved, 5.5 mm long (as preserved; estimated complete length ca. 7 mm), 1.8 mm wide (as preserved; estimated complete width ca. 2.4 mm). Costal space narrow, narrowest at mid-way point. Costal veinlets partially preserved, proximally simple, distally few forked; trichosors preserved on costal margin. Subcostal space narrow. Sc and RA partially preserved, not fused; reaching wing margin before apex. RA distally with three to four branches. RP partially preserved, at least with five branches. Third (‘outer’) gradate series with five preserved crossveins. Cubital and anal veins not preserved.</p><p>Remarks. This specimen obviously belongs to a genus of the  Megalomus -group (Drepanepteryginae, Drepanacrinae or Megalominae). These hemerobiids share the wing character states such as a dense venation; a deeply forked CuP in the forewing; and a fully developed CuP in the hind wing (see Makarkin et al. 2016 for detailed discussion). The venation of the specimen is fragmentarily preserved, and it is therefore difficult to place into a particular genus. However, the preserved venation is most similar to that of  Proneuronema Makarkin et al. 2016, in particular the presence of at least once deeply-forked RP1. This genus was widely distributed in the Eocene in North America, Europe, and East Asia (see Makarkin &amp; Perkovsky 2020).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB3687DDFFACFFA9FF4CFAC0FC131CB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jepson, James E.;Makarkin, Vladimir N.	Jepson, James E., Makarkin, Vladimir N. (2023): Fossil Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera and Raphidioptera) from the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation, Montana, USA. Zootaxa 5306 (4): 427-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2
CB3687DDFFAFFFAFFF4CFB40FD6D1C71.text	CB3687DDFFAFFFAFFF4CFB40FD6D1C71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrostigmoraphia Jepson & Makarkin 2023	<div><p>Genus  Macrostigmoraphia gen. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 67388462-CDFA-46FA-8803-B2978E50605C</p><p>Type and only species.  Macrostigmoraphia diluta sp. nov.</p><p>Etymology. From the Greek macros, long, stigma, spot, and  Raphidia, a genus-group name of  Raphidiidae . Gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis. May be distinguished from other genera by configuration of pterostigma: it is very long (10 times as long as wide), very pale, and lacks any incorporated veinlets or crossveins.</p><p>Remarks. The specimen has been placed within  Raphidiidae based on the combination of 2sc-r being far distad the termination of Sc [ Inocelliidae: located near termination of Sc], closing the proximal end of pterostigma [ Inocelliidae: sc-r not closing pterostigma proximally].</p><p>The long pterostigma closed proximally by crossvein 2sc-r and often without incorporated veinlets is also present in the genera of the Cretaceous tribe  Nanoraphidiini ( Mesoraphidiidae). In general, their venation is very similar to that of some  Raphidiidae, particularly the late Eocene subfamily  Succinoraphidiinae Aspöck &amp; Aspöck, 2004 (Perkovsky &amp; Makarkin 2019). Apart from the long pterostigma, the rest of the forewing venation of  Macrostigmoraphia gen. nov. is typical of the Eocene  Raphidiidae . The venation of all species of  Nanoraphidiini (except one wing of  Rhynchoraphidia burmana Liu et al., 2016: Fig. 6B) differs from it, in particular by the simple (not forked) anterior trace of RP distad of 3ra-rp [two branches are present in  Macrostigmoraphia gen. nov.]. It cannot be ruled out, however, that the new genus may theoretically belong to  Nanoraphidiini or another group of  Mesoraphidiidae, but currently there is insufficient data for this conclusion.</p><p>The few crossveins and a lack of an enriched venation separate the specimen from  Baissopteridae .</p><p>The slight bend of RA proximad 3ra-rp might be indicative of the last distal veinlet, closing the pterostigma distally (indiscernible by preservation). In this case, 3ra-rp would be located distad the pterostigma, but it is very unlikely as this crossvein is located within the pterostigma in all known Eocene  Raphidiidae (see Archibald &amp; Makarkin 2021). In  Nanoraphidiini, both conditions are present: 3ra-rp may be located proximad or distad the pterostigma (see Makarkin 2023). If the indiscernible veinlet exists, then RA has two distal veinlets, but all known  Nanoraphidiini only have one. Therefore, if this is either  Raphidiidae or  Nanoraphidiini, the very long pterostigma is characteristic of the genus, not an artefact.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB3687DDFFAFFFAFFF4CFB40FD6D1C71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jepson, James E.;Makarkin, Vladimir N.	Jepson, James E., Makarkin, Vladimir N. (2023): Fossil Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera and Raphidioptera) from the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation, Montana, USA. Zootaxa 5306 (4): 427-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2
CB3687DDFFAFFFA8FF4CFF2CFEDC1ED6.text	CB3687DDFFAFFFA8FF4CFF2CFEDC1ED6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neuroptera Jepson & Makarkin 2023	<div><p>Neuroptera fam. gen. et sp. indet.</p><p>Fig. 6</p><p>Material examined. Specimen USNM PAL 621094, deposited in USNM. A fragmentary wing.</p><p>Locality and horizon. Middle Fork of the Flathead River, between Paola and Stanton Creeks approximately 17 miles south of West Glacier; the Coal Creek Member of the Kishenehn Formation, north-western Montana, U.S.A. The Middle Eocene (Luteian).</p><p>Description. Wing ca. 5.8 mm long as preserved (estimated complete length approximately 8–10 mm). Costal space relatively narrow. Subcostal veinlets simple, closely spaced. RA space narrow; one crossvein well discernible. Branches of RP closely spaced, dichotomously forked distally. One or two gradate series of crossveins discernible in proximal part of fragment; other crossveins in distal part are possible.</p><p>Remarks. The family assignment of this wing fragment is unclear. It may theoretically belong to  Hemerobiidae,  Berothidae or  Dilaridae . The narrow costal space and simple closely-spaced costal veinlets in the distal part of the wing show that this is likely a hind wing. In this case, a dilarid affinity is most probable as the hind wings are heavily maculated only in  Dilaridae, especially in the American genus  Nallachius Navás, 1909, and some East Asian species of  Dilar Rambur, 1838 (see Adams 1970: Figs 1, 11, 12; Martins et al. 2018: Fig. 3A). The arrangement of the preserved crossveins also shows that a dilarid affinity is most probable. However, the mode of terminal branching of the longitudinal veins in  Nallachius strongly differs from that of this specimen. The venation of the extant  Dilar is more similar to that of the fragment, but still different. Hind wings of  Hemerobiidae and  Berothidae are hyaline (not maculated), and their crossveins are arranged otherwise.</p><p>If this is a forewing, a hemerobiid affinity is most probable, but a berothid affinity is also possible (although very unlikely).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB3687DDFFAFFFA8FF4CFF2CFEDC1ED6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jepson, James E.;Makarkin, Vladimir N.	Jepson, James E., Makarkin, Vladimir N. (2023): Fossil Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera and Raphidioptera) from the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation, Montana, USA. Zootaxa 5306 (4): 427-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2
CB3687DDFFA8FFAEFF4CF984FEED1CE1.text	CB3687DDFFA8FFAEFF4CF984FEED1CE1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrostigmoraphia diluta Jepson & Makarkin 2023	<div><p>Macrostigmoraphia diluta sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 23A6E686-5B20-4BD9-B4CC-F211B33B870A</p><p>Fig. 7</p><p>Type material.  Holotype USNM PAL 620478, deposited in USNM, a distal part of a forewing .</p><p>Type locality and horizon.  Middle Fork of the Flathead River, between Paola and Stanton Creeks approximately 17 miles south of West Glacier; the Coal Creek Member of the Kishenehn Formation, north-western Montana, U.S.A. The Middle Eocene (Lutetian).</p><p>Etymology. From the Latin dilutus, pale.</p><p>Description. Forewing 5.7 mm as preserved (estimated complete length 8.5 mm), 2.4 mm wide. Costal space poorly preserved, no veinlets preserved. Sc terminates on C proximad 2sc-r. Pterostigma very long (10 times as long as wide), pale, no incorporated veinlets detected within. One crossvein preserved between Sc and RA, 2sc-r, closing pterostigma proximally. RA long terminating before wing apex, with one distal veinlet closing pterostigma distally. Two crossveins between RA and RP, 2ra-rp, 3ra-rp. RP origin not preserved, RP with three branches. RP1 long forking distad irp, RP2, RP3 simple. One crossvein preserved between RP1 and RP2, irp. Between stem of RP, RP1 and MA two crossveins preserved, 2r-m, 3r-m. M origin not preserved, MA long, forking distally distad 3r-m. Two crossveins between MA and MP, 1im, 2im, forming two doi. MP partially preserved, pectinately branched, first branch proximad 1im, second between 1im, 2im. MP probably fused with CuA proximally. Cu origin not preserved. CuA partially preserved, distal part of its anterior trace and one branch. CuP, anal veins, basal part of wing not preserved.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB3687DDFFA8FFAEFF4CF984FEED1CE1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jepson, James E.;Makarkin, Vladimir N.	Jepson, James E., Makarkin, Vladimir N. (2023): Fossil Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera and Raphidioptera) from the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation, Montana, USA. Zootaxa 5306 (4): 427-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2
CB3687DDFFA9FFAEFF4CFD59FEA5191D.text	CB3687DDFFA9FFAEFF4CFD59FEA5191D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraksenocellia australis Makarkin 2019	<div><p>Paraksenocellia australis Makarkin et al., 2019</p><p>Fig. 8</p><p>Type material.  Holotype USNM PAL 625900, deposited in USNM. A complete hind wing .</p><p>Type locality and horizon.  Middle Fork of the Flathead River, between Paola and Stanton Creeks approximately 17 miles south of West Glacier; the Coal Creek Member of the Kishenehn Formation, north-western Montana, U.S.A. The Middle Eocene (Luteian).</p><p>Remarks.  Paraksenocellia includes two Eocene species,  P. borealis Makarkin et al., 2019 from the mid-Ypresian Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park, near Smithers, British Columbia, Canada (type species) and  P. australis . This is the oldest genus in  Inocelliidae, and possesses some rare character states for the family (see Makarkin et al. 2019 for discussion).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB3687DDFFA9FFAEFF4CFD59FEA5191D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Jepson, James E.;Makarkin, Vladimir N.	Jepson, James E., Makarkin, Vladimir N. (2023): Fossil Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera and Raphidioptera) from the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation, Montana, USA. Zootaxa 5306 (4): 427-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5306.4.2
