identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
5EBC6A250D60586C90EF41A99B49B30A.text	5EBC6A250D60586C90EF41A99B49B30A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psectrocladius (Mesopsectrocladius) wangi Liu 2025	<div><p>Psectrocladius (Mesopsectrocladius) wangi Liu sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1, 2, 3</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype: • male (TJNU No. 04724), China, Fujian Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.31195&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.088057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.31195/lat 26.088057)">Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University</a>, 26°05'17"N, 119°18'43"E, 22.IV.1993, X. H. Wang, light trap  .  Paratype: • two male, same data as holotype;   one male, China, Guizhou Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.683334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.683334/lat 27.916666)">Fanjing Mountain protection temple</a>, 27°55'N, 108°41'E, 28.V.2002, R. L. Zhang, light trap ; •   one male, China, Fujian Province, Shanghang County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.82305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.224445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.82305/lat 25.224445)">Gutian Town</a>. 25°13'28"N, 116°49'23"E, 4.V.1993. X. H. Wang, sweep  .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The anal tergite is wider at the top and narrower at the bottom with a rounded posterior margin. The anal point is short and rounded at the tip, thumb-like. The femur setae are thick, resembling spines.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male (N = 5, unless otherwise stated in brackets).</p><p>Total length 3.37–3.88, 3.56 mm. Wing length 1.78–2.10, 1.92 mm. Total length / wing length 1.75–1.96, 1.86. Wing length / length of profemur 2.08–2.28, 2.23. The thorax is yellow-brown with brown markings, scutellum and the posterior half of the scutellum are lighter in color. The abdomen is brown.</p><p>Head (Fig. 1 C). AR 1.66–1.78, 1.72. Temporal setae 14–17, 15; including 3–7, 6 inner verticals; 4–9, 6 outer verticals; and 6–10, 8 (3) postorbitals. Clypeus with 21–37, 29 setae. Tentorium 139–172, 160 μm long. Palpomere lengths (II – V in μm): 51–75, 62; 81–117, 94; 78–107, 91; 121–151, 137; The ratio of the length of V to III: 1.29–1.62, 1.43.</p><p>Thorax (Figs 1 B, 3 B). Antepronotals with 5–12, 9 setae, acrostichals 5–7, 6, dorsocentrals 17–28, 23. prealars 4–8, 5. Scutellum with 6–12, 10 setae.</p><p>Wing (Figs 2 A, 3 A). Anal lobe developed. VR 1.17–1.21, 1.19. Costa extension 36–49, 43 µm. The end of R 2 + 3 is between R 1 and R 4 + 5. Radius with 8–15, 11 setae. R 1 with 2–6, 4 setae. Squama with 13–17, 16 setae. Brachiolum with one seta.</p><p>Legs (Fig. 1 E – G). Tarsomeres without bristles, hind leg with long bristles. Front tibia with one spur, 75–85, 81 µm long. Mid tibial with 2 spurs, the long one 53–60, 58 µm and the other is one-third of it, 20–25, 23 µm. Hind tibia with one spur, 70–80, 73 µm long. The hind tibial comb with 10–14, 12 spurs. Tarsus I and II of mid leg with two pseudospurs. Tarsus III of mid legs with 0–1 pseudospurs. Tarsus I and II of hind leg with two pseudospurs. Tarsus III of hind legs with 0–1 pseudospurs. Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs as in Table 1.</p><p>Hypopygium (Figs 2 A, C, D, 3 C, D). Tergite IX with 14–18, 16 setae located in the lower part of anal tergite equably. Anal tergite wider at the top and narrower at the bottom, and margo inferior smooth. The end of anal point smooth and as wide as the base of anal point, thumb-like. Transverse sternapodeme 125–150, 129 µm long centrally slightly arched, with prominent oral projections. Virga 73–85, 75 µm long, club-shaped. The dorsal volsella is salient, the ventral volsella is arc-shaped and bears a row of setae. Gonocoxite 272–315, 287 µm long, Gonostylus 111–148, 126 µm long, outer margin with conspicuous setal fringe. Megaseta 15–30, 24 µm long. HR 2.13–2.51, 2.46; HV 2.62–3.19. 2.85.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Fujian, Guizhou).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named after Xinhua Wang, in honor of his contributions to the study of  Chironomidae, noun in nominative case.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The subgenus  Psectrocladius (Mesopsectrocladius) currently comprises two recognized species globally (Ashe and O’Connor 2012):  P. (M.) barbatipes Kieffer, 1923 and  P. (M.) seiryuheius Sasa, Suzuki &amp; Sasai, 1999 . These taxa exhibit distinct morphological characteristics that facilitate their differentiation.  Psectrocladius (M.) seiryuheius is particularly notable for the complete absence of both anal point and virga, representing a unique apomorphic condition within the subgenus.</p><p>Comparative morphological analysis reveals that  P. (M.) barbatipes shares certain similarities with the newly described species. However, it can be distinguished by several key characteristics: (1) the presence of a less developed and partially reduced anal point, and (2) a significantly higher antennal ratio (AR&gt; 2.0, following Laville’s 1971 description). Furthermore,  P. (M.) barbatipes exhibits distinctive chaetotaxy on its mid legs, characterized by exceptionally long setae, as evidenced by its high bristle ratio (BR&gt; 3.0). This morphological feature suggests an adaptation potentially related to specific ecological requirements or behavioral patterns.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5EBC6A250D60586C90EF41A99B49B30A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Liu, Wenbin;Tang, Yaning;Nie, Jiaxin;Shao, Ziming;Cao, Wei;Yan, Chuncai	Liu, Wenbin, Tang, Yaning, Nie, Jiaxin, Shao, Ziming, Cao, Wei, Yan, Chuncai (2025): Three new species of Psectrocladius Kieffer (Diptera, Chironomidae) from China. ZooKeys 1239: 33-50, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1239.145869
D44E2125085A5BD28114D456E05467BA.text	D44E2125085A5BD28114D456E05467BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) gracilis Liu 2025	<div><p>Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) gracilis Liu sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 4, 5, 6</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype: • male (TJNU No. 1210), China, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,  Ulansuhai Nur, 40°55'19"N, 108°50'66"E, IV.1982, X. H. Wang. Sweep  .  Paratypes: • two males, same data as holotype .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Thorax and abdomen dark. Anal tergite inverted triangle, both sides with a reticulate pattern; anal point mid-length, uniform thickness, gonostylus narrow and long.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male (N = 3, unless stated).</p><p>Total length 3.63–3.66, 3.65 mm. Wing length 2.00, 2.15 (2) mm. Total length / wing length 1.69, 1.82 (2). Wing length / length of profemur 2.43, 2.36 (2). Thorax dark brown to black, abdomen yellowish brown (Fig. 5 B).</p><p>Head (Fig. 4 B). AR 1.67–1.97, 1.80. Temporal setae 10–12, 11; including 2–4, 3 inner verticals; 3–6, 4 outer verticals; and 2–5, 4 postorbitals. Clypeus with 9–11, 10 setae. Tentorium 150–164, 155 μm long. Palpomere lengths (II – V in μm): 48–62, 56; 86–107, 97; 110–130, 113; 131–160, 148. The ratio of the length of V to III: 1.35–1.86, 1.55.</p><p>Thorax (Figs 4 C, 6 B). Antepronotals 4–10, 7, acrostichals absent, dorsocentrals 10–16, 13, prealars 4–8, 6. Scutellum with 4–6, 5 setae.</p><p>Wing (Fig. 4 A, 6 A). Anal lobe developed. VR 1.16, 1.23 (2). Costa extension 55, 58 (2) µm. The end of R 2 + 3 is between R 1 and R 4 + 5. Radius with 5 (1) setae. Squama with 29 (1) setae. Brachiolum with one seta.</p><p>Legs (Fig. 4 E – G). Front tarsomeres without bristles, tibial comb with one spur, 68–83, 74 µm long, mid tibia with two spurs, one is 53–55, 53 µm long, one is thin and small, 8–10, 9 µm long. Hind tibia with one spur, 70–75, 73 µm long. The tibial comb of mid legs with 13–17, 14 spurs. Tarsus I of mid legs with two pseudospurs. Tarsus II of mid legs with 1–2 pseudospurs. Tarsus III of mid legs with two pseudospurs. Tarsus I and II of hind legs with two pseudospurs. Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs as in Table 2.</p><p>Hypopygium (Figs 5 A, C, D, 6 C, D). Tergite IX with 13–19, 15 setae ascending along both sides of the base of anal point. Tergite paratergital 10–15, 12 setae. Anal tergite inverted triangle, both sides with a reticulate pattern. Anal point mid-length, 20–29, 25 µm long, uniform thickness. Transverse sternapodeme 115–138, 124 µm long, central slightly arched, with well-developed bilateral ossified processes. Virga 75–80, 78 µm, the top of virga a small part is hook-shaped. Dorsal volsella square-shaped, ventral circular. Both sides of volsella with setae. Gonocoxite 250–276, 266 µm. Gonostylus 117–130, 123 µm, megaseta 12–17, 15 µm. HR 2.08–2.26, 2.16; HV 2.79–3.11, 2.97.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Inner Mongolia).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>From the Latin,  gracilis, narrow and thin, referring to the character of tergite IX and gonostylus, adjective in the nominative singular.</p><p>Remark.</p><p>The newly described species,  Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) gracilis Liu,  sp. nov., exhibits significant morphological affinities with  P. (P.) jintuoctadecimus (Sasa, 1996) in several diagnostic characters. These shared characteristics include: (1) the structural configuration of the inferior volsella, (2) the distinctive reticulate patterning on the lateral aspects of tergite XI, and (3) comparable measurements of both antennal ratio (AR) and leg ratio (LR). However,  P. (P.) gracilis Liu,  sp. nov. can be readily distinguished by its elongate and slender anal point and gonostylus, which contrast markedly with the nearly triangular morphology observed in  P. (P.) jintuoctadecimus (Sasa, 1996), particularly in the latter’s characteristic broad-tipped gonostylus that significantly exceeds its basal width.</p><p>Furthermore, while  P. (P.) gracilis Liu,  sp. nov. shares certain anal point characteristics with  P. (P.) limbatellus (Holmgren, 1869), the two species are clearly differentiated by their gonostylus morphology. The gonostylus of  P. (P.) gracilis Liu,  sp. nov. is diagnostically characterized by its notably narrow and attenuated structure, representing a distinct morphological divergence from the gonostylus configuration observed in  P. (P.) limbatellus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D44E2125085A5BD28114D456E05467BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Liu, Wenbin;Tang, Yaning;Nie, Jiaxin;Shao, Ziming;Cao, Wei;Yan, Chuncai	Liu, Wenbin, Tang, Yaning, Nie, Jiaxin, Shao, Ziming, Cao, Wei, Yan, Chuncai (2025): Three new species of Psectrocladius Kieffer (Diptera, Chironomidae) from China. ZooKeys 1239: 33-50, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1239.145869
6BEB00D786BE53A0BA010A05B7D4542E.text	6BEB00D786BE53A0BA010A05B7D4542E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) malum Liu 2025	<div><p>Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) malum Liu sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 7, 8, 9</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype: • male (TJNU No. 12521), China, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.06139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.958057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.06139/lat 43.958057)">Xilinhot City</a>, 43°57'29"N, 116°03'41"E, 1020 m, 10.VIII.1997, H. H. Li, sweep.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The base of gonocoxite with a small convex, the mid-upper part of gonocoxite with obvious concave, the outlines of both the left and right sides create a shape reminiscent of an apple. The end of inferior volsella pendulous and tongue-shaped.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male (N = 1).</p><p>Total length 4.07 mm. Wing length 2.04 mm. Total length / wing length 2.00. Wing length / length of profemur 2.32. Thorax yellow to brown, with dark brown patterns. Abdomen II – V yellow, abdomen VI – VIII yellowish brown.</p><p>Head (Fig. 7 B). AR 1.70. Temporal setae 13; including 4 inner verticals; 3 outer verticals; and 6 postorbitals. Clypeus with 16 setae. Tentorium 116 μm long. Palpomere lengths (II – V in μm): 54, 102, 89, 203. The ratio of the length of V to III: 2.00.</p><p>Thorax (Figs 7 C, 9 B). Antepronotum with 7 setae, acrostichals absent, dorsocentrals 6, prealars 6. Scutellum two setae.</p><p>Wing (Figs 7 A, 9 A). Anal lobe developed. VR 1.17. Costa extension 43 µm. The end of R 2 + 3 is between R 1 and R 4 + 5. Radius with 9 setae. R 1 with one seta. Squama with two setae. Brachiolum with two setae.</p><p>Legs (Fig. 7 E – G). Front legs, mid legs and hind legs each with one tibial spur, length is 70, 55, 65 µm. The tibial comb of hind legs with 17 spurs. Tarsus I of fore legs with one pseudospurs. Tarsus I, II and III of mid legs with two pseudospurs. Tarsus I, II and III of hind legs with two pseudospurs. Lengths (in μm) and proportions of legs as in Table 3.</p><p>Hypopygium (Figs 8 A, C, D, 9 C, D). Tergite IX with 15 setae located two sides and the base of anal point. Tergite paratergital 11 setae. Anal point 14 µm long. The base of anal point 8 µm wide. Transverse sternapodeme 128 µm long, central slightly arched, with well-developed bilateral ossified processes, triangle-shaped. Virga 53 µm long. The end of inferior volsella pendulous and tongue-shaped. Outer margin of inferior volsella semicircular. Gonocoxite 303 µm, the base of gonostylus with a small convex, base outer margin of gonocoxite concave, the left and right contours form apple shaped. Gonostylus 166 µm, Megaseta 18 µm. HR 1.83; HV 2.45.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Inner Mongolia).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>From the Latin,  malum, apple, referring to the convex and concave upper inner margin of the two sides of the gonocoxite, which has an apple-like form.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The gonocoxite morphology provides crucial diagnostic characters for distinguishing  Psectrocladius species. Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) malum Liu,  sp. nov. is characterized by a unique concave inner margin at the base of its gonocoxite, representing a distinctive apomorphic feature. This condition contrasts markedly with  P. (P.) semicirculatus Sæther, 1969, which exhibits a more complex gonocoxite structure featuring both concave and convex inner margins. Furthermore,  P. (P.) malum Liu,  sp. nov. can be unequivocally differentiated from  P. (P.) semicirculatus by its distinctive tergite XI morphology and anal point configuration.</p><p>Comparative analysis reveals that the anal point morphology of  P. (P.) malum Liu,  sp. nov. shows notable similarities with that of  P. (P.) sokolovae Zelentzov &amp; Makarchenko, 1988 . However, these species can be readily distinguished by several quantitative characters:  P. (P.) sokolovae possesses (1) a significantly higher antennal ratio (AR) and (2) a greater overall body length. Additionally, while  P. (P.) barbimanus (Edwards, 1929) also displays a slight concavity on the outer margin of the gonocoxite base, this species is immediately recognizable by its distinctive pear-shaped overall morphology, providing a clear diagnostic feature for species identification.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6BEB00D786BE53A0BA010A05B7D4542E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Liu, Wenbin;Tang, Yaning;Nie, Jiaxin;Shao, Ziming;Cao, Wei;Yan, Chuncai	Liu, Wenbin, Tang, Yaning, Nie, Jiaxin, Shao, Ziming, Cao, Wei, Yan, Chuncai (2025): Three new species of Psectrocladius Kieffer (Diptera, Chironomidae) from China. ZooKeys 1239: 33-50, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1239.145869
