identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
EAA95F157F1254A0BDF619DB5AE144A1.text	EAA95F157F1254A0BDF619DB5AE144A1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia (Colubrosae) W. J. Kress	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.4.  Heliconia subgenus Colubrosae W. J. Kress ,  subgen. nov.</p>
            <p>Figs 4 A – D</p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p> Heliconia dielsiana Loes.</p>
            <p>Description and taxonomic notes.</p>
            <p> Medium- to large-sized rhizomatous herbs with  Musa - like habit. Inflorescence pendent or erect, with peduncle, rachis, and cincinnal bracts usually entirely red, sometimes green distally (rarely yellow); cincinnal bracts distichous or spirally arranged, horizontal or reflexed, usually elongate and tapering. Flowers with diurnal anthesis, fully or partially enclosed in bracts or resupinate and held at right angles to bracts; perianth s-shaped (sigmoid) or c-shaped (sharply curved), free sepal extended or not and reflexed, fused sepals reflexed at tips or not, generally yellow, sometimes white to green; ovary yellow to white (rarely green). Fruits blue, glabrous. The numerous species placed here in subgen.  Colubrosae were formerly included in either subgen.  Griggsia (with pendent inflorescences) or subgen.  Stenochlamys (with erect inflorescences) by both Andersson (1985 a, 1992) and Kress et al. (1999), but these two subgenera were never closely associated. The 1.0 LPP support in the molecular analysis strongly unites the species in these two subgenera into a single monophyletic lineage. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Tropical Central and South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Venezuela).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EAA95F157F1254A0BDF619DB5AE144A1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
36BEF6CFD0295037A25CC650B685D10A.text	36BEF6CFD0295037A25CC650B685D10A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia (Heliconia) Kinberg 1856	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.5.  Heliconia subgenus Heliconia</p>
            <p>Figs 4 E – L, 5 A – L</p>
            <p>Description and taxonomic notes.</p>
            <p> Medium- to large-sized rhizomatous herbs with  Musa -,  Canna -, or  Zingiber - like habit. Inflorescence erect or pendent, with peduncle, rachis and cincinnal bracts of various colors from red to orange to yellow to green; cincinnal bracts distichous or spirally arranged, congested or widely separated. Flowers with diurnal anthesis, not resupinate and fully or partially enclosed in bracts or fully resupinate and held at right angles to bracts; perianth with short to elongate tube, straight to uniformly curved to s-shaped (sigmoid), white to green to yellow to pink to red, glabrous to sometimes hairy; ovary white to green to yellow to red, generally glabrous. Fruits blue, glabrous (rarely hirsute). The size and complexity of subgen.  Heliconia has varied with author, including from four (Andersson 1992) to six (Kress et al. 1999) sections. The molecular data provide 0.9 LPP support for a newly defined subgen.  Heliconia , which includes many taxa formerly placed in subgenera  Stenochlamys and  Griggsia , e. g., from sects.  Lasia ,  Cannastrum ,  Zingiberastrum (now  Longiflorae ), and parts of  Lanea , as well as the informal species groups and unpublished sects.  Griggsia , Barbatae, Arcuatae,  Longae , Rostratae, Pendulae, and Retiformes. The wide variance in morphological traits characterizing species in subgen.  Heliconia in part accounts for this complex arrangement of taxa. In the current classification nine sections, each supported by 0.92–1.0 LPP, are recognized. Four sections comprise an unresolved polyphyletic assemblage within the subgenus while the other five sections form a monophyletic group with 1.0 LPP support. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Tropical Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean (Argentina, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saba, St. Eustatius, St. Kitts &amp; Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent &amp; the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad &amp; Tobago, Venezuela).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/36BEF6CFD0295037A25CC650B685D10A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
C7FF4F3125155488A885D2538503613F.text	C7FF4F3125155488A885D2538503613F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia (Heliconiopsis) (Miq.) W. J. Kress	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.1.  Heliconia subgenus Heliconiopsis (Miq.) W. J. Kress, Allertonia 6: 15. 1990 . </p>
            <p>Figs 3 A – D</p>
            <p> Heliconiopsis Miq. , Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 590. 1859. </p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p> Heliconiopsis amboinensis Miq. nom. illeg. (≡  Heliconia buccinata Roxb. ). </p>
            <p>Description and taxonomic notes.</p>
            <p> Medium- to large-sized rhizomatous herbs with  Musa - like habit. Inflorescence erect or pendent, with peduncle, rachis and cincinnal bracts green to variously colored with red and yellow; cincinnal bracts distichous or spirally arranged, horizontal to deflexed. Flowers with diurnal or nocturnal anthesis, resupinate and held at right angles to bracts or not resupinate and fully or partially enclosed in bracts; perianth uniformly curved, essentially green or white to green to yellow, variously shaped; ovary green to yellow to orange. Fruits bright red, orange, or blue, glabrous to tomentose. subgenus  Heliconiopsis originally included only the six species native to the Asian-Pacific tropics (defined here in sect.  Heliconiopsis ), but now encompasses at least four additional species from South America contained in sect.  Perplexae . Although the latter species are quite distinctive from the paleotropical taxa in inflorescence and flower morphology and color, the phylogenomic analysis provides strong support (LPP = 1.0) for the inclusion of these disparate species in a single subgenus, which is sister to all other heliconias. The morphological characters that link these two sections are not obvious. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Tropical Asia-Pacific and Andean South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Fiji, Indonesia, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C7FF4F3125155488A885D2538503613F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
DC86BD04CDE25C9FB4DB8585DCF235B1.text	DC86BD04CDE25C9FB4DB8585DCF235B1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia (sect. Angustae) W. J. Kress	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.2. 2.  Heliconia section Angustae W. J. Kress ,  sect. nov.</p>
            <p>Figs 3 G, H</p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p> Heliconia angusta Vell.</p>
            <p>Description and taxonomic notes.</p>
            <p> Small to medium-sized rhizomatous herbs with  Musa - like habit. Inflorescence erect, with peduncle, rachis and cincinnal bracts colored primarily red; cincinnal bracts distichous usually held erect at 60–90 degrees to horizontal. Flowers with diurnal anthesis, partially resupinate; perianth straight to uniformly curved, white to green to yellow, triangular in cross-section; ovary yellow to red. Fruits blue, glabrous. The six species united here in subgen.  Stenochlamys sect. Angustae were formerly distributed across three sections by Andersson (1985 a 1992; sects. Stenochalmys,  Tortex [now  Taeniostrobus ], and  Lasia ). Section  Angustae with 1.0 LPP support as a monophyletic group in the molecular analysis is sister to sect.  Stenochlamys . </p>
            <p>Species.</p>
            <p> *  Heliconia angusta Vell. ; +  H. dasyantha Koch &amp; Bouché ; *  H. farinosa Raddi ; *  H. laneana Barreiros ; *  H. sampaioana L. Emygdio ; *  H. velloziana L. Emygdio.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Tropical Northern South America (Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DC86BD04CDE25C9FB4DB8585DCF235B1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
D4D9A0BCC77F50C2A4464B00A09A8628.text	D4D9A0BCC77F50C2A4464B00A09A8628.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia (sect. Aurantiacae) W. J. Kress 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.3. 2.  Heliconia section Aurantiacae W. J. Kress ,  sect. nov.</p>
            <p>Figs 3 K, L</p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p> Heliconia aurantiaca Ghiesbr. ex Lemaire.</p>
            <p>Description and taxonomic notes.</p>
            <p> Small- to medium-sized rhizomatous herbs with  Musa - to  Zingiber - like habit. Inflorescence erect, with peduncle, rachis and cincinnal bracts red to orange; cincinnal bracts spirally arranged (rarely distichous). Flowers with diurnal anthesis, fully resupinate and held at right angles to bracts; perianth uniformly curved, green to yellow; ovary green to yellow. Fruits blue, glabrous. The five species united here in subgen.  Taeniostrobus sect. Aurantiacae were formerly placed in two sections by Andersson (1992; sects.  Lanea and  Zingiberastrum [now  Longiflorae ]). The species in this section, with primarily spirally arranged bracts, resupinate flowers, and some with  Zingiber - like leaf arrangement, are distinct from taxa in sect.  Taeniostrobus and are supported in the molecular analysis with 0.92 LPP support as a monophyletic group sister to that section. </p>
            <p>Species.</p>
            <p> *  Heliconia adflexa (Griggs) Standl. ; *  H. aurantiaca Ghiesbr. ex Lemaire ; *  H. crassa Griggs ; *  H. schiedeana Kl. ; *  H. spissa Griggs.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Tropical Mexico and Central America (Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D4D9A0BCC77F50C2A4464B00A09A8628	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
8C6663213C6F5BAFB6CF2865BC42B3B2.text	8C6663213C6F5BAFB6CF2865BC42B3B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia (sect. Cannastrum) L. Anderss.	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.5. 3.  Heliconia section Cannastrum L. Anderss. , Opera Bot. 82: 86. 1985. </p>
            <p>Figs 4 I, J</p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p> Heliconia metallica Planch. &amp; Linden ex. Hook. </p>
            <p>Description and taxonomic notes.</p>
            <p> Medium- to large-sized rhizomatous herbs with  Canna - to rarely  Zingiber - like habit. Inflorescence erect, with peduncle, rachis and cincinnal bracts usually red (rarely yellow to green); cincinnal bracts distichous, generally separated. Flowers with diurnal anthesis, fully exposed at maturity, resupinate and held at right angles to bracts; perianth with short to medium-sized tube, straight to uniformly curved, yellow (rarely pink), sometimes with green towards apex, glabrous; ovary green to yellow to red, sometimes with green apex, glabrous. Fruits blue, glabrous. Section  Cannastrum was placed in subgen.  Stenochlamys originally by Andersson (1985 a, 1992) and followed by Kress et al. (1999). In the present classification molecular data support its inclusion in subgen.  Heliconia although few morphological traits support that placement. The 1.0 LPP support clearly unites the species in this section as a monophyletic group. The genomic data place one species,  H. pardoi Abalo &amp; Morales , in sect.  Griggsia , but the vegetative, inflorescence and floral traits suggest its inclusion in sect.  Cannastrum . The relationship of this section to others in the subgenus is equivocal at this time. </p>
            <p>Species.</p>
            <p> +  Heliconia berryi Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. calatheaphylla Daniels &amp; Stiles ; *  H. deflexa Daniels &amp; Stiles ; *  H. golfodulcensis Daniels &amp; Stiles ; *  H. mathiasiae Daniels &amp; Stiles ; *  H. meridensis Kl. ; *  H. metallica Planch. &amp; Linden ex. Hook.; +  H. mincana Abalo &amp; Morales ; +  H. montana Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. osaensis Cuf. ; *  H. pardoi Abalo &amp; Morales †; *  H. vaginalis Benth. ; +  H. venusta Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. wilsonii Daniels &amp; Stiles.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Tropical Mexico, Central America, and South America (Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Venezuela).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C6663213C6F5BAFB6CF2865BC42B3B2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
51CEDC035DA459C587C288C55EBCEDD2.text	51CEDC035DA459C587C288C55EBCEDD2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia (sect. Colubrosae) W. J. Kress 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.4. 1.  Heliconia section Colubrosae W. J. Kress ,  sect. nov.</p>
            <p>Figs 4 A, B</p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p> Heliconia dielsiana Loes.</p>
            <p>Description and taxonomic notes.</p>
            <p> Medium- to large-sized rhizomatous herbs with  Musa - like habit. Inflorescence pendent, with peduncle, rachis, and cincinnal bracts usually entirely red, sometimes green distally (rarely yellow); cincinnal bracts distichous or spirally arranged, horizontal or reflexed, usually elongate and tapering. Flowers with diurnal anthesis, fully or partially enclosed in bracts; perianth s-shaped (sigmoid), free sepal extended and reflexed, fused sepals reflexed at tips, generally yellow, sometimes white to green; ovary yellow to white. Fruits blue, glabrous. The species placed in sect.  Colubrosae were formerly included in subgen.  Griggsia by both Andersson (1992) and Kress et al. (1999) with the majority of species placed in either the informal  H. trichocarpa group or  H. obscura group by Andersson (1992) and the unpublished sects. Sigmoideae, Pendulae, Obscurae, and Dromadarius by Kress et al. (1999).  Section Colubrosae is the largest group of species in the genus with pendent inflorescences and the 1.0 LPP support in the molecular analysis strongly unites monophyletic sect.  Colubrosae sister to sect.  Curvae . The genomic data place  H. pendula Wawra in sect.  Heliconia , however, the pendent inflorescence with spirally arranged bracts, extended and reflexed free sepals, and fused sepals reflexed at the tips suggest that this species is more properly placed in sect.  Colubrosae . </p>
            <p>Species.</p>
            <p> +  Heliconia badilloi Abalo &amp; Morales ; +  H. berriziana Abalo &amp; Morales ; +  H. caquetensis Abalo &amp; Morales ; +  H. chrysocraspeda Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. colgantea R. R. Smith ex Daniels &amp; Stiles ; +  H. combinata Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. dielsiana Loes. ; +  H. estiletioides Abalo &amp; Morales ; +  H. fernandezii Abalo &amp; Morales ; +  H. fredberryana W. J. Kress ; *  H. huilensis Abalo &amp; Morales ; +  H. intermedia Abalo &amp; Morales ; +  H. laxa Abalo &amp; Morales ; +  H. lentiginosa Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. lozanoi Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. maculata W. J. Kress ; +  H. mucilagina Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. mutisiana Cuatrecasas ; +  H. nariniensis Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. necrobracteata W. J. Kress ; +  H. nitida Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. obscura Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. obscuroides L. Anderss. ; *  H. oleosa Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. pendula Wawra †; +  H. peteriana Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. reptans Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. riopalenquensis Dodson &amp; A. Gentry ; +  H. robertoi Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. robusta Pax ; *  H. sclerotricha Abalo &amp; Morales ; +  H. signa-hispanica Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. talamancana Daniels &amp; Stiles ; *  H. trichocarpa Daniels &amp; Stiles ; +  H. villosa Kl.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Tropical Central and South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Venezuela).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/51CEDC035DA459C587C288C55EBCEDD2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
FA34BC6D0DEF572AAE7D4C814B1D3999.text	FA34BC6D0DEF572AAE7D4C814B1D3999.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia (sect. Curvae) W. J. Kress 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.4. 2.  Heliconia section Curvae W. J. Kress ,  sect. nov.</p>
            <p>Figs 4 C, D</p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p> Heliconia burleana Abalo &amp; Morales.</p>
            <p>Description and taxonomic notes.</p>
            <p> Medium- to large-sized rhizomatous herbs with  Musa - like habit. Inflorescence erect with peduncle, rachis, and cincinnal bracts entirely red or yellow; cincinnal bracts distichous or spirally arranged, generally horizontal, elongate and tapering. Flowers with diurnal anthesis, resupinate and held at right angles to bracts; perianth c-shaped (sharply curved), free sepal extended and reflexed, fused sepals not reflexed at tips, yellow, or white to green; ovary yellow or green. Fruits blue, glabrous. For the most part the species placed here in sect.  Curvae were formerly included in subgen.  Stenochlamys sect. Lanea by both Andersson (1985 a, 1992) and Kress et al. (1999). One species (  H. sanctae-martae L. Anderss. ) was included in sect.  Cannastrum by Kress et al. (1999). The 1.0 LPP support in the molecular analysis together with the floral features listed here unite these four species into a single monophyletic lineage at the sectional level sister to sect.  Colubrosae . </p>
            <p>Species.</p>
            <p> *  Heliconia aristeguietae Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. burleana Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. gilbertiana Abalo &amp; Morales ; +  H. sanctae-martae L. Anderss.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Primarily Tropical Andean South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA34BC6D0DEF572AAE7D4C814B1D3999	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
2E329AABD1A4557DA85679D3871008DB.text	2E329AABD1A4557DA85679D3871008DB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia (sect. Episcopales) L. Anderss.	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.5. 8.  Heliconia section Episcopales L. Anderss. , Opera Bot. 111: 34. 1992. </p>
            <p>Figs 5 I, J</p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p> Heliconia episcopalis Vell.</p>
            <p>Description and taxonomic notes.</p>
            <p> Medium- to large-sized rhizomatous herbs with  Musa - like habit. Inflorescence pendent or erect, with peduncle and rachis generally red and cincinnal bracts red to pink with green towards tip; cincinnal bracts distichous or rarely spirally arranged, moderated separated (rarely congested). Flowers with diurnal anthesis, not resupinate and fully enclosed in bracts; perianth with medium-sized tube, uniformly curved, white to yellow, glabrous; ovary white to yellow, glabrous. Fruits blue, glabrous. Nearly all of the species in sect.  Episcopales (earlier referred to as “ sect. Rostratae ined. ” by Kress et al. 1999) have been considered as closely related because of their shared pendent inflorescences and flower features. The placement in this group of  H. episcopalis Vell. with an erect inflorescence and congested bracts suggests that this inflorescence type has an independent evolutionary origin in this lineage. The closest relatives of  H. penduloides Loes. have always been puzzling, but the 0.97 LPP support clearly unites these six species into a monophyletic group. </p>
            <p>Species.</p>
            <p> *  Heliconia episcopalis Vell. ; *  H. juruana Loes. ; *  H. marginata (Griggs) Pittier ; *  H. penduloides Loes ; *  H. rostrata Ruiz &amp; Pav. ; *  H. standleyi Macbr.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Tropical Central and South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Trinidad &amp; Tobago, Venezuela).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2E329AABD1A4557DA85679D3871008DB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
E57EB7F3E90E59BFB31AB391619007A5.text	E57EB7F3E90E59BFB31AB391619007A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia (sect. Griggsia) (L. Anderss.) W. J. Kress	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.5. 6.  Heliconia section Griggsia (L. Anderss.) W. J. Kress ,  comb. et stat. nov.</p>
            <p>Figs 5 C, D</p>
            <p> Heliconia subgenus Griggsia L. Anderss., Flora of Ecuador 22: 42. 1985.</p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p> Heliconia griggsiana L. B. Smith.</p>
            <p>Description and taxonomic notes.</p>
            <p> Large-sized rhizomatous herbs with  Musa - like habit. Inflorescence pendent, with peduncle, rachis and cincinnal bracts red to pink to green; cincinnal bracts distichous or sub-spirally arranged, partially separated. Flowers with diurnal anthesis, not resupinate and fully enclosed in bracts; perianth with short to medium-sized tube, uniformly curved, yellow to orange, glabrous; ovary white to red, glabrous. Fruits blue, glabrous. subgenus  Griggsia was established by Andersson (1985 b, 1992) to include all species of  Heliconia with pendent inflorescences. Here it is recognized as a section with only three species (LPP = 1.0) and is clearly allied to the other three sections with pendent inflorescences in this subgenus. In the molecular analyses  H. pardoi Abalo &amp; Morales was indicated as allied to species in sect.  Griggsia , but shares morphological features with taxa in sect.  Cannastrum , where it is placed in this classification. A second species,  H. titanum W. J. Kress &amp; J. Betancur, was placed in sect.  Longae by the genomic data, which may support an earlier suggestion (C. Black, pers. comm.) that this species is a hybrid with one parental species in that section. Here it is placed in sect.  Griggsia . </p>
            <p>Species.</p>
            <p> *  Heliconia gigantea W. J. Kress &amp; J. Betancur ; *  H. griggsiana L. B. Smith ; *  H. titanum W. J. Kress &amp; J. Betancur †. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Tropical Andean South America (Colombia, Ecuador).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E57EB7F3E90E59BFB31AB391619007A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
F79A7CB300DB55DCB2DA4C44CBE047F7.text	F79A7CB300DB55DCB2DA4C44CBE047F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia (sect. Heliconia) section Heliconia	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.5. 1.  Heliconia section Heliconia</p>
            <p>Figs 4 E, F</p>
            <p>Description and taxonomic notes.</p>
            <p> Generally large-sized rhizomatous herbs with  Musa - like habit. Inflorescence erect, with peduncle, rachis and cincinnal bracts of various colors from red to orange to yellow to green, margins often green; cincinnal bracts distichous, congested and usually overlapping. Flowers with diurnal anthesis, not resupinate and fully enclosed in bracts; perianth generally with elongate tube, c-shaped (sharply curved) to s-shaped (sigmoid), hidden within bract with only apex protruding, white with green apex, glabrous; ovary white, glabrous. Fruits blue, glabrous, protruding from bract on elongated pedicel at maturity. Two species were placed in the genomic analyses as basal taxa in the clade including sect.  Heliconia . However, morphological features indicate that  H. hirsuta L. f. is more properly including in sect.  Stenochlamys and  H. pendula Wawra in sect  Colubrosae . The close relationship among the species in the current sect.  Heliconia has long been recognized by all authors. The 1.0 LPP support for this monophyletic group in the molecular analysis confirms this observation. </p>
            <p>Species.</p>
            <p> *  Heliconia aurea Rodríguez ; *  H. bihai (L.) L. ; *  H. caribaea Lam. ; *  H. lennartiana W. J. Kress ; *  H. orthotricha L. Anderss. ; *  H. rodriguensis Aristeg. ; *  H. stricta Huber ; *  H. wagneriana O. G. Peters.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Tropical Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean (Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saba, St. Eustatius, St. Kitts &amp; Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent &amp; the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad &amp; Tobago, Venezuela).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F79A7CB300DB55DCB2DA4C44CBE047F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
88D96CC08A375CE09F1E3DDED48FB80F.text	88D96CC08A375CE09F1E3DDED48FB80F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia (sect. Heliconiopsis) (Miq.) W. J. Kress	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.1. 1.  Heliconia section Heliconiopsis (Miq.) W. J. Kress ,  comb. et stat. nov.</p>
            <p>Figs 3 A, B</p>
            <p> Heliconiopsis Miq. , Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3: 590. 1859. </p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p> Heliconiopsis amboinensis Miq. (≡  Heliconia buccinata Roxb. ). </p>
            <p>Description and taxonomic notes.</p>
            <p> Medium- to large-sized rhizomatous herbs with  Musa - like habit. Inflorescence erect or pendent, with peduncle, rachis and cincinnal bracts green-colored; cincinnal bracts distichous or spirally arranged. Flowers with diurnal or nocturnal anthesis, not resupinate and fully or partially enclosed in bracts; perianth uniformly curved, essentially green; ovary green to yellow to orange. Fruits bright red or orange, glabrous to tomentose. This section includes all six known species native to the Asian-Pacific tropics from Samoa in the South Pacific to New Caledonia. The sectional clade has 1.0 LPP support in the phylogenomic analysis. </p>
            <p>Species.</p>
            <p> *  Heliconia indica Lam. (syn.:  H. buccinata Roxb. ); *  H. lanata (Green) W. J. Kress ; *  H. laufao W. J. Kress ; *  H. paka A. C. Smith ; +  H. papuana W. J. Kress ; *  H. solomonensis W. J. Kress . </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Tropical Asia-Pacific (Fiji, Indonesia, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/88D96CC08A375CE09F1E3DDED48FB80F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
0AA535CBB6795E7C82AA6D41525F9070.text	0AA535CBB6795E7C82AA6D41525F9070.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia (sect. Lanea) L. Anderss.	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.5. 5.  Heliconia section Lanea L. Anderss. , Opera Bot. 82: 23, 30. 1985. </p>
            <p>Figs 5 A, B</p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p> Heliconia lingulata Ruiz &amp; Pav.</p>
            <p>Description and taxonomic notes.</p>
            <p> Medium- to large-sized rhizomatous herbs with  Musa - like habit. Inflorescence erect, with peduncle, rachis and cincinnal bracts of various colors from pink to red to yellow; cincinnal bracts distichous or spirally arranged, usually widely separated. Flowers with diurnal anthesis, fully exposed at maturity, resupinate and held at right angles to bracts; perianth generally with short to medium-sized tube, straight to uniformly curved, green to yellow, glabrous; ovary green to yellow to red, generally glabrous. Fruits blue, glabrous. Section  Lanea includes species which were formerly placed in sects.  Lanea or  Cannastrum by Andersson (1985 a, 1992). Here these six species comprise a monophyletic group that is strongly supported (LPP = 1.0) as sister to a lineage of species with pendent inflorescences which were formerly classified in subgen.  Griggsia by Andersson (1992) and Kress et al. (1999). </p>
            <p>Species.</p>
            <p> *  Heliconia aemygdiana Burle-Marx ; +  H. fugax L. Anderss. ; *  H. gloriosa Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. lingulata Ruiz &amp; Pav. ; *  H. subulata Ruiz &amp; Pav. ; *  H. zebrina Plowman, W. J. Kress &amp; Kennedy . </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Tropical South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0AA535CBB6795E7C82AA6D41525F9070	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
E3C5F8B612BC5AAC8C7639712E7C6CF0.text	E3C5F8B612BC5AAC8C7639712E7C6CF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia (sect. Lasia) L. Anderss.	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.5. 2.  Heliconia section Lasia L. Anderss. , Opera Bot. 82: 78. 1985. </p>
            <p>Figs 4 G, H</p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p> Heliconia velutina L. Anderss.</p>
            <p>Description and taxonomic notes.</p>
            <p> Medium-sized rhizomatous herbs with  Musa - like habit. Inflorescence erect, with peduncle and rachis usually yellow, cincinnal bracts red, often yellow near rachis, usually hirsute; cincinnal bracts distichous, widely spaced, elongate and tapering. Flowers with diurnal anthesis, fully exposed at maturity, resupinate and held at nearly right angles to bracts; perianth with short tube, straight to uniformly curved, yellow to green (rarely red), glabrous; ovary green to yellow, glabrous. Fruits blue, glabrous (rarely hirsute). sect.  Lasia was placed in subgen.  Stenochlamys originally by Andersson (1985 a, 1992) and followed by Kress et al. (1999). In the present classification molecular data support its inclusion in subgen.  Heliconia although few morphological traits support that placement and only two of the four species in the section were included in the analysis. The 1.0 LPP support clearly unites these two species in a monophyletic section, but its relationship to other sections in the subgenus is equivocal at this time. </p>
            <p>Species.</p>
            <p> +  Heliconia estherae Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. julianii Barreiros ; *  H. lasiorachis L. Anderss. ; +  H. velutina L. Anderss.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Tropical South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E3C5F8B612BC5AAC8C7639712E7C6CF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
4F90AE52FA5D50E5948EEA4877EE429E.text	4F90AE52FA5D50E5948EEA4877EE429E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia (sect. Longae) W. J. Kress 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.5. 7.  Heliconia section Longae W. J. Kress ,  sect. nov.</p>
            <p>Figs 5 E – H</p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p> Heliconia longa (Griggs) Winkler.</p>
            <p>Description and taxonomic notes.</p>
            <p> Medium- to large-sized rhizomatous herbs with  Musa - like habit. Inflorescence generally pendent or occasionally erect, with peduncle, rachis and cincinnal bracts almost always red to rarely yellow; cincinnal bracts distichous or slowly spirally arranged, congested or widely separated. Flowers with diurnal anthesis, not resupinate and fully enclosed in bracts; perianth generally with medium-sized tube, uniformly curved to c-shaped to rarely s-shaped, yellow to white to rarely pink or red, glabrous to hairy; ovary white to yellow to red, generally glabrous. Fruits blue, glabrous.  Section Longae is the second largest group of species with pendent inflorescences next to sect.  Colubrosae . Species in this section have previously been informally included in the  H. pogonantha ,  H. longa , and  H. grigssiana groups by Andersson (1992) and scattered among seven unpublished sections (Arcuatae, Barbatae,  Dromedarius, Obscurae , Longae, and Retiformes) by Kress et al. (1999). Three species in sect.  Longae have erect inflorescences (formerly in the unpublished section  Complanatae ). One of these species,  H. brenneri Abalo &amp; Morales , was included in subgen.  Heliconiopsis sect. Perplexae according to the genomic data, but is morphologically similar to the other two species with erect inflorescences in sect.  Longae (  H. foreroi Abalo &amp; Morales and  H. attratensis Abalo &amp; Morales ) sharing red, distichous cincinnal bracts, and non-resupinate flowers and is placed in this section. Tissue was not available for many of the species with pendent inflorescence in the current phylogenomic analyses and future investigations may shuffle some of these species between sect.  Longae and sect.  Colubrosae .  Section Longae is closely allied by 0.9 LPP support to the other three sections in subgen.  Heliconia characterized by pendent inflorescences (sects.  Griggsia ,  Episcopales , and  Pastazae ). </p>
            <p>Species.</p>
            <p> +  Heliconia arrecta W. J. Kress &amp; J. Betancur ; *  H. atratensis Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. berguidoi R. Flores, C. Black &amp; A. Ibáñez ; *  H. brenneri Abalo &amp; Morales †; *  H. carmelae Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. curtispatha Peters. ; *  H. danielsiana W. J. Kress ; +  H. donstonea W. J. Kress &amp; J. Betancur ; *  H. excelsa L. Anderss. ; +  H. foreroi Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. fragilis Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. harlingii L. Anderss. ; +  H. holmquistiana Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. longa (Griggs) Winkler ; +  H. lutheri W. J. Kress ; *  H. magnifica W. J. Kress ; *  H. mariae Hook. f. ; +  H. markiana Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. nigripraefixa Dodson &amp; Gentry ; +  H. paludigena Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. pogonantha Cuf. ; *  H. ramonensis Daniels &amp; Stiles ; +  H. regalis L. Anderss. ; *  H. rhodantha Abalo &amp; Morales ; +  H. samperiana W. J. Kress &amp; J. Betancur ; +  H. sanctae-theresae Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. spiralis Abalo &amp; Morales ; +  H. stella-maris Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. stilesii W. J. Kress ; *  H. terciopela W. J. Kress &amp; J. Betancur ; *  H. vellerigera Poepp. ; *  H. xanthovillosa W. J. Kress . </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Tropical Central America and South America (Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Venezuela).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F90AE52FA5D50E5948EEA4877EE429E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
F29C7FCA1FD4586A898B77714DCDB632.text	F29C7FCA1FD4586A898B77714DCDB632.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia (sect. Longiflorae) W. J. Kress 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.5. 4.  Heliconia section Longiflorae W. J. Kress ,  sect. nov.</p>
            <p>Figs 4 K, L</p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p> Heliconia longiflora R. R. Smith.</p>
            <p>Description and taxonomic notes.</p>
            <p> Small to medium-sized rhizomatous herbs with  Zingiber - like habit. Inflorescence erect with peduncle and rachis yellow or green and cincinnal bracts red with orange to yellow towards rachis; cincinnal bracts distichous and widely separated. Flowers with diurnal anthesis, fully exposed at maturity, resupinate and held at right angles to bracts; perianth generally straight to variously curved, white to yellow to orange, sometimes green towards apex, glabrous; ovary white to yellow to orange with green apex, glabrous. Fruits blue, glabrous. The  Zingiber - like habit of the shoots is a shared featured of the species in this section, which has 1.0 LPP support in the molecular analysis. Andersson (1985 a) previously named this section “  Zingiberastrum ” and designated  H. hirsuta as the type. However,  H. hirsuta L. f. is placed in sect.  Stenochlamys in the present classification and the section is renamed sect.  Longiflorae with the designation of a new type. </p>
            <p>Species.</p>
            <p> +  Heliconia apparicioi Barreiros ; *  H. cordata L. Anderss. ; +  Heliconia ecuadoriensis (L. Anderss.) W. J. Kress ,  comb. et stat. nov. (  Heliconia longiflora ssp. ecuadoriensis L. Anderss. , Opera Bot. 82: 113. 1985. Type. Asplund 16457. Ecuador, Esmeraldas, Timbre [San Mateo], 24 May 1955 [S]); *  H. longiflora R. R. Smith ; *  H. schumanniana Loes. ; +  H. tacarcunae L. Anderss.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Tropical Central America and South America (Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F29C7FCA1FD4586A898B77714DCDB632	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
65F73CA654B256FD8D9C656140863F1C.text	65F73CA654B256FD8D9C656140863F1C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia (sect. Pastazae) W. J. Kress	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.5. 9.  Heliconia section Pastazae W. J. Kress ,  sect. nov.</p>
            <p>Figs 5 K, L</p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p> Heliconia pastazae L. Anderss.</p>
            <p>Description and taxonomic notes.</p>
            <p> Medium-sized rhizomatous herbs with  Musa - like habit. Inflorescence pendent, with peduncle, rachis and cincinnal bracts usually red with yellow distally along margins (rarely completely yellow or green); cincinnal bracts sub-distichous to spirally arranged, separated. Flowers with diurnal anthesis, not resupinate and fully to partially enclosed in bracts; perianth with short to medium-sized tube, uniformly curved, yellow to green, glabrous; ovary white to green to yellow, glabrous. Fruits blue, glabrous. Most of the species in this section have been considered as related and informally placed in the  H. platystachys group (Andersson 1985 b, 1992) or the unpublished sect. Pendulae (Kress et al., 1999). The strong LPP support (0.92) for sect.  Pastazae is further evidence for its recognition as a distinct monophyletic lineage within subgen.  Heliconia . </p>
            <p>Species.</p>
            <p> *  Heliconia abaloi G. Morales ; *  H. chartacea Lane ex Barreiros ; *  H. pastazae L. Anderss. ; *  H. platystachys Baker ; +  H. rigida Abalo &amp; Morales.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Tropical Central America and South America (Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Venezuela).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/65F73CA654B256FD8D9C656140863F1C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
B3A25DC9BFE454ED87BE1DC271CD5B4C.text	B3A25DC9BFE454ED87BE1DC271CD5B4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia (sect. Perplexae) W. J. Kress	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.1. 2.  Heliconia section Perplexae W. J. Kress ,  sect. nov.</p>
            <p>Figs 3 C, D</p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p> Heliconia impudica Abalo &amp; Morales.</p>
            <p>Description and taxonomic notes.</p>
            <p> Medium-sized rhizomatous herbs with  Musa - like habit. Inflorescence erect, with peduncle, rachis and cincinnal bracts variously colored with red and yellow; cincinnal bracts distichous or spirally arranged, horizontal to deflexed. Flowers with diurnal anthesis, resupinate; perianth uniformly curved, white to green to yellow, variously shaped; ovary green to yellow. Fruits blue, glabrous. This section includes four species native to Colombia and Ecuador, which were included in subgen.  Stenochlamys sect. Lanea by earlier authors (e. g., Andersson 1992; Kress et al. 1999). According to the genomic data, a fifth species,  H. brenneri Abalo &amp; Morales , is also placed in this section. However, in this classification it is placed in subgen.  Heliconia sect. Longae where it shares morphological traits with  H. foreroi Abalo &amp; Morales and  H. attratensis Abalo &amp; Morales with erect, red, distichous cincinnal bracts and non-resupinate flowers. Section  Perplexae has 1.00 LPP support as a monophyletic group and 1.0 LPP support as sister to sect.  Heliconiopsis in the phylogenomic analysis. </p>
            <p>Species.</p>
            <p> *  Heliconia gaiboriana Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. impudica Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. virginalis Abalo &amp; Morales ; *  H. willisiana Abalo &amp; Morales.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Tropical Andean South America (Colombia, Ecuador).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B3A25DC9BFE454ED87BE1DC271CD5B4C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
A555FFB3405D5B89938EEC88C26B3564.text	A555FFB3405D5B89938EEC88C26B3564.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia (sect. Stenochlamys) (Baker) K. Schum.	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.2. 1.  Heliconia section Stenochlamys (Baker) K. Schum. , Engler A, ed., Pflanzenr. IV. 45: 37. 1900. </p>
            <p>Figs 3 E, F</p>
            <p> Heliconia subgen. Stenochlamys Baker , Ann. Bot. 7: 190, 194–200. 1893. </p>
            <p> Heliconia section Proximochlamys L. Anderss. , Opera Bot. 82: 73. 1985. Type:  Heliconia densiflora Verlot.</p>
            <p> Heliconia section Zingiberastrum L. Anderss. , Opera Bot. 82: 100. 1985. Type:  Heliconia hirsuta L. f.</p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p> Heliconia psittacorum L. f. (designated by L. Andersson, Opera Bot. 82: 22. 1985). </p>
            <p>Description and taxonomic notes.</p>
            <p> Small- to medium-sized rhizomatous herbs with  Musa - like (rarely  Zingiber - like) habit. Inflorescence erect, with peduncle, rachis and cincinnal bracts of various colors from red to orange to yellow; cincinnal bracts distichous, generally long and tapering, usually held erect. Flowers with diurnal anthesis, fully resupinate and held at right angles to bracts; perianth short-tubed, angular in cross-section, generally straight, free sepal generally only slightly curved, yellow to orange (sometimes green or white) with green tips; ovary green to yellow to orange to red. Fruits blue, glabrous. Six of the nine species currently placed in this section were included in Andersson’s sect.  Stenochlamys (  H. hirsuta L. f.,  H. densiflora Verlot and  H. sylvestris (Gleason) L. B. Smith were placed elsewhere). In the current analysis  H. hirsuta , despite its position in the molecular analysis as sister to sect.  Heliconia , is placed in this section based on the resupinate flowers with green-colored tips and distichous cincinnal bracts. Similarly genomic data placed  H. lourteigiae Emygdio &amp; Santos in sect.  Stenochlamys , but morphological traits more strongly ally this species with others in sect.  Taeniostrobus . A LPP support of 0.99 demarcates sect.  Stenochlamys in the present classification. </p>
            <p>Species.</p>
            <p> *  Heliconia acuminata L. C. Rich. ; *  H. brachyantha L. Anderss. ; *  H. densiflora Verlot ; *  H. hirsuta L. f. †; *  H. psittacorum L. f. ; *  H. richardiana Miq. ; *  H. sylvestris (Gleason) L. B. Smith ; *  H. tarumaensis Barr. ; +  H. timothei L. Anderss.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Tropical Central and South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad &amp; Tobago, Venezuela).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A555FFB3405D5B89938EEC88C26B3564	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
A4498207A25552218DB7DCF0E223414F.text	A4498207A25552218DB7DCF0E223414F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia (sect. Taeniostrobus) Kuntze	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.3. 1.  Heliconia section Taeniostrobus Kuntze</p>
            <p>Figs 3 I, J</p>
            <p> Bihai section Taeniostrobus Kuntze, Revisio Generum Plantarum. Pars I: 684. 1891.</p>
            <p> 
Heliconia section Tortex L. Anderss., Flora of Ecuador 22: 19. 1985. Type. 
Heliconia latispatha Benth.</p>
            <p> Heliconia section Tenebria L. Anderss. , Opera Bot. 111: 37. 1992: Type.  Heliconia tenebrosa Macbr.</p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p> Bihai imbricata Kuntze (  Heliconia imbricata (Kuntze) Baker ) (designated by L. Andersson, Flora of Ecuador 11: 19. 1985.). </p>
            <p>Description and taxonomic notes.</p>
            <p> Medium- to large-sized rhizomatous herbs with  Musa - like habit. Inflorescence erect (rarely pendent), with peduncle, rachis and cincinnal bracts of various colors from pink to red to orange to yellow; cincinnal bracts distichous or spirally arranged. Flowers with diurnal anthesis, not resupinate (or rarely so), and fully or partially enclosed in bracts; perianth uniformly curved (rarely s-shaped), white to green to yellow; ovary green to yellow to red. Fruits blue, glabrous. Species in this section can be quite variable in most reproductive features, although almost all have non-resupinate flowers enclosed in the cincinnal bracts. The 0.99 LPP support identifies this clade as distinct from its sister taxon sect.  Aurantiacae . The genomic data place  H. lourteigiae L. Emygdio &amp; Santos in sect.  Stenochlamys , however, the shape and orientation of the cincinnal bracts and non-resupinate, enclosed flowers suggest that this species is more properly placed in sect.  Taeniostrobus . </p>
            <p>Species.</p>
            <p> *  Heliconia atropurpurea Daniels &amp; Stiles ; *  H. barryana W. J. Kress ; *  H. beckneri R. R. Smith ; *  H. bella W. J. Kress ; *  H. bourgaeana O. G. Peters. ; *  H. champneiana Griggs ; *  H. clinophila R. R. Smith ; *  H. collinsiana Griggs ; +  H. cucullata W. J. Kress &amp; L. Anderss .; +  H. darienensis L. Anderss. ; *  H. faunorum W. J. Kress &amp; L. Anderss .; *  H. gracilis Daniels &amp; Stiles ; *  H. ignescens Daniels &amp; Stiles ; *  H. imbricata (Kuntze) Baker ; *  H. irrasa R. R. Smith ; *  H. lankesteri Standl. ; *  H. latispatha Benth. ; *  H. librata Griggs ; *  H. lindsayana W. J. Kress ; *  H. lophocarpa Daniels &amp; Stiles ; *  H. lourteigiae L. Emygdio &amp; Santos †; *  H. lutea W. J. Kress ; +  H. monteverdensis Daniels &amp; Stiles ; +  H. mooreana R. R. Smith ; *  H. nutans Woodson ; *  H. reticulata (Griggs) Winkl. ; +  H. rodriguezii Stiles ; +  H. sarapiquensis Daniels &amp; Stiles ; *  H. secunda Daniels &amp; Stiles ; *  H. spathocircinata Aristeg. ; +  H. tenebrosa Macbr. ; *  H. thomasiana W. J. Kress ; *  H. tortuosa Griggs ; *  H. umbrophila Daniels &amp; Stiles.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Tropical Mexico, Central, and South America (Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A4498207A25552218DB7DCF0E223414F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
792D9F87A1845B55A25480F0B7C1286D.text	792D9F87A1845B55A25480F0B7C1286D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia (Stenochlamys) Baker	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.2.  Heliconia subgenus Stenochlamys Baker , Ann. Bot. 7: 190, 194–200. 1893. </p>
            <p>Figs 3 E – H</p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p> Heliconia psittacorum L. f. (designated by L. Andersson, Opera Bot. 82: 22. 1985). </p>
            <p>Description and taxonomic notes.</p>
            <p> Small- to medium-sized rhizomatous herbs with  Musa - like (rarely  Zingiber - like) habit. Inflorescence erect, with peduncle, rachis and cincinnal bracts of various colors from red to orange to yellow; cincinnal bracts distichous, generally long and tapering. Flowers with diurnal anthesis, partially to fully resupinate and held at right angles to bracts; perianth short-tubed, angular in cross-section, generally straight to slightly curved, free sepal generally only slightly curved, white to green to yellow, sometimes with green tips; ovary green to yellow to orange to red. Fruits blue, glabrous. The original  Heliconia subgen. Stenochlamys of Baker included 17 species (note that some of these species are not recognized today). Andersson’s (1985 a) subgen.  Stenochlamys was much expanded into a large and complex taxonomic entity with six sections. In the present classification only 15 species are recognized in two sections (sects.  Stenochlamys and  Angustae ) of the subgenus. Most of the remaining species are now found in subgen.  Heliconia (sects.  Lasia ,  Cannastrum , and  Longiflorae ). The monophyly of subgen.  Stenochlamys has 0.96 LPP support in the molecular analysis and is sister to the remaining three subgenera of  Heliconia . </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Tropical Central and South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad &amp; Tobago, Venezuela).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/792D9F87A1845B55A25480F0B7C1286D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
07D085CE853A5393821FBC05C2E06A10.text	07D085CE853A5393821FBC05C2E06A10.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia (Taeniostrobus) (Kuntze) Griggs	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.3.  Heliconia subgenus Taeniostrobus (Kuntze) Griggs , Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30: 643. 1903. </p>
            <p>Figs 3 I – L</p>
            <p> Bihai section Taeniostrobus Kuntze, Revisio Generum Plantarum. Pars I: 684. 1891.</p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p> Bihai imbricata Kuntze (  Heliconia imbricata (Kuntze) Baker (designated by L. Andersson, Flora of Ecuador 22: 11. 1985.). </p>
            <p>Description and taxonomic notes.</p>
            <p> Small- to large-sized rhizomatous herbs with  Musa -,  Canna -, or  Zingiber - like habit. Inflorescence erect (rarely pendent), with peduncle, rachis and cincinnal bracts of various colors from pink to red to orange to yellow; cincinnal bracts distichous or spirally arranged. Flowers with diurnal anthesis, not resupinate and fully or partially enclosed in bracts or fully resupinate and held at right angles to bracts; perianth uniformly curved (rarely s-shaped), white to green to yellow; ovary green to yellow to red. Fruits blue, glabrous. subgenus  Taeniostrobus in the current classification is made up of two sections (sects.  Taeniostrobus and  Aurantiacae ) and includes species from four earlier designated subgenera (subgens.  Taeniostrobus ,  Heliconia ,  Stenochlamys , and  Griggsia ), although the majority of species were included in Andersson’s subgen.  Heliconia sect. Tortex . Few, if any, morphological traits are shared by all species across subgen.  Taeniostrobus . The very high strong support (LPP = 1.0) in the phylogenomic analysis is primary evidence for uniting these species into a single monophyletic subgenus with two somewhat distinct sections. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Tropical Mexico, Central, and South America (Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/07D085CE853A5393821FBC05C2E06A10	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
D1A740C6264A51F8AF452FD79ECD17DA.text	D1A740C6264A51F8AF452FD79ECD17DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliconia L.	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.  Heliconia L. , Mant. Pl. 2: 147, 211. 1771 nom. cons. </p>
            <p>Figs 3, 4, 5</p>
            <p> Bihai Miller , Gard. Dict. ed. 4, 1: B 1. 1754, nom. rej. (≡  Heliconia L. ). </p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p> Heliconia bihai (L.) L.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D1A740C6264A51F8AF452FD79ECD17DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kress, W. John;Fér, Tomáš;Carlsen, Mónica M.	Kress, W. John, Fér, Tomáš, Carlsen, Mónica M. (2025): Phylogenomics and a new classification of the tropical genus Heliconia L. (Monocots, Zingiberales, Heliconiaceae). PhytoKeys 251: 37-66, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.251.130409
