taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
D76CE4784003E52FFE959F00FC97A7EC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14971618/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971618	Figure 1. Aenigmatistes sp. (A) and Chaetopleurophora sp. (B–D) mating. A. From Gaborone, Botswana (photo credit: Botswanabugs, public domain). B. From Göttingen, Germany (photo credit: © Gerrit Öhm, photo licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). C. From Poppendorf, Austria (photo credit: © Sepp Schmid, photo licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).D. From Missouri,USA (photo credit:© Joshua Klostermann, photo with all rights reserved). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 30860301;B, 212216478; C, 111903726;D, 159776785.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	Figure 1. Aenigmatistes sp. (A) and Chaetopleurophora sp. (B–D) mating. A. From Gaborone, Botswana (photo credit: Botswanabugs, public domain). B. From Göttingen, Germany (photo credit: © Gerrit Öhm, photo licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). C. From Poppendorf, Austria (photo credit: © Sepp Schmid, photo licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).D. From Missouri,USA (photo credit:© Joshua Klostermann, photo with all rights reserved). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 30860301;B, 212216478; C, 111903726;D, 159776785.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	2025-02-28	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor		Zenodo	biologists	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor			
D76CE4784003E52FFEE59EA0FBDCA0F9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14971618/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971618	Figure 1. Aenigmatistes sp. (A) and Chaetopleurophora sp. (B–D) mating. A. From Gaborone, Botswana (photo credit: Botswanabugs, public domain). B. From Göttingen, Germany (photo credit: © Gerrit Öhm, photo licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). C. From Poppendorf, Austria (photo credit: © Sepp Schmid, photo licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).D. From Missouri,USA (photo credit:© Joshua Klostermann, photo with all rights reserved). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 30860301;B, 212216478; C, 111903726;D, 159776785.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	Figure 1. Aenigmatistes sp. (A) and Chaetopleurophora sp. (B–D) mating. A. From Gaborone, Botswana (photo credit: Botswanabugs, public domain). B. From Göttingen, Germany (photo credit: © Gerrit Öhm, photo licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). C. From Poppendorf, Austria (photo credit: © Sepp Schmid, photo licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).D. From Missouri,USA (photo credit:© Joshua Klostermann, photo with all rights reserved). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 30860301;B, 212216478; C, 111903726;D, 159776785.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	2025-02-28	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor		Zenodo	biologists	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor			
D76CE4784003E52CFE8599CDFC5DA1EB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14971620/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971620	Figure 2. Coniceromyia sp. mating and aggregating. A–B. From Cuzco, Peru (photo credit: © Jared Shorma, photo licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). C–D. From Boyacá, Colombia (photo credit: © Santiago, photo with all rights reserved). E. From Pozo Verde, Costa Rica (photo credit: Steve Marshall). F. From Loja, Ecuador (photo credit: © Rudy Gelis, photo with all rights reserved). Except for E, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/),ID numbers:A–B, 146320139; C–D, 109334589; F, 191869098. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	Figure 2. Coniceromyia sp. mating and aggregating. A–B. From Cuzco, Peru (photo credit: © Jared Shorma, photo licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). C–D. From Boyacá, Colombia (photo credit: © Santiago, photo with all rights reserved). E. From Pozo Verde, Costa Rica (photo credit: Steve Marshall). F. From Loja, Ecuador (photo credit: © Rudy Gelis, photo with all rights reserved). Except for E, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/),ID numbers:A–B, 146320139; C–D, 109334589; F, 191869098. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	2025-02-28	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor		Zenodo	biologists	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor			
D76CE4784000E522FF6C98D8FB71A4A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14971622/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971622	Figure 3. Diplonevra (A–D) and Dohrniphora (E–H) mating. A. From Ontario, Canada (photo credit: © bob15noble). B. From Te Aroha, New Zealand (photo credit: © Maurice). C–D. From Weber County, USA (photo credit:© sbaxter).E.From Girona,Spain (photo credit:© Rafael Carbonell Font).F. From ToKwa Wan, Hong Kong (photo credit:© portioid).G. From San Miguel de Tucumán,Argentina (photo credit:© Santiago Murillo Dasso).H. FromBrasília,DF,Brazil (photo credit:© Jean Martins).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 85929525; B, 156656906; C–D, 195433495; E, 70285677; F, 21227769;G, 43450908;H, 142680838.All photos licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED except for ‘F’ licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	Figure 3. Diplonevra (A–D) and Dohrniphora (E–H) mating. A. From Ontario, Canada (photo credit: © bob15noble). B. From Te Aroha, New Zealand (photo credit: © Maurice). C–D. From Weber County, USA (photo credit:© sbaxter).E.From Girona,Spain (photo credit:© Rafael Carbonell Font).F. From ToKwa Wan, Hong Kong (photo credit:© portioid).G. From San Miguel de Tucumán,Argentina (photo credit:© Santiago Murillo Dasso).H. FromBrasília,DF,Brazil (photo credit:© Jean Martins).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 85929525; B, 156656906; C–D, 195433495; E, 70285677; F, 21227769;G, 43450908;H, 142680838.All photos licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED except for ‘F’ licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	2025-02-28	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor		Zenodo	biologists	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor			
D76CE478400EE522FF6C9C1AFD3FA19C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14971622/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971622	Figure 3. Diplonevra (A–D) and Dohrniphora (E–H) mating. A. From Ontario, Canada (photo credit: © bob15noble). B. From Te Aroha, New Zealand (photo credit: © Maurice). C–D. From Weber County, USA (photo credit:© sbaxter).E.From Girona,Spain (photo credit:© Rafael Carbonell Font).F. From ToKwa Wan, Hong Kong (photo credit:© portioid).G. From San Miguel de Tucumán,Argentina (photo credit:© Santiago Murillo Dasso).H. FromBrasília,DF,Brazil (photo credit:© Jean Martins).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 85929525; B, 156656906; C–D, 195433495; E, 70285677; F, 21227769;G, 43450908;H, 142680838.All photos licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED except for ‘F’ licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	Figure 3. Diplonevra (A–D) and Dohrniphora (E–H) mating. A. From Ontario, Canada (photo credit: © bob15noble). B. From Te Aroha, New Zealand (photo credit: © Maurice). C–D. From Weber County, USA (photo credit:© sbaxter).E.From Girona,Spain (photo credit:© Rafael Carbonell Font).F. From ToKwa Wan, Hong Kong (photo credit:© portioid).G. From San Miguel de Tucumán,Argentina (photo credit:© Santiago Murillo Dasso).H. FromBrasília,DF,Brazil (photo credit:© Jean Martins).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 85929525; B, 156656906; C–D, 195433495; E, 70285677; F, 21227769;G, 43450908;H, 142680838.All photos licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED except for ‘F’ licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	2025-02-28	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor		Zenodo	biologists	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor			
D76CE478400EE521FE9B9B30FEF3A4A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14971624/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971624	Figure 4. Neopleurophora (A), Palpocrates (B), Phlebothrix (C–D), Phora (E–F) and Spiniphora (G–H) mating. A. From Boca Chica, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). B. From Yonggokdong, South Korea (photo credit: © onidiras-iNaturalist, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Domenjod, Sainte-Clotilde, Réunion (photo credit: François Rousseu). D. From Sainte-Marie, Réunion (photo credit:François Rousseu).E. From Gunnislake,UK (photo credit:© George Mitchell,all rights reserved).F. From Mendocino County,CA,USA (photo credit:Ken-ichi Ueda).G.From Chusclan,France (photo credit:© RUIZJean Marc, all rights reserved; white arrow, male right surstylus). H. From Quintenas, Rhône-Alpes, France (photo credit:© Quentin Gaillard,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist. org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 98903680; B, 100659903; C, 85441054; D, 123209927; E, 85595448; F, 70078415;G, 62872988;H,40087776.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	Figure 4. Neopleurophora (A), Palpocrates (B), Phlebothrix (C–D), Phora (E–F) and Spiniphora (G–H) mating. A. From Boca Chica, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). B. From Yonggokdong, South Korea (photo credit: © onidiras-iNaturalist, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Domenjod, Sainte-Clotilde, Réunion (photo credit: François Rousseu). D. From Sainte-Marie, Réunion (photo credit:François Rousseu).E. From Gunnislake,UK (photo credit:© George Mitchell,all rights reserved).F. From Mendocino County,CA,USA (photo credit:Ken-ichi Ueda).G.From Chusclan,France (photo credit:© RUIZJean Marc, all rights reserved; white arrow, male right surstylus). H. From Quintenas, Rhône-Alpes, France (photo credit:© Quentin Gaillard,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist. org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 98903680; B, 100659903; C, 85441054; D, 123209927; E, 85595448; F, 70078415;G, 62872988;H,40087776.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	2025-02-28	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor		Zenodo	biologists	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor			
D76CE478400DE521FEA99C02FC3BA676.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14971624/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971624	Figure 4. Neopleurophora (A), Palpocrates (B), Phlebothrix (C–D), Phora (E–F) and Spiniphora (G–H) mating. A. From Boca Chica, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). B. From Yonggokdong, South Korea (photo credit: © onidiras-iNaturalist, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Domenjod, Sainte-Clotilde, Réunion (photo credit: François Rousseu). D. From Sainte-Marie, Réunion (photo credit:François Rousseu).E. From Gunnislake,UK (photo credit:© George Mitchell,all rights reserved).F. From Mendocino County,CA,USA (photo credit:Ken-ichi Ueda).G.From Chusclan,France (photo credit:© RUIZJean Marc, all rights reserved; white arrow, male right surstylus). H. From Quintenas, Rhône-Alpes, France (photo credit:© Quentin Gaillard,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist. org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 98903680; B, 100659903; C, 85441054; D, 123209927; E, 85595448; F, 70078415;G, 62872988;H,40087776.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	Figure 4. Neopleurophora (A), Palpocrates (B), Phlebothrix (C–D), Phora (E–F) and Spiniphora (G–H) mating. A. From Boca Chica, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). B. From Yonggokdong, South Korea (photo credit: © onidiras-iNaturalist, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Domenjod, Sainte-Clotilde, Réunion (photo credit: François Rousseu). D. From Sainte-Marie, Réunion (photo credit:François Rousseu).E. From Gunnislake,UK (photo credit:© George Mitchell,all rights reserved).F. From Mendocino County,CA,USA (photo credit:Ken-ichi Ueda).G.From Chusclan,France (photo credit:© RUIZJean Marc, all rights reserved; white arrow, male right surstylus). H. From Quintenas, Rhône-Alpes, France (photo credit:© Quentin Gaillard,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist. org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 98903680; B, 100659903; C, 85441054; D, 123209927; E, 85595448; F, 70078415;G, 62872988;H,40087776.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	2025-02-28	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor		Zenodo	biologists	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor			
D76CE478400DE521FEAB9F72FB75A799.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14971624/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971624	Figure 4. Neopleurophora (A), Palpocrates (B), Phlebothrix (C–D), Phora (E–F) and Spiniphora (G–H) mating. A. From Boca Chica, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). B. From Yonggokdong, South Korea (photo credit: © onidiras-iNaturalist, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Domenjod, Sainte-Clotilde, Réunion (photo credit: François Rousseu). D. From Sainte-Marie, Réunion (photo credit:François Rousseu).E. From Gunnislake,UK (photo credit:© George Mitchell,all rights reserved).F. From Mendocino County,CA,USA (photo credit:Ken-ichi Ueda).G.From Chusclan,France (photo credit:© RUIZJean Marc, all rights reserved; white arrow, male right surstylus). H. From Quintenas, Rhône-Alpes, France (photo credit:© Quentin Gaillard,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist. org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 98903680; B, 100659903; C, 85441054; D, 123209927; E, 85595448; F, 70078415;G, 62872988;H,40087776.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	Figure 4. Neopleurophora (A), Palpocrates (B), Phlebothrix (C–D), Phora (E–F) and Spiniphora (G–H) mating. A. From Boca Chica, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). B. From Yonggokdong, South Korea (photo credit: © onidiras-iNaturalist, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Domenjod, Sainte-Clotilde, Réunion (photo credit: François Rousseu). D. From Sainte-Marie, Réunion (photo credit:François Rousseu).E. From Gunnislake,UK (photo credit:© George Mitchell,all rights reserved).F. From Mendocino County,CA,USA (photo credit:Ken-ichi Ueda).G.From Chusclan,France (photo credit:© RUIZJean Marc, all rights reserved; white arrow, male right surstylus). H. From Quintenas, Rhône-Alpes, France (photo credit:© Quentin Gaillard,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist. org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 98903680; B, 100659903; C, 85441054; D, 123209927; E, 85595448; F, 70078415;G, 62872988;H,40087776.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	2025-02-28	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor		Zenodo	biologists	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor			
D76CE478400DE521FEA79955FEC0A2F3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14971624/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971624	Figure 4. Neopleurophora (A), Palpocrates (B), Phlebothrix (C–D), Phora (E–F) and Spiniphora (G–H) mating. A. From Boca Chica, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). B. From Yonggokdong, South Korea (photo credit: © onidiras-iNaturalist, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Domenjod, Sainte-Clotilde, Réunion (photo credit: François Rousseu). D. From Sainte-Marie, Réunion (photo credit:François Rousseu).E. From Gunnislake,UK (photo credit:© George Mitchell,all rights reserved).F. From Mendocino County,CA,USA (photo credit:Ken-ichi Ueda).G.From Chusclan,France (photo credit:© RUIZJean Marc, all rights reserved; white arrow, male right surstylus). H. From Quintenas, Rhône-Alpes, France (photo credit:© Quentin Gaillard,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist. org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 98903680; B, 100659903; C, 85441054; D, 123209927; E, 85595448; F, 70078415;G, 62872988;H,40087776.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	Figure 4. Neopleurophora (A), Palpocrates (B), Phlebothrix (C–D), Phora (E–F) and Spiniphora (G–H) mating. A. From Boca Chica, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). B. From Yonggokdong, South Korea (photo credit: © onidiras-iNaturalist, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Domenjod, Sainte-Clotilde, Réunion (photo credit: François Rousseu). D. From Sainte-Marie, Réunion (photo credit:François Rousseu).E. From Gunnislake,UK (photo credit:© George Mitchell,all rights reserved).F. From Mendocino County,CA,USA (photo credit:Ken-ichi Ueda).G.From Chusclan,France (photo credit:© RUIZJean Marc, all rights reserved; white arrow, male right surstylus). H. From Quintenas, Rhône-Alpes, France (photo credit:© Quentin Gaillard,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist. org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 98903680; B, 100659903; C, 85441054; D, 123209927; E, 85595448; F, 70078415;G, 62872988;H,40087776.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	2025-02-28	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor		Zenodo	biologists	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor			
D76CE478400CE527FE4598FBFC9CA052.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14971630/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971630	Figure 7. Wharia (A–B) and unknown genus 1 (C–D) mating, unknown genus 2 female swarm (E–F). A–B. From Dunedin, Tomahawk Lagoon, New Zealand (photo credit: © Steve Kerr, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). C–D. From Wellington, New Zealand (photo credit: © Michael Berardozzi, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E–F. From Manú Province, Peru (photo credit: © Rich Hoyer, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). All photos obtained from INaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A–B, 37566558, C–D, 200861568, E–F, 203518040. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	Figure 7. Wharia (A–B) and unknown genus 1 (C–D) mating, unknown genus 2 female swarm (E–F). A–B. From Dunedin, Tomahawk Lagoon, New Zealand (photo credit: © Steve Kerr, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). C–D. From Wellington, New Zealand (photo credit: © Michael Berardozzi, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E–F. From Manú Province, Peru (photo credit: © Rich Hoyer, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). All photos obtained from INaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A–B, 37566558, C–D, 200861568, E–F, 203518040. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	2025-02-28	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor		Zenodo	biologists	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor			
D76CE478400CE520FEBD9D92FC44A528.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14971624/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971624	Figure 4. Neopleurophora (A), Palpocrates (B), Phlebothrix (C–D), Phora (E–F) and Spiniphora (G–H) mating. A. From Boca Chica, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). B. From Yonggokdong, South Korea (photo credit: © onidiras-iNaturalist, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Domenjod, Sainte-Clotilde, Réunion (photo credit: François Rousseu). D. From Sainte-Marie, Réunion (photo credit:François Rousseu).E. From Gunnislake,UK (photo credit:© George Mitchell,all rights reserved).F. From Mendocino County,CA,USA (photo credit:Ken-ichi Ueda).G.From Chusclan,France (photo credit:© RUIZJean Marc, all rights reserved; white arrow, male right surstylus). H. From Quintenas, Rhône-Alpes, France (photo credit:© Quentin Gaillard,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist. org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 98903680; B, 100659903; C, 85441054; D, 123209927; E, 85595448; F, 70078415;G, 62872988;H,40087776.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	Figure 4. Neopleurophora (A), Palpocrates (B), Phlebothrix (C–D), Phora (E–F) and Spiniphora (G–H) mating. A. From Boca Chica, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). B. From Yonggokdong, South Korea (photo credit: © onidiras-iNaturalist, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Domenjod, Sainte-Clotilde, Réunion (photo credit: François Rousseu). D. From Sainte-Marie, Réunion (photo credit:François Rousseu).E. From Gunnislake,UK (photo credit:© George Mitchell,all rights reserved).F. From Mendocino County,CA,USA (photo credit:Ken-ichi Ueda).G.From Chusclan,France (photo credit:© RUIZJean Marc, all rights reserved; white arrow, male right surstylus). H. From Quintenas, Rhône-Alpes, France (photo credit:© Quentin Gaillard,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist. org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 98903680; B, 100659903; C, 85441054; D, 123209927; E, 85595448; F, 70078415;G, 62872988;H,40087776.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	2025-02-28	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor		Zenodo	biologists	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor			
D76CE478400CE520FEA79C91FC10A6A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14971626/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971626	Figure 5. Stichillus mating. A. From Wollongong NSW, Australia (photo credit: © Jeannie, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). B. From Arroyo Frío, Dominican Republic (photo credit: © Maribel Armenteros, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Essex, England, UK (photo credit: © Jon J. Laysell). D. From Bezirk Pankow, Berlin, Germany (photo credit: © Sascha N., licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 41807845; B, 49760154; C, 92693398; D, 133113900; All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	Figure 5. Stichillus mating. A. From Wollongong NSW, Australia (photo credit: © Jeannie, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). B. From Arroyo Frío, Dominican Republic (photo credit: © Maribel Armenteros, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Essex, England, UK (photo credit: © Jon J. Laysell). D. From Bezirk Pankow, Berlin, Germany (photo credit: © Sascha N., licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 41807845; B, 49760154; C, 92693398; D, 133113900; All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	2025-02-28	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor		Zenodo	biologists	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor			
D76CE478400CE520FEA69E0BFC01A0F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14971628/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971628	Figure 6. Triphleba. A. From Sosa-Ri, South Korea (photo credit: © Wonwoong Kim, licensed under CC BY- NC 4.0 DEED). B. From Gloucester, USA (photo credit: © Jason M. Crockwell, licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED). C. From Berlin, Germany (photo credit: © Alexis, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). D. From Nepřevázka, Czechia (photo credit: © Petr Harant, all rights reserved). E, From Ilmatsalu, Estonia (photo credit: © Urmas Tartes, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). F, From Ukraine (photo credit: © Roman, licensed under CC BY 4.0). G–H, From California, USA (photo credit: © Eric Cleveland, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 67309235; B, 5803533; C, 65409696; D, 151649050; E, 235366216;F, 70621780; G–H, 220362964.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	Figure 6. Triphleba. A. From Sosa-Ri, South Korea (photo credit: © Wonwoong Kim, licensed under CC BY- NC 4.0 DEED). B. From Gloucester, USA (photo credit: © Jason M. Crockwell, licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED). C. From Berlin, Germany (photo credit: © Alexis, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). D. From Nepřevázka, Czechia (photo credit: © Petr Harant, all rights reserved). E, From Ilmatsalu, Estonia (photo credit: © Urmas Tartes, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). F, From Ukraine (photo credit: © Roman, licensed under CC BY 4.0). G–H, From California, USA (photo credit: © Eric Cleveland, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 67309235; B, 5803533; C, 65409696; D, 151649050; E, 235366216;F, 70621780; G–H, 220362964.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	2025-02-28	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor		Zenodo	biologists	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor			
D76CE478400CE520FEBF99FBFEF3A1F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14971630/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971630	Figure 7. Wharia (A–B) and unknown genus 1 (C–D) mating, unknown genus 2 female swarm (E–F). A–B. From Dunedin, Tomahawk Lagoon, New Zealand (photo credit: © Steve Kerr, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). C–D. From Wellington, New Zealand (photo credit: © Michael Berardozzi, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E–F. From Manú Province, Peru (photo credit: © Rich Hoyer, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). All photos obtained from INaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A–B, 37566558, C–D, 200861568, E–F, 203518040. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	Figure 7. Wharia (A–B) and unknown genus 1 (C–D) mating, unknown genus 2 female swarm (E–F). A–B. From Dunedin, Tomahawk Lagoon, New Zealand (photo credit: © Steve Kerr, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). C–D. From Wellington, New Zealand (photo credit: © Michael Berardozzi, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E–F. From Manú Province, Peru (photo credit: © Rich Hoyer, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). All photos obtained from INaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A–B, 37566558, C–D, 200861568, E–F, 203518040. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	2025-02-28	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor		Zenodo	biologists	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor			
D76CE478400BE527FEBB9B30FEE0A2AC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14971632/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971632	Figure 8. Gymnophora (A–B) and Megaselia (C–H). A. From Thüringen, Germany (photo credit: © Benjamin Fabian,all rights reserved).B. From Bazzano AQ,Italia (photo credit:© Emanuele Santarelli,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Hornito, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). D. From Villaverde, Gracias, Honduras (photo credit: © Nicolas Pratlong, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E. From San Jose,Costa Rica (photo credit:modified from Brown and Porras 2015).F. From District of Columbia, USA (photo credit:KatjaSchulz).G.FromBuenos Aires,Argentina(photocredit:© Ezequiel Vera,licensedunder CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). H. From Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Orellana, Ecuador (photo credit: © Stephen Luk, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). Except for E, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/ observations/), ID numbers: A, 103247590; B, 79696163; C, 104603210; D, 141416171; F, 104197174; G, 64436516; H, 124924237.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	Figure 8. Gymnophora (A–B) and Megaselia (C–H). A. From Thüringen, Germany (photo credit: © Benjamin Fabian,all rights reserved).B. From Bazzano AQ,Italia (photo credit:© Emanuele Santarelli,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Hornito, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). D. From Villaverde, Gracias, Honduras (photo credit: © Nicolas Pratlong, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E. From San Jose,Costa Rica (photo credit:modified from Brown and Porras 2015).F. From District of Columbia, USA (photo credit:KatjaSchulz).G.FromBuenos Aires,Argentina(photocredit:© Ezequiel Vera,licensedunder CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). H. From Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Orellana, Ecuador (photo credit: © Stephen Luk, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). Except for E, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/ observations/), ID numbers: A, 103247590; B, 79696163; C, 104603210; D, 141416171; F, 104197174; G, 64436516; H, 124924237.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	2025-02-28	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor		Zenodo	biologists	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor			
D76CE478400BE527FE459990FD8DA1E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14971630/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971630	Figure 7. Wharia (A–B) and unknown genus 1 (C–D) mating, unknown genus 2 female swarm (E–F). A–B. From Dunedin, Tomahawk Lagoon, New Zealand (photo credit: © Steve Kerr, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). C–D. From Wellington, New Zealand (photo credit: © Michael Berardozzi, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E–F. From Manú Province, Peru (photo credit: © Rich Hoyer, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). All photos obtained from INaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A–B, 37566558, C–D, 200861568, E–F, 203518040. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	Figure 7. Wharia (A–B) and unknown genus 1 (C–D) mating, unknown genus 2 female swarm (E–F). A–B. From Dunedin, Tomahawk Lagoon, New Zealand (photo credit: © Steve Kerr, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). C–D. From Wellington, New Zealand (photo credit: © Michael Berardozzi, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E–F. From Manú Province, Peru (photo credit: © Rich Hoyer, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). All photos obtained from INaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A–B, 37566558, C–D, 200861568, E–F, 203518040. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	2025-02-28	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor		Zenodo	biologists	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor			
D76CE4784008E524FEB29D92FD3AA746.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14971632/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971632	Figure 8. Gymnophora (A–B) and Megaselia (C–H). A. From Thüringen, Germany (photo credit: © Benjamin Fabian,all rights reserved).B. From Bazzano AQ,Italia (photo credit:© Emanuele Santarelli,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Hornito, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). D. From Villaverde, Gracias, Honduras (photo credit: © Nicolas Pratlong, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E. From San Jose,Costa Rica (photo credit:modified from Brown and Porras 2015).F. From District of Columbia, USA (photo credit:KatjaSchulz).G.FromBuenos Aires,Argentina(photocredit:© Ezequiel Vera,licensedunder CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). H. From Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Orellana, Ecuador (photo credit: © Stephen Luk, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). Except for E, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/ observations/), ID numbers: A, 103247590; B, 79696163; C, 104603210; D, 141416171; F, 104197174; G, 64436516; H, 124924237.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	Figure 8. Gymnophora (A–B) and Megaselia (C–H). A. From Thüringen, Germany (photo credit: © Benjamin Fabian,all rights reserved).B. From Bazzano AQ,Italia (photo credit:© Emanuele Santarelli,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Hornito, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). D. From Villaverde, Gracias, Honduras (photo credit: © Nicolas Pratlong, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E. From San Jose,Costa Rica (photo credit:modified from Brown and Porras 2015).F. From District of Columbia, USA (photo credit:KatjaSchulz).G.FromBuenos Aires,Argentina(photocredit:© Ezequiel Vera,licensedunder CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). H. From Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Orellana, Ecuador (photo credit: © Stephen Luk, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). Except for E, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/ observations/), ID numbers: A, 103247590; B, 79696163; C, 104603210; D, 141416171; F, 104197174; G, 64436516; H, 124924237.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	2025-02-28	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor		Zenodo	biologists	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor			
D76CE4784008E524FEB29D92FD3AA746.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14971628/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971628	Figure 6. Triphleba. A. From Sosa-Ri, South Korea (photo credit: © Wonwoong Kim, licensed under CC BY- NC 4.0 DEED). B. From Gloucester, USA (photo credit: © Jason M. Crockwell, licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED). C. From Berlin, Germany (photo credit: © Alexis, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). D. From Nepřevázka, Czechia (photo credit: © Petr Harant, all rights reserved). E, From Ilmatsalu, Estonia (photo credit: © Urmas Tartes, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). F, From Ukraine (photo credit: © Roman, licensed under CC BY 4.0). G–H, From California, USA (photo credit: © Eric Cleveland, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 67309235; B, 5803533; C, 65409696; D, 151649050; E, 235366216;F, 70621780; G–H, 220362964.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	Figure 6. Triphleba. A. From Sosa-Ri, South Korea (photo credit: © Wonwoong Kim, licensed under CC BY- NC 4.0 DEED). B. From Gloucester, USA (photo credit: © Jason M. Crockwell, licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED). C. From Berlin, Germany (photo credit: © Alexis, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). D. From Nepřevázka, Czechia (photo credit: © Petr Harant, all rights reserved). E, From Ilmatsalu, Estonia (photo credit: © Urmas Tartes, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). F, From Ukraine (photo credit: © Roman, licensed under CC BY 4.0). G–H, From California, USA (photo credit: © Eric Cleveland, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 67309235; B, 5803533; C, 65409696; D, 151649050; E, 235366216;F, 70621780; G–H, 220362964.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	2025-02-28	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor		Zenodo	biologists	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor			
D76CE4784008E524FEB29D92FD3AA746.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14971630/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971630	Figure 7. Wharia (A–B) and unknown genus 1 (C–D) mating, unknown genus 2 female swarm (E–F). A–B. From Dunedin, Tomahawk Lagoon, New Zealand (photo credit: © Steve Kerr, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). C–D. From Wellington, New Zealand (photo credit: © Michael Berardozzi, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E–F. From Manú Province, Peru (photo credit: © Rich Hoyer, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). All photos obtained from INaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A–B, 37566558, C–D, 200861568, E–F, 203518040. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	Figure 7. Wharia (A–B) and unknown genus 1 (C–D) mating, unknown genus 2 female swarm (E–F). A–B. From Dunedin, Tomahawk Lagoon, New Zealand (photo credit: © Steve Kerr, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). C–D. From Wellington, New Zealand (photo credit: © Michael Berardozzi, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E–F. From Manú Province, Peru (photo credit: © Rich Hoyer, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). All photos obtained from INaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A–B, 37566558, C–D, 200861568, E–F, 203518040. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	2025-02-28	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor		Zenodo	biologists	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor			
D76CE4784008E524FEB29D92FD3AA746.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14971636/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971636	Figure 10. Phalacrotophora. A–B. From Donaustadt, 1220 Wien, Austria (photo credit: carnifex). C. From Iasi, Romania (photo credit: © ellas, all rights reserved). D. From Ohio, USA (photo credit: © fuzzyspider,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E. From Toronto, Canada (photo credit: © brian stahls, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). F. From District of Columbia, USA (photo credit: Katja Schulz). G. From Dundas, Ontario, Canada (photo credit: Steve Marshall). H. From Durbanville, Cape Town, South Africa (photo credit: © Cecile Roux, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED). Except for C and G, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A–B, 84105331; D, 82485316; E, 86632821; F, 759565; H, 117471418. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	Figure 10. Phalacrotophora. A–B. From Donaustadt, 1220 Wien, Austria (photo credit: carnifex). C. From Iasi, Romania (photo credit: © ellas, all rights reserved). D. From Ohio, USA (photo credit: © fuzzyspider,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E. From Toronto, Canada (photo credit: © brian stahls, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). F. From District of Columbia, USA (photo credit: Katja Schulz). G. From Dundas, Ontario, Canada (photo credit: Steve Marshall). H. From Durbanville, Cape Town, South Africa (photo credit: © Cecile Roux, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED). Except for C and G, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A–B, 84105331; D, 82485316; E, 86632821; F, 759565; H, 117471418. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	2025-02-28	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor		Zenodo	biologists	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor			
D76CE4784008E524FEB09E62FE8CA08E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14971634/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971634	Figure 9. Melaloncha mating. A. From Paraná, Brazil (photo credit: © mtwe82, all rights reserved, iNaturalist observation 101776264). B. From Costa Rica (photo credit:Kenji Nishida). C. From Argentina (photo credit: © RAP, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED, iNaturalist observation 245621305). All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	Figure 9. Melaloncha mating. A. From Paraná, Brazil (photo credit: © mtwe82, all rights reserved, iNaturalist observation 101776264). B. From Costa Rica (photo credit:Kenji Nishida). C. From Argentina (photo credit: © RAP, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED, iNaturalist observation 245621305). All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	2025-02-28	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor		Zenodo	biologists	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor			
D76CE4784008E53AFE939813FE07A214.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/14971636/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971636	Figure 10. Phalacrotophora. A–B. From Donaustadt, 1220 Wien, Austria (photo credit: carnifex). C. From Iasi, Romania (photo credit: © ellas, all rights reserved). D. From Ohio, USA (photo credit: © fuzzyspider,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E. From Toronto, Canada (photo credit: © brian stahls, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). F. From District of Columbia, USA (photo credit: Katja Schulz). G. From Dundas, Ontario, Canada (photo credit: Steve Marshall). H. From Durbanville, Cape Town, South Africa (photo credit: © Cecile Roux, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED). Except for C and G, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A–B, 84105331; D, 82485316; E, 86632821; F, 759565; H, 117471418. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	Figure 10. Phalacrotophora. A–B. From Donaustadt, 1220 Wien, Austria (photo credit: carnifex). C. From Iasi, Romania (photo credit: © ellas, all rights reserved). D. From Ohio, USA (photo credit: © fuzzyspider,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E. From Toronto, Canada (photo credit: © brian stahls, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). F. From District of Columbia, USA (photo credit: Katja Schulz). G. From Dundas, Ontario, Canada (photo credit: Steve Marshall). H. From Durbanville, Cape Town, South Africa (photo credit: © Cecile Roux, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED). Except for C and G, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A–B, 84105331; D, 82485316; E, 86632821; F, 759565; H, 117471418. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.	2025-02-28	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor		Zenodo	biologists	Ament, Danilo César;Brown, Brian Victor			
