taxonID	type	description	language	source
D8429878FFE4FFB8FF58FC339377FC6B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (from the protologue): — Arachnites perigonii laciniis exterioribus ovato-lanceolatis patentibus, binis interioribus gynostemio subincurvo, et breviter rostrato acuminato subduplo brevioribus, ovatis, acutis, in pagina superiore villosiusculis, labello obovato, pseudo-trilobo, in disco glabriusculo, lineolis maculisque polymorphis inscripto, in ambitu holosericeo, lobis lateralibus adnatis, abbreviatis, velutinis, basi gibbere conico, obtuso, extus villoso, intus ad axillas glabro instructis, medio obsolete bilobo, in appendicula inflexa late-obovata terminato. Ind. Loc.: — [SICILY] “ Habitat in collibus, pratis et pascuis, et in lapidosis demissis Siciliae meridionalis. Habui ex collibus di Avola ab amicissimo Bianca ”. Lectotype (here designated): — [SICILY] Arachnites biancae Tod. Orchid. Sic. p. 83, in collibus, Avola, Aprili, Bianca [manu A. Todaro] (PAL 87806! https: // herbarium. unipa. it / zoomify / view _ img. asp? ic = 87806). The specimen PAL 87806, selected for typification, was collected by Bianca. The herbarium sheet bears two inflorescences and a sachet containing three mature capsules; two labels also occur, one handwritten by Todaro (“ Arachnites biancae Tod. Orchid. Sic. p. 83, in collibus Avola, Aprili, Bianca ”), the second written by M. Lojacono-Pojero (“ non differisce dall’ oxyrhynchos Tod. ” [= it does not differ from (Ophrys) oxyrhynchos Tod.]). Although there is no clear evidence regarding the date of its collection, the specimen PAL 87806 can be considered as original material because Todaro himself refers to it in the protologue (Todaro 1842) (see above, “ Ind. Loc. ”). PAL 87806 matches the protologue and corresponds to the current application of the name (e. g. Delforge 2016, Grünanger 2017, Kreutz 2024) by showing key diagnostic traits such as trapezoidal labellum and marked gibbae. Note: — The epithet refers to Giuseppe Bianca, Sicilian agronomist and botanist, friend of Todaro and author of the work “ Flora dei dintorni di Avola ” [= Flora of the surroundings of Avola], dedicated to the surroundings of his hometown, located in southeastern Sicily. According to Todaro (1842) Bianca was the one who found and sent him some specimens of this orchid, proposing the binomial Ophrys discors in a letter (not found by us) accompanying those samples. As Gussone (1845: 548) already pointed out, this epithet, reported by Todaro (1842) as a “ nomen nudum ” (“ Ophrys discors Bianca in litteris! ”), should be considered illegitimate, since Bianca himself (1842) listed as synonym the just (already) published Arachnites biancae Tod., when describing it. Regarding the use of the spelling “ oxyrhynchos ” in the combination accepted here for the concerned name, see below.	en	Pasta, Salvatore, Troia, Angelo, Rosa, Alfonso La, Scafidi, Filippo (2025): Typification of the names of three Sicilian endemic Orchidaceae published by Agostino Todaro. Phytotaxa 693 (2): 157-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.693.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.693.2.4
D8429878FFE4FFB8FF58FC339377FC6B.taxon	description	Note: — From a morphological point of view, Ophrys oxyrhynchos subsp. biancae (Fig. 1) is close to O. oxyrhynchos subsp. oxyrhynchos, from which it differs by the colour of the sepals and tepals which are white to green and bear a greenish midvein; the size of the flowers, which are smaller; the shape and the colour of the labellum, which is sub-quadrangular and convex, red in the central part and often with a more or less wide yellow margin, with two small rounded gibbae, and the smaller speculum (Grünanger 2017). It is a slender plant, about 15 – 25 cm tall, flowering between March and April. Endemic to Sicily, it grows in garrigues, xeric grasslands, forest clearings and fringes, between 50 and 800 m elevation, mostly on base-rich soils. Never observed on Peloritani Mts. (NE Sicily), this taxon occurs in the rest of the island, being more common near Palermo and on the Hyblaean Plateau.	en	Pasta, Salvatore, Troia, Angelo, Rosa, Alfonso La, Scafidi, Filippo (2025): Typification of the names of three Sicilian endemic Orchidaceae published by Agostino Todaro. Phytotaxa 693 (2): 157-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.693.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.693.2.4
D8429878FFE4FFB8FF58FC339377FC6B.taxon	materials_examined	Additional specimens examined: a) “ Ophrys discors Bianca / in collibus, et in demissis herbosis (Avola) / Aprili – Majo / Bianca ” [manu Bianca] and / “ da Bianca in Marzo 1858 ” [manu Parlatore?] (FI 007073). b) The specimen NAP 0003684 consists of a floral scape bearing the label “ Ophrys discors Bianca! Ophrys oxyrhynchos var. ex ipso / in pl. [?] p. 14 ” [manu Gussone]; on a second label on which is fixed a single flower we read “ Ophrys discors Nob. ” [manu Bianca]. c) The specimen NAP 0003687 is a drawing made by Bianca himself, as testified by two accompanying labels, where we read “ Ophrys discors Nob. dis. [egnato] in proprio ” [manu Bianca] and “ ic. ex ipso Bianca ” [manu Gussone].	en	Pasta, Salvatore, Troia, Angelo, Rosa, Alfonso La, Scafidi, Filippo (2025): Typification of the names of three Sicilian endemic Orchidaceae published by Agostino Todaro. Phytotaxa 693 (2): 157-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.693.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.693.2.4
D8429878FFE6FFB9FF58FF799421F27D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (from the protologue): — Labello obovato, subelongato, trilobo, lobis lateralibus dependentibus, basi gibbere conico instructis. Ind. Loc.: — [SICILY] “ Habitat in collibus calcareis. Palermo, Castelbuono, Caltanissetta (Heldreich), Catania (Biv.) ”. Neotype (here designated): — [SICILY] “ Arachnites fuciflora y. panormitana, in Monte Gallo in aridissimis calcareis [manu A. Todaro], M [isit] Todaro, 1843 [manu Richard] ”. (MNHN-P-P 02101497! image available at https: // mediaphoto. mnhn. fr / media / 1441305133744 vPlk 92 FABrKuPw 6 L). In PAL we found a specimen (PAL 94969) (https: // herbarium. unipa. it / zoomify / view _ img. asp? ic = 94969) bearing two mature individuals collected at Mt. Gallo, located within the municipality of Palermo. This specimen includes two different labels without date. The first reports the following information: “ Arachnites fuciflora y. panormitana Tod. Orchid. Sic. p. 75, Martio collibus calcareis — M. Gallo [manu A. Todaro] ”. On the second label, bearing the heading R. [egio] Orto Botanico di Palermo [= Royal Botanic Garden of Palermo], M. Lojacono-Pojero wrote: “ [...] rassomigli [...] cum Bertoloni [...] in macula speculiforme!, [cf. Ophrys] aranif. [era] var. specularia Reichb. Ic. p. 89, tab. 112. pg. 3, 4, 6, 7 ”. This specimen is not original material since there is no evidence regarding the date of collection, and the collection site is not explicitly cited in the protologue. In addition, the plants are not in good conditions. The specimen we selected as neotype, once belonging to the herbarium of Louise Claude and Achille Richard, was traced at P (P 02101497). It was collected by Todaro in Monte Gallo (near Palermo), and it includes one mature individual and part of an inflorescence, which match the protologue and correspond to the current application of the name (e. g. Delforge 2016, Grünanger 2017, Kreutz 2024) by showing key diagnostic traits such as a wide, three-lobed and hairy labellum. According to the Art. 9.3 of ICN, this specimen is not eligible for a lectotypification; in fact, the date (1843) indicated in the label is subsequent to the publication of the name (Todaro 1842) even if it could be original material, and the date could refer to the receipt of the specimen sent by Todaro. The same can be said about another specimen kept at FI: “ Arachnites fuciflora y. panormitana Tod. / an Arachnites fuciflora q. ambigua Tod., Ophrys incubacea Bianca in Tod. Orch. Sic. p. 75, Ophrys atrata Guss. non Lindl. ?? / in herbosis — Monte Gallo, Todaro ” [manu A. Todaro] and “ da Todaro in Dic. 1876 ” [manu Parlatore?] (FI 002696!). Note: — The epithet of the subspecies refers to Panormus, the ancient Latin name of the city of Palermo. O. exaltata subsp. panormitana (Fig. 2) looks very similar to O. exaltata subsp. exaltata, from which it differs by its clearly three-lobed labellum, almost total lack of apiculum and the early flowering period. It is a robust plant, able to grow up to 15 – 40 cm; the flowers are medium-sized; the colour of sepals and petals is rather variable, from whitish to pinkish or greenish. It blooms very early, i. e. between January and March. Endemic to Sicily, it occurs mainly in the north-west and south-east areas of the island, and it grows in grasslands, garrigues, forest edges and clearings, even in shady areas, up to 1200 m elevation.	en	Pasta, Salvatore, Troia, Angelo, Rosa, Alfonso La, Scafidi, Filippo (2025): Typification of the names of three Sicilian endemic Orchidaceae published by Agostino Todaro. Phytotaxa 693 (2): 157-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.693.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.693.2.4
D8429878FFE6FFBFFF58F9BE9383F3D2.taxon	description	≡ Arachnites oxyrhynchos (Tod.) Tod., Orchid. Sicul.: 81, t. 1, f. 7 – 8. 1842 ≡ Ophrys arachnites var. oxyrhynchos (Tod.) Parl., Fl. Ital. 3: 546. 1860 ≡ Ophrys arachnites subsp. oxyrhynchos (Tod.) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital. ed. 1: 661. 1882 [January – April 1882] (Ophrys arachnites subsp. oxyrhynchos (Tod.) Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur.: 697. 1882 [October 1882]) ≡ Ophrys arachnites f. oxyrhynchos (Tod.) Bolzon, Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1903: 39. 1903 ≡ Ophrys fuciflora var. oxyrhynchos (Tod.) E. G. Camus, Icon. Orchid. Europ.: 310. 1929 ≡ Ophrys fuciflora subsp. oxyrhynchos (Tod.) Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 26. 1927 ≡ Ophrys holosericea subsp. oxyrhynchos (Tod.) H. Sund., Taxon 24: 625. 1975 = Ophrys arachnites var. todaroi Nicotra, Prodr. Fl. Messan. 3: 459. 1883 Type: not designated. = Ophrys nicotrae Zodda, Malpighia 14: 183, tav. VII. 1900 ≡ Ophrys fuciflora fo. nicotrae (Zodda) Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 26. 1927 ≡ Ophrys fuciflora var. nicotrae (Zodda) E. G. Camus, Icon. Orchid. Europ.: 311. 1929 Type: not designated.	en	Pasta, Salvatore, Troia, Angelo, Rosa, Alfonso La, Scafidi, Filippo (2025): Typification of the names of three Sicilian endemic Orchidaceae published by Agostino Todaro. Phytotaxa 693 (2): 157-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.693.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.693.2.4
D8429878FFE6FFBFFF58F9BE9383F3D2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (from the protologue): — Ophrys tuberis subrotundis, calycis segmentis lanceolatis, operculis brevissimis, villosiusculis marginibus reflexis, labello obsolete-bilobo, subquatrato [sic], latere antico postico vix latiori, appendiculato, in disco convexiusculo, atque macula, vel lineolis glabriusculis notato, appendicula sursum versa, columnae in labellum parum inclinatae rostrello acuto. Ind. Loc.: — [SICILY] “ Habitat in pascuis sterilibus calcareis montosis. Panormi alla Pizzuta, alla Portella di S. Anna, a Miccini ”. Neotype: (here designated): — [SICILY] “ Arachnites oxyrhynchos Nob., in collibus Palermo a Miccini [manu A. Todaro], M. [isit] Todaro 1843 [manu Richard] ” (MNHN-P-P 02101487! image available at: http: // mediaphoto. mnhn. fr / media / 1441305133558 VigpKDoKgR 8 F 4 til). We traced candidate specimens for typification in P, PAL, FI and NAP. In fact, Todaro sent some specimens of Ophrys oxyrhynchos to Bertoloni as well (Bertoloni 1853). However, we could not consult any exsiccata from BOLO, because the genus Ophrys is part of the material in Bertoloni’s Hortus Siccus Florae Italicae that was destroyed or lost (U. Mossetti, pers. comm.). In addition to the specimen we selected as neotype, in P we found two more specimens (barcodes P 02101486 and P 02101488), whose original labels contain the following information: a) “ Ophrys oxyrhynchos Tod., Palermo ” (MNHN-P-P 02101486! image available at: http: // mediaphoto. mnhn. fr / media / 14413051335398 TtGaowNDwOnz 7 Xb). This specimen includes two individuals lacking the rhizome, fixed on the same sheet, and has no date. The label (including just the name and the provenance, i. e. “ Palermo ”) handwritten by Gussone, suggests that the specimen was collected and sent to him by Todaro and then forwarded to Richard, Gussone’s correspondent and orchid specialist, in Paris. b) “ Arachnites oxyrhynchos Tod., Palermo, Todaro ” (MNHN-P-P 02101488! image available at: http: // mediaphoto. mnhn. fr / media / 1441305133577 g 9 jOITdGt 2 z 4 S 5 Vg). This specimen includes two mature individuals, fixed to the same sheet. Once belonging to the Herbarium of E. Drake, these specimens seem to have been collected by Todaro himself, who also in this case wrote the label after 1840 using the generic name Arachnites. The attribution of this specimen to O. oxyrhynchos is doubtful; in fact, the plant on the left could be referred to some Anacamptis sp. owing to the form of the labellum and the presence of nectar guides. Two further specimens were found at PAL. The first one (PAL 87516) bears five mature individuals fixed in the same sheet and includes three labels, “ a Ponticapiddu, Ophrys oxyrhynchos, Mag. [18] 41 ”, “ Arachnites oxyrhynchos Tod. Orchid. sic. p. 81, Aprili, In collibus calcareis — Piano della Stoppa nelle vicine colline, M. Occhio — Pizzuta, Mirto, etc. ” and “ 1850, Ophrys oxyrhynchos Tod., Pizzuta ”; the last two mentioned labels are marked by Todaro’s stamp (PAL 87516! image available at: https: // herbarium. unipa. it / zoomify / view _ img. asp? ic = 87516). The second (PAL 87517) bears six mature individuals fixed in the same sheet and includes two labels marked by Todaro’s stamp, “ 31 Maggio 1842, Arachnites / Ophrys oxyrhynchos, M. Occhio ”; “ Girgenti Aprile 1842, Arachnites oxyrhynchos Todaro / Ophrys oxyrhynchos Todaro, N. [ome] sic. [iciliano] — visparia cu lu beccu puntutu ” (PAL 87517! image available at: https: // herbarium. unipa. it / zoomify / view _ img. asp? ic = 87517). As for the samples kept at FI (FI 002753 and FI 002754), the first label reads “ Arachnites oxyrhynchos Tod. [Ophrys arachnites Parl. Fl. It., later pencil note] / Oph. [ris] oxyrhynchos Tod. / in collibus herbosis — Palermo / Todaro [manu A. Todaro] / da Todaro in Dic. 1876 [manu Parlatore?] ”, the second “ Arachnites oxyrhynchos Tod. / Oph. arachnites Parl. Fl. It. / in collibus calcareis / Misilmeri ” [manu A. Todaro] / “ da Todaro 7 bre 1845 ” [manu F. Parlatore?] ”. Several specimens kept at NAP are referred to Ophrys oxyrhynchos. NAP 0003683 includes four flowered plants, two fragments of inflorescence and the following three labels: “ Ophrys oxyrhynchos Tod. / Palermo / Tineo ” [manu G. Gussone], “ Maggio / Sagana sopra Partinico ” [manu G. Gussone] and “ 7. Ophrys oxyrhynchos Todar. giorn. am. 1840 p. 74 et Orch. Sic. p. 18 / Martio – Aprili / in herbosis demissis vel submontosis ” [manu G. Gussone]. The label of NAP 0003685 is associated with another floral scape and is accompanied by two labels in which we read “ Ophrys oxyrhynchos Nob. / O: arachnites Rich. [macr. Franc.?] Koch syn. [fl.] germ. et helv. non Will [d.].! Bert [ol.]:! DC.! Pers.! Seb. et Mauri! / O: oestrifera Reich. cent: non M. B. / O: fuciflora Reich. cent: non Curtis! / Floret Aprili Majo [manu A. Todaro] and “ 1840 Todaro ” [manu G. Gussone]. Two flowering plants in NAP 0003686 are associated with the label “ Ophrys tenthredinifera W. var.? / San Martino alla Portella di S: Anna. Pizzuta ” [manu A. Todaro]. All things considered, the selection of a neotype is necessary since the available specimens bear no date, or, when occurring, is later than the year of publication of the name (see Art. 9 of ICN). The presence of two or more labels on the specimens conserved at PAL made it very difficult (or even impossible) to establish the origin of the plants fixed on each sheet, thus making the material from PAL unsuitable for typification purposes. The same problem occurred with NAP specimens. Therefore, preference should be given to the material kept at P. The specimen P 02101487 is here designated as the neotype. The label is handwritten by Todaro, who named the plant Arachnites oxyrhynchos, so the specimen was labelled after the publication of the name Ophrys oxyrhynchos (Todaro 1840) and sent to Claude and Richard in 1843. P 02101487 includes a complete mature individual that matches the protologue and corresponds to the current application of the name (e. g. Delforge 2016, Grünanger 2017, Kreutz 2024) by showing useful diagnostic traits such as a wide trapezoid labellum with no gibbae and a prominent and erect apicule. Note: — The original spelling “ oxyrhynchos ” proposed by Todaro (1840, 1842) is adopted here, according to ICN (Art. 60.1). The variant “ oxyrrhynchos ”, adopted by many authors after Todaro and also featured in IPNI (2024) and POWO (2024), is unjustified in this case from an orthographic point of view, because the doubling of the letter “ r ” after a vowel is neither mentioned nor prescribed by the ICN for such compound adjective. Moreover, both options (with one or with two “ r ”) are currently in use in Botanical nomenclature and were utilised in many similar cases, like for the desinence “ - rhinum ” in the genera Antirrhinum and Chaenorhinum. Similarly, for the almost identical desinence “ - rhynchus ”, there is no doubling of the “ r ” for the zoological names related to genus Ornithorhynchus and Otiorhynchus.	en	Pasta, Salvatore, Troia, Angelo, Rosa, Alfonso La, Scafidi, Filippo (2025): Typification of the names of three Sicilian endemic Orchidaceae published by Agostino Todaro. Phytotaxa 693 (2): 157-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.693.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.693.2.4
D8429878FFE6FFBFFF58F9BE9383F3D2.taxon	description	Ophrys oxyrhynchos (Fig. 3) is a slender plant, with a green perianth, revolute sepals along the margin and very short petals (less than 1 / 3 of the sepals). The labellum is large, enlarged at the apex, sub-quadrangular with barely outlined humps, with a large macula typically surrounded by a white line; the apicule is large, robust and typically turned and folded upwards. Endemic to Sicily, it grows in grasslands, garrigues and forest clearings and edges up to 900 m a. s. l. It blooms from March to May. This taxon occurs across the entire island (Bartolo & Pulvirenti 2005).	en	Pasta, Salvatore, Troia, Angelo, Rosa, Alfonso La, Scafidi, Filippo (2025): Typification of the names of three Sicilian endemic Orchidaceae published by Agostino Todaro. Phytotaxa 693 (2): 157-165, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.693.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.693.2.4
