identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
FCEA207284B850A691A539DDA5B98362.text	FCEA207284B850A691A539DDA5B98362.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alouatta palliata (Gray 1849)	<div><p>Alouatta palliata (Gray, 1849)</p><p>Fig. 2 D Mantled howler</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.05556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.869445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.05556/lat 9.869445)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'10"N, 085°03'20"W; 294 m alt.; 15.01.2018; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Medium-sized primate with dark fur and a brown to orange mantle on sides and rump, particularly marked in males. Face is black. Males show particularly visible white testicles. Frequently recorded thanks to its call, resembling a powerful roar in males (Wainwright 2007; Reid and Gόmez Zamora 2022). In line with the other monkey that occurs in the Wildlife Refuge ( C. imitator, see above) A. palliata is relatively common and widespread in the study area and in several areas of Costa Rica, but is considered globally vulnerable (Beal et al. 2020; IUCN 2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FCEA207284B850A691A539DDA5B98362	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
9D5DBDE2580C520FA9AC9400E2069C1D.text	9D5DBDE2580C520FA9AC9400E2069C1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caluromys derbianus (Waterhouse 1841)	<div><p>Caluromys derbianus (Waterhouse, 1841)</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.058334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.869166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.058334/lat 9.869166)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'09"N, 085°03'30"W; 290 m alt.; 26.03.2021; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Medium-sized. Characterised by a grey and reddish-orange fur, pink ears, and by a half-white and half-furred tail. The body is slender, with a prehensile tail constituting 58–67 % of total length (Wainwright 2007; Astúa 2015). Uncommon in the Wildlife Refuge. Recorded in different habitat types.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D5DBDE2580C520FA9AC9400E2069C1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
4C0B229E24C150AEBF11F61B22D7F15A.text	4C0B229E24C150AEBF11F61B22D7F15A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Canis latrans Say 1823	<div><p>Canis latrans Say, 1823</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.06334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.871944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.06334/lat 9.871944)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'19"N, 085°03'48"W; 384 m alt.; 11.02.2018; vocalisations .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Medium-sized canid, related to the Eurasian golden jackal Canis aureus (Linnaeus, 1758) both for morphology and eco-ethology (Wainwright 2007). The colour of fur varies from grey to different yellow-brown tones in the upperparts and usually has paler underparts. The snout is elongated, the ears are triangular and held erect, and the tail is long with a black tip. Adapted to several habitat types thank to the extremely varied diet. Its range is rapidly expanding from North America to South America. At present the coyote is reported only along the Pacific slope of Costa Rica (Hernández-Hernández and Chávez 2021; Reid and Gόmez Zamora 2022). In the Wildlife Refuge the coyote is recorded year-round, mainly in open areas near or within dry forest habitats.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C0B229E24C150AEBF11F61B22D7F15A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
138FBBEEE203558E89E7225A7954D3D1.text	138FBBEEE203558E89E7225A7954D3D1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cebus imitator (Thomas 1903)	<div><p>Cebus imitator (Thomas, 1903)</p><p>Fig. 2 C Central American white-faced capuchin</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.06111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.865278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.06111/lat 9.865278)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°51'55"N, 085°03'40"W; 279 m alt.; 20.01.2018; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Medium-sized primate, typically characterised by a black fur, except for chest, shoulders, and frontal part of the head. The face is pink coloured. Tail elongated and prehensile. It cannot be confused with other primates in the region. This species was formerly included in C. capucinus (Linnaeus, 1758), whose range is currently limited to South America (Boubli et al. 2012). Even though common and widespread in the Wildlife Refuge and in many parts of Costa Rica this species results globally vulnerable (Beal et al. 2020; IUCN 2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/138FBBEEE203558E89E7225A7954D3D1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
CCCFDD291BF3562ABA548E1ED147A177.text	CCCFDD291BF3562ABA548E1ED147A177.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coendou mexicanus (Kerr 1792)	<div><p>Coendou mexicanus (Kerr, 1792)</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.05334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.8758335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.05334/lat 9.8758335)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'33"N, 085°03'12"W; 397 m alt.; 20.04.2019; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Medium-sized rodent with a black body and a pale-yellow head. Most of the hairs conceal yellowish spines, which are shorter and scarce underside. The head and ears are small, the nose is large and pink. The tail – thicker at the base – is prehensile, a unique feature among the Costa Rican rodents (Hernández-Hernández and Chávez 2021; Reid and Gόmez Zamora 2022). Rare in the investigated area. Recorded in transitional forest habitats.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CCCFDD291BF3562ABA548E1ED147A177	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
1C7F78C3770D5211B86BA83366D342E4.text	1C7F78C3770D5211B86BA83366D342E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conepatus semistriatus (Boddaert 1785)	<div><p>Conepatus semistriatus (Boddaert, 1785)</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.05778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.869722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.05778/lat 9.869722)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'11"N, 085°03'28"W; 295 m alt.; 21.01.2018; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Medium-sized. The fur of the trunk is black with two distinctive white stripes that run from the forehead to the rump. The white stripes along the body size distinguish this skunk species from the southern spotted skunk ( Spilogale angustifrons; see below). The tail is bushy, black at the base and then white. The snout is rather large, pig-like (Wainwright 2007; Reid and Gόmez Zamora 2022). In the Wildlife Refuge this species is recorded in various habitat types in all seasons.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1C7F78C3770D5211B86BA83366D342E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
C23D17F1DA5F532C903BFA3C9DB1438D.text	C23D17F1DA5F532C903BFA3C9DB1438D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cuniculus paca (Linnaeus 1766)	<div><p>Cuniculus paca (Linnaeus, 1766)</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.05806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.869722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.05806/lat 9.869722)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'11"N, 085°03'29"W; 294 m alt.; 20.01.2018; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>The paca is the largest rodent of Central America, reaching a head and body length of more than 700 mm (Pérez 1992), and a body mass of 6–10 kg. The ears and tail are short, the fur is reddish-brown with rounded, whitish spots in longitudinal lines on the sides of the body. It is similar to Dasyprocta punctata but can be distinguished by its larger size and the presence of white spotting (Wainwright 2007). Relatively common in the study area mostly in moist forested habitats.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C23D17F1DA5F532C903BFA3C9DB1438D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
A9496FFCDD245025A6F5090E4E1FB6E6.text	A9496FFCDD245025A6F5090E4E1FB6E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dasyprocta punctata Gray 1842	<div><p>Dasyprocta punctata Gray, 1842</p><p>Fig. 2 F Central American Agouti</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.05778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.87" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.05778/lat 9.87)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'12"N, 085°03'28"W; 397 m alt.; 18.01.2018; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Medium-sized rodent, with a slim and elongated body. The ears are short, the tail is barely visible, and the hind feet are relatively longer than the forefeet. The fur varies in colour from reddish-brown to yellowish-brown. It can be distinguished from Cuniculus paca (see below) – another medium-to large-sized rodent widespread in Costa Rica – mainly by the lack of white spots and smaller size (Wainwright 2007). Fairly common in the Wildlife Refuge. Recorded in every habitat type in all seasons.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A9496FFCDD245025A6F5090E4E1FB6E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
D86468E074CE5AFFB04C980904C8A7FE.text	D86468E074CE5AFFB04C980904C8A7FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus, 1758</p><p>Fig. 2 A Nine-banded armadillo</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.040276&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.872222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.040276/lat 9.872222)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'20"N, 085°02'25"W; 295 m alt.; 10.02.2018; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Medium-sized armadillo. Characterised by an armoured body with 8 or 9 scutes. Distinguished from the other species of armadillo that occurs in Costa Rica, i. e., the northern armadillo Cabassous centralis Miller, 1899, by its close narrow ears, the long snout, an armoured tail and a noticeably arched carapace (Wainwright 2007; Pommer-Barbosa et al. 2023). Recorded in the Wildlife Refuge in various habitat types in all seasons. A very recent study based on both morphological and molecular data split D. novemcinctus into 4 distinct species. Following these results Costa Rican populations can be considered as belonging to two of these: D. fenestratus Peters, 1864 and D. mexicanus Peters, 1864 (Barthe et al. 2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D86468E074CE5AFFB04C980904C8A7FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
18354E177C25537DA580ED842E649432.text	18354E177C25537DA580ED842E649432.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diclidurus albus Wied-Neuwied 1820	<div><p>Diclidurus albus Wied-Neuwied, 1820</p><p>Fig. 4 A Northern ghost bat</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.05723&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.871111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.05723/lat 9.871111)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'16"N, 085°03'26"W; 302 m alt.; 18.01.2018; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Medium-sized bat with a totally white fur. The face and ears are yellowish and the wing membrane is pink. It is characterized by a sac around tail but no wing sacs. Roosts alone or with maximum 3–4 individuals together, frequently under palm leaves. Not abundant, but regularly recorded in various forested habitats. During our study it was frequently found under the Research Station’s roof. Its stable presence in the Wildlife Refuge is of particular interest as this bat is uncommon throughout Costa Rica (Wainwright 2007; Reid and Gόmez Zamora 2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/18354E177C25537DA580ED842E649432	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
03ADAF4E12A855A298CBFEA8E2C6CB64.text	03ADAF4E12A855A298CBFEA8E2C6CB64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicotyles tajacu (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Dicotyles tajacu (Linnaeus, 1758)</p><p>Fig. 2 B Southern collared peccary</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.05667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.871111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.05667/lat 9.871111)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'16"N, 085°03'24"W; 293 m alt.; 30.01.2018; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Medium-large sized mammal, often gregarious. The coat is dark grey grizzled, with light grey or pale tan. It has an inconspicuous pale tan collar that stretches from the top of the shoulder to the back of the cheeks. The triangular-shaped head is proportionally huge, and the snout is typically pig-like. The legs are short and thin. Young individuals are characterised by a reddish-brown fur (Wainwright 2007). Common in the Wildlife Refuge. Recorded in every habitat type in all seasons.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ADAF4E12A855A298CBFEA8E2C6CB64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
AA129063AD8F5951B876ED193B324574.text	AA129063AD8F5951B876ED193B324574.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758</p><p>Fig. 3 A Common opossum</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.05778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.869722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.05778/lat 9.869722)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'11"N, 085°03'28"W; 298 m alt.; 05.03.2018; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Medium-sized opossum, mainly nocturnal. Identified by shaggy grey guard hairs and pale underfur. The cheeks are characterised by a dirty yellow colour and its whiskers are black. The tail is longer than the head and body, black and white, with the white portion usually longer than the black one (Wainwright 2007; Astúa 2015). Common in the study area. Recorded almost in every habitat type in all seasons. A congener species ( D. virginiana Kerr, 1792) occurs in northwestern Costa Rica, and it is distinguished by a tail shorter than the head and body (Reid and Gόmez Zamora 2022 and literature therein).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AA129063AD8F5951B876ED193B324574	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
C0813C96CCD65A969F468AEC974BBEB1.text	C0813C96CCD65A969F468AEC974BBEB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eira barbara (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Eira barbara (Linnaeus, 1758)</p><p>Fig. 3 C Tayra</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.05778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.8741665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.05778/lat 9.8741665)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'27"N, 085°03'28"W; 378 m alt.; 09.02.2018; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Medium-sized mustelid, with an elongated body and neck, short limbs, and a long, hairy tail. The fur is all dark except for a slightly paler head and a whitish patch on the throat. Easily distinguished from other carnivores recorded in the Wildlife Refuge (i. e., jaguarundi above and northern neotropical river otter, see below) by its dark bushy tail, and often arboreal habits (Wainwright 2007). In the Wildlife Refuge this species is recorded in various habitat types in all seasons.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C0813C96CCD65A969F468AEC974BBEB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
3D0DDDF83A605944BC18D9BFAB193DDD.text	3D0DDDF83A605944BC18D9BFAB193DDD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Herpailurus yagouaroundi (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1803)	<div><p>Herpailurus yagouaroundi (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.058334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.873334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.058334/lat 9.873334)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'24"N, 085°03'30"W; 362 m alt.; 15.02.2019; camera trapping .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Medium-sized cat. Elongated body, long tail and proportionately short legs. Fur varies in colour from black-grey to reddish-brown. The black phase jaguarundi can look similar to Eira barbara (see below) but can be distinguished by a thinner tail and the absence of a white patch on the throat (Wainwright 2007). Mainly diurnal, unlike other cats of the Wildlife Refuge, which are nocturnal or cathemeral (Beal et al. 2020; Reid and Gόmez Zamora 2022). Uncommon in the Wildlife Refuge. Recorded in various habitat types.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D0DDDF83A605944BC18D9BFAB193DDD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
04907BA6213159A4909227AFAD2E0B61.text	04907BA6213159A4909227AFAD2E0B61.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteromys salvini Thomas 1893	<div><p>Heteromys salvini Thomas, 1893</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.059166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.867778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.059166/lat 9.867778)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'04"N, 085°03'33"W; 286 m alt.; 13.02.2019; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Small-sized. The upperparts are grey-brown to dark grey, while the underside, legs and feet are totally white or cream coloured. The tail length is typically equal to the head and body length, making this spiny pocket mouse unique compared to the three congeneric species found in Costa Rica, whose distributions do not overlap with its range (Reid and Gόmez Zamora 2022). Occasionally recorded in the study area in moist and transitional forests.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/04907BA6213159A4909227AFAD2E0B61	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
0815F808E1E4536E8E25EBFB296CCAF9.text	0815F808E1E4536E8E25EBFB296CCAF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leopardus pardalis (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Leopardus pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758)</p><p>Fig. 3 F Ocelot</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.05862&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.871944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.05862/lat 9.871944)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'19"N, 085°03'31"W; 334 m alt.; 15.01.2018; tracks .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Medium-sized spotted cat. The fur is usually short, pale sandy brown to pale yellow. The body is entirely covered with black spots, which on the flanks become elongated rosettes with brown centres and form a striped pattern on the sides. It may be confused with L. wiedii (see above), but larger and with a proportionately shorter tail, approximately 45 % of the head and body length (Wainwright 2007; Reid and Gόmez Zamora 2022). In the study area the ocelot is recorded in various habitat types in all seasons.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0815F808E1E4536E8E25EBFB296CCAF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
A234635323A5592DB59A2291A7D78F02.text	A234635323A5592DB59A2291A7D78F02.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leopardus wiedii (Schinz 1821)	<div><p>Leopardus wiedii (Schinz, 1821)</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.05972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.864167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.05972/lat 9.864167)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°51'51"N, 085°03'35"W; 275 m alt.; 15.03.2021; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Small to medium-sized spotted cat, smaller than the ocelot ( L. pardalis; see below). It may be confused with L. pardalis, but the tail is proportionately longer (ca. 70 % of head and body length), the eyes are larger and the snout is more protruding (Wainwright 2007). Mainly arboreal, differing from the other cats recorded in the Wildlife Refuge (Beal et al. 2020). Rare; recorded in forested habitats in the study area. This species is uncommon in Costa Rica and considered Near Threatened at a global level (IUCN 2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A234635323A5592DB59A2291A7D78F02	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
7F063239AC2E5238AF103059454CB54B.text	7F063239AC2E5238AF103059454CB54B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lontra annectens Major 1897	<div><p>Lontra annectens Major, 1897</p><p>Fig. 3 D Northern neotropical river otter</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.05862&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.869722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.05862/lat 9.869722)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'11"N, 085°03'31"W; 300 m alt.; 26.02.2018; camera trapping .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Medium-sized mustelid. The body is long and slim, the limbs are short, and the tail is long and stout, larger at its base. The fur is all dark brown, slightly paler around the throat and snout (Wainwright 2007; Beal et al. 2020). Central American populations of neotropical river otter were considered L. longicaudis, but a recent study separated them into a distinct species: the northern neotropical river otter L. annectens (de Ferran et al. 2024) . Anyway, the neotropical river otter L. longicaudis is listed as Near Threatened at a global scale (IUCN 2025). Rare in the Wildlife Refuge, recorded mainly in rainy season (May – December) only along rivers and streams running through forested habitats.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7F063239AC2E5238AF103059454CB54B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
AA78ACE73B055DB8AAE3D38B0C00B607.text	AA78ACE73B055DB8AAE3D38B0C00B607.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosa zeledoni Goldman 1911	<div><p>Marmosa zeledoni Goldman, 1911</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.06028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.06028/lat 9.866667)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'00"N, 085°03'37"W; 285 m alt.; 15.04.2018; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Small-sized opossum. The dorsal fur is dark, reddish-brown, slightly paler on body sides; it turns into a greyish-brown frosted with reddish-brown in older individuals. There is no midrostral stripe. Black eyes are surrounded by blackish-brown eye-rings (Reid 2009; Rossi et al. 2010; Astúa 2015). Uncommon. Recorded in different habitat types in the Wildlife Refuge.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AA78ACE73B055DB8AAE3D38B0C00B607	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
A44F7C93743F5F9FA28B6E77B07023FF.text	A44F7C93743F5F9FA28B6E77B07023FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nasua narica (Linnaeus 1766)	<div><p>Nasua narica (Linnaeus, 1766)</p><p>Fig. 2 E White-nosed coati</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>COSTA RICA • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.05778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.869445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.05778/lat 9.869445)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'10"N, 085°03'28"W; 296 m alt.; 15.01.2018; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Medium-sized procyonid, with an elongated and rather slender body. The upperparts are chestnut to orange-brown, often paler on neck and shoulders. Throat and top of the muzzle are white. Typical white spots above or around the eyes. The muzzle is elongated with blackish snout. The tail is long, with a variable ring pattern, and is often held vertically (Wainwright 2007). Fairly common in the Wildlife Refuge. Recorded in various habitat types in all seasons. The white-nosed coati was formerly considered a single species with N. nasua (Linnaeus, 1766), which is exclusive of South America (Pereira et al. 2018; Pommer-Barbosa et al. 2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A44F7C93743F5F9FA28B6E77B07023FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
0446B1CF1FE957958E400F3E0069E3E6.text	0446B1CF1FE957958E400F3E0069E3E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann 1780)	<div><p>Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.0575&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.870278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.0575/lat 9.870278)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'13"N, 085°03'27"W; 296 m alt.; 18.01.2018; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Large-sized deer. The upperparts are pale to orange, the face shows conspicuous white and black markings. Long neck, head elongated, legs thin and strong. It usually carries its head high while moving. Only males have antlers, which are branched and longer than those of the other deer that occurs in Costa Rica, i. e., the brocket deer Mazama americana Erxleben, 1777 (Wainwright 2007). In the Wildlife Refuge this species is recorded in every habitat type in all seasons. A recent study addressed the phylogeny of all New World deers (Odocoileini) and found that O. virginianus should be a paraphyletic taxon (Gutiérrez et al. 2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0446B1CF1FE957958E400F3E0069E3E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
73371B044C13509A894D4B406420138F.text	73371B044C13509A894D4B406420138F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oryzomys couesi (Alston 1877)	<div><p>Oryzomys couesi (Alston, 1877)</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.05778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.869445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.05778/lat 9.869445)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'10"N, 085°03'28"W; 297 m alt.; 13.02.2021; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Small-sized rodent. The upperparts are brown to orange-brown with some blackish hair. The underside is pale, whitish. The ears are relatively small and the tail is rather long and bicolor. The feet are white dorsally (Reid and Gόmez Zamora 2022). Recorded on a few occasions in clearings within forested areas or close to buildings in the study area.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73371B044C13509A894D4B406420138F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
7F5CC45114B45E3B9A625F2674595F35.text	7F5CC45114B45E3B9A625F2674595F35.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Philander opossum (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Philander opossum (Linnaeus, 1758)</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.05889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.868055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.05889/lat 9.868055)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'05"N, 085°03'32"W; 290 m alt.; 05.02.2019; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Medium-sized opossum, with nocturnal habits. Characterised by a white chin with darker upper labia, whitish belly and feet and a nearly uniform greyish brown dorsum. The ears are large and naked, rims are black, and a pale spot is present on forehead at medial base of ears. The tail is relatively small. Nose, lips, toes, and a region above chin are pink (Wainwright 2007). Recorded in various habitat types in the study area. Some authors split P. opossum into eight species and consider Costa Rican populations as P. melanurus (Voss et al. 2018; Reid and Gόmez Zamora 2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7F5CC45114B45E3B9A625F2674595F35	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
7529F1CE7343536F9FDE46343D78AAB1.text	7529F1CE7343536F9FDE46343D78AAB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Potos flavus (von Schreber 1774)	<div><p>Potos flavus (von Schreber, 1774)</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.058334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.873611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.058334/lat 9.873611)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'25"N, 085°03'30"W; 370 m alt.; 20.04.2018; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Medium-sized. The fur is golden yellow and rather woolly. The head is broad, with a short snout and small and rounded ears. The tail is long. Normally nocturnal and arboreal. The kinkajou is the only New World carnivore with a prehensile tail (Reid and Gόmez Zamora 2022). Recorded in the study area in different habitat types.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7529F1CE7343536F9FDE46343D78AAB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
72476C126C255D36B85E83366C1BC969.text	72476C126C255D36B85E83366C1BC969.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procyon lotor (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Procyon lotor (Linnaeus, 1758)</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.056114&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.871111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.056114/lat 9.871111)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'16"N, 085°03'22"W; 308 m alt.; 25.01.2018; camera trapping .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Medium-sized procyonid with a robust body and short legs. The face has a typical black mask, covering the eyes and cheeks and extending from the snout to the forehead and across the middle of the eyes. Another very similar species of Procyon, P. cancrivorus (Cuvier, 1798), is present in Costa Rica; this second species is mainly linked only to streams and beaches, and its range is limited to the central and southern Pacific slope of the country (Wainwright 2007; Beal et al. 2020; Reid and Gόmez Zamora 2022). In the Wildlife Refuge the northern raccoon is recorded in every habitat type in all seasons.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/72476C126C255D36B85E83366C1BC969	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
9F9C8788180053D7B1222FD211FB694C.text	9F9C8788180053D7B1222FD211FB694C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Puma concolor (Linnaeus 1771)	<div><p>Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771)</p><p>Fig. 3 E Puma</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.058334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.873334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.058334/lat 9.873334)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'24"N, 085°03'30"W; 362 m alt.; 10.04.2018; camera trapping .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Large-sized cat. The only larger felid in Costa Rica is the jaguar Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758) which was present in the Wildlife Refuge until the 1970 s (L. A. Mena Aguilar pers. obs.). The fur varies in colour from pale to reddish brown. Often black and white facial markings and a black tip on the tail. It may be confused with the red phase of H. yagouaroundi but is considerably larger (Wainwright 2007). The most widespread wildcat of the world, with a range expanding from Alaska to the southern tip of South America (Reid and Gόmez Zamora 2022). Records of females with cubs confirm that this species breeds within the Wildlife Refuge or in its vicinity (see also the Discussion chapter). Rare in the study area; recorded in different habitat types.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F9C8788180053D7B1222FD211FB694C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
57EE38A8D41F5EC3992E710AEDF500E5.text	57EE38A8D41F5EC3992E710AEDF500E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sciurus variegatoides Ogilby 1839	<div><p>Sciurus variegatoides Ogilby, 1839</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.05778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.869166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.05778/lat 9.869166)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'09"N, 085°03'28"W; 296 m alt.; 19.01.2018; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Small to medium sized rodent, with a long furry tail. The hair is extremely variable. Due to this characteristic at least seven subspecies are recognised in Costa Rica. All except E. v. melania – living in the southwestern part of the country – show a dark tail frosted with evident hairs, normally white to cream. The subspecies found in the Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge is S. v. atrirufus, characterised by a totally orange fur, except for a black midline on its back. This subspecies is endemic to southern Nicoya Peninsula (Mammal Diversity Database 2025). Some authors consider this species as belonging to genus Echinosciurus (de Abreu-Jr et al. 2020; Reid and Gόmez Zamora 2022). Fairly common in the Wildlife Refuge. Recorded in various habitat types in all seasons.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/57EE38A8D41F5EC3992E710AEDF500E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
B8FFA551D7BD5364929F1C5F3CDDF168.text	B8FFA551D7BD5364929F1C5F3CDDF168.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sigmodon hirsutus (Burmeister 1854)	<div><p>Sigmodon hirsutus (Burmeister, 1854)</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.0575&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.87" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.0575/lat 9.87)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'12"N, 085°03'27"W; 298 m alt.; 20.01.2023; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Small-sized rodent, with a grey-brown fur, paler below. The skin of the hind feet is rather dark. The nose is blunt, the ears are round and hairy. The tail is shorter than the head and body length (Reid and Gόmez Zamora 2022). Recorded on a few occasions in clearings within forested areas or close to buildings in the Wildlife Refuge.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B8FFA551D7BD5364929F1C5F3CDDF168	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
8F7E72FBB46F536D8179D1E02775AFDA.text	8F7E72FBB46F536D8179D1E02775AFDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spilogale angustifrons Howell 1902	<div><p>Spilogale angustifrons Howell, 1902</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.056946&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.869166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.056946/lat 9.869166)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'09"N, 085°03'25"W; 306 m alt.; 31.03.2019; camera trapping .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Small-sized skunk, with short legs and elongated body. The fur is black, with white stripes and spots. The tail is proportionately short, mainly white, black at the base. Occasionally recorded in the study area in transitional forest. In Costa Rica it is known only from the northwestern part of the country (Reid and Gόmez Zamora 2022). Further remarks on the range of S. angustifrons are reported in the Discussion.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8F7E72FBB46F536D8179D1E02775AFDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
2BBCF82A57AF5871B8C15E40CAE9F432.text	2BBCF82A57AF5871B8C15E40CAE9F432.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tamandua mexicana (de Saussure 1860)	<div><p>Tamandua mexicana (de Saussure, 1860)</p><p>Fig. 3 B Northern tamandua</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.0575&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.871111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.0575/lat 9.871111)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'16"N, 085°03'27"W; 302 m alt.; 07.02.2018; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Medium-large sized anteater. The coat is golden-brown. The tail is long and prehensile. This species is both terrestrial and arboreal. When walking the northern tamandua folds inwards the forefeet’s claws and places its weight on knuckles (Wainwright 2007; Reid and Gόmez Zamora 2022). Recorded in various habitat types in all seasons in the Wildlife Refuge.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2BBCF82A57AF5871B8C15E40CAE9F432	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
A06B322CBAAD52B38FBB8A4D7C7C0320.text	A06B322CBAAD52B38FBB8A4D7C7C0320.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Urocyon cinereoargenteus (von Schreber 1775)	<div><p>Urocyon cinereoargenteus (von Schreber, 1775)</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.0575&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.874445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.0575/lat 9.874445)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'28"N, 085°03'27"W; 382 m alt.; 02.02.2019; direct observation .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Relatively small canid, smaller than the coyote, with rather short legs. The fur is mainly grey in the upperparts and brownish-rufous in the underparts; throat and cheeks white. The colours of the upper and lower sides are delimited by a brownish band. The ears are triangular and held erect, the tail is bushy with black tip. The throat is white and the face grey, and the sides of the neck, the abdomen and the base of the tail are reddish. This species is one of the few canids able to climb trees (Hernández-Hernández and Chávez 2021; Reid and Gόmez Zamora 2022). Occasionally recorded in dry habitats in the Wildlife Refuge.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A06B322CBAAD52B38FBB8A4D7C7C0320	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
2EBC3A2FC5595BD9BEE576173AC4C92A.text	2EBC3A2FC5595BD9BEE576173AC4C92A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vampyrum spectrum (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Vampyrum spectrum (Linnaeus, 1758)</p><p>Fig. 5 F Spectral bat</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • Puntarenas Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.0575&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.870556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.0575/lat 9.870556)">Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge</a>; 09°52'14"N, 085°03'27"W; 296 m alt.; 10.12.2021; mist netting .</p><p>Identification.</p><p>Very large bat, the biggest in the New World. The upperparts are dark brown to orange-brown, with a pale white line from shoulders to rump; the fur ventrally is greyish. Nose leaf is whitish and cup-shaped. The ears are large and rounded. The tail is absent and the feet and claws are robust and elongated. Normally roosts in family groups in hollow trees. The spectral bat is a predator that feeds on a wide variety of vertebrates, including marsupials, rodents, and several birds. Rare; recorded on a few occasions in the study area. This is one of the most relevant mammals of the Wildlife Refuge from a conservation perspective, as it is considered near threatened worldwide. A female with enlarged nipples was captured during a mist netting session, testifying to the successful reproduction of this species within the Wildlife Refuge or its surrounding areas (Reid and Gόmez Zamora 2022; IUCN 2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2EBC3A2FC5595BD9BEE576173AC4C92A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Fonda, Federica;Vezzani, Liam;Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel;Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés;Bolaños Brenes, Alexander;Lopez, Dayron Manuel;Romeo, Giuseppe;Sonetti, Dario;Dal Zotto, Matteo	Fonda, Federica, Vezzani, Liam, Mena Aguilar, Luis Ángel, Venegas-Elizondo, Carlos Andrés, Bolaños Brenes, Alexander, Lopez, Dayron Manuel, Romeo, Giuseppe, Sonetti, Dario, Dal Zotto, Matteo (2025): Mammal diversity and tourism influence in an under-investigated region of Costa Rica. ZooKeys 1260: 37-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1260.128800
