identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
E40A87E31C622765E7EBFC8EFD62F9C2.text	E40A87E31C622765E7EBFC8EFD62F9C2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dendroichthydium ibyrapora Minowa & Kieneke & Campos & Balsamo & Plewka & Guidi & Araújo & Garraffoni 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dendroichthydium ibyrapora sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs 2–6; Table 2; Supporting Information, Table S3)</p>
            <p>Morphological diagnosis</p>
            <p> Dendroichthodium iborapora has a slender, fusiform body measuring 130–186 μm in length. Head oval, wide cephalion anteriorly located, large elliptical lateral epipleura and posterior, ventrolateral hypopleura. Hypostomium is reniform, posteriorly to the sub-terminal mouth ring, without internal cuticular teeth. Elongated elliptical trunk, with a sharply separated, narrow cylindrical furcal base, dorsally ornamented with four or five longitudinal columns of elongated scales with short simple spines. Long, laterally curved adhesive tubes, proximally broader and distally tapering to a blunt end. Pharynx narrow, with anterior and posterior dilatation; intestine straight, without differing sections, ending on the ventral anus at furcal base. Cuticular ornamentation is homogeneous, with well-organized, densely arranged small pedunculated one-lobed round to elliptical scales, distributed into 40–80 columns of 56–90 scales each, without gaps or overlaps. Te ventral field is covered with a column of 30 narrow rectangular plates from the pharyngeal region to the furcal base, with plates increasing in width towards mid-trunk, decreasing again towards the furcal base. </p>
            <p>Molecular diagnosis</p>
            <p> In the 18S rRNA gene, 36 of 1777 bp (2.0%) are diagnostic molecular characters (34: G, 42: C, 61: C, 62: A, 63: A, 76: C, 94: T, 105: T, 108: T, 118: A, 123: A, 141: G, 144: C, 150: G, 154: C, 171: T, 177: C, 277: C, 634: T, 652: C, 658: C, 660: A, 664: T, 687: T, 688: C, 701: T, 734: G, 796: T, 1073: C, 1080: C, 1368: C, 1395: C, 1533: A, 1553: A, 1568: T, 1569: A). In the 28S rRNA gene, 8 of 1292 bp (0.6%) are diagnostic molecular characters (458: A, 459: G, 460: C, 461: G, 464: A, 716: C, 761: C, 1106: G). In the COI mitochondrial DNA gene, 3 of 712 bp (0.4%) are diagnostic molecular characters (42: G, 143: T, 162: G). Te sequences of  Dendroichthodium iborapora were compared with the closest sequences in ML and BI analyses:  Bifidochaetus arcticus AMUMK 164 KP713403, KP713404;  Bifidochaetus veronicae HA2857 MN 496207, MN496274;  Chaetonotus aff. heideri GA 61 MN496208, MN496275;  Lepidochaetus tirjakovae VR 1 MW826075, MW826065;  L. tirjakovae VR 4 MW826076, MW826066;  L. tirjakovae VR 9 MW826077, MW826067;  Lepidochaetus zelinkai TK 180 JN185486, JN185527;  L. zelinkai TK 181 JN185487, JN185528;  L. zelinkai TK 227 JN185497, JN185534;  L.zelinkai TK 94 JN185503, JN185538;  Lepidochaetus brasilense TK 223 JN185495, JQ798658;  Ichthodium skandicum TK 182 JQ798573, JQ798645;  I. skandicum TK 96 JQ798606, JQ798673;  I. skandicum TR 839 MN496211, MN496278; and  I. skandicum TR 93 MN496225, MN496292. </p>
            <p>Autapomorphies</p>
            <p>Very small pedunculated scales on the dorsal, lateral, and ventrolateral body; four rows of small but strongly spined scales on the narrow cylindrical furcal base.</p>
            <p>Etymology</p>
            <p>From Nheengatu (a Brazilian indigenous language from Tupi language branch, within Tupi–Guarani language family, also know as Modern Tupi), Ibora, meaning ‘tree’, and pora ‘inhabitant’, meaning ‘the tree-dweller’.</p>
            <p>Examined material</p>
            <p>  Photomicrographs and video records from 10 specimens (3 adults and 7 subadults) in total (Table 2; Supporting Information, Table S 3). Digital image data are available in the  Museu de Diversidade Biológica at the University of Campinas under ZUEC-PIC 1087 (holotype) and nine accession numbers (ZUEC-PIC-1088–ZUEC-PIC-1096; paratypes), with additional video records under ZUEC-VID 1329–1335 at htps://www.ib.unicamp.br/museu_zoologia/ and in the authors’ collection. Afer observation, the physical specimens were preserved in ethanol, and four were used for DNA analysis (GenBank accession numbers PP694049–PP694056 and PP697535–PP697538)  . </p>
            <p>Type locality</p>
            <p>
                 Hoophila   moss on a tree at  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.97928/lat -23.233418)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.97928&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.233418">Serra do Japi Biological Reserve</a>
                 , Jundiaí City, São Paulo State, Brazil, 23°14 ʹ 00.3″S, 46°58 ʹ 45.4″W  . 
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            <p>Description</p>
            <p> Description based on adult holotype and two adult paratypes.  Dendroichthodium iborapora has a slender, fusiform body (Figs 2–4) 162–186 μm in length, measured from the anterior end to the posterior end. Te head is 29–43 µm wide, and the neck constriction is short and strongly marked, with a minimum diameter of 20–31 µm at the level of the pharyngeal–intestinal junction at U28 (Figs 3A, 4A). Te trunk is elongated and elliptical, only slightly wider (with 41–65.9 µm, widest at U51) than the head, and gradually tapers towards a sharply separated and very characteristic narrow cylindrical, furcal base (U73). Te adhesive tubes are 28–39 μm long and curved slightly ventrally and significantly outwards, with a well-marked proximal swelling, and gradually taper distally. Both adhesive tubes insert close to each other directly from the furcal base (Figs 3B, C, 4A). </p>
            <p>Te head is broad oval, rounded in front, without visible lobes dorsally (Figs 2, 3A). Te cephalion (U01–U02) is short and wide, close-fiting, inserted anteriorly on the head, visible on the dorsal head surface as a thin crescent, ~13 µm wide (Figs 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, B), clearly recognizable by the absence of the pedunculated scales (Fig. 3C). Te large elliptical pleura are located laterally and ventrolaterally to the head, giving the impression of a five-lobed head ventrally (Figs 3, 4B, 5A, B). Lateral epipleura are located posteriorly adjacent to the mouth ring (U03), followed posteriorly by ventrolateral hypopleura (Figs 3, 4B, 5A, B). Te hypostomium at U05 is reniform, with a wider posterior edge with anterior reinforcements, giving a slight double-edged aspect (Fig. 4B). Te sub-terminal mouth ring is ~10 µm wide and has long, finger-like reinforcements, without internal cuticular teeth (Fig. 4B). Ocellar granules are absent. Te pharynx (U03–U28) is 34–45 µm long and cylindrical (11–14.9 μm wide), with slight dilatations at the anterior and posterior ends, with the posterior dilatation being slightly wider than the anterior one (Figs 3A, 4A). Te pharyngeal–intestinal junction is at U28 (Fig. 3A). Te intestine is straight and with an almost constant width of ~25 µm (U28–U72), probably with a ventral anus. Tree pairs of cephalic ciliary tufs are present (Fig. 3). Te anterior tufs emerge dorsolaterally to the cephalion (U02), with numerous short cilia ~6 µm in length and one straight (≤22 µm in length) and a rigid bristle pointed anteriorly. One pair of suboral tufs of short cilia emerges laterally, adjacent to the edges of the mouth ring at the same position (U02), like the anterior tufs. Te third pair of cephalic ciliary tufs emerges ventrolaterally, between the epipleura and the hypopleura at about U05 (Fig. 3B–D). Te cilia of those tufs are more than twice as long (~12 µm) as those of the aforementioned tufs. Ventral locomotory cilia are arranged in two segmented ventral longitudinal bands, a tuf posterior to the hypopleura at U25 with very elongate cilia arranged in an arc-shaped manner (Figs 2, 3B) with nearly straight, ~22-µm-long cilia protruding almost perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the body (Fig. 4A, B), followed by the paired longitudinal bands, starting at U31 and running to U71 (Fig. 4A, D).</p>
            <p>Te dorsal, dorsolateral, lateral, and ventrolateral body surfaces are evenly and densely covered with pedunculated scales (Fig. 5B), clearly visible on the outermost edges of the body (Figs 2–5). Te lower plate is small, oval, with the peduncle inserted at its centre (Fig. 5). Te upper plate of the scale is droplet shaped, with the wide edge facing anteriorly and with the peduncle inserting at the anterior edge (Fig. 5). Te scales are distributed in 40–50 alternating columns, with 86–90 scales in the central column. Each scale is located close to its neighbours, without any gap, or overlaps with other scales (Fig. 4C, D). Owing to the alternating arrangement of columns, the dorsal scales appear well organized in several diagonal rows that resemble the pineapple segment patern (Figs 3, 4C, 5). Te scales show morphological homogeneity throughout the whole body, except for the dorsal side of the separated, narrow cylindrical furcal base (Fig. 3A, C), which is armoured with four longitudinal alternating columns of four to five elongated and short-spined scales each (Fig. 3A). Te entire lateral sides of the cylindrical furcal base are covered by a pair of 18-µm-long, keeled and deltoid-shaped scales (Fig. 4E). Te ventral interciliary area is covered with ≤47 short and wide rectangular plates, starting posteriorly, adjacent to the hypostomium (U05), gradually increasing in width to the mid-trunk, then only slightly decreasing in width again towards the posterior end until the sudden narrower last plate (U70) close to the abrupt transition to the cylindrical furcal base (Fig. 4D). Te pedunculated scales decrease in size from the dorsal to ventral body side, to the ventral scales located nearest to the ciliary bands, and they contour the ciliary bands from the mouth ring to the rear end (Fig. 4D).</p>
            <p> Dendroichthodium iborapora possesses three pairs of dorsal sensory bristles (Figs 3B, 4A, C). Te first pair is located on the anterior head region (U05), the second pair on the dorsal neck (U24), and the posteriormost dorsal pair of sensory bristles is inserted at the furcal base (U77), emerging from thin, elongated papillae (Fig. 4A). Te egg-bearing specimens (N = 3) have a very large oval egg, filling more than half of the body. Neither X-organ-like structures nor packets of presumptive sperm were observed. At the mid-trunk, there is a set of muscles (see next section) that allow the animal to constrict the middle of the body, giving the impression of having two eggs (Figs 2A, 3A). </p>
            <p>Muscular architecture: Te muscular architecture observed in somatic and splanchnic regions consisted of longitudinal, circular, and helicoidal muscles (Fig. 6). In the splanchnic region, ≤40 complete circular muscles occur along the whole length of the pharynx (Fig. 6A, C). Complete circular muscles are not present in the intestinal region. Helicoidal muscles are very thin and extend from the mouth ring up to the first one-third of the gut, wrapping all somatic and splanchnic longitudinal muscles in the pharyngeal region (Fig. 6C).</p>
            <p>Longitudinal muscles are present in dorsal, ventral, and lateral positions and span the entire body length (Fig. 6A). Longitudinal muscles insert anteriorly in the head region close to the mouth opening and extend posteriorly into the cylindrical furcal base, where they fuse in a single complex. Dorsally, a pair of longitudinal muscles inserts anteriorly on the mouth ring and extends posteriorly to the furcal base. A pair of thin muscles (Rückenhautmuskel) branches off from the later at U33, forming a dorsal arc, and apparently connects to the original muscles again at U76 (Fig. 6A, B). Te pair of lateral longitudinal muscles (Fig. 6A, B) insert slightly laterally in the head region at about U01 and extend into the furcal base, where they insert close to the base of each adhesive tube (U90). One pair of ventral longitudinal muscles (Fig. 6A) line up from the mouth opening posteriorly along the intestine until the mid of the furcal base. Both ventral longitudinal muscles and dorsal longitudinal muscles, apart from the arch-like branch of dorsal longitudinal muscles, are in a splanchnic position throughout their course through the animal (Fig. 6A, B). Although the paired lateral longitudinal muscles are also in a splanchnic position in the pharyngeal region, they curve laterally in the intestinal region (trunk) and occupy a rather somatic position there.</p>
            <p>Two dorsal to dorsolateral semicircular muscles were observed, one in the mid-intestinal region (U55) and a second pair in the furcal base (U95) (Fig. 6A, B). Te later could be responsible for the constriction between the rear trunk and the cylindrical furcal base, and the former pair of semi-circular muscles might be related to the constriction at the mid-trunk that was observed in some specimens (see above). Inside the adhesive tubes, also some weak signals of stained actin filaments were recognizable (Fig. 6B, D), probably cytoskeleton rather than muscles. Additional muscles could not be observed; however, it needs to be mentioned that the animals used in this study showed some paterns of degradation.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Te newly described species has a close affinity to  Chaetonotus (C.) silvaticus (Varga, 1963) , which is diagnosed and re-described in the next section. Both species share the following traits: (i) the distinctly separated narrow cylindrical posterior furcal base; (ii) the two long and externally and/or ventrally bent adhesive tubes; (iii) a dense cuticular ornamentation exhibiting a well-organized arrangement of small pedunculated scales; and (iv) followed by a sudden change of armature on the furcal base. Furthermore, both species share an interciliary armature consisting of short and wide rectangular plates, very difficult to see, and overlooked in previous records of  C. (C.) silvaticus (see Kisielewski 1991). Te most important difference with respect to  C. (C.) silvaticus are the cuticular structures of the body, which are significantly thinner in  D. iborapora , with a higher number of columns of scales (60–80 vs. 40–60) and with more scales in each column (56–90 vs. 40). Kisielewski (1991) reports Brazilian members of  Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) aff. silvaticus in ground  Sphagnum cushion. Te later species shares the cuticular ornamentation of the caudal furcal base armoured with short spines with  D. iborapora , but contrasts it for the short spines covering the whole dorsal cuticle (Kisielewski 1991, 1997). Also, similarities between the new species and members of the marine  Paucitubulatina genus  Caudichthodium Schwank, 1990 exist and, furthermore, with the rare Asian limnetic  Proichthydiidae Remane, 1927 species  Proichthodioides remanei (Sudzuki, 1971) and the Neotropical limnetic species Proichthodium coronatum Cordero, 1918. Tese and the possible systematic and phylogenetic inferences are addressed in the Discussion section below. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E40A87E31C622765E7EBFC8EFD62F9C2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Minowa, Axell Kou;Kieneke, Alexander;Campos, Ariane;Balsamo, Maria;Plewka, Michael;Guidi, Loreta;Araújo, Tiago Quintão;Garraffoni, André RinaldoSenna	Minowa, Axell Kou, Kieneke, Alexander, Campos, Ariane, Balsamo, Maria, Plewka, Michael, Guidi, Loreta, Araújo, Tiago Quintão, Garraffoni, André RinaldoSenna (2025): New branch on the tree of life of Gastrotricha: establishment of a new genus for limno-terrestrial species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae166, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae166
E40A87E31C62276CE4BFF9EAFAFAFCB2.text	E40A87E31C62276CE4BFF9EAFAFAFCB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dendroichthydium Minowa & Kieneke & Campos & Balsamo & Plewka & Guidi & Araújo & Garraffoni 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Dendroichthydium gen. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs 2–9)</p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p> Chaetonotidae with a fusiform body measuring 85–250 µm. Head oval and smooth, wide cephalion, large elliptical anterior, lateral epipleura and posterior, ventrolateral hypopleura. Hypostomium is reniform to rectangular, posteriorly to the subterminal mouth. Cuticular ornamentation is homogeneous, with well-organized and densely arranged, very small pedunculated, one-lobed round to elliptical scales, distributed into 50–90 longitudinal columns of 40–80 scales each. Elongated elliptical to fusiform trunk, with a long and narrow cylindrical furcal base sharply separated from the posterior trunk. Elongate, narrow, and laterally curving adhesive tubes, proximally broader and distally tapering. Pharynx cylindrical, with slight dilatations at both ends. Intestine is straight and constant in width, ending on the ventral anus at the furcal base. Ventral field from pharyngeal region to furca base covered with narrow rectangular plates, increasing in width towards mid-trunk, and posteriorly decreasing again towards furcal base. Furcal base naked or dorsally covered with large, short, simple, spined scales. </p>
            <p>Autapomorphies</p>
            <p>Elongate-rectangular smooth ventral plates covering the whole extension of the ventral pharyngeal and trunk regions (interciliary field) and a pair of long keeled scales lateral to sharply separated, narrow cylindrical furcal base.</p>
            <p>Etymology</p>
            <p> From the Greek Dendron-, meaning ‘tree’, referring to the peculiar semi-terrestrial and tree-related habitat of its members, and ikhthus + dium, meaning ‘small fish’, referring to the phylogenetically closest genus  Ichthodium and  Caudichthodium . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E40A87E31C62276CE4BFF9EAFAFAFCB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Minowa, Axell Kou;Kieneke, Alexander;Campos, Ariane;Balsamo, Maria;Plewka, Michael;Guidi, Loreta;Araújo, Tiago Quintão;Garraffoni, André RinaldoSenna	Minowa, Axell Kou, Kieneke, Alexander, Campos, Ariane, Balsamo, Maria, Plewka, Michael, Guidi, Loreta, Araújo, Tiago Quintão, Garraffoni, André RinaldoSenna (2025): New branch on the tree of life of Gastrotricha: establishment of a new genus for limno-terrestrial species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae166, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae166
E40A87E31C6B2767E4E2F9BFFE4FFE8D.text	E40A87E31C6B2767E4E2F9BFFE4FFE8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dendroichthydium silvaticus Minowa & Kieneke & Campos & Balsamo & Plewka & Guidi & Araújo & Garraffoni 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dendroichthydium silvaticus comb. nov. (Varga, 1963) </p>
            <p>(Figs 7–9)</p>
            <p> Sononomo:  Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) silvaticus (Varga, 1963) in Kisielewski 1997: 149. </p>
            <p> Aspidiophorus silvaticus Varga, 1963: 210 . </p>
            <p>Emended diagnosis</p>
            <p>Elongated, fusiform body measuring 85–250 μm in length. Head oval, without any visible lobes or notches in outline, with strong neck constriction and evenly widening body width towards mid-trunk. Distinctly separated narrow cylindrical furcal base, very long and ventrally and slightly outward-curved adhesive tubes, distally tapering to a blunt end. Wide, anteriorly positioned cephalion. Small elliptical epipleura and slightly smaller rounded posterior hypopleura. Rod-shaped hypostomium close to the mouth. Dorsal and lateral body covered with 40–60, evenly arranged columns of pedunculated scales. Furcal base dorsally covered by four or five alternating columns of five short-spined scales. Ventral interciliary field is covered by several transversal rectangular plates from the pharyngeal region to the furcal base.</p>
            <p>Head ciliature consists of scarce cilia organized in four sets of a few cilia each: three lateral tufs adjacent to each cephalic plate and a fourth ventral suboral tuf adjacent to the mouth edge with very short cilia. Te subterminal mouth is oval, with a small buccal cavity. A paired group of granular formations is laterally adjacent to the mouth opening. Ventral locomotory cilia form two longitudinal bands from the mouth ring to the furcal base. Te longest cilia are on the anterior part, and the length of the cilia decreases evenly to become very short in the posterior part of each band. Tere are two short sensory bristles at the cylindrical furcal base and at the base of the adhesive tubes. Te pharynx is 33 μm long, cylindrical, and with slight widening at both ends; the pharyngeal–intestinal junction is at U25; the intestine is cylindrical and wider than the pharynx, and the anus is ventrally situated. A fully mature, oval-shaped egg, sometimes a pair of eggs, fills more than half of the body, with a very thick shell bearing small spikes.</p>
            <p>Locality</p>
            <p> MichaelPlewka:treemossfromforestsinHatingenOberstueter, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, Moos in Wildenloh Edewecht, Germany;  Sphagnum moss, Helvete, Norway. </p>
            <p>Material examined</p>
            <p>Tree specimens (adults) in total, all photomicrographed.</p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p> Dendroichthodium silvaticus has a slender, fusiform body (Figs 7–9) 85–250 μm in length. Te head is wide, with a diameter of 22 µm at U10, and gradually narrows towards the neck constriction at U26 (minimum diameter of 16 µm), strongly marked against the widening trunk (Figs 7–9). Te trunk is stout and elliptical, only slightly wider than the head (widest at U55, at ~40 µm), and gradually tapers towards a sharply separated and highly characteristic narrow cylindrical furcal base (U77). Te adhesive tubes are only slightly set apart and point outwards. Tey are long and ventrally curved, with a well-marked proximal bulb, gradually tapering distally towards a blunt end (Figs 7A–D, 8A). Te head is anteriorly broad, oval, rounded in front, and from a dorsal view without visible epipleura and hypopleura (Fig. 8). Te small cephalion (U01–U02) covers the dorsal and anterior part of the head, clearly visible by the absence of the dorsal pedunculated scales, and is ~14 µm in width (Figs 7B, 8B, C). Tere are small elliptical lateral epipleura (7 µm long) and posterior ventrolateral hypopleura (6 µm long). Te hypostomium is transversal and rod shaped (3 µm in diameter), posteriorly adjacent to the mouth ring (U03). Te subterminal mouth is wide, with a large oral cavity having long and strong, finger-like inner reinforcements, but without cuticular teeth (Figs 8D, 9D). Ocellar granules are absent. Te pharynx (U06–U29) is cylindrical, narrow (diameter of 40 µm), and long, without visible dilatations (Figs 7A, 8A, C, 9D). Te pharyngeal–intestinal junction is subtle and slightly posterior to the neck constriction at U26 (Figs 8A, 9B–E). Te intestine is without separated sections. </p>
            <p>Cephalic ciliature consists of three paired ciliary tufs (Figs 7A, B, 9A). Te anterior tufs emerge dorsolaterally, lateral to the cephalion (U01), with two extremely long tactile rigid bristles pointed anteriorly. Te second tufs emerge ventrolaterally, between the epipleura and hypopleura (U02), and the third tufs are ventral and emerge laterally posterior, adjacent to the hypopleura, with long cilia perpendicularly oriented outwards (U05). Te ventral suboral tuf emerges laterally adjacent to the edges of the mouth with very short sensory cilia. Tere are ventral cephalic locomotory cilia in three paired tufs along the pharyngeal region at U10, U15, and U19 (Fig. 9A). Ventral locomotory cilia form two longitudinal bands running from the mouth ring area at U35 to the separated furcal base at U77 (Figs 7D, 9C).</p>
            <p>Te dorsal, lateral, and ventrolateral body is evenly and densely covered with small, one-lobed oval pedunculated scales, clearly visible on the outermost edge of the body (Fig. 8A). Te upper plate of the scale is very thin, oval (2 µm long), and connected to a rather thick peduncle. Te scales are distributed in 40–60 alternating columns, with 41 scales in the central column (Fig. 9A). Scales are closely located to one another, without gaps or overlaps between individual scales (Figs 7B, 8A, B). Te dorsal region of the separated narrow cylindrical furcal base is armoured with four to five alternating columns of five scales each, and laterally covered by a very large and wide smooth scale (without a keel); the ventral area is naked. Te ventral interciliary area is covered by 35 short but wide rectangular plates from the neck constriction (U35) to the trunk posterior rear end at the transition to the furcal base (Figs 7D, 9C). Two pairs of dorsal sensory bristles are present (Figs 7B, 8B, 9A). Te first pair is located on the neck (U27) and inserts directly on the cuticle at the head base. Posteriormost dorsal sensory bristles are inserted in the middle of the separated narrow cylindrical furcal base (U77), emerging from small papillae (Figs 7B, 8A). Te egg-bearing specimens carry either a very large ovum that fills almost the whole trunk region or might have a pair of large eggs on either side of the trunk. At the mid-trunk at about U54, there must be a certain muscle (pair) that enables repetitive constrictions of that area (Fig. 7C). Observations of living individuals showed this behaviour, with a frequency of contractions every few seconds. It seemed as if the mature egg was gently ‘kneaded’ by those contractions.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Initially placed in the genus  Aspidiophorus by Varga (1963), owing to its cuticular ornamentation, with the dorsal body covered by small, short-stalked scales, subsequent studies by Kisielewski (1991, 1997) suggested a taxonomic affiliation of this species within the genus  Chaetonotus , leading to its formal transfer to  Chaetonotus silvaticus , aligned within the subgenus  Chaetonotus s.s. (Kisielewski 1997, Balsamo et al. 2009). Tis reclassification was based on the presence of short-spined scales covering the dorsal part of the furcal base in Brazilian specimens; such spines/spined scales were already illustrated on the original holotype drawings (Varga 1963) and in subsequent reports (e.g. Tretjakova 1989), but not mentioned explicitly in descriptions (see Kisielewski 1991). Now, we have been able to confirm that the furcal base is also adorned with small spined scales in German and Norwegian specimens (present study). Kisielewski (1991) identified his Brazilian specimens not explicitly as  Chaetonotus (C.) silvaticus but as  Chaetonotus (C.) aff. Silvaticus , based on the assumed absence of such spines on the furcal base in the European form, and explicitly claimed re-examinations of European specimens. Our current re-investigation of European specimens not only demonstrated the presence of spined scales on the furcal base, but, furthermore, revealed rectangular plates on the entire ventral interciliary field. Tis peculiar cuticular coverage of the ventral surface has not been reported for  Chaetonotus (C.) silvaticus so far, neither from specimens of the type locality (Varga 1963), nor from specimens sampled in different Polish peat bogs (Kisielewski 1981). However, in the original description of  Chaetonotus (C.) silvaticus (i.e.  Aspidiophorus silvaticus ), Varga (1963) reports ‘big, very thin and loosely arranged scales’ on the ventral side. We are convinced that this was a misinterpretation of the rectangular plates, atributable to suboptimal microscopic equipment. Likewise, the reported absence of the ventral plates in Polish specimens is also rather weak (Kisielewski 1981): ‘…they seemed to lack any large scales on the ventral field. It seemed to be bare in all the specimens studied’. Interestingly, even one of the co-authors of the present study did not recognize the presence of these plates when he made the microscopic images 17 years ago. We are convinced that specimens of the earlier records of this morpho-species from the type locality in Hungary and from the Polish peat bogs indeed possessed rectangular ventral plates. Of course, such an assumption also has to be verified by re-examinations of specimens from both localities. Although we have so far no DNA sequence data of  D. silvaticus (all effort in 2023 to find fresh specimens in Germany for extracting genomic DNA failed), the overwhelming similarity (synapomorphic concurrence) to  D. iborapora makes a relocation of  C. silvaticus to the new genus well supported, even without molecular evidence yet. </p>
            <p>DNA-based phylogenetic analysis</p>
            <p> Te multi-gene phylogenetic analyses under ML and BI algorithms yielded topologies that are congruent with each other, with most of the common clades showing high nodal support (Fig. 10, 11). Among the families analysed, the family  Dasydytidae is shown as paraphyletic with species from  Neogosseidae and some  Chaetonotus lineages nested within, which, in turn, is nested in non-monophyletic  Chaetonotidae . Except for Polomerurus Remane, 1927,  Halichaetoderma Križanová &amp; Vďačný, 2023 ,  Lepidochaetus Kisielewski, 1991 , and  Bifidochaetus Kolicka &amp; Kisielewski, 2016 , the majority of  Chaetonotidae genera represented by two or more terminals in the analyses are not monophyletic, with members of  Aspidiophorus ,  Chaetonotus , and  Ichthodium scatered along the evolutionary tree, with alliances between different genera. Concerning Brazilian  D. iborapora , both analyses (ML and BI) strongly indicate (bootstrap&gt; 99 and Bayesian posterior probability = 1) it to be a sister-group of  Ichthodium skandicum Kånneby, Todaro &amp; Jondelius, 2009 , within a group containing  Bifidochaetus and various members of  Aspidiophorus and  Chaetonotus , with monophyletic  Lepidochaetus as the outermost group. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E40A87E31C6B2767E4E2F9BFFE4FFE8D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Minowa, Axell Kou;Kieneke, Alexander;Campos, Ariane;Balsamo, Maria;Plewka, Michael;Guidi, Loreta;Araújo, Tiago Quintão;Garraffoni, André RinaldoSenna	Minowa, Axell Kou, Kieneke, Alexander, Campos, Ariane, Balsamo, Maria, Plewka, Michael, Guidi, Loreta, Araújo, Tiago Quintão, Garraffoni, André RinaldoSenna (2025): New branch on the tree of life of Gastrotricha: establishment of a new genus for limno-terrestrial species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae166, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae166
E40A87E31C62276CE4BBFAFBFE5AF989.text	E40A87E31C62276CE4BBFAFBFE5AF989.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gastrotricha Mecnikow 1865	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phylum  Gastrotricha Mečnikow, 1865</p>
            <p> Order  Chaetonotida Remane, 1925 (sensu Rao and Clausen, 1970) </p>
            <p> Suborder  Paucitubulatina d’Hondt, 1971</p>
            <p> Family  Chaetonotidae Gosse, 1864 (sensu Garraffoni et al. 2017) </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E40A87E31C62276CE4BBFAFBFE5AF989	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Minowa, Axell Kou;Kieneke, Alexander;Campos, Ariane;Balsamo, Maria;Plewka, Michael;Guidi, Loreta;Araújo, Tiago Quintão;Garraffoni, André RinaldoSenna	Minowa, Axell Kou, Kieneke, Alexander, Campos, Ariane, Balsamo, Maria, Plewka, Michael, Guidi, Loreta, Araújo, Tiago Quintão, Garraffoni, André RinaldoSenna (2025): New branch on the tree of life of Gastrotricha: establishment of a new genus for limno-terrestrial species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae166, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae166
