identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
B9D5F0B24A755D9B9BD43CA25BFD0E4B.text	B9D5F0B24A755D9B9BD43CA25BFD0E4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrynarachne ceylonica (O. Pickard-Cambridge 1884)	<div><p>Phrynarachne ceylonica (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1884)</p><p>Figs 14–19, 26, 28</p><p>Phrynarachne ceylonica: Zhu and Song 2006: 549, f. 1–5 (♂ ♀).</p><p>P. ceylonica: Ono 2009: 504, f. 50–55 (♂ ♀).</p><p>P. ceylonica: Dash and Sivaperuman 2021: 50, f. 2 a – d, 3 a – b (♀). 1</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Laos • 1 ♀; Vientiane Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.4/lat 18.6)">environs of Nam-Lik Eco-Village</a>; 18°36'N, 102°24'E; 7. 07. 2017; M. M. Omelko leg.; hand-picking from vegetation; IBSS .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>By the dark coloration of the prosoma and opisthosoma, combined with the white femora and patellae of the walking legs, the female of P. ceylonica resembles those of P. katoi Chikuni, 1955 and P. xuxiake Lin &amp; Li, 2022 . It can be easily distinguished from the former by the presence of an epigynal hood (H) (vs. absent; cf. Fig. 19 and Ono 1988: fig. 23). From P. xuxiake, it differs by the width / length ratio of the median plate, which is 2.9 (vs. 2.5; cf. Fig. 17 and Lin et al. 2022: fig. 14 A).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Female (Figs 14–16, 26). Total length 7.28. Carapace 3.85 long, 3.69 wide. Opisthosoma 4.22 long, 4.80 wide. Carapace brown without pattern, with yellow edges anteriorly. Clypeus labium yellow and endites yellow. Chelicerae yellow. Sternum light brown with yellow spot. Dorsal part of opisthosoma brown without pattern. Lateral sides of opisthosoma yellowish with small brown spots. Ventral part of opisthosoma brown anteriorly, black posteriorly. Each side of opisthosoma with c. 15 triangular tubercles, each with a long seta on the top. Spinnerets light brown.</p><p>Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.15, ALE 0.18, PME 0.11, PLE 0.17; AME – AME 0.32, AME – ALE 0.18, PME – PME 0.39, PME – PLE 0.36, AME – PME 0.33, ALE – PLE 0.33. Clypeus height at AME 0.31, at ALE 0.46.</p><p>Leg and palp measurements: Palp: 1.07, 0.49, 0.67, 1.09 (3.32). Leg I: 4.87, 2.10, 4.00, 2.63, 1.46 (15.06). Leg II: 5.04, 1.98, 3.69, 2.48, 1.45 (14.64). Leg III: 2.71, 1.20, 1.64, 0.96, 0.95 (7.46). Leg IV: 2.79, 1.16, 1.81, 1.12, 0.93 (7.81).</p><p>Palp coloration: Fe and Pa yellowish white; Ti light brown; Ta light brown. Legs coloration: Fe I – II yellowish white with somewhat darker dorsal side, III – IV light brown. Pa I – II yellowish white; III – IV light brown. Ti I – II black half distally, yellowish-white proximally; III – IV light brown. Mt I – II black with tiny, irregular yellow spots; III – IV light brown. Ta I – IV yellow with light brown proximal part. Femora I and II with small tubercles; tibiae I and II with very long, slightly curved ventral spines (tibia I – 16; tibia II – 16).</p><p>Epigyne as shown in Figs 17–19, plate with M-shaped sclerotized margins, width / length ratio 1.3. Median plate (MP) broad and transversely elongate, with smoothly concave anterior edge and slightly arched posterior edge, lateral edges widened and directed anteriorly; hood (H) bell-shaped, clearly visible; width / length ratio 2.9 Copulatory openings (CO) distinct. Receptacles (Re) kidney-shaped, anterior portions narrow and forward-directed, widely separated from each other anteriorly, with uneven surface; anterior / posterior edge width ratio c. 1.25. Fertilization ducts (FD) diagonal.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>This species has the widest distribution range in Asia, extending for about 5000 kilometers from Sri Lanka in the west to Ishigaki Island (Japan) in the east.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>India (Assam, Andaman and Nicobar Islands), Sri Lanka, China (Guangxi, Yunnan), Taiwan, Japan (Iriomote-jima and Ishigaki islands), Laos (new record) (Fig. 28).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B9D5F0B24A755D9B9BD43CA25BFD0E4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Omelko, Mikhail M.	Omelko, Mikhail M. (2025): New species and new records of Phrynarachne crab spiders (Araneae, Thomisidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1257: 55-70, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1257.165973
D1E7D3A5CA565DBCB3F50451C37CF100.text	D1E7D3A5CA565DBCB3F50451C37CF100.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrynarachne decipiens (Forbes 1884)	<div><p>Phrynarachne decipiens (Forbes, 1884)</p><p>Figs 20–25, 27, 28</p><p>Thomisus decipiens: Jacobson 1921: 186, pl. 12, f. 1–4 (♀).</p><p>Phrynarachne decipiens: Das et al. 2024: 63, f. 1–10 (♀). 2</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Laos • 1 ♀; Vientiane Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.4/lat 18.6)">environs of Nam-Lik Eco-Village</a>; 18°36'N, 102°24'E; 7. 07. 2017; M. M. Omelko leg.; hand-picking from vegetation; IBSS .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>By the coloration of the carapace and opisthosoma, with small, rounded tubercles, the female of P. decipiens resembles those of P. storozhenkoi sp. nov. For differences between these species, see the diagnosis of the latter.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Female (Figs 20–22, 27). Total length 11.67. Carapace 4.55 long, 5.05 wide. Opisthosoma 7.62 long, 8.04 wide. Carapace yellowish white with a couple of black spots posteriorly. Clypeus yellowish white. Chelicerae light brown with yellowish-white proximal part. Labium black with yellow distal edge. Endites yellowish. Sternum yellowish white. Dorsal part of opisthosoma yellowish white with light brown spot posteriorly. Lateral sides of opisthosoma yellowish white with some brown spots. Ventral part of opisthosoma yellowish white with two longitudinal brown stripes. Each side of opisthosoma with c. 15 triangular tubercles, each with a clavate seta on the top. Spinnerets light brown.</p><p>Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.18, ALE 0.20, PME 0.14, PLE 0.15; AME – AME 0.35, AME – ALE 0.21, PME – PME 0.53, PME – PLE 0.46, AME – PME 0.35, ALE – PLE 0.33. Clypeus height at AME 0.36, at ALE 0.47.</p><p>Leg and palp measurements: Palp: 1.39, 0.95, 0.99, 1.63 (4.96). Leg I: 5.36, 2.48, 3.37, 3.88, 1.58 (16.67). Leg II: 5.48, 2.46, 3.45, 3.67, 1.69 (16.75). Leg III: 2.94, 1.73, 1.81, 1.35, 1.17 (9.00). Leg IV: 3.10, 1.50, 2.28, 1.39, 1.02 (9.29).</p><p>Palp coloration: Fe and Pa yellowish white; Ti yellowish white with brown spots; Ta brown. Legs coloration: Fe I – II yellowish white with black irregular spots, III – IV yellowish white with brown spots. Pa I – IV yellowish white with darker dorsal side. Ti I – II black half distally, yellowish-white proximally; III – IV yellowish white with irregular brown spots. Mt I – II dark brown with tiny yellow spots; III – IV yellowish white with irregular brown spots. Ta I – II brown with yellow prolateral side; III yellow with brown distal part; IV yellow. Femora I and II with small tubercles; tibiae I and II with large ventral spines (tibia I – 8; tibia II – 7).</p><p>Epigyne as shown in Figs 23–25, with M-shaped sclerotized margins, width / length ratio 1.3. Median plate (MP) broad and transversely elongate, with smoothly concave anterior and posterior edges, lateral edges widened and directed anteriorly; hood clearly absent; width / length ratio 2.7. Copulatory openings (CO) distinct. Receptacles (Re) kidney-shaped, closely placed to each other anteriorly, with uneven surface, anterior parts almost parallel mesally; anterior / posterior edge width ratio c. 1.75. Fertilization ducts (FD) diagonal.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>See the information on the distribution of this species in the Discussion section.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>India, Malaysia (Malay Peninsula), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra) and Laos (new record) (Fig. 28).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D1E7D3A5CA565DBCB3F50451C37CF100	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Omelko, Mikhail M.	Omelko, Mikhail M. (2025): New species and new records of Phrynarachne crab spiders (Araneae, Thomisidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1257: 55-70, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1257.165973
5316A90D8DC15E7FABBD6E51BA284EB0.text	5316A90D8DC15E7FABBD6E51BA284EB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrynarachne gorochovi Omelko 2025	<div><p>Phrynarachne gorochovi sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1–4, 5–7, 28</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. Philippines • ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.23333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.23333/lat 15.65)">Luzon Isl.</a>, Nueva Ecija Prov.; 15°39'N, 121°14'E; 370 m a. s. l.; 10–18.02.1993; A. V. Gorochov leg.; ZMMU .</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet is after Andrei Vasil’evich Gorochov (St-Petersburg, Russia), a Russian entomologist specializing in Polyneoptera taxonomy, who collected the holotype.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>By the presence of long triangular tubercles on the lateral sides of opisthosoma, the female of the new species resembles those of P. brevis Tang &amp; Li, 2010 from southern China. Phrynarachne gorochovi sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from this species by the median plate (MP) of the epigyne, which has an indistinct posterior margin and lateral edges directed posteriorly (vs. posterior margin distinct, lateral edges directed anteriorly; cf. Fig. 5 and Lin et al. 2022: fig. 6 A).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Female (Figs 1–4). Total length 15.30. Carapace 7.37 long, 7.55 wide. Opisthosoma 7.52 long, 14.36 wide. Carapace light brown with yellow median band with dark brown irregular spots; lateral sides with dark brown radial stripes; with 2 large humps at head area (Fig. 3) and numerous small tubercles across its surface. Clypeus yellow with dark brown irregular spots. Chelicerae yellow with numerous dark brown irregular spots. Labium’s proximal half yellow, black distally. Endites yellow with black stripe proximally. Sternum yellow with somewhat darker edges. Dorsal part of opisthosoma yellow with numerous light brown and dark brown irregular spots. Lateral sides of opisthosoma yellow with numerous small brown spots. Ventral part of opisthosoma light yellow with some tiny light brown spots. Each side of opisthosoma with c. 19 triangular tubercles, few of them with a seta on the top. Spinnerets light brown.</p><p>Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.32, ALE 0.28, PME 0.30, PLE 0.24; AME – AME 0.96, AME – ALE 0.55, PME – PME 1.46, PME – PLE 0.80, AME – PME 0.62, ALE – PLE 0.53. Clypeus height at AME 0.77, at ALE 0.86.</p><p>Leg and palp measurements: Palp: 1.83, 1.36, 1.37, 1.86 (6.42). Leg I: 5.70, 1.92, 4.14, 3.21, 2.07 (17.04). Leg II: 7.25, 3.64, 5.36, 3.78, 2.32 (22.35). Leg III: 4.26, 2.41, 3.22, 1.93, 1.54 (13.36). Leg IV: 4.22, 2.19, 2.93, 1.84, 1.50 (12.68).</p><p>Palp coloration: Fe – Ti yellow with brown and dark brown irregular spots; Ta same dorsally, black with yellow tip ventrally. Legs coloration: Fe I dark brown with irregular yellow patches dorsally and retrolaterally, prolateral surface yellow with dark brown spots, yellow with dark brown spots ventrally; Fe II same as Fe I; Fe III – IV light brown with black and yellow spots on distal part. Pa I – II dark brown with irregular yellow patches; Pa III – IV dark brown with irregular yellow patches. Ti I – II dark brown with irregular yellow patches; Ti III – IV dark brown with irregular yellow patches. Mt I – II dark brown with irregular yellow patches; Mt III – IV dark brown with irregular yellow patches. Ta I – II yellow with thin black stripe dorsally; Ta III – IV yellow. Femora I and II with number of tubercles especially large at tibiae; tibiae I and II with large ventral spines (tibia I – 7; tibia II – 11).</p><p>Epigyne as shown in Figs 5–7, with inconspicuous margins, width / length ratio 1. Median plate (MP) inverted V-shaped, posterior margin indistinct and lateral edges directed posteriorly (outlined with a dashed line in Fig. 5); hood absent, but with shallow cavity; width / length ratio 2.3. Copulatory openings (CO) indistinct. Receptacles (Re) kidney-shaped, touching each other anteriorly, with smooth surface; anterior / posterior edge width ratio c. 2.5. Fertilization ducts (FD) transverse.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>This species represents the first published record of the genus in the Philippines. However, there are four Phrynarachne observations on iNaturalist (2025): one clearly belongs to P. ceylonica, and the others likely represent undescribed species. The only Asian Phrynarachne species known exclusively from a male is P. bimaculata, whose type locality is in Myanmar – nearly 3000 km away from the collection sites of Phrynarachne gorochovi sp. nov. This large geographic gap further reduces the likelihood of conspecificity.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Type locality only, Philippines (Fig. 28).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5316A90D8DC15E7FABBD6E51BA284EB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Omelko, Mikhail M.	Omelko, Mikhail M. (2025): New species and new records of Phrynarachne crab spiders (Araneae, Thomisidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1257: 55-70, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1257.165973
28EE7ECA54B35D1A917322671A15EF96.text	28EE7ECA54B35D1A917322671A15EF96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrynarachne storozhenkoi Omelko 2025	<div><p>Phrynarachne storozhenkoi sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 8–13, 28</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. Malaysia • ♀; Borneo, Sabah State, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.88333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.88333/lat 4.4)">environs of Tawau</a>; 4°24'N, 117°53'E; 300 m a. s. l.; 30.08. – 7.09.1994; A. M. Emelyanov leg.; ZMMU .</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet honors Sergei Storozhenko (Vladivostok, Russia), the distinguished Russian entomologist known for his studies of pygmy grasshoppers ( Tetrigidae) and other orthopterans, including fossil Grylloblattodea. This name is bestowed in the year of the 70 th anniversary of his birth.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>By the pale coloration of the carapace and opisthosoma with small, rounded tubercles, the female of P. storozhenkoi sp. nov. resembles those of the Asian P. decipiens (Forbes, 1884), P. lancea Tang &amp; Li, 2010 and P. mammillata, known from southern China. The female of the new species can be distinguished from both similar species by the dark, almost black coloration of the dorsal side of opisthosoma (vs. white; cf. Figs 8, 20 and Lin et al. 2022: fig. 19 A). From P. decipiens, the new species also differs by the rounded, widened lateral edges of the median plate (MP) (vs. edges pointed, narrow, directed anteriorly; cf. Figs 11, 23). From P. lancea, it can be distinguished by the broad and slightly curved median plate (MP) (vs. narrow and strongly curved; cf. Fig. 11, Lin et al. 2022: fig. 11 A) and the receptacles (Re) nearly touching each other anteriorly (vs. widely spaced; cf. Fig. 13, Lin et al. 2022: fig. 11 B). By the structure of the copulatory apparatus, the new species also resembles P. mammillata but can be easily distinguished from it by the smooth receptacles (vs. those covered with numerous deep folds; cf. Fig. 13, Lin et al. 2022: fig. 13 B).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Female (Figs 8–10). Total length 12.61. Prosoma 5.51 long, 5.36 wide. Opisthosoma 7.62 long, 7.98 wide. Carapace yellowish white, with black head area and four irregular black spots (two anterior, two posterior). Clypeus dark brown. Chelicerae dark brown with tiny yellow spots. Labium yellowish brown, somewhat darker posteriorly. Endites yellowish brown, somewhat darker posteriorly. Sternum black with yellow n-mark anteriorly. Dorsal part of opisthosoma dark brown, with anterior half darker than posterior, bearing a thin yellow longitudinal mark and two large yellowish-white posterolateral spots. Lateral sides of opisthosoma yellowish white with irregular dark brown spots. Ventral part of opisthosoma dark brown with yellow spots. Each side of opisthosoma with 12 triangular tubercles, some with a clavate seta on the top. Spinnerets brown.</p><p>Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.13, ALE 0.20, PME 0.16, PLE 0.16; AME – AME 0.44, AME – ALE 0.28, PME – PME 0.49, PME – PLE 0.46, AME – PME 0.37, ALE – PLE 0.40. Clypeus height at AME 0.45, at ALE 0.56.</p><p>Leg and palp measurements: Palp: 1.38, 0.85, 0.99, 1.68 (4.90). Leg I: 5.97, 2.64, 4.12, 4.32, 1.71 (18.76). Leg II: 5.89, 2.47, 3.97, 4.09, 1.73 (18.15). Leg III: 3.29, 1.78, 2.37, 1.53, 1.14 (10.11). Leg IV: 3.53, 1.62, 2.39, 1.40, 1.00 (9.94).</p><p>Palp coloration: Fe black with thin yellow longitudinal stripe dorsally; Pa – Ti black; Ta yellowish brown with black proximal part. Legs coloration: Fe I – II black with yellow irregular spots; Fe III proximal half brown with yellow spots, distal half black with yellow spots; Fe IV brown with yellow spots. Pa I – IV black with yellow irregular spots. Ti I – II dark brown with yellow irregular spots and black spots proximally; Ti III dark brown with distal half darker than proximal and irregular yellow spots; Ti IV black with irregular yellow spots. Mt I – II light brown with tiny yellow spots; Mt III – IV yellow with light brown lateral sides. Ta I – II light brown with yellow dorsoprolateral sides; Ta III – IV light brown with yellow spots. Femora I and II with tubercles; tibiae I and II with large ventral spines (tibia I – 6; tibia II – 6).</p><p>Epigyne as shown in Figs 11–13, with M-shaped sclerotized margins, width / length ratio 1.5. Median plate (MP) broad and transversely elongate, dumbbell-shaped with smoothly concave anterior and posterior edges and rounded, widened lateral edges, forming arcuate, smile-shaped structure; hood absent; width / length ratio 3. Copulatory openings (CO) distinct. Receptacles (Re) kidney-shaped, close to each other anteriorly, with uneven surface; anterior / posterior edge width ratio c. 1.8. Fertilization ducts (FD) transverse.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Although no species of Phrynarachne from Borneo are listed in the WSC (2025), more than 80 observations of Bornean spiders from this genus have been published on iNaturalist (2025). In addition, photographs showing the external appearance of four species ( P. ceylonica, P. decipiens, P. tuberosa (Blackwall, 1864), and one undescribed species) were published by Koh and Bay (2019). The probability that the female of P. storozhenkoi sp. nov. is conspecific with P. bimaculata, known only from the male, is extremely low because of the large geographic gap (about 3000 km) separating the type localities of these species.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Type locality only, Borneo (Fig. 28).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/28EE7ECA54B35D1A917322671A15EF96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Omelko, Mikhail M.	Omelko, Mikhail M. (2025): New species and new records of Phrynarachne crab spiders (Araneae, Thomisidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1257: 55-70, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1257.165973
61DA99BEFE395C6C96A92C294F500550.text	61DA99BEFE395C6C96A92C294F500550.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrynarachne Thorell 1869	<div><p>Genus Phrynarachne Thorell, 1869</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Phrynarachne rugosa (Walckenaer, 1805), from Mauritius.</p><p>Note.</p><p>Spiders of medium to large size, bearing large tubercles on the opisthosoma. In many species, tubercles are also found on the carapace and legs (especially large ones on legs I and II). Chelicerae with two promarginal and one retromarginal tooth. The epigyne with a simple, usually rectangular median plate, and the receptacles are strongly sclerotized. For the full genus diagnosis, see Lin et al. (2022). The genus comprises 35 described species, of which 9 occur in Africa and 26 in Asia and Australasia (WSC 2025). The genus is currently not divided into species groups. Afrotropical species (except those from South Africa) are poorly studied and are mainly known only from their original descriptions (WSC 2025). Despite their broad distribution, the species from Africa and other regions are morphologically similar and clearly belong to the same genus. Species of the genus may occur in sympatry; P. ceylonica and P. decipiens were collected by the author at the same locality on the same day.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/61DA99BEFE395C6C96A92C294F500550	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Omelko, Mikhail M.	Omelko, Mikhail M. (2025): New species and new records of Phrynarachne crab spiders (Araneae, Thomisidae) from Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1257: 55-70, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1257.165973
