identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
9A892B8C046E5B3D8EA1463C2DBCE206.text	9A892B8C046E5B3D8EA1463C2DBCE206.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solenysa bilamellata Ballarin & Eguchi 2025	<div><p>Solenysa bilamellata Ballarin &amp; Eguchi sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 3 A-J, 4 G-I</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype ♂ Japan: Kyushu Is., • Ōita Pref.: Saiki City, Kitachi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=131.94978&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.92845" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 131.94978/lat 32.92845)">Ono</a>, 54 m, 32.92845°N, 131.94978°E, humid leaf litter in a mixed forest, 25. Mar. 2019, F. Ballarin leg. (NSMT -Ar 26191)  .   Paratypes. Japan: • Kyushu Is., Saga Pref.: 1 ♀, Saga City, Kinryumachi Kinryu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.299&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.33" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.299/lat 33.33)">Kotohira Shrine</a> (金刀比羅神社), 33.330°N, 130.299°E, 31. Jul. 2005, A. Akihisa leg. (NSMT -Ar 26192)  •   Ōita Pref.: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Saiki City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=131.91222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.8195" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 131.91222/lat 32.8195)">Kamae Oaza Kamaeura</a>, 159 m, 32.81950°N, 131.91222°E, leaf litter in a deciduous broadleaf forest on a steep hill, 21. Mar. 2019, F. Ballarin leg. (MNHAH)  •   2 ♀, Kitachi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=131.94978&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.92845" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 131.94978/lat 32.92845)">Ono</a>, 54 m, 32.92845°N, 131.94978°E, humid leaf litter in a mixed forest, 25. Mar. 2019, F. Ballarin leg. (NSMT -Ar 26193)  •   2 ♀, Kunisaki Peninsula, Kunisaki City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=131.6043&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.49561" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 131.6043/lat 33.49561)">Akimachi Yagawa</a>, 203 m, 33.49561°N, 131.60430°E, leaf litter in a broadleaf forest on a slope, 02. Aug. 2022, sifter, F. Ballarin leg. (TKPM -AR 3246)  .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Species closely related to other  Solenysa species from western Japan. Males of  S. bilamellata sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from males of  S. reflexilis,  S. macrodonta, and  S. trunciformis by the presence of two large, lamellar-like protrusions of the median tegular apophysis (AP and MP) and having a rounded tip, both clearly visible when the palp is observed laterally (vs only AM visible and MP missing or reduced in  S. reflexilis; or AM reduced and only MP clearly visible but with a pointed or truncated tip in the other three species). Additionally,  S. bilamellata sp. nov. can be distinguished by the straight second branch of the lamella (LA 2) (vs LA 2 curved in  S. reflexilis and  S. macrodonta); by the smaller LA 1 (LA 1 longer in  S. reflexilis); the sharper tip of the upper branch of LA 3 (vs tip of LA 3 wide and fringed in  S. macrodonta), and by the shape of the lamellar-like anterior terminal hypophysis (ATA) (vs ATA with a different shape, wider in  S. reflexilis or thinner in  S. macrodonta, and  S. trunciformis) (cf. Fig. 3 A-D vs Figs 4 G-I, 6 A-D, 7 A-D, 8 A-D, 11 A-F). Females of  S. bilamellata sp. nov. can be distinguished from females of  S. reflexilis,  S. macrodonta, and  S. trunciformis by the different shape of the epigyne, having a more transversely ovate ventral plate (VP) with short and pointed lateral borders headed internally and a dorsal plate (DP) with more rounded lobes (vs VP more trapezoidal with lateral borders headed externally and DP with more trapezoidal lobes in  S. reflexilis; or VP more elongated posteriorly with longer lateral borders and DP with oval lobes in  S. macrodonta and  S. trunciformis) (cf. Fig. 3 G-J vs Figs 6 G-J, 7 G-J, 8 G-J).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male (holotype). Total length: 1.22. Prosoma 0.67 long; 0.48 wide. Clypeus 0.24 long. Habitus as in Fig. 3 E. Cephalic area distinctly elevated. Carapace oval with conspicuous lateral lobes. Carapace, chelicera, mouth parts, and sternum uniformly brick-red. Chelicera with four promarginal and three retromarginal teeth. Legs uniformly red-yellowish. Length of legs as follows: I (0.64, 0.15, 0.63, 0.52, 0.42), II (0.60, 0.14, 0.55, 0.44, 0.40), III (0.47, 0.14, 0.38, 0.36, 0.33), IV (0.55, 0.13, 0.51, 0.44, 0.37). TmI = 0.54, Opisthosoma uniformly greyish with scattered small white marks on dorsal side, dorsal-posterior tip of opisthosoma lighter gray in some individuals.</p><p>Palp as in Figs 3 A-D, 4 G-I. Palpal tibia elongated, ~ 2 × longer than patella, bearing four long, thin setae on anterior-retrolateral side; proximal tibial apophysis (PTP) well-developed, strongly protruding dorsally, bearing four – five long, thin setae. Cymbium with well-developed probasal cymbial apophysis (PBP), hook-like when observed laterally or dorsally, bent retrolaterally, with massive basal part, ending with thin, rounded tip. Cymbial retrolateral process (CRP) thorn-like. Paracymbium (P) U-shaped, elongated antero-posteriorly, ventral lobe (VLP) protruding anteriorly.  Solenysa tegular triangle (STT) thick. Lamella with three well-developed branches: anterior branch (LA 1) short and stocky; median branch (LA 2) straight, strongly sclerotized, needle-like; posterior branch (LA 3) with long, ribbon-like basal part, distal part forked into two needle-like branches headed antero-dorsally, ventral branch sclerotized, dorsal branch transparent ending blunt. Radix (R) strongly sclerotized. Distal suprategular apophysis (DSA) well-developed, strongly sclerotized. Median terminal apophysis (MTA) bearing two well-visible, sclerotized, lamellar protrusions protruding antero-ventrally: anterior protrusion (AP) lobated, longer than wide; median protrusion (MP) also longer than wide and lobated but slightly thinner and sharper than AP, ending with a rounded, serrated tip. Anterior terminal apophysis (ATA) stocky, lobated, lacking any median tooths. Embolus (E) sclerotized, ribbon-like, twisted, ending with a sharp tip.</p><p>Female (one of the paratypes). Total length: 1.25. Prosoma 0.63 long; 0.45 wide. Clypeus 0.21 long. Habitus as in Fig. 3 F. Length of legs as follows: I (0.61, 0.14, 0.60, 0.47, 0.40), II (0.56, 0.14, 0.50, 0.43, 0.38), III (0.44, 0.14, 0.35, 0.29), IV (0.58, 0.14, 0.48, 0.42, 0.37). Color and other features as in male.</p><p>Epigyne and vulva as in Fig. 3 G-J, protruding, ventral side flattened when observed laterally. Solenoid (SL) with numerous small coils give a wrinkled texture, lacking clear, wide folds. Ventral plate (VP) transversely ovate, with pointed lateral borders headed posteriorly; anterior border strongly concave, posterior border rounded. Dorsal plate (DP) divided into two rounded lobes separated from each other by ~ 1 / 3 of their width. Copulatory ducts (CD) headed anteriorly then posteriorly before reaching spermathecae. Fertilization ducts (FD) thin, bent anteriorly. Spermathecae (S) wide, kidney-shaped (Fig. 3 J).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species name is derived from the Latin prefix bi - meaning “ two, ” and lamellata meaning “ bearing lamellae. ” It refers to the two flat, lamellar protrusions (AP and MP) of the median terminal apophysis that are diagnostic for this species. Adjective.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Endemic to northern and eastern Kyushu, Western Japan (Fig. 13). See also remarks of  S. reflexilis .</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Humid leaf litter on the floor of broadleaved forests.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A892B8C046E5B3D8EA1463C2DBCE206	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Ballarin, Francesco;Liao, Hauchuan;Touyama, Zento;Eguchi, Katsuyuki	Ballarin, Francesco, Liao, Hauchuan, Touyama, Zento, Eguchi, Katsuyuki (2025): Review of the spider genus Solenysa Simon, 1894 in Western Japan and Central Ryukyu with the description of three new species (Araneae, Linyphiidae). ZooKeys 1232: 97-130, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1232.142629
CD05F250E88455E2BDC2D37DFDB6C1A2.text	CD05F250E88455E2BDC2D37DFDB6C1A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solenysa lanyuensis Tu 2011	<div><p>Solenysa lanyuensis Tu, 2011</p><p>Solenysa protrudens Tu in Tu and Li, 2006: 94, figs 31-39 (♂ ♀, misidentified).</p><p>S. lanyuensis: Tu and Hormiga 2011: 515, fig. 7 C (♂ ♀).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Lanyu Island (= Orchid Island), Taitung County, Taiwan (see remarks)</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>See Tu and Li (2006)</p><p>Description.</p><p>See Tu and Li (2006)</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The type series of  S. lanyuensis (3 ♂ and 2 ♀) was originally misidentified as  S. protrudens by Tu and Li (2006). Later,  S. lanyuensis was recognized as a new species and described based on the same specimens by Tu and Hormiga (2011). The coordinates of the type locality reported by both Tu and Li (2006) and Tu and Hormiga (2011) refer to a coastal area in southeast Taiwan and are likely incorrect since the name of the locality, from which the species also takes its name, refer to Lanyu, a small volcanic island located ca. 75 km far from the Taiwanese coast. The exact collecting location of the type series on the island remains unknown. In 2019, we had the opportunity to conduct an extensive survey on Lanyu Island, which led to the discovery of several rare litter-dwelling spiders, including linyphiids (Ballarin et al. 2021). However, despite our extensive collecting effort, we failed to find any specimens of  Solenysa on the island. As far as we know, this species remains recorded only from two localities, Lanyu Island from the original description and the location in central Taiwan reported by Tian et al. (2022, reported in the map but locality not specified). Additional collection in southwest Taiwan may help to clarify the distribution of this species.</p><p>Other comparative material examined</p><p>Solenysa mellotteei Simon, 1894: Japan: Tokyo Pref., 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Hachioji City, Naganumamachi, Naganuma Park (長沼公園), 150 m, 35.637°N, 139.368°E, forest leaf litter on a slope, 07. Aug. 2019, F. Ballarin leg. (FBPC).</p><p>Solenysa ogatai Ono, 2011: Japan: Shizuoka Pref., 1 ♂, Fujinomiya City, Nukudo, Hoshiyama, Myojoyama Park (明星山公園), 17. Nov. 2014, A. Tanikawa leg. (FBPC) • Kanagawa Pref., 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Ashigarashimo-gun, Manazaru, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.15556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.14409" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.15556/lat 35.14409)">Manatsuru</a> cape, 90 m, 35.14409°N, 139.15556°E, thick leaf litter in a primary forest, 28. Jul. 2021, F. Ballarin leg. (FBPC).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CD05F250E88455E2BDC2D37DFDB6C1A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Ballarin, Francesco;Liao, Hauchuan;Touyama, Zento;Eguchi, Katsuyuki	Ballarin, Francesco, Liao, Hauchuan, Touyama, Zento, Eguchi, Katsuyuki (2025): Review of the spider genus Solenysa Simon, 1894 in Western Japan and Central Ryukyu with the description of three new species (Araneae, Linyphiidae). ZooKeys 1232: 97-130, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1232.142629
6C0C42E934235B0E839D60514D753C20.text	6C0C42E934235B0E839D60514D753C20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solenysa longqiensis Li & Song 1992	<div><p>Solenysa longqiensis Li &amp; Song, 1992</p><p>Figs 9 A-J, 11 G, H</p><p>Solenysa longqiensis Li &amp; Song, 1992: 6, fig. 1 A – G (♂ ♀); Song et al. 1993: 861, fig. 17 A – G (♂ ♀); Li et al. 1994: 80, figs 18, 19 (♀); Song et al. 1999: 204, fig. 116 J, K, Q, R (♂ ♀); Tu and Li 2006: 91, figs 12–20 (♂ ♀); Tu and Hormiga 2011: 503, figs 7 A, 14 A – H, 15 A – H (♂ ♀).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Taiwan: Nantou County, Ren’ai, • 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.0308&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.0936" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.0308/lat 24.0936)">Huisun Forest Area</a>, 720 m, 24.09360°N, 121.03080°E, broadleaf forest litter, 09. July. 2023, F. Ballarin leg. (TARI)  •  1 ♂, same locality, 740 m, 24.08967°N, 121.03529°E, broadleaf forest litter along the trail, 12. July. 2023, F. Ballarin leg. (TARI) •  1 ♂, 5 ♀, same locality, 685 m, 24.09295°N, 121.03247°E, broadleaf forest litter on a gentle slope, 13. July. 2023, F. Ballarin leg. (NSMT) •  2 ♂, 4 ♀, same locality, 727 m, 24.09231°N, 121.03272°E, rather dry broadleaf forest litter, 14. July. 2023, F. Ballarin leg. (FBPC) •   1 ♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.08067&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.02824" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.08067/lat 24.02824)">Menggu Waterfall</a>, 910 m, 24.02824°N, 121.08067°E, broadleaf forest litter along the trail, 17. July. 2023, F. Ballarin leg. (TARI)  .</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Mt. Longqi, Yujiaping Town, Jiangle County, Fujian Province, China (26.700°N, 117.400°E)</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>See Tu and Li (2006) and Tu and Hormiga (2011).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Habitus of male as in Fig. 9 E, habitus of female as in Fig. 9 F. Palp as in Fig. 9 A-D, embolic division as in Fig. 11 G, H; epigyne and vulva as in Fig. 9 G-J. See Tu and Li (2006) for a detailed description.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This species was originally described from mainland China by Tu and Li (2006) and its presence in Taiwan was later confirmed by Tanasevitch (2011). Tian et al. (2022) in their map on  Solenysa species distribution, report several records of the  S. longqiensis group in Taiwan without specifying which species in particular they refer to. Our data from central Taiwan confirm that  S. longqiensis is widespread across the island. Additionally, we report it as sympatric with the Taiwanese endemic and closely related  S. yangmingshana, as we collected the two species together in the same habitat in more than one location (Fig. 13).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6C0C42E934235B0E839D60514D753C20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Ballarin, Francesco;Liao, Hauchuan;Touyama, Zento;Eguchi, Katsuyuki	Ballarin, Francesco, Liao, Hauchuan, Touyama, Zento, Eguchi, Katsuyuki (2025): Review of the spider genus Solenysa Simon, 1894 in Western Japan and Central Ryukyu with the description of three new species (Araneae, Linyphiidae). ZooKeys 1232: 97-130, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1232.142629
2FD77D5F3F1B57198BA251B41480D80F.text	2FD77D5F3F1B57198BA251B41480D80F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solenysa macrodonta Wang, Ono & Tu 2015	<div><p>Solenysa macrodonta Wang, Ono &amp; Tu, 2015</p><p>Figs 7 A-J, 11 C, D</p><p>Solenysa macrodonta Wang et al., 2015: 48, figs 3 A, 4 C, D (♂ ♀).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Japan: Hiroshima Pref., • 1 ♂, 6 ♀, Kure City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=132.72896&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.31089" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 132.72896/lat 34.31089)">Yasuuracho Oaza Akozaka</a>, 209 m, 34.31089°N, 132.72896°E, thick and rather dry broadleaf forest leaf litter on a steep slope, 04. Aug. 2022, F. Ballarin leg. (FBPC)  .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>See Wang et al. (2015).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Habitus of male as in Fig. 7 E, habitus of female as in Fig. 7 F. Palp as in Fig. 7 A-D, embolic division as in Fig. 11 C, D; epigyne and vulva as in Fig. 7 G-J. See Wang et al. (2015) for a detailed description.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Nishida, Yunotsu City, Shimane Prefecture, Honshu, Japan (35.084°N, 132.401°E).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Solenysa macrodonta is distributed in the Chugoku area in Western Honshu with a few known records from Shimane and Okayama Prefectures (Shinkai et al. 2024). Here we report for the first time its presence in Hiroshima Prefecture (Fig. 13). Our male sample differs from the original description by having a shorter anterior protrusion (AP, central tooth in Wang et al. 2015) (cf. Fig. 11 C, D vs Wang et al. 2015: fig. 6 B). However, it shares the shape of the lamella with a transparent, upper branch of the LA 2 ending with a wide, fringed tip. Additionally, we found no differences in the females’ morphology and the barcode of our samples matches those available in GenBank for this species collected in the Shimane Prefecture, the type area of the species (Fig. 12). Accordingly, we consider the differences in the male palp as possibly part of the intraspecific diversity of the species. Future comparisons with a larger number of individuals of  S. macrodonta from different localities will help to clarify this issue.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2FD77D5F3F1B57198BA251B41480D80F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Ballarin, Francesco;Liao, Hauchuan;Touyama, Zento;Eguchi, Katsuyuki	Ballarin, Francesco, Liao, Hauchuan, Touyama, Zento, Eguchi, Katsuyuki (2025): Review of the spider genus Solenysa Simon, 1894 in Western Japan and Central Ryukyu with the description of three new species (Araneae, Linyphiidae). ZooKeys 1232: 97-130, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1232.142629
6E4C5A51F3AE52BC9AA48F8254C2B7E6.text	6E4C5A51F3AE52BC9AA48F8254C2B7E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solenysa reflexilis Tu, Ono & Li 2007	<div><p>Solenysa reflexilis Tu, Ono &amp; Li, 2007</p><p>Figs 6 A-J, 11 A, B</p><p>Solenysa reflexilis Tu et al., 2007: 58, fig. 1 A – H (♂ ♀); Ono et al. 2009: 332, figs 1100–1104 (♂ ♀);</p><p>Wang et al. 2015: 52, fig. 4 E, F (♀).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Japan: Kyushu Is., Kagoshima Pref., • 1 ♀, Kirishima City, Kirishima Taguchi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.89015&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.86888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.89015/lat 31.86888)">Kinkowan National Park</a>, 746 m, 31.86888°N, 130.89015°E, humid broadleaf forest litter, 29. Sep. 2021, F. Ballarin leg. (FBPC)  •   1 ♀, Kagoshima City, Yoshino Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.60283&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.6458" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.60283/lat 31.6458)">near Ryugamizu train station</a>, 32 m, 31.64580°N, 130.60283°E, broadleaf forest litter on a slope, 22. Sep. 2021, F. Ballarin leg. (FBPC)  •   Yakushima Is., 1 ♂, Onoaida, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.54787&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.24178" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.54787/lat 30.24178)">near Onoaida onsen</a>, 121 m, 30.24178°N, 130.54786°E, rather dry broadleaf forest litter with stones, 24. Sep. 2021, F. Ballarin leg. (FBPC)  •   1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.62456&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.38286" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.62456/lat 30.38286)">Koseda</a>, 190 m, 30.38286°N, 130.62455°E, broadleaf forest litter on a gentle slope, 24. Sep. 2021, F. Ballarin leg. (FBPC)  •  1 ♀, same locality, 30.37402°N, 130.62608°E, mixed forest litter, 23. Sep. 2021, K. Eguchi leg. (NSMT) •   1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.618&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.28454" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.618/lat 30.28454)">Anbo</a>, 207 m, 30.28454°N, 130.61799°E, broadleaf forest litter on a gentle slope, 24. Nov. 2021, F. Ballarin leg. (NSMT)  •   1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.42351&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.29394" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.42351/lat 30.29394)">Kurio</a>, 185 m, 30.29394°N, 130.42351°E, broadleaf forest litter on a gentle slope 25. Sep. 2021, F. Ballarin leg. (FBPC)  .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>See Tu et al. (2007).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Habitus of male as in Fig. 6 E, habitus of female as in Fig. 6 F. Palp as in Fig. 6 A-D, embolic division as in Fig. 11 A, B; epigyne and vulva as in Fig. 6 G-J. See Tu et al. (2007) for a detailed description.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Shimo-kajiwara Itsuki-mura, Kuma-gun, Kumamoto Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan. (32.200°N, 130.500°E)</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The current known distribution of  S. reflexilis covers Kyushu (Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Ōita, and Kagoshima Prefectures) with additional records from Shikoku (Tokushima and Ehime Prefectures), and the Chugoku area in Western Honshu (Shimane Prefecture), Japan (Shinkai et al. 2024, this work) (Fig. 13). Our new data confirm the presence of  S. reflexilis in southern Kyushu, particularly in mainland Kagoshima Prefecture and on the island of Yakushima, where this species has been recently reported by Shinkai and Tanikawa (2023). Previous records of this species in northern and eastern Kyushu should be replaced by the closely related  S. bilamellata sp. nov. The record from Ōita prefecture by Serita (2022) might refer to a misidentification of the similar  S. bilamellata sp. nov. Records from Shimane Prefecture (Hayashi et al. 2013 a, b) and Shikoku Island (Tsurusaki et al. 2011, 2012; Bando 2015, 2019), all except one, predate the revision of the Japanese  Solenysa species by Wang et al. (2015) and the description of  S. macrodonta and  S. trunciformis . Samples published by Bando (2015) examined by us all refer to  S. trunciformis . Due to the possibility of misidentifications with other closely related and morphologically similar species endemic to the same areas, the presence of  S. reflexilis in Eastern Kyushu, Western Honshu, and Shikoku, remains unclear and should be properly validated based on more recent evidence. Similarly, the precise boundaries between the ranges of  S. reflexilis and  S. bilamellata sp. nov. in Kyushu are unknown and should be addressed in more detail.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6E4C5A51F3AE52BC9AA48F8254C2B7E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Ballarin, Francesco;Liao, Hauchuan;Touyama, Zento;Eguchi, Katsuyuki	Ballarin, Francesco, Liao, Hauchuan, Touyama, Zento, Eguchi, Katsuyuki (2025): Review of the spider genus Solenysa Simon, 1894 in Western Japan and Central Ryukyu with the description of three new species (Araneae, Linyphiidae). ZooKeys 1232: 97-130, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1232.142629
FA6E43E57A8F552BB80096FEFDADBB39.text	FA6E43E57A8F552BB80096FEFDADBB39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solenysa shimatchu Ballarin & Eguchi 2025	<div><p>Solenysa shimatchu Ballarin &amp; Eguchi sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1 A – J, 4 A-C, 5 A, B</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype ♂ Japan: • Kagoshima Pref., Amami-Ōshima Is., Setouchi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.31696&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.22261" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.31696/lat 28.22261)">Amurogama</a>, 121 m, 28.22261°N, 129.31695°E, humid forest litter in a flat area near a creek, 10. Jul. 2021, F. Ballarin leg. (NSMT -Ar 26184)  .   Paratypes. Japan: Kagoshima Pref., Amami-Ōshima Is., • 3 ♀, Amami, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.48116&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.33066" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.48116/lat 28.33066)">Naze Oaza Asato</a>, 176 m, 28.33066°N, 129.48115°E, forest litter, 8. Jul. 2021, F. Ballarin leg. (NSMT -Ar 26185)  •   1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.4239&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.31219" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.4239/lat 28.31219)">Sumiyocho Oaza Kawauchi</a>, 54 m, 28.31219°N, 129.42390°E, forest litter on a steep cliff, 8. Jul. 2021, F. Ballarin leg. (NSMT -Ar 26186)  •   1 ♂, Yamato, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.39436&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.33111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.39436/lat 28.33111)">Ongachi</a>, ~ 28.33111°N, 129.39436°E, 9. Mar. 2014, T. Suguro leg. (TKPM -AR 3243)  •   1 ♂, 3 ♀, Yamato, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.41763&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.33224" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.41763/lat 28.33224)">Tsunagu</a>, 196 m, 28.33224°N, 129.41763°E, humid forest litter with stones near a creek, 9. Jul. 2021, F. Ballarin leg. (MSNVR -Ar 032 –035)  •   2 ♀, Naze, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.44969&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.34896" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.44969/lat 28.34896)">Oaza Chinase</a>, 63 m, 28.34896°N, 129.44969°E, broadleaf forest litter, 9. Jul. 2021, F. Ballarin leg. (TKPM -AR 3244)  •   1 ♂, 5 ♀, Setouchi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.31696&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.22261" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.31696/lat 28.22261)">Amurogama</a>, 121 m, 28.22261°N, 129.31695°E, humid forest litter in a flat area near a creek, 10. Jul. 2021, F. Ballarin leg. (MNHAH)  •   1 ♂, 1 ♀, Tatsugo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.54688&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.4229" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.54688/lat 28.4229)">Akina</a>, 245 m, 28.42290°N, 129.54688°E, rather dry forest litter, F. Ballarin leg. (FBPC)  •   2 ♀, Uken, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.27312&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.3078" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.27312/lat 28.3078)">Ashiken</a>, 208 m, 28.30780°N, 129.27311°E, rather dry litter on a steep slope near a creek, 12. Jul. 2021, F. Ballarin leg. (NSMT -Ar 26187)  .</p><p>Other material examined.</p><p>Japan: Kagoshima Pref., Amami-Ōshima Is., • 1 ♀, Naze, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.45436&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.35705" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.45436/lat 28.35705)">Oaza Chinase</a>, same locality and date, 274 m, 28.35705°N, 129.45436°E, broadleaf forest litter, 9. Jul. 2021, F. Ballarin leg. (FBPC)  •   1 ♀, Tatsugo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.55104&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.42192" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.55104/lat 28.42192)">Akina</a>, 64 m, 28.42192°N, 129.55104°E, humid forest litter with stones, 11. Jul. 2021, F. Ballarin leg. (FBPC)  •   Tokunoshima Is., 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Amagi-cho, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.9398&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.7639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.9398/lat 27.7639)">Nishiagina</a>, ~ 27.7639°N, 128.9398°E, 28. Mar. 2018, T. Suguro leg. (NSMT)</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Species closely related to  S. yambaruensis sp. nov. from which it can be easily separated by the dorsal color pattern of the opisthosoma, having a single white mark on the dorsal-posterior tip of the opisthosoma (vs three marks) (cf. Fig. 1 A-E, F vs Fig. 2 E, F). Males of  S. shimatchu sp. nov. can be easily separated from males of  S. yambaruensis sp. nov. by the different shape of the posterior branch of the lamella (LA 3), thinner and ending with a long and straight single needle-like tip (vs LA 3 wider, ribbon-like, and ending with a bent spine and two denticles) (cf. Fig. 4 A-C vs Fig. 4 D-F). Additionally, the paracymbium (P) has a less-developed and shorter ventral lobe (VLP), headed ventrally (vs VLP with a wider lobe headed antero-ventrally); the probasal cymbial apophysis (PBP) is less bent and headed retrolaterally when observed dorsally (vs PBP more bent and headed antero-retrolaterally); and the proximal tibial apophysis (PTP) is more developed and with thicker spines (vs PTP less developed and with thinner spines) (cf. Fig. 1 A-D vs Figs 2 A-D, 5 A, B, C – F).</p><p>Females of  S. shimatchu sp. nov. can be distinguished from females of  S. yambaruensis sp. nov. by the different shape of the epigyne: more rounded and protruding when observed laterally (vs flatter and less protruding); having a more V-shaped ventral plate (VP) (vs VP more trapezoidal with flatter posterior borders); and a more protruding lobe of the dorsal plate (LDP) (vs LDP less protruding) (cf. Fig. 1 G-J vs Fig. 2 G-J).</p><p>For additional separation from other  Solenysa spp. see the species group’s diagnosis.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male (holotype). Total length: 1.21. Prosoma 0.71 long; 0.46 wide. Clypeus 0.24 long. Habitus as in Fig. 1 E. Length of legs as follows: I 2.38 (0.62, 0.15, 0.63, 0.53, 0.45), II 2.02 (0.56, 0.14, 0.51, 0.43, 0.38), III 1.61 (0.43, 0.13, 0.37, 0.36, 0.33), IV 1.80 (0.50, 0.13, 0.44, 0.39, 0.34). Opisthosoma uniformly greyish with scattered small lighter dots, one wider, distinct dorsal whitish mark near posterior tip of opisthosoma. Other somatic characters as reported in species group.</p><p>Palp as in Figs 1 A-D, 4 A-C, 5 A, B. Proximal tibial apophysis (PTP) strongly protruding antero-retrolaterally, bearing 3 thick spines. Probasal cymbial apophysis (PBP), massive, hook-like when observed dorsally, headed retrolaterally. Ventral lobe of paracymbium (VLP) headed ventrally. Lamella with 3 well-developed branches: LA 1 wide, ribbon-like, transparent; LA 2 and LA 3 both sclerotized, strait, needle-like; LA 2 shorter, headed antero-ventrally; LA 3 longer, with a slightly wider, ribbon-like basal part, ending sharp and thin, headed antero-dorsally. Posterior terminal apophysis (PTA), thin and transparent, almost invisible. Median terminal apophysis (MTA) half-transparent, lobated, slightly twisted. Anterior terminal apophysis (ATA) ribbon-like, strongly sclerotized, flattened, slightly twisted, headed anteriorly, ending with a sharp tip. Median tooth (MT) of ATA small and stocky, headed anteriorly. Embolus (E) transparent, twisted, and fringed, partially hidden by ATA.</p><p>Female (one of the paratypes). Total length: 1.26. Prosoma 0.72 long; 0.46 wide. Clypeus 0.24 long. Habitus as in Fig. 1 F. Length of legs as follows: I 2.22 (0.58, 0.16, 0.57, 0.50, 0.41), II 1.93 (0.53, 0.13, 0.47, 0.43, 0.37), III 1.61 (0.43, 0.14, 0.35, 0.36, 0.33), IV 1.95 (0.53, 0.14, 0.48, 0.43, 0.37). Color and other features as in male.</p><p>Epigyne and vulva as in Fig. 1 G-J, strongly protruding when observed laterally. Solenoid (SL) folded anterodorsally with 2 wide transversal folds before reaching the dorsal base of epigyne. Ventral plate (VP) slightly V-shaped, anterior border strongly concave. Dorsal plate (DP) undivided, bearing a well-developed rectangular ventral lobe (LDP) protruding posteriorly. Copulatory ducts (CD) thick, heading antero-laterally then posteriorly before reaching posterior side of spermathecae. Fertilization ducts (FD) thin, Z-shaped, bent anteriorly. Spermathecae (S) wide, oval (Fig. 1 J).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific name is derived from the word “  shimatchu ” (島っちゅ) meaning “islander” in the Amami-Ōshima local language. The name refers to the insular origin of the species endemic to Amami-Ōshima and Tokunoshima islands. Name in apposition.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Endemic to Amami-Ōshima and Tokunoshima islands, Central Ryukyus, Japan (Fig. 13).</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>This species has been observed building simple sheet webs in open spaces in humid leaf litter on the floor of broadleaved forest.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA6E43E57A8F552BB80096FEFDADBB39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Ballarin, Francesco;Liao, Hauchuan;Touyama, Zento;Eguchi, Katsuyuki	Ballarin, Francesco, Liao, Hauchuan, Touyama, Zento, Eguchi, Katsuyuki (2025): Review of the spider genus Solenysa Simon, 1894 in Western Japan and Central Ryukyu with the description of three new species (Araneae, Linyphiidae). ZooKeys 1232: 97-130, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1232.142629
E4C3CE52F95D58449ED7F0B961A9C60E.text	E4C3CE52F95D58449ED7F0B961A9C60E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solenysa Simon 1894	<div><p>Genus  Solenysa Simon, 1894</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Solenysa mellotteei Simon, 1894; type locality: Japan.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>East Asia: Eastern mainland China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan (mainland and Ryukyus, absent in Hokkaido).</p><p>Solenysa yambaruensis group sensu Ballarin &amp; Eguchi</p><p>Composition. Two species,  S. yambaruensis sp. nov.;  S. shimatchu sp. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis. Males of the  S. yambaruensis group can be separated from males of other species groups by the following combination of characters: a well-developed, protruding proximal tibial apophysis (PTP) bearing three robust spines (vs PTP reduced or bearing thinner setae); a cymbium with a massive probasal cymbial apophysis (PBP) strongly bent and concave to form a wide pocket, lacking any clear spurs (vs PBP less developed, or with a different shape, or bearing some spurs); a paracymbium (P) elongated dorsal-ventrally with a well-developed ventral lobe (vs P differently shaped, elongated antero-posteriorly or with a reduced ventral lobe); a protruding, lobated median terminal apophysis (MTA) longer than wide and lacking any clear protrusions (vs MTA wider than long, or with a different shape and having some protrusions); a lamella with three, uniquely shaped branches (LA 1 -3) all well-developed: LA 1 ribbon-like and transparent, LA 2 strongly sclerotized, needle-like, LA 3 with a wide, ribbon-like basal part and ending with a sclerotized, needle-like tip (vs LA 1 -3 less sclerotized, or with a different shape).</p><p>Females of the  S. yambaruensis group can be distinguished from females of other species groups by the following combination of characters: solenoid (SL) with a smooth surface folded into two transversal coils (vs SL differently shaped, with a wrinkled surface, lacking two clear wide folds); a dorsal plate (DP) with a short, undivided rectangular lobe (LDP) protruding posteriorly (vs LDP lacking, divided into two lobes, or differently shaped).</p><p>Description. Cephalic area distinctly elevated in both sexes. Carapace oval with conspicuous lateral lobes. Carapace, chelicera, mouth parts, and sternum uniformly brick-red. Chelicera with four promarginal and three retromarginal teeth. Legs uniformly red-yellowish. TmI = 0.54, TmIV absent. Leg Tibial spine formula = 1-1 - 1 - 1. Opisthosoma uniformly greyish with one or three white marks on dorsal side, one mark always on dorsal-posterior tip of opisthosoma. Other somatic features as in other  Solenysa spp.</p><p>Palpal tibia elongated, ~ 2 × longer than patella, bearing three long, thin setae on anterior-retrolateral side; proximal tibial apophysis (PTP) well-developed, bearing three robust spines. Cymbium with well-developed probasal cymbial apophysis (PBP), massive, folded to form a wide pocket strongly bent retrolaterally, hook-like when observed dorsally. Cymbial retrolateral process (CRP) thorn-like. Paracymbium (P) U-shaped, elongated dorsal-ventrally, ventral lobe (VLP) wide.  Solenysa tegular triangle (STT) long and narrow. Lamella with three well-developed branches: anterior branch (LA 1) ribbon-like, transparent; median branch (LA 2) straight, strongly sclerotized, needle-like; posterior branch (LA 3) with a more or less wide, ribbon-like basal part, ending with a sharp, sclerotized point, straight or bent anteriorly. Radix (R) strongly sclerotized. Distal suprategular apophysis (DSA) well-developed, strongly sclerotized. Median terminal apophysis (MTA) lobated, ~ 2 × longer than wide, protruding antero-ventrally. Anterior terminal apophysis (ATA) ribbon-like, flattened, slightly twisted, and bent ventrally, ending with a more or less sharp tip, bearing a short median tooth (MT). Embolus (E) transparent, ribbon-like, and fringed.</p><p>Epigyne more or less protruding when observed laterally, Solenoid (S) with smooth surface lacking wrinkles, connected to the dorsal base of epigyne, folded anterodorsally with approximately two folds. Ventral plate (VP) V-shaped or trapezoidal; anterior border strongly concave, posterior border flat or slightly V-shaped. Dorsal plate (DP) undivided, bearing a more or less protruding lobe (LDP). Copulatory ducts (CD) thick, heading anteriorly then posteriorly before reaching spermathecae. Fertilization ducts (FD) thin, slightly twisted, bent anteriorly. Spermathecae (S) wide, oval.</p><p>Distribution. Ryukyu Archipelago</p><p>Remarks. The  Solenysa species were grouped by Tu and Hormiga (2011) into four species groups based on the morphology of their genitalia: the  Solenysa longqiensis group ( S. longqiensis,  S. yangmingshana, and  S. spiralis (?) from Mainland China and Taiwan), the  S. wulingensis group ( S. geumoensis,  S. retractilis,  S. wulingensis, and  S. tianmushana from Mainland China and Korea), the  S. protrudens group ( S. protrudens and  S. lanyuensis from Mainland China and Taiwan), and the  S. mellotteei group ( S. macrodonta,  S. mellotteei,  S. ogatai,  S. partibilis,  S. reflexilis, and  S. trunciformis, all from Japan) (Tu and Hormiga 2011; Tian and Tu 2018). Later molecular studies supported the monophyly of these groups. (Tian et al. 2022).</p><p>The two new species from the Central Ryukyus exhibit a unique combination of morphological characters that set them apart from the previously known species groups. Our molecular analysis further supports this distinction placing these species in a monophyletic clade, separated from the other existing species groups (Fig. 12). Based on these findings, we propose a new species group, the  Solenysa yambaruensis group, to accommodate the two Ryukyuan species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E4C3CE52F95D58449ED7F0B961A9C60E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Ballarin, Francesco;Liao, Hauchuan;Touyama, Zento;Eguchi, Katsuyuki	Ballarin, Francesco, Liao, Hauchuan, Touyama, Zento, Eguchi, Katsuyuki (2025): Review of the spider genus Solenysa Simon, 1894 in Western Japan and Central Ryukyu with the description of three new species (Araneae, Linyphiidae). ZooKeys 1232: 97-130, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1232.142629
065F8CA69719578F9EBD2BAFEB12145A.text	065F8CA69719578F9EBD2BAFEB12145A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solenysa trunciformis Wang, Ono & Tu 2015	<div><p>Solenysa trunciformis Wang, Ono &amp; Tu, 2015</p><p>Figs 8 A-J, 11 E, F</p><p>Solenysa mellotteei: Tu and Li 2006: 91, figs 21–30 (♂ ♀, misidentified per Wang et al. 2015: 54); Tu and Hormiga 2011: 499, figs 7 B, 11 H (♂ ♀, misidentified per Wang et al. 2015: 54).</p><p>S. trunciformis Wang et al., 2015: 54, figs 1 A – D, 3 B, 5 E, F (♂ ♀).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Japan: Shikoku Is., Tokushima Pref., • 3 ♂, 7 ♀, Myozai District, Kamiyama Town, Ano, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.28702&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.91391" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.28702/lat 33.91391)">Nashinoki-Toge pass</a>, 11. Oct. 1999, 33.91391°N, 134.28702°E, H. Bando leg. (TKPM)  •   2 ♂, 3 ♀, Mima City, Tsurugi Town, Ichu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.06863&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.94936" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.06863/lat 33.94936)">Tachinomoto</a>, 33.94936°N, 134.06863°E, 1. Jan. 2010, H. Bando leg. (TKPM)  •   1 ♂, 5 ♀ (identified as  S. reflexilis in Bando 2015), Anan City, Kamo Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.55208&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.91466" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.55208/lat 33.91466)">Omatsu-daigongen</a>, 33.91466°N, 134.55208°E, 29. Aug. 2013, H. Bando leg. (TKPM)  •   1 ♀ (identified as  S. reflexilis in Bando 2015), Anan City, Tsubachi Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.64894&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.82427" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.64894/lat 33.82427)">Toyono</a>, 33.82427°N, 134.64894°E, 23. Sep. 2013, H. Bando leg. (TKPM)  •   1 ♂, 1 ♀, Anan City, Asebi Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.55234&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.87834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.55234/lat 33.87834)">Arita, along road n ° 28</a>, 33.87834°N, 134.55234°E, in the litter in a forest of sugi trees ( Cryptomeria japonica), 15. May. 2019, F. Ballarin, T. and Yamasaki leg. (FBPC)  •   1 ♂, 7 ♀, Tokushima City, Kamihachiman Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.51009&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.01891" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.51009/lat 34.01891)">Tatsumiyama</a>, 34.01891°N, 134.51008°E, 18. Sep. 2024, Y. Suzuki leg. (TKPM)  •   Kochi Pref., 1 ♀, Muroto Peninsula, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.12262&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.31339" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.12262/lat 33.31339)">Motootsu</a>, 243 m, 33.31339°N, 134.12262°E, deciduous forest leaf litter, 01. Mar. 2022, F. Ballarin leg. (FBPC)  •   1 ♂, Tosa City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.45036&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.42255" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.45036/lat 33.42255)">Usachoryu</a>, 33.42255°N, 133.45036°E, 15. Sep. 2023, Y. Tsuji leg. (TKPM)  •   1 ♂, Shimanto City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=132.91411&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.99045" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 132.91411/lat 32.99045)">Gudo</a>, 32.99045°N, 132.91411°E, 12. Jul. 2023, Y. Tsuji leg. (TKPM)  •   Okayama Pref., 1 ♂, Maniwa City, Shimoazae, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.6244&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.97021" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.6244/lat 34.97021)">near the entrance of Suwa-do cave</a> (諏訪洞), 183 m, 34.97021°N, 133.62441°E, in the leaf litter of a deciduous forest 20. Apr. 2019, F. Ballarin and T. Yamasaki leg. (FBPC)  •   1 ♂, 1 ♀, Niimi City, Toyonagauyama, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.5658&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.93934" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.5658/lat 34.93934)">Safushi river’s valley</a> (佐伏川), 254 m, 34.93934°N, 133.56580°E, in the litter of a deciduous forest on a very steep slope, 21. Apr. 2019, F. Ballarin and T. Yamasaki leg. (MNHAH)  •   1 ♀, Takahashi City, Kawakami Town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.39246&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.74384" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.39246/lat 34.74384)">Kōyamaichi, Anatoyama Shrine</a> (穴門山神社), 454 m, 34.74384°N, 133.39246°E, under stones near the shrine, 22. Apr. 2019, F. Ballarin and T. Yamasaki leg. (FBPC)  .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>See Wang et al. (2015).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Habitus of male as in Fig. 8 E, habitus of female as in Fig. 8 F. Palp as in Fig. 8 A-D, embolic division as in Fig. 11 E, F; epigyne and vulva as in Fig. 8 G-J. See Wang et al. (2015) for a detailed description.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Tondazaka, Shirahama City, Wakayama Prefecture, Honshu, Japan (33.625°N, 135.422°E).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The current distribution of this species covers Shikoku (Tokushima, Kanagawa, and Kochi Pref.), eastern Chugoku (Okayama Pref.), and southern Kansai (Wakayama Pref.), Japan (Shinkai et al. 2024, this work; Fig. 13). The male specimens from Okayama collected by us exhibits a massive and more squared median protrusion (MP) of the MTA together with a much shorter and triangular posterior protrusion (PP) when compared with the holotype (cf. Fig. 11 E, F vs Wang et al. 2015: fig. 6 F). The male from eastern Shikoku examined by us exhibits both the median (MP) and posterior (PP) protrusions strongly reduced. In all cases, the shape of the lamella remains constant. Due to the lack of specimens examined from the type locality area we cannot confirm if this is part of the intraspecific variability of the species or if  S. trunciformis is a potential complex of multiple morphologically similar species. Yet, our preliminary molecular results suggest little genetic difference among the individual from Tokushima Pref. with the putative  S. trunciformis from Shikoku harvested from GenBank (Fig. 12). Further investigations involving a molecular analysis of a larger number of individuals from different localities may help shed light on this matter.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/065F8CA69719578F9EBD2BAFEB12145A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Ballarin, Francesco;Liao, Hauchuan;Touyama, Zento;Eguchi, Katsuyuki	Ballarin, Francesco, Liao, Hauchuan, Touyama, Zento, Eguchi, Katsuyuki (2025): Review of the spider genus Solenysa Simon, 1894 in Western Japan and Central Ryukyu with the description of three new species (Araneae, Linyphiidae). ZooKeys 1232: 97-130, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1232.142629
9BAB341D03695B008C5F4130077CA5C0.text	9BAB341D03695B008C5F4130077CA5C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solenysa yambaruensis Ballarin & Eguchi 2025	<div><p>Solenysa yambaruensis Ballarin &amp; Eguchi sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 2 A – J, 4 D-F, 5 C – F</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype ♂. Japan: • Okinawa Pref., Okinawa Is., Kunigami Distr., Kunigami Vill., Yona, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.22346&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.74755" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.22346/lat 26.74755)">Yambaru National Park</a>, 185 m, 26.74755°N, 128.22347°E, humid forest litter, 25. Feb. 2021, F. Ballarin leg. (NSMT -Ar 26188)  .   Paratypes. Japan: Okinawa Pref., Okinawa Is., • 1 ♀, Kunigami Distr., Kunigami Vill., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.22346&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.74755" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.22346/lat 26.74755)">Yona</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.22346&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.74755" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.22346/lat 26.74755)">Yambaru National Park</a>, 185 m, 26.74755°N, 128.22347°E, humid forest litter, 25. Feb. 2021, F. Ballarin leg (NSMT -Ar 26189)  •  3 ♀, same locality, 46 m, 26.7601°N, 128.2190°E, 03. Sep. 2023, humid forest leaf litter along the road, tullgren funnel, R. Itou, R. Kaneko, Y. Hiruma, and K. Watanabe leg. (MNHAH) •  2 ♀, same locality, 240 m, 26.74335°N, 128.22608°E, humid broadleaf litter near a small creek, 02. Sep. 2024, F. Ballarin leg. (FBPC) •   1 ♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.22061&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.78245" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.22061/lat 26.78245)">Sate</a>, 80 m, 26.78245°N, 128.22061°E, broadleaf forest litter on a slope with rocks, 13. May. 2022, F. Ballarin leg. (FBPC)  •  1 ♂, 3 ♀, same locality, 03. Sep. 2023, F. Ballarin leg. (NSMT -Ar 26190) •   1 ♂, 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.25471&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.82804" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.25471/lat 26.82804)">Ginama</a>, 190 m, 26.82804°N, 128.25471°E, broadleaf forest litter, 04. Sep. 2024, F. Ballarin leg. (TKPM -AR 3245)  •  1 ♂, 1 ♀, same locality, 210 m, 26.82743°N, 128.25885°E, pine forest litter, 04. Sep. 2024, F. Ballarin leg. (MSNVR -Ar 036 –037) •   3 ♀, Oku, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.2715&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.8365" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.2715/lat 26.8365)">Ryukyu University Okuyamaso</a>, 26.8365°N, 128.2715°E, 03. Sep. 2023, forest leaf litter, sifter, R. Itou, R. Kaneko, Y. Hiruma, and K. Watanabe leg. (MNHAH)  •   1 ♂,  Nago, 10. Nov. 2018, A. Tanikawa leg. (MNHAH)</p><p>Other material examined.</p><p>Japan: Okinawa Pref., Okinawa Is., • 1 ♀,  Nago, 13. Nov. 2007, A. Tanikawa leg. (MNHAH) ; •  1 ♀, same locality, 6. Nov. 2009, A. Tanikawa leg. (MNHAH) •  1 ♀, same locality, 8. Dec. 2009, A. Tanikawa leg. (TKPM) •  1 ♀, same locality, 21. Oct. 2010, A. Tanikawa leg. (TKPM) •  1 ♂, same locality, 15. Apr. 2011, A. Tanikawa leg. (TKPM) •   1 ♂, 1 ♀, Onna, Tancha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.83674&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.45947" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.83674/lat 26.45947)">near OIST campus</a>, 140 m, 26.45947°N, 127.83674°E. mixed forest litter along the road, 30. Aug. 2023, F. Ballarin leg. (FBPC)  •   1 ♂, Kunigami Distr., Kunigami Vill., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.19708&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.70897" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.19708/lat 26.70897)">Hama</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.19708&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.70897" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.19708/lat 26.70897)">Near Nagao-Bashi Bridge</a>, 26.70897°N, 128.19708°E, 2. Jan. 2024, forest litter, Z. Touyama leg. (ZTPC)  •  1 ♂, 1 ♀, same locality, 20. Mar. 2024, Z. Touyama &amp; R. Yamauchi leg. (ZTPC) •   1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.19685&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.7013" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.19685/lat 26.7013)">Hama</a>, 26.70130°N, 128.19685°E, 2. Jan. 2024, Z. Touyama leg. (ZTPC)  •   Kumejima Is., 1 ♀, Shimajiri-gun, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=126.80254&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.34819" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 126.80254/lat 26.34819)">Maja</a>, 95 m 26.34819°N, 126.80254°E, litter in a broadleaf forest, 18. May. 2022, F. Ballarin leg. (FBPC)  .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>See the diagnosis of  S. shimatchu sp. nov. above.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male (holotype). Total length: 1.24. Prosoma 0.68 long; 0.47 wide. Clypeus 0.24 long. Habitus as in Fig. 2 E. Length of legs as follows: I 2.62 (0.69, 0.15, 0.70, 0.59, 0.49), II 2.31 (0.64, 0.15, 0.57, 0.50, 0.45), III 1.81 (0.51, 0.14, 0.41, 0.40, 0.36), IV 2.21 (0.64, 0.14, 0.53, 0.48, 0.42). Opisthosoma uniformly greyish with three distinct, white-greyish marks on dorsal side: two wide parallel, elongated marks in the central-anterior part of opisthosoma, one wide mark near posterior tip. Marks partially fused together in some individuals. Other somatic characters as in species group.</p><p>Palp as in Figs 2 A-D, 4 D-F, 5 C – F. Proximal tibial apophysis (PTP) slightly protruding, bearing three spines. Probasal cymbial apophysis (PBP), massive, strongly bent, hook-like when observed dorsally, headed antero-retrolaterally. Ventral lobe of paracymbium (VLP) wide, laterally flattened, strongly protruding antero-ventrally. Lamella with three well-developed branches: LA 1 transparent and wide, ribbon-like, half-twisted; LA 2 and LA 3 both sclerotized; LA 2 thin, strait, needle-like, headed antero-ventrally; LA 3 longer, basal part wide, ribbon-like, headed antero-retrolaterally, ending with two small denticles and one sharp needle-like tip bent with a 90 ° angle antero-dorsally. Posterior terminal apophysis (PTA), thin and transparent, headed anteriorly, clearly visible when the palp is observed ventrally. Median terminal apophysis (MTA) flattened, long and lobated, sightly sclerotized, strongly protruding antero-ventrally. Anterior terminal apophysis (ATA) ribbon-like, strongly sclerotized, flattened, slightly twisted, headed ventrally, ending with a blunt tip. Median tooth (MT) of ATA small, thorn-like with a sharp tip, headed posteriorly. Embolus (E) transparent, twisted, and fringed, partially hidden by ATA.</p><p>Female (one of the paratypes). Total length: 1.25. Prosoma 0.63 long; 0.44 wide. Clypeus 0.21 long. Habitus as in Fig. 2 F. Length of legs as follows: I 2.42 (0.65, 0.15, 0.63, 0.52, 0.47), II 2.07 (0.52, 0.14, 0.51, 0.46, 0.44), III 1.73 (0.45, 0.12, 0.41, 0.37, 0.38), IV 2.06 (0.55, 0.14, 0.50, 0.45, 0.42). Color and other features as in male.</p><p>Epigyne and vulva as in Fig. 2 G-J, flattened and only slightly protruding when observed laterally. Solenoid (SL) folded anterodorsally with 2 transversal folds before reaching the dorsal base of epigyne. Ventral plate (VP) trapezoidal with rounded lateral borders, anterior border concave, ventral border flattened. Dorsal plate (DP) undivided, bearing a short, rectangular ventral lobe (LDP) slightly protruding posteriorly. Copulatory ducts (CD) thick, heading anteriorly then posteriorly before reaching posterior side of spermathecae. Fertilization ducts (FD) thin, S-shaped, slightly twisted, bent anteriorly. Spermathecae (S) wide, oval (Fig. 2 J).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific name is derived from the type locality area where this species was initially found, the Yambaru National Park. This renowned protected area covers the Northern portion of Okinawa Island and has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List since 2021.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Endemic to Okinawa Honto and Kumejima islands, Central Ryukyus, Japan (Fig. 13).</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Humid leaf litter on the floor of broadleaved and mixed forests.</p><p>Solenysa mellotteei group sensu Tu &amp; Hormiga (2011)</p><p>Composition. Seven species:  Solenysa mellotteei Simon, 1894;  S. macrodonta Wang, Ono &amp; Tu, 2015;  S. ogatai Ono, 2011;  S. partibilis Tu, Ono &amp; Li, 2007;  S. reflexilis Tu, Ono &amp; Li, 2007;  S. trunciformis Wang, Ono &amp; Tu, 2015;  S. bilamellata sp. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis. See Tu and Hormiga (2011) and Wang et al. (2015).</p><p>Description. See Tu and Hormiga (2011) and Wang et al. (2015).</p><p>Distribution. Mainland Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, absent in Hokkaido).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9BAB341D03695B008C5F4130077CA5C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Ballarin, Francesco;Liao, Hauchuan;Touyama, Zento;Eguchi, Katsuyuki	Ballarin, Francesco, Liao, Hauchuan, Touyama, Zento, Eguchi, Katsuyuki (2025): Review of the spider genus Solenysa Simon, 1894 in Western Japan and Central Ryukyu with the description of three new species (Araneae, Linyphiidae). ZooKeys 1232: 97-130, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1232.142629
A9C73F399FF05CCB89922AABB51141D0.text	A9C73F399FF05CCB89922AABB51141D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solenysa yangmingshana Tu 2011	<div><p>Solenysa yangmingshana Tu, 2011</p><p>Figs 10 A-J, 11 I, J</p><p>Solenysa yangmingshana Tu in Tu &amp; Hormiga, 2011: 503, fig. 11 A – G (♂ ♀).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Taiwan: Nantou County, Ren’ai, • 2 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.03529&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.08967" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.03529/lat 24.08967)">Huisun Forest Area</a>, 740 m, 24.08967°N, 121.03529°E, broadleaf forest litter along the trail, 12. July. 2023 F. Ballarin leg. (FBPC)  •  2 ♂, same locality, 930 m, 24.08421°N, 121.03438°E, rather humid broadleaf forest litter on a gentle slope, 14. July. 2023, F. Ballarin leg. (FBPC) •   4 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.08067&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.02824" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.08067/lat 24.02824)">Menggu Waterfall</a>, 910 m, 24.02824°N, 121.08067°E, broadleaf forest litter along the trail, 17. July. 2023, F. Ballarin leg (NSMT)  •   Taichung City Metropolitan Area, 1 ♀, Dongshi District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.88943&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.21595" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.88943/lat 24.21595)">Daxue Mountain</a>, 860 m, 24.21595°N, 120.88943°E, broadleaf forest leaf litter along the trail, 18. July. 2023, F. Ballarin leg. (TARI)  .</p><p>Type locality:</p><p>Mt. Yangmingshan, Taipei City, Taiwan (~ 25.171°N, 121.553°E).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>See Tu and Hormiga (2011).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Habitus of male as in Fig. 10 E. Total length: 1.56. Prosoma 0.85 long; 0.60 wide. Clypeus 0.38 long. Cephalic area distinctly elevated in both sexes. Carapace oval, lacking lateral lobes. Carapace, chelicera, mouth parts, and sternum uniformly brick-red. Chelicera with four promarginal and three retromarginal teeth. Legs uniformly red-yellowish. TmI = 0.43. TmIV absent. Length of legs as follows: I 3.71 (1.01, 0.20, 1.04, 0.86, 0.60), II 3.21 (0.88, 0.18, 0.84, 0.75, 0.56), III 2.56 (0.78, 0.18, 0.60, 0.56, 0.44), IV 3.19 (0.92, 0.17, 0.83, 0.73, 0.54). Opisthosoma uniformly dark grey with some faint lighter dots on dorsal side. Some individuals with one light mark on dorsal-posterior part of opisthosoma. Palp as in Fig. 10 A-D, embolic division as in Fig. 11 I, J.</p><p>Habitus of female as in Fig. 10 F. Total length: 1.55. Prosoma 0.79 long; 0.53 wide. Clypeus 0.28 long. Length of legs as follows: I 3.30 (0.95, 0.17, 0.89, 0.74, 0.55), II 2.91 (0.85, 0.16, 0.77, 0.62, 0.51), III 2.37 (0.68, 0.16, 0.55, 0.52, 0.46), IV 2.92 (0.89, 0.17, 0.75, 0.63, 0.48). Color and other features as in male. Epigyne and vulva as in Fig. 10 G-J.</p><p>See Tu and Hormiga (2011) for a detailed description of genitalia.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Species endemic to the island of Taiwan (Fig. 13). As far as we know, this species was previously recorded only from a few specimens collected in the north of the Island. Similarly to the previously mentioned  S. longqiensis,  S. yangmingshana is widespread across Taiwan and both species share the same habitat. In the original description by Tu and Hormiga (2011), the coordinates of the type locality are incorrectly reported and refer to the type locality of  S. longqiensis . Additionally, in their distribution map, Tu and Hormiga (2011: 517) erroneously report the type locality as being in central Taiwan, while it is located in the north of the island. They also mention that the original male holotype was dried out and could not be properly measured thus limiting their description to the genitalia. Accordingly, here we redescribe the habitus of both male and female of this species reporting the related measurements.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A9C73F399FF05CCB89922AABB51141D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Ballarin, Francesco;Liao, Hauchuan;Touyama, Zento;Eguchi, Katsuyuki	Ballarin, Francesco, Liao, Hauchuan, Touyama, Zento, Eguchi, Katsuyuki (2025): Review of the spider genus Solenysa Simon, 1894 in Western Japan and Central Ryukyu with the description of three new species (Araneae, Linyphiidae). ZooKeys 1232: 97-130, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1232.142629
