identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
F447F871792A5967DE81C76CFC59F83E.text	F447F871792A5967DE81C76CFC59F83E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphinomidae Savigny	<div><p>Amphinomidae Savigny in Lamarck, 1818</p><p>Clade II: Borda et al. 2012: 312, Fig. 2.</p><p>Amphinominae: Borda et al. 2015: 326, Fig. 2; Jimi et al. 2021: 6, Fig. 4.</p><p>Amphinominae Savigny in Lamarck, 1818</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F447F871792A5967DE81C76CFC59F83E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tovar-Hernández, María Ana;González-Vallejo, Norma Emilia;Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.	Tovar-Hernández, María Ana, González-Vallejo, Norma Emilia, Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2024): Cryptonome beatrizae n. sp., from drifting wood in Western Mexico, with remarks on Pareurythoe Gustafson, 1930 (Annelida, Amphinomidae). Zootaxa 5424 (5): 535-553, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5424.5.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5424.5.3
F447F87179295964DE81C0C9FD16F865.text	F447F87179295964DE81C0C9FD16F865.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptonome Borda, Kudenov, Bienhold & Rouse 2012	<div><p>Cryptonome Borda, Kudenov, Bienhold &amp; Rouse, 2012, emended</p><p>Type species.  Cryptonome conclava Borda, Kudenov, Bienhold &amp; Rouse, 2012, by original designation.</p><p>Diagnosis (emended, Barroso et al. 2018, modifications in bold type).  Amphinominae with caruncle reduced, cushion-shaped or tapered, as long as, or shorter than median antenna. Chaetiger 1 incomplete dorsally. Parapodia biramous; notopodia conical often with collars, neuropodia mound-shaped on swollen lobes. Dorsal cirri cirriform, smooth or pseudarticulate. Ventral cirri conical to subulate, tapered, usually smooth. Notochaetae include harpoons, sometimes with two series of denticles (barbed), delicate spurred to bifurcate capillaries, and bifurcate chaetae; notopodial hooks absent. Neurochaetae include bifurcate chaetae, with long basally swollen prongs, and delicately spurred capillaries. Noto- and neuroaciculae hastate. Branchiae dichotomously branching tufts from chaetiger 3, continued almost to last chaetiger. Anus dorsal, in last 1–2 chaetigers; anal cirri unpaired, lobate.</p><p>Composition. Borda et al. (2012: 318) included  C. turcica (Çinar, 2008) but overlooked the fact that it has pseudarticulate cirri, and this explains the main emendation; the other ones are after recognizing it as belonging in  Amphinominae Savigny in Lamarck, 1818.As a consequence, subfamily features were deleted from earlier diagnosis.  Cryptonome currently includes four species (Read &amp; Fauchald 2023):  C. barbada Barroso, Kudenov, Halanych, Saeedi, Sumida &amp; Bernardino, 2018;  C. conclava Borda, Kudenov, Bienhold &amp; Rouse, 2012;  C. parvecarunculata (Horst, 1912); and  C. turcica (Çinar, 2008) . However, after the diagnosis has been redefined, other species should be integrated into  Cryptonome and are herein newly combined and transferred from  Pareurythoe Gustafson, 1930 . For example,  Pareurythoe americana Hartman, 1951, or  Hipponoe elongata Treadwell, 1931, briefly characterized below. These two species are newly combined and included in the key below. On the other hand, a key to the genera of  Amphinominae is available elsewhere (Bleeker et al. 2023).</p><p>Remarks. Among Amphinomin genera,  Cryptonome and  Pareurythoe have similar morphologies; both have chaetiger 1 dorsally incomplete, a small caruncle, and branchiae along most body chaetigers. However, there are two differences separating them, in  Cryptonome the median antenna is as long as, or longer than caruncle, and first branchiae have many filaments, whereas in  Pareurythoe the median antenna is shorter than caruncle, and first branchiae have a few filaments. Another relevant difference is in their ecology, because most  Cryptonome species have been found in decaying wood, whereas  Pareurythoe species are recorded from sediments.</p><p>Key to species of  Cryptonome Borda, Kudenov, Bienhold &amp; Rouse, 2012</p><p>(modified after Borda et al. 2012)</p><p>1 Parapodial cirri smooth, non-pseudoarticulate; median antenna longer than laterals................................. 2</p><p>– Parapodial cirri pseudoarticulate, especially along anterior region; size of median antenna variable..................... 5</p><p>2(1) Caruncle small, cushion-shaped.......................................................................... 3</p><p>– Caruncle elongate, tapered first branchiae with about 10 filaments; median antennae minute, shorter than laterals..................................................................  C. elongata (Treadwell, 1931) n. comb. Caribbean Sea</p><p>3(2) First branchiae with about 10 filaments; harpoon notochaetae with two series of denticles (barbed).........................................  C. barbada Barroso, Kudenov, Halanych, Saeedi, Sumida &amp; Bernardino, 2018 Southwestern Atlantic</p><p>– First branchiae with about 20 filaments; harpoon notochaetae with a single series of denticles......................... 4</p><p>4(3) Branchiae of anterior segments very long, covering dorsum..........................................................................................  C. conclava Borda, Kudenov, Bienhold &amp; Rouse, 2012 Eastern Mediterranean</p><p>– Branchiae of anterior segments short, not covering dorsum........  C. americana (Hartman, 1951) n. comb. Gulf of Mexico</p><p>5(1) Median antenna as long as laterals; anterior eyes slightly larger than posterior ones................................................................................................  C. turcica (Çinar, 2008) Eastern Mediterranean</p><p>– Median antenna markedly longer than laterals, reaching anterior prostomial margin................................. 6</p><p>6(5) Eyes minute, of similar size (deep water form)...........................  C. parvecarunculata (Horst, 1912) Malaysia</p><p>– Eyes large, anterior eyes larger than posterior ones (shallow water form)..............  C. beatrizae n. sp. Western Mexico</p><p>Remarks. African records of  C. parvecarunculata (Horst, 1912) are questionable. The record from Western Africa (Augener 1918: 90, Pl. 2, Fig. 3, Pl. 3, Figs 37, 38) is probably after an eyeless specimen, whereas the one for South Africa (Day 1967: 128, Fig. 3.2i–l) has a shorter median antenna, not reaching anterior prostomial margin. They probably belong to different, undescribed species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F447F87179295964DE81C0C9FD16F865	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tovar-Hernández, María Ana;González-Vallejo, Norma Emilia;Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.	Tovar-Hernández, María Ana, González-Vallejo, Norma Emilia, Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2024): Cryptonome beatrizae n. sp., from drifting wood in Western Mexico, with remarks on Pareurythoe Gustafson, 1930 (Annelida, Amphinomidae). Zootaxa 5424 (5): 535-553, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5424.5.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5424.5.3
F447F87179285960DE81C0C9FCD3FAA5.text	F447F87179285960DE81C0C9FCD3FAA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptonome beatrizae Tovar-Hernández & González-Vallejo & Salazar-Vallejo 2024	<div><p>Cryptonome beatrizae n. sp.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D254B7D4-1B85-4C08-8391-C75BF3BC254B</p><p>Figs 1–4A</p><p>Diagnosis.  Cryptonome with large eyes, anterior eyes reniform, larger than posterior round to oval ones; median antenna markedly longer than laterals; parapodial cirri pseudoarticulate.</p><p>Type material.  Eastern Pacific, Gulf of California. Holotype (ECOSUR 314) and  8 paratypes (ECOSUR 315), Sinaloa, Teacapán (22°36’42.58” N, 105°47’35.13” W), on a drift-wood piece (47x 30 cm), 10 May 2021, fixed in 75% ethanol, M.A. Tovar-Hernández, legit.</p><p>Additional material.   Central Pacific, French Polynesia, Society Islands, Moorea. One specimen (UF 1536), east side of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-149.851&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.51" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -149.851/lat -17.51)">Opunhou Bay</a> (-17.510, -149.851), 0–2 m, rocky shore, in rotten wood, 8 Nov. 2009, fixed in 75% ethanol, T. Lotufo, N. Gravier-Bonnet, A. Anker &amp; J. Norenburg, coll. (complete; left parapodia of chaetiers 15, 40 and 52 removed for observation; body 64 mm long, 2.8 mm wide, 129 chaetigers; other data in remarks)  .  Two specimens (UF 1537), same data as above (body 11–13 mm long, 2.0– 2.1 mm wide, 43–45 chaetigers; other data in remarks) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Holotype (ECOSUR 314) complete, mature female, convolute, broken in two pieces, summing up 109 mm long, 123 chaetigers; anterior fragment 41 mm long, 4.5 mm wide (by chaetiger 10), 44 chaetigers (Fig. 1A), removed from a piece of driftwood (Fig. 4A); body wall broken laterally, exposing pharynx and anterior gut; posterior fragment 68 mm long, 5 mm wide close to start of fragment, 79 chaetigers.</p><p>Body tapered posteriorly, anterior and posterior ends depressed, most body segments swollen; brownish without dorsal pigmentation pattern; venter with a midventral thin dark line (Fig. 1C), visible along 60 anterior chaetigers from chaetiger 3, progressively paler. Parapodial cirri, branchiae and chaetae colorless.</p><p>Prostomium rounded anteriorly, tapered posteriorly, roughly triangular (Fig. 1B). Anterior prostomial lobe rounded, as long as posterior one, separated by a transverse depression; anterior prostomial lobe with tapered lateral antennae, directed anteriorly, surpassing anterior prostomial margin, and palps, about as long as lateral antennae; antennae and palps pseudarticulate. Posterior prostomial lobe with four blackish eyes, anterior eyes reniform, twice wider than posterior, round eyes; median antenna thinner, twice longer than lateral antennae, pseudarticulate, inserted slightly behind posterior eyes, reaching anterior prostomial margin. Caruncle small, cushion-shaped, slightly bent medially, as long as chaetiger 1. Peristomium reduced to two fusiform, longitudinal medially separated cushions; mouth between chaetigers 2–3 (Fig. 1C).</p><p>Parapodia all biramous, larger anteriorly, progressively smaller along body (Fig. 2A, B, E). Notopodia and neuropodia conical, notopodia shorter than neuropodia. Dorsal and ventral cirri tapered; dorsal cirri pseudarticulate (Fig. 2A, inset), twice longer than ventral cirri; ventral cirri with indistinct annulations.</p><p>Branchiae from chaetiger 3, continued along body, missing in last 3–4 chaetigers. Branchial filaments larger, more abundant along chaetigers 10–25, with 6–7 basal stems, and about 120 filaments in anterior chaetigers, 80 filaments in median (chaetiger 56), and 30 in posterior chaetigers (chaetiger 95). Branchial filaments digitate, thinner along anterior region, becoming thicker in median and posterior chaetigers.</p><p>Chaetae damaged. Anterior chaetigers with longest notochaetae abundant (Fig. 2A), thin serrated capillaries with one row of tiny denticles along one side, 2–3 shorter, thicker bifurcates, and 4–5 spoon-shaped aciculae; longest neurochaetae serrated capillaries, with one row of tiny denticles along one side, 5–6 shorter, thicker bifurcates, and 2–3 spoon-shaped aciculae. Notaciculae with exposed distal part larger than those of neuraciculae. Median and posterior chaetigers with capillaries with darker core (Fig. 2B, C, E), without notopodial bifurcates, with additional harpoon-chaetae, longer than bifurcates, shorter than capillaries; basal spur not seen; neurochaetae in median and posterior chaetigers mostly bifurcates, longest tine about 20 times longer than shortest one (Fig. 2D).</p><p>Posterior end tapered; pygidium with anus terminal, with a distal semicircular lobe; no anal cirri (Fig. 1D).</p><p>Oocytes visible in coelom from chaetiger 14 (after dissection), more abundant in median and posterior chaetigers; oocytes mostly oval, smooth, about 90–100 μm in diameter along their longer axis (Fig. 2F).</p><p>Etymology. The species name is derived after Dr. Beatriz Yáñez-Rivera, a very appreciated friend and colleague, in recognition for her studies on amphinomid annelids. The species-group name is a noun in the genitive case (ICZN 1999, Art. 31.1.2).</p><p>Variation. Seven complete paratypes were 17–38 mm long, 2.0– 3.5 mm wide, 58–86 chaetigers. The anterior eyes were reniform in six paratypes, oval in two others, whereas the posterior eyes were round in four paratypes, oval, longer than wide in three others, and triangular to lenticular in another. The median antenna was present in seven paratypes, it was twice longer than laterals in four, and three times longer in the other three. The number of branchial filaments in chaetiger 15 was 35–72, and it was roughly size-dependent because some paratypes were regenerating the anterior region, and sometimes their body shape was slightly distorted during fixation. Only one paratype (36 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, 79 chaetigers) had a thin midventral blackish line along a few anterior chaetigers. The anus was prolapsed in six paratypes, one had it bluish. Bifurcate neurochaetae are present from chaetiger 2–3, continued to the end of body, but most were broken.</p><p>Remarks.  Cryptonome Borda, Kudenov, Bienhold &amp; Rouse, 2012 includes two groups of species after their parapodial cirri; one group has smooth cirri, whereas the other has pseudarticulate cirri. The second group can be further divided after the length of their median antennae because it can be shorter than the lateral ones such as in  C. turcica (Çinar, 2008), and another group having their median antennae longer than the lateral antennae, reaching anterior prostomial margin, such as in  C. parvecarunculata (Horst, 1912), and  C. beatrizae n. sp. These two later species differ especially regarding the size of eyes; in  C. beatrizae the anterior eyes are larger than the posterior ones, whereas in  C. parvecarunculata they are minute, as shown by Çinar (2008: Fig. 6B), and the author had also indicated that they were of similar size (Çinar 2008: 1983).</p><p>Çinar (2008: 1983) indicated the holotype and some paratypes of  C. parvecarunculata had sperm capsules, each about 85 μm in diameter, although there were no illustrations. They might have been oocytes, after their size, and were regarded as sperm capsules instead.</p><p>The French Polynesia specimens (UF 1536, 1537) are regarded as conspecific. The largest specimen (UF 1536, Fig. 3A) matches most features with the holotype described above, although the branchiae are more contracted than in the holotype and do not cover most of the dorsal surface. However, because this variation was also noted in the paratypes, they are regarded as conspecific. This largest specimen (UF 1536) has anterior eyes oval, 3–4 times larger than the posterior ones (Fig. 3B), and the variations found in the type material could be explained because the anterior eyes are directed forward (Fig. 3C), such that longer periods in ethanol might explain the loss of pigmentation and the changes in shape from oval to reniform.Another slight difference is in the number of branchial filaments along the body; in the Polynesian specimen, there were 50 filaments in chaetiger 15 (Fig. 3D) against 60 in a slightly smaller paratype, and 31 in chaetiger 40 (Fig. 3E) versus 18 in the same paratype, and a similar size in median chaetigers (Fig. 3G), but because a regular size-related trend was not found in the type material, this difference is regarded as a variation without diagnostic relevance. The notochaetae are also similar although the harpoon chaetae have smaller denticles; neurochaetae are bifid with longest tines often broken and can be 3–20 times longer than shortest tines (Fig. 3F). The posterior region is tapered with anus dorso-terminal, and branchiae have a few filaments.</p><p>Despite the differences in the number (and size) of branchial filaments and the localities where the specimens were found, the populations represented by the specimens we have studied are regarded as conspecific. First, the number of branchial filaments has been shown to vary according to the oxygen saturation level in the environment, as indicated elsewhere (Ahrens et al. 2013). Second, since Scheltema (1988) seminal study, there are many examples of trans-Pacific dispersal of many marine organisms through their own larvae. Further, marine invertebrates associated with drifting wood have been shown to disperse across the Northern Pacific, from Japan to the United States of America (Treneman et al. 2018), such that moving from the French Polynesia to Western Mexico is possible as shown elsewhere (Martinez et al. 2009). However, we think that a means to confirm this is through molecular analysis which are beyond our current objectives.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F447F87179285960DE81C0C9FCD3FAA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tovar-Hernández, María Ana;González-Vallejo, Norma Emilia;Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.	Tovar-Hernández, María Ana, González-Vallejo, Norma Emilia, Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2024): Cryptonome beatrizae n. sp., from drifting wood in Western Mexico, with remarks on Pareurythoe Gustafson, 1930 (Annelida, Amphinomidae). Zootaxa 5424 (5): 535-553, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5424.5.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5424.5.3
F447F8717923596CDE81C50FFC8EFA6E.text	F447F8717923596CDE81C50FFC8EFA6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptonome americana (Hartman 1951) Tovar-Hernández & González-Vallejo & Salazar-Vallejo 2024	<div><p>Cryptonome americana (Hartman, 1951) new combination</p><p>Figs 6 and 7</p><p>Pareurythoe americana Hartman, 1951: 25-28, Pls 6, 7.</p><p>Diagnosis.  Cryptonome with median antenna longer than laterals; parapodial cirri smooth; branchiae short, not covering dorsum, first one with about 20 filaments; harpoon-notochaetae with one series of denticles.</p><p>Type material.   Texas, U.S.A. Paratype (LACM 102), epitoke,  Padre Island, 6 Jul. 1933 (another label indicates March 1942), C.T. Reed, coll.   Paratype (LACM 103),  Port Aransas, 15 Dec. 1947, J.W. Hedgpeth, coll. (both with labels, written on 18 Mar. 2016, J.D. Kudenov indicated they do not belong in  Pareurythoe . He was correct)  .</p><p>Description. Paratype (LACM 103) complete, twisted, colorless; 72 mm long, 3 mm wide, 98 chaetigers; six parapodia previously removed from chaetigers 9 (right), 22 (right), 30 (right), 36 (left), 45 (left), 77 (left), not in container; right parapodium of chaetiger 40 removed for observation (kept in container).</p><p>Body tapered posteriorly, anterior and posterior regions depressed; anterior end contracted; integument with longitudinal furrows (Fig. 6A).</p><p>Prostomium with a shallow anterior indentation, about twice longer than wide (Fig. 6B); anterior prostomial lobe with medially swollen lateral antennae, directed dorsally, as long as palps; palps directed ventrally, lateral antennae and palps smooth, non-articulated. Posterior prostomial lobe with median antenna as wide as laterals, about twice longer than them. Caruncle small, cushion-shaped, not visible dorsally. Peristomium reduced to two fusiform, longitudinal medially separated cushions; mouth between chaetigers 2–3.</p><p>Parapodia all biramous, larger anteriorly, progressively smaller posteriorly. Notopodia and neuropodia conical, notopodia larger than neuropodia. Dorsal and ventral cirri smooth, dorsal cirri tapered, 4-5 times longer than ventral fusiform cirri (Fig. 6C).</p><p>Branchiae from chaetiger 3, continued along body, missing in last 2-3 chaetigers. Branchial filaments larger, more abundant along chaetigers 5–30, with 6–7 basal stems, with about 20 filaments in chaetiger 3, and about 40 filaments in chaetiger 40. Posterior chaetigers with less filaments (five filaments close to last branchiferous segments). Branchial filaments digitate throughout body.</p><p>Chaetae variably damaged after formaline preservation. Notochaetae of two different sizes, longer ones smooth capillaries, shorter ones harpoon-chaetae with a few lateral denticles (difficult to observe). Neurochaetae in median chaetigers only furcates, with a very small, short tine (spurred) (Fig. 6D). No other chaetae observed.</p><p>Posterior end tapered (Fig. 6E); pygidium with anus terminal, lacking anal cirri.</p><p>Epitoke. Paratype (LACM 102), female, colorless, anterior end previously cut off (kept in container); right chaetiger 20 removed for observation.  Anterior region removed after an oblique transverse cut, with five parapodia on the left, and six on the right side, 2.5 mm long, 3.6 mm wide (excluding chaetae), 9 mm wide (including chaetae); rest of body 155 mm long, 10 mm wide (without chaetae), 108 chaetigers.</p><p>Anterior end already dissected for observing caruncle (Fig. 7A). Median antenna tapered; caruncle low, short, sinuous fleshy lobe, about as long as median antenna, obliterated by contracted portions of adjacent parapodial surfaces. Lateral antennae without ceratostyles. Branchiae start in chaetiger 3 (Fig. 7B), continue almost to the last chaetiger.</p><p>Parapodia variably damaged. Anterior region with collapsed parapodia, most with ventral cirri contracted (Fig. 7C), with abundant oocytes. Dorsal cirri irregularly contracted (Fig. 7D). Oocytes with well-defined nucleus and nucleole, each about 100 µm in diameter (Fig. 7E).</p><p>Median and posterior parapodia better preserved. Chaetae markedly longer than parapodial lobes. Chaetae include only smooth capillaries (probably after being in formaline for a long time).</p><p>Posterior region tapered; pygidium with anus terminal; anal cirri not seen.</p><p>Remarks.  Pareurythoe americana Hartman, 1951 is newly combined into  Cryptonome by having a barely developed caruncle, as long as or shorter than median antenna. As indicated in the key above,  C. americana (Hartman, 1951) n. comb. separates from other species having straight caruncle such as  C. elongata (Treadwell, 1931) n. comb. from the Caribbean Sea, by having about 20 branchial filaments in the first branchiae, whereas the others have about 10 filaments.</p><p>On the other hand, Hartman (1951: 28) noted that the epitoke, being collected in 1933, had some pigmentation remaining when she studied it. For example, she indicated eyes were large, and that chaetae were fine, notochaetae transparent (white), and neurochaetae pale yellow and thicker. No pigmentation remains now in the specimen.</p><p>Distribution. The species was described with specimens from Florida and Texas, U.S.A. However, no depth or other ecological data were given. Rioja (1958: 224) recorded it, with hesitation, from Veracruz, México. He indicated the caruncle could reach chaetiger 2.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F447F8717923596CDE81C50FFC8EFA6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tovar-Hernández, María Ana;González-Vallejo, Norma Emilia;Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.	Tovar-Hernández, María Ana, González-Vallejo, Norma Emilia, Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2024): Cryptonome beatrizae n. sp., from drifting wood in Western Mexico, with remarks on Pareurythoe Gustafson, 1930 (Annelida, Amphinomidae). Zootaxa 5424 (5): 535-553, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5424.5.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5424.5.3
F447F8717921596BDE81C5B1FD8FFDEA.text	F447F8717921596BDE81C5B1FD8FFDEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptonome elongata (Treadwell 1931) Tovar-Hernández & González-Vallejo & Salazar-Vallejo 2024	<div><p>Cryptonome elongata (Treadwell, 1931) new combination</p><p>Figs 8 and 9</p><p>Hipponoe elongata Treadwell, 1931: 3–4, Figs 10 –12.</p><p>Pareurythoe elongata: Hartman 1951: 28 (n. comb.).</p><p>?  Pareurythoe elongata: Hartman 1956: 274.</p><p>Diagnosis.  Cryptonome with small eyes, oval; median antenna reduced; caruncle straight; first branchiae with 5–6 filaments; parapodial cirri smooth, tapered.</p><p>Type material.  Caribbean Sea. Holotype (AMNH 2067), Puerto Rico, unspecified locality or substrate, Jun. 1915, R.W. Miner, legit.</p><p>Description. Holotype (AMNH 2067) complete, mature female, twisted (Fig. 8A), almost breaking in two pieces, several parapodia previously removed (Fig. 8B), 11 placed in small vial: right parapodia 1–4, 36–39, branchiae from chaetigers 10, 43, neurochaetae chaetigers 9–12; colorless, about 150 mm long, 8 mm wide (widest region), 134 chaetigers.</p><p>Body tapered in both body ends, depressed towards anterior and posterior end, most segments swollen; body wall damaged, broken in some median segments, pale throughout body. Parapodial cirri, branchiae and chaetae colorless.</p><p>Prostomium rounded anteriorly, tapered posteriorly, roughly triangular (Fig. 8C). Anterior prostomial lobe rounded, larger than posterior one, transverse separation indistinct, two curved depressions ahead of eyes not connected medially; anterior prostomial lobe with short, conical lateral antennae, directed laterally, not reaching prostomial margin, and palps, slightly shorter than lateral antennae. Posterior prostomial lobe with four blackish eyes, oval, posterior eyes slightly larger than anterior ones; median antenna very thin, short, about half as long as laterals, inserted behind posterior eyes. Caruncle small, straight, as long as chaetiger 1.</p><p>Peristomium reduced to two fusiform, low, longitudinal medially separated cushions; mouth between chaetigers 2–3 (Fig. 8D).</p><p>Parapodia all biramous, larger anteriorly, progressively smaller along body. Notopodia and neuropodia blunt, notochaetal lobe low, neurochaetal lobe larger, projected laterally.Cirri tapered. Dorsal cirri massive, with large cirrophore along body, especially along anterior chaetigers (Fig. 8A, B), cirrostyle progressively longer to median segments, tapered, non-articulate (Fig. 8D), shorter posteriorly. Ventral cirri very short along body, about as long as wide.</p><p>Branchiae from chaetiger 3, continued along body, missing in last two chaetigers. Branchial filaments larger, more abundant along chaetigers 10–60, with two stems along anterior chaetigers, with 10–12 basal stems in 2–3 rows, with over 110 filaments by chaetiger 30, with about 20 by chaetiger 125. Branchial filaments digitate or tapered, of similar thickness along body.</p><p>Chaetae damaged, partially broken, others eroded by acidic preservative. Anterior and posterior chaetigers with abundant notochaetae, most thin capillaries and some with a subdistal spur and a row of spines continued almost to chaetal tip. Anterior neurochaetae furcates, longest tines 5–10 times longer than shortest ones (Fig. 9C); by chaetiger 30 furcates have very small spurs, longest tines 30–60 times longer than shortest ones (Fig. 8F). All acicula spoon-shaped (Fig. 9G), up to eight in notopodia, about five in neuropodia.</p><p>Posterior end tapered; pygidium with anus terminal, with a distal semicircular lobe; no anal cirri (Fig. 8E).</p><p>Oocytes in coelom from anterior chaetigers; oocytes round, granulose, about 80 μm in diameter (Fig. 9D, inset). One paratype regenerating 11 anterior segments.</p><p>Remarks.  Hipponoe elongata Treadwell, 1931, described from Puerto Rico, has a complex taxonomic history. It was included in  Hipponoe Audouin &amp; Milne-Edwards, 1830 because no caruncle was observed by Treadwell (1931: 3), and it was regarded as different from  H. gaudichaudi Audouin &amp; Milne-Edwards, 1830 because no neurohooks were present. Hartman (1951: 28) transferred  H. elongata to  Pareurythoe because she thought “the caruncle is withdrawn or retracted” and then modified the diagnosis for the species. However, after the study of the large type specimen (185 mm long), she changed her mind indicating a question mark before the genus name, and because she noted the unusual type of caruncle present (Hartman 1956: 274): the caruncle “has the form of a broadly divergent V with spreading branches and its base slightly prolonged so as to lie at the middorsum of the first setigerous segment. The distal ends of the caruncle extend forward and nearly conceal the two pairs of large dark eyes.” Consequently, this species cannot be congeneric in  Pareurythoe, after the below diagnosis, which indicates its caruncle is a narrow lobe reaching up to chaetiger 3. Kudenov (1994: 205) indicated “  H. elongata is most certainly a  Linopherus -like species.” However,  Linopherus de Quatrefages, 1866 has a very small caruncle, not concealing eyes nor prostomium, whereas in the type specimen, its caruncle is projected anteriorly almost completely covering eyes (Hartman 1956: 274), and in  Linopherus branchiae are present along anterior and median chaetigers, whereas the holotype has branchiae continued to “near the posterior end of the body” (Hartman 1956: 275). The holotype matches  Cryptonome, by having a small caruncle, first chaetiger dorsally incomplete, and branchiae from chaetiger 3, continued almost to the end of the body (see key in Bleeker et al. 2023: 438); what was described as  H. elongata can only match with  Cryptonome, not with  Linopherus or with any other genus having a small caruncle.</p><p>As indicated in the key above,  C. elongata separates from other species by having caruncle elongate, tapered, whereas in the other species it is cushion-shaped.</p><p>On the other hand, Treadwell (1940: 1) proposed  Metamphinome with  M. multibranchiata which resembles  Hipponoe by having an indistinct caruncle, branchiae from chaetiger 3 and continued throughout the body, and distinct large neurohooks. He did not compare his new genus with  Hipponoe but the new genus was regarded as a junior synonym by Hartman (1951: 29), and by Pettibone (1963: 57).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F447F8717921596BDE81C5B1FD8FFDEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tovar-Hernández, María Ana;González-Vallejo, Norma Emilia;Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.	Tovar-Hernández, María Ana, González-Vallejo, Norma Emilia, Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2024): Cryptonome beatrizae n. sp., from drifting wood in Western Mexico, with remarks on Pareurythoe Gustafson, 1930 (Annelida, Amphinomidae). Zootaxa 5424 (5): 535-553, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5424.5.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5424.5.3
F447F8717926596BDE81C65CFC7BF84E.text	F447F8717926596BDE81C65CFC7BF84E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eurythoe Kinberg 1857	<div><p>Eurythoe Kinberg, 1857</p><p>Eurythoe Kinberg, 1857: 13; Kinberg 1867: 90 (list of species); Baird 1868: 221 (diagn., list of species); Kinberg 1910: 35 (diagn.); Bindra 1927: 1 (diagn., key to species), Hartman 1948: 42 (type species:  E. capensis Kinberg, 1857), Hartman 1959: 133 (type species, list of species); Day 1967: 127 (diagn.); Fauchald 1977: 102 (diagn.).</p><p>Type species.  Eurythoe capensis Kinberg, 1857, by subsequent designation (Hartman 1948: 42).</p><p>Diagnosis (modif. Fauchald 1977).  Amphinominae with body long, rectangular in cross section; prostomium with two pairs of eyes; caruncle long with a thick, smooth median ridge covering the narrow lateral lobes; branchiae dendritically branched from chaetigers 1–3, continued to posterior end; dorsal cirri single.</p><p>Remarks.  Eurythoe includes mostly tropical, shallow water species. Bindra (1927) reviewed the known species, provided a key to species, and described two new species from India. As is the case in many other amphinomid genera, a revision is needed for  Eurythoe .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F447F8717926596BDE81C65CFC7BF84E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tovar-Hernández, María Ana;González-Vallejo, Norma Emilia;Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.	Tovar-Hernández, María Ana, González-Vallejo, Norma Emilia, Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2024): Cryptonome beatrizae n. sp., from drifting wood in Western Mexico, with remarks on Pareurythoe Gustafson, 1930 (Annelida, Amphinomidae). Zootaxa 5424 (5): 535-553, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5424.5.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5424.5.3
F447F8717926596BDE81C234FB48FA42.text	F447F8717926596BDE81C234FB48FA42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pareurythoe Gustafson 1930	<div><p>Pareurythoe Gustafson, 1930, restricted</p><p>Pareurythoe Gustafson, 1930: 309 (species list), 319, 391–393 (diagnosis); Hartman 1940: 203 (composition); Hartman 1948: 45 (type species:  P. californica (Johnson, 1897)); Hartman, 1959: 137 (type species:  P. japonica Gustafson, 1930); Fauchald 1977: 102 (diagn.); Bleeker et al. 2023: 438 (key).</p><p>Type species.  Pareurythoe japonica Gustafson, 1930 (by subsequent designation, Hartman 1959: 137).</p><p>Diagnosis (modified from Fauchald, 1977: 102; modifications in bold type).  Amphinominae with body with parallel sides, usually abruptly tapered anteriorly and posteriorly; caruncle narrow, without lateral lobes, reaching chaetigers 1–3, longer than median antenna; branchiae dendritically branched present along body from chaetiger 2–3; parapodial cirri smooth.</p><p>Remarks. Among Amphinomin genera,  Pareurythoe is very similar to  Cryptonome because both have chaetiger 1 dorsally incomplete, a small caruncle, and branchiae along most body chaetigers. However, there are two consistent differences between them. In  Pareurythoe the median antenna is shorter than the caruncle, and first branchiae have a few filaments, whereas in  Cryptonome the median antenna is as long as, or longer than caruncle, and first branchiae have many filaments. Another interesting difference is ecological, because the species of  Pareurythoe have been found in sediments, whereas most  Cryptonome species have been found in decaying wood.</p><p>Composition. Besides the type species,  P. japonica Gustafson, 1930, the genus includes five other species:  P. borealis (Sars, 1862) from Norway,  P. californica (Johnson, 1897) from California,  P. chilensis (Kinberg, 1857) from Chile,  P. gracilis Gustafson, 1930 apparently based upon specimens from the Marshall and Gilbert Islands, and  P. pitipanaensis de Silva, 1965 from Sri Lanka. Hartman (1968: 201) transferred  Eurythoe spirocirrata Essenberg, 1917 to  Pareurythoe, but the study of the type specimen allowed us to return it to  Eurythoe (see below)</p><p>On the other hand,  P. parvecarunculata (Horst, 1912) from Malaysia was transferred to the genus by Imajima (2003), and regarded as belonging in  Cryptonome by Borda, Kudenov, Bienhold &amp; Rouse (2012, see above).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F447F8717926596BDE81C234FB48FA42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tovar-Hernández, María Ana;González-Vallejo, Norma Emilia;Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.	Tovar-Hernández, María Ana, González-Vallejo, Norma Emilia, Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2024): Cryptonome beatrizae n. sp., from drifting wood in Western Mexico, with remarks on Pareurythoe Gustafson, 1930 (Annelida, Amphinomidae). Zootaxa 5424 (5): 535-553, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5424.5.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5424.5.3
F447F87179255969DE81C0C9FA4AFD76.text	F447F87179255969DE81C0C9FA4AFD76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eurythoe spirocirrata Essenberg 1917	<div><p>Eurythoe spirocirrata Essenberg, 1917</p><p>Eurythoe spirocirrata Essenberg, 1917: 66-68, Pl. 4, Figs 15-17, Pl. 5, Figs 18-23.</p><p>Pareurythoe spirocirrata: Hartman 1968: 201-202, 5 figs redrawn from original (n. comb.).</p><p>Diagnosis.  Eurythoe with caruncle cushion-shaped, posteriorly bifid, reaching chaetiger 3; branchiae from chaetiger 1.</p><p>Type material.  Holotype (LACM 93); type locality unknown.</p><p>Morphological features. Holotype complete, bent ventrally, with right parapodia of first few chaetigers previously removed; 55 mm long, 13 mm wide (by chaetiger 30), 66 segments. Prostomium (Fig. 10A, B) has median antenna shorter than laterals, inserted anteriorly to laterals, and lateral antennae as long as palps; eyes not seen (even in the original description). Caruncle roughly rectangular, longer than wide, with a transverse furrow medially, and its posterior margin bifid, reaching chaetiger 3; lateral lobes barely projected beyond lateral margins. Parapodia with articulated cirri; first few chaetigers with articulations symmetrical, followed by oblique articulations, looking arranged in spiral (hence the name); ventral cirri articulated in anterior chaetigers, smooth in median and posterior ones. Branchiae along body, present from chaetiger 1 (Fig. 10C), with about 15 filaments, becoming larger and with more filaments in following chaetigers (Fig. 10D), immediately followed by a marked abundance of filaments, covering space over dorsal cirri and between cirri (Fig. 10E). Chaetae not illustrated; notochaetae originally described as thin spurred capillaries, and harpoon-chaetae, and neurochaetae furcates with very small shorter tines.</p><p>Remarks.  Eurythoe spirocirrata Essenberg, 1917 was described with a large oval, longer than wide, posteriorly split caruncle, and with multiarticulated (or spirally arranged articles) parapodial cirri. Bindra (1927: 5) included  E. spirocirrata in his key to species, but because of some missing details in the original description, such as the start of branchiae, Bindra regarded this species as having branchiae from chaetiger 2. Gustafson (1930) did not include the papers by Essenberg or Bindra, and Hartman (1940: 203) indicated  E. spirocirrata might belong in  Pareurythoe but there was no further comment on the species up to her Atlas (Hartman 1968), where she regarded it as belonging in  Pareurythoe . The study of the type specimen of  E. spirocirrata helps clarify this issue and it is being regarded as belonging to  Eurythoe because its caruncle is cushion-shaped, longer than wide, and not sigmoid. In fact, Essenberg (1917: 66) indicated the caruncle was “broad, smooth, extending to fourth segment”, and the discrepancy of having it to the third chaetiger is explained because the prostomium used to be counted as a segment.</p><p>Eurythoe spirocirrata resembles  E. mathaii Bindra, 1927 from Karachi, India because both species have median antenna shorter than laterals, branchiae from chaetiger 1 and multiarticulated parapodial cirri. The main difference is that in  E. spirocirrata the caruncle is roughly rectangular, whereas in  E. mathaii it is oval. Other details require the study of specimens belonging to  E. mathaii, and that is beyond our current objectives.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F447F87179255969DE81C0C9FA4AFD76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tovar-Hernández, María Ana;González-Vallejo, Norma Emilia;Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I.	Tovar-Hernández, María Ana, González-Vallejo, Norma Emilia, Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2024): Cryptonome beatrizae n. sp., from drifting wood in Western Mexico, with remarks on Pareurythoe Gustafson, 1930 (Annelida, Amphinomidae). Zootaxa 5424 (5): 535-553, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5424.5.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5424.5.3
