taxonID	type	description	language	source
FA0787D9FFF0FFABFCDDF8FDE1C52730.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Anoplocheilus (A.) clarki can be separated from its closest relative, A. (A.) rusticus, by differences observed mainly at the level of the clypeus, pronotum, scutellum and aeadeagal parameres (Figs 1 - 4). Firstly, the general clypeal shape is more squarish in A. (A.) clarki than in A. (A.) rusticus, in which the antero-lateral corners are actually smoothly rounded. Also, the denticles on the anterior margin of the clypeus are more raised and developed in A. (A.) clarki than in A. (A.) rusticus and the antero-lateral declivity on each side of the clypeus is substantially more pronounced in the former than in the latter species (Figs 2 A, 4 A). While the pronotal and scutellar surfaces in A. (A.) rusticus are always entirely black, even in specimens with predominatly testaceous elytra (Holm & Marais 1992; Marais 1994; Beinhundner 2017), in the light forms of A. (A.) clarki both surfaces exhibit some testaceous areas (Figs 1 A, 3 A), reminiscent of those observed in similar forms of A. (A.) germari (Wiedemann, 1823). The general body pubescence in A. (A.) clarki is remarkably thicker and longer than in A. (A.) rusticus, particularly on head vertex and ventral surfaces (Figs 1 B, 3 B). Finally, the aedeagal parameres of A. (A.) clarki are substantially shorter but wider than those of A. (A.) rusticus (Figs 2 C, 4 C), particularly at the apex where they form a rounded lateral expansion, which in frontal view imparts a width approximately twice as large as that observed in A. (A.) rusticus (Figs 2 E, 4 E).	en	Perissinotto, Renzo, Beinhundner, Gerhard, Strümpher, Werner (2021): Description of a new species of Anoplocheilus MacLeay, 1838 from South Africa, with review of the genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae). Fragmenta entomologica 53 (2): 367-376, DOI: 10.13133/2284-4880/567, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.13133/2284-4880/567
FA0787D9FFF0FFABFCDDF8FDE1C52730.taxon	description	Description of holotype male (Figs 1 A-C, 2 A-E) Size. Total Length = 13.3 mm; Maximum Width = 7.1 mm. Body: Mostly matte with head, pronotum and scutellum predominatly black but elytra testaceous with lines of brown spots on costal and umbonal elevations; dense, round to irregular sculpture on head and pronotum, becoming scattered, shallow and predominantly of horse-shoe type on scutellum and elytra; with dense and long, pale-yellow to tawny setae on head vertex and around all lateral margins, becoming shorter and scattered on pronotal and elytral declivities and disappearing on their discal areas as well as scutellum (Figs. 1 A, 2 A). Head. Entirely black and relatively flat in central region; clypeus broadly squarish in shape, with marked sinuation on apical margin and sharply sloping declivities on antero-lateral margins; anterior margin sharply upturned and forming two pairs of symmetric denticles, with proximal more developed than distal pair (Fig. 2 A); entire surface covered in coarse dense sculpture; pale-yellow to tawny setae distributed along entire surface, but generally shorter and more scattered on clypeus and frons, becoming much longer and denser on vertex and antennal pedicel; antenna dark brown to black, with club approximately as long as flagellum; thin light setae scattered across flagellum, becoming thicker and denser on pedicel. Pronotum. Black and matte, with shiny suprascutellar area exhibiting testaceous, horizontally elongate double macula, not reaching posterior margin; pair of symmetric brown maculae also on lateral declivities anteriad of marginal round angle; with dense round to crescent punctures across entire surface; virtually glabrous on disc but exhibiting short to medium light-yellow setae on lateral and anterior declivities and margins (Fig. 1 A); shape broadly octagonal with lateral margins smoothly rounded at centre, antero-lateral margins sharply rounded with pronounced angle, postero-lateral margins smoothly rounded and shifting posteriad, leading then to smooth pre-scutellar arch at middle. Scutellum. Shiny and black, with two symmetric, longitudinally elongate, testaceous spots on each basal side of dark midline; exhibiting longitudinal incision running parallel to lateral groove from basal margin to middle of total scutellar length; few, shallow horse-shoe to crescent punctures along lateral margins inwards of incision, with occasional short pale setae emerging at centre of punctures; isoscelic triangular in shape with sharp apex; lateral grooves well-developed and deepening towards apex (Fig. 1 A). Elytron. Testaceous and matte, with dark maculae of variable size spread in longitudinal lines along the length of each costa and on umbones; all costae moderately elevated across entire surface but fading on apical declivity, striae exhibiting sublineate and semicontiguous crescent to horseshoe sculpture; with shiny black to dark brown lining around scutellum and sutural margin; lateral margin reborded and dark, not covering lateral edges of abdominal tergites; humeral callus prominent but apical callus poorly raised; sub-humeral arch with extremely weak sinuation and posterior margin smoothly rounded without projections or upturning at apex; virtually glabrous on disc and humeral callus, but with scattered short and light setae distributed along lateral and apical declivities (Fig. 1 A). Pygidium. Broadly triangular in shape, with smoothly rounded apex and unevenly domed; with dense but fine subconcentric rugulose sculpture across entire surface; with light-yellow to tawny short setae scattered throughout disc, becoming long and fine along lateral margins and apex (Fig. 2 B). Legs. Black with occasional brown tips, short and robust with typical fossorial characters; tarsal segments of average cetonine length, with apical ones twice as long as preceding units; meso- and metatarsomeres with marked dorso-distal protrusions; tibiae densely sculptured with mid longitudinal ridge and numerous light-yellow setae present mainly on inner margin, becoming progressively longer and denser from protibia to metatibia; protibia broad and tridentate, with teeth blunt and all equally well-developed, but distance between distal and middle teeth shorter than that between middle and proximal teeth; mesotibia with double mid spine on outer carina sharply pointed and spurs elongate, thin and sharp; metatibia with outer carina bearing one blunt but robust distal tooth and two smaller teeth further up, spurs elongate and rather sharp (Fig. 1 A-C). Ventral surface. Black and shiny, covered in dense and long light-yellow pubescence, except on femora, central part of abdominal sternites and metasternal region, where setae are short or very scattered; mesosternal lobe extremely reduced, smoothly rounded and not protruding forward; metasternal lobe with anterior portion of median sulcus exhibiting oblong groove of triangular shape; abdominal sternites with flat area at centre (Fig. 1 B-C). Aedeagus. Parameres compact and dark, with dorsal lobes gradually tapering medially and then expanding slightly towards apico-lateral margin to form smoothly rounded apex, here slightly bending downwards and exhibiting flat tip surface (clearly visible in frontal view, Fig. 2 C-E); inner margin of dorsal lobes remarkably straight, bending outwards only slightly towards central region in dorsal view; ventral lobes generally narrower than dorsal lobes and emerging only towards base in dorsal view (Fig. 2 D).	en	Perissinotto, Renzo, Beinhundner, Gerhard, Strümpher, Werner (2021): Description of a new species of Anoplocheilus MacLeay, 1838 from South Africa, with review of the genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae). Fragmenta entomologica 53 (2): 367-376, DOI: 10.13133/2284-4880/567, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.13133/2284-4880/567
FA0787D9FFF0FFABFCDDF8FDE1C52730.taxon	etymology	Derivatio nominis. This species is named after Derek Clark, former conservation manager of a number of parks and farms in Namibia, South Africa and Ethiopia, who promptly brought the specimens retrieved from a farm trough in the Komsberg to the attention of the lead author. During the past three decades, Mr Clark has made a very significant contribution to the entomofauna of South Africa, discovering several new species from remote areas in his effort to enhance nature conservation and biodiversity knowledge in the region.	en	Perissinotto, Renzo, Beinhundner, Gerhard, Strümpher, Werner (2021): Description of a new species of Anoplocheilus MacLeay, 1838 from South Africa, with review of the genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae). Fragmenta entomologica 53 (2): 367-376, DOI: 10.13133/2284-4880/567, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.13133/2284-4880/567
FA0787D9FFF0FFABFCDDF8FDE1C52730.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This is obviously an inland sister species of the strictly coastal A. (A.) rusticus. The series collected most recently originates from the Roggeveldberge range to the south of Sutherland in the Northern Cape Province (Fig. 5). There are also a few other specimens retrieved from old collections and originating from adjacent mountain ranges of the Cape Fold Belt, namely the Cederberg, the Koue Bokkeveld, the Hexrivierberge, the Boland Mountains and the Langeberge, all in the Western Cape Province.	en	Perissinotto, Renzo, Beinhundner, Gerhard, Strümpher, Werner (2021): Description of a new species of Anoplocheilus MacLeay, 1838 from South Africa, with review of the genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae). Fragmenta entomologica 53 (2): 367-376, DOI: 10.13133/2284-4880/567, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.13133/2284-4880/567
FA0787D9FFF0FFABFCDDF8FDE1C52730.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype ♂: South Africa, NC, Komsberg, 1 Apr 2015, Derek Clark legit (ISAM). Paratypes: 1 ♂, idem (RPRM); 2 ♂, ibidem 8 Apr 2015, Derek Clark legit (RPRM); 1 ♂, Cold Bokkeveld, Ceres Dist, 15 Oct 1924, Versfeld (ISAM: COL-A 066116); 1 ♂, Upper Sources Olifants River, Ceres C. P., 1 Dec 1949, South African Museum Expedition (ISAM: COL-A 027029); 1 ♀ [missing head and pronotum], Wit River Valley, Bains Kloof, 1 Dec 1949, South African Museum Expedition (ISAM: COL-A 027030); 1 ♀, Mitchell’s Pass, Cape Province, 5 Oct 1975, MJ Duke (TMSA: CPH 6312); 1 ♂, Capland, Stellenbosch, Oct 1925, Dr H Brauns (TMSA- CPH 6305); 1 ind, Tradouw Pass, Swellendam Dist., 1 Nov 1925 South African Museum Expedition (ISAM: COL-A 027028); 1 ♀ [missing head and pronotum], South Africa WC, Bushmanskloof, on stream sand bank, 22 Sep 1997, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (BMPC)].	en	Perissinotto, Renzo, Beinhundner, Gerhard, Strümpher, Werner (2021): Description of a new species of Anoplocheilus MacLeay, 1838 from South Africa, with review of the genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae). Fragmenta entomologica 53 (2): 367-376, DOI: 10.13133/2284-4880/567, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.13133/2284-4880/567
FA0787D9FFF0FFABFCDDF8FDE1C52730.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Specimens range in size from 10.8 to 13.3 in total length and from 5.5 to 7.1 in maximum width. Their elytral colour varies from testaceous with longitudinal lines of dark spots (Fig. 1 A, C) to predominantly black with few testaceous to brown spots scattered across the disk. Intermediate forms to these show lines of spots joined together to compose transverse wave-like bands across the entire surface. No entirely black forms have been recorded yet, but in predominantly black forms the testaceous patterns on pronotum and scutellum fade away, and these areas become therefore entirely black. As expected, the only female specimen identified so far exhibits all the typical traits of their A. (A.) rusticus counterparts, namely a slightly broader protibia, blunter but wider metatibial spurs and a more convex area in the middle of abdominal sternites than in males. Also, the denticles on the clypeal apex are more pronounced and recurved in male specimens compared to the females. Adult activity in A. (A.) clarki has so far been recorded only throughout the southern spring (late September to early December) and in early autumn (April) and, like in its sister species, the life cycle seems to be linked to fine sandy substrata, on the banks of rivers and streams. All specimens collected recently in the Komsberg were retrieved from the same farm trough adjacent to a dry river bed exhibiting substantial sand banks (D. Clark, pers. comm.). A few old specimens also carry unmistakable clues that they were found along river beds (cf. label data above).	en	Perissinotto, Renzo, Beinhundner, Gerhard, Strümpher, Werner (2021): Description of a new species of Anoplocheilus MacLeay, 1838 from South Africa, with review of the genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae). Fragmenta entomologica 53 (2): 367-376, DOI: 10.13133/2284-4880/567, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.13133/2284-4880/567
FA0787D9FFF2FFADFCDDFBDDE3B02730.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is a strictly coastal species that occurs on the west and south coasts of South Africa. Péringuey (1907) had already noted that adults had subterranean habits, emerging to the surface in good numbers in submerged or flooded places. Both larval and adult stages seem to feed on the roots of salt-tolerant plants, such as Senecio elegans (Marais 1994) and Arctotheca populifolia (Lubke et al. 1988, RP pers. observ.). Adults appear to be active throughout the year, with peak from September to December. While head, pronotum and scutellum are consistently entirely black, the elytra can vary from almost completely testaceous with some irregular dark spots to completely black. Marais (1994) subdivided the elytral patterns into four categories: 1) brown / ochre with few dark spots; 2) totally black; 3) black with irregular reddish / brown spots around scutellum and elytral base; 4) intermediate, with reddish / brown and black colouration equally distributed. Brown / testaceous examples are, however, generally twice as frequent as black forms (Péringuey 1907, RP pers. obs.). Specimens range in size from 10 to 13.5 mm in total length and from 6 to 7 in maximum width (Péringuey 1907, Sakai and Nagai 1998, Beinhundner 2017). Observation records show that its distribution range is somewhat different to that reported in Marais and Holm (1989) and Holm and Marais (1992), and is now updated in Fig. 5. A detailed account of known data records is also reported here below, as this was not included in the revision of Marais and Holm (1989).	en	Perissinotto, Renzo, Beinhundner, Gerhard, Strümpher, Werner (2021): Description of a new species of Anoplocheilus MacLeay, 1838 from South Africa, with review of the genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae). Fragmenta entomologica 53 (2): 367-376, DOI: 10.13133/2284-4880/567, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.13133/2284-4880/567
FA0787D9FFF2FFADFCDDFBDDE3B02730.taxon	materials_examined	Data. Lectotypes: Cetonia rustica, mihi, b. ed. Cap. Bon sp. D. Lalande (MHNG); Cetonia ruricola, CBS ruricola nobis (OXUM, Type Col 729); Cetonia terrosa, Cetonia terrasia nobis, Terrosa Hope Gogo E. I., Anoplocheilus rusticus G & P, S. Africa, G. J. Arrow in BM 1907 (OXUM, Type Col 730). Paralectotype: Cetonia rustica “! ” (MHNG). Other Material: 1 ind, S. A. (South Africa), (ISAM COL-A 027031); 1 ind, Cape Town, 1 Jan 1887 (ISAM COL-A 027032); 1 ind, Cape Town (ISAM COL-A 027033); 1 ind, C. T. (Cape Town), 1 Oct 1886 (ISAM COL-A 027034); 2 inds, Betty’s Bay, Cape Province, 3 Dec 1994, AP Marais (ISAM COL-A 027035); 1 ind, Vermont Dunes (nr Hermanus), 1 Sep 1977, VB Whitehead (ISAM COL-A 066117); 1 ind, S. Afr., Kommetjie, 1 Mar 1979, A Prins (ISAM COL-A 036099); 1 ind, S. Afr., Saldanah Bay, 1 Jul 1979, A Prins (ISAM COL-A 036098); 1 ind, Katdoringvlei Farm, Namaqualand, 28 Oct 1979, Endrody-Younga E-Y: 1664 (TMSA-CPH 6306); 1 ind, Melkboschstrand, Cape Town, Aug 1965, Dickson (TMSA-CPH 6307); 1 ind, Pearly Beach, Bredasdorp, Sep 1959, South African Museum (TMSA- CPH 6308); 3 ind, Strandfontein, Cape, 12 Oct 1973, NJ Duke (TMSA-CPH 6309); 2 ind, ibidem 19 Oct 1973, NJ Duke (TMSA- CPH 6310); 2 ind, ibidem 9 Nov 1975, NJ Duke (TMSA-CPH 6311); 1 ind, Pella Mission, Cape, 14 Aug 1976 (TMSA-CPH 6313); 1 ind, Scarborough, Cape, 17 Mar 1973, sandy ground, DL Theron (TMSA-CPH 6314); 1 ind, Cape Flats, Feb 1948, JG Theron (SANC-COLS- 17175); 1 ind, Cape Town, Oct 1886 (SANC-COLS- 14320); 1 ind, Cape Colony (SANC-COLS- 14319); 1 ind, S. Africa, rusticus G & P, 59 • 57 Vigors’ Coll (BMNH-NHMUK 014400127); 1 ind, Simons Town, 12 - 20 Apr 1915, Dr M Cameron, Brit Mus 1932 - 121 (BMNH-NHMUK 014400137); 1 ind, Rapenburg, Cape Flats, 1 - 14 Oct 1920, S. Africa, RE Turner 1920 - 424 (BMNH-NHMUK 014400135); 1 ind, idem (BMNH-NHMUK 014400136); 1 ind, South Africa WC, Bloubergstrand, 5 Oct 2011, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (BMPC); 1 ind, South Africa WC, Die Mond, 28 Sep 2006, dead on sand, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (BMPC); 3 ♂, RSA, Cape, Betty’s Bay, 15 Oct 1995, Coll Alexis (RBINS); 1 ind, ibidem Oct 1995 (PMPC); n ind, idem (DMPC); 1 ♂, ibidem 2 Dec 1992, leg. CR Owen (GBPC); 1 ♀, ibidem 16 Dec 1992 (GBPC, PLPC); 1 ♂, ibidem Oct 1994 (GBPC); 5 ind, ibidem 20 Nov 1993, AP & ME Marais (BMPC, EPPC); 1 ind, ibidem 19 Nov 1993, AP & ME Marais (BMPC); 3 ind, ibidem 3 Dec 1994, AP & ME Marais (BMPC); 12 ind, ibidem 14 Nov 1993, AP & ME Marais (BMPC, TGPC, PLPC); 1 ind, ibidem 18 Dec 1994, Feeding on roots of Senecio elegans, P Stobbia (BMPC); 2 ind, ibidem 15 Sep 1998, G Gerber & D du Randt (BMPC); 3 ind, ibidem 24 Sep 1997, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (BMPC, TGPC); 1 ♀, ibidem, 16 Dec 1992, CR Owen leg. (Sakai & Nagai 1998: 311); 1 ♂, South Africa, Cape, Nov 1993 (Sakai & Nagai 1998: 311).	en	Perissinotto, Renzo, Beinhundner, Gerhard, Strümpher, Werner (2021): Description of a new species of Anoplocheilus MacLeay, 1838 from South Africa, with review of the genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae). Fragmenta entomologica 53 (2): 367-376, DOI: 10.13133/2284-4880/567, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.13133/2284-4880/567
FA0787D9FFF4FFAEFCDDFF1DE3BF26B0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Anoplocheilus (Nselenius) silvicola was originally described from a series of specimens collected in a very restricted area (Enseleni Nature Reserve) in the interior region of north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Subsequently, a few drowned specimens were also retrieved from the False Bay part of Lake St Lucia, within the iSimangaliso Wetland Park (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), some 100 Km to the east of the type locality (cf. Beinhundner 2017). The species exhibits a very dorso-ventrally flattened shape, its legs are rather slender and in the male the tarsi are actually hypertrophic. Sexual dimorphism is extreme, with males testaceous with black / brown ornamentation and females completely black to dark green. Males also exhibit longer antennal clubs and a pronounced median groove on abdominal sternites, by comparison with their female counterparts. Their aedeagal parameres are actually very close to those of Lamellothyrea Krikken, 1980 species (cf. Holm and Perissinotto 2004, fig. 5), with which they share several other characters, such as tibial and tarsal features as well as pronotal and scutellar morphology (Fig. 6). They clearly belong to the same clade, however other substantial differences prevent a confident re-allocation of A. (N.) silvicola to Lamellothyrea for now. These include in particular the short, unarmed shape of its clypeus, which is in sharp contrast to the elaborate clypeal armour of Lamellothyrea, consisting of a bifurcate horn on anterior margin complemented by three sets of transverse and longitudinal laminae on frons and vertex (Krikken 1980; Holm & Marais 1992; Beinhundner 2017). The marked sexual dimorphism observed in A. (N.) silvicola is also a characteristic not seen in either of the two species currently recognised within Lamellothyrea (Perissinotto 2017). In summary, and in the absence of more quantitative molecular genetic data, it is thus suggested that the continuing inclusion of A. (N.) silvicola within the genus Anoplocheilus is untenable and that the subgenus Nselenius should be elevated to full genus status: Nselenius silvicola (Holm & Perissinotto, 2004) stat. nov.	en	Perissinotto, Renzo, Beinhundner, Gerhard, Strümpher, Werner (2021): Description of a new species of Anoplocheilus MacLeay, 1838 from South Africa, with review of the genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae). Fragmenta entomologica 53 (2): 367-376, DOI: 10.13133/2284-4880/567, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.13133/2284-4880/567
FA0787D9FFF7FFAEFF7AFA3DE6B52790.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was originally described from five specimens collected in the Udzungwa and Uluguru mountain region of central Tanzania. This is part of the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot (EABH), within the East African Great Rift Valley, and therefore the species probably represents a local endemic taxon related to the high genetic exclusivity and restricted gene flow among mountain ranges occurring in that region (Mairal et al. 2017). As pointed out from the onset by the authors, the systematic position of A. (A.) matilei Antoine & Lequeux, 2001 within the Diplognathini is far from clear-cut, because it exhibits a rather poor dorso-ventral convexity, its legs are rather slender and the tarsi elongated (Fig. 7 A). Above all it has a median pronotal expansion which partially covers the scutellum and is thus diametrically opposite to the arcuate / sinuate characteristic typical of Anoplocheilus in this body area. There are furthermore some apomorphic traits of sexual dimorphism, such as enlarged antennal clubs and presence of median longitudinal groove on abdominal sternites in the male. This again is in open contrast to the characteristics of Anoplocheilus, in which sexes are generally not recognizable on the basis of external morphology alone (Marais and Holm 1989). On the other hand, most of the key characters exhibited by A. (A.) matilei are actually typical of the Charadronota / Diphrontis / Eriulis clade, with the best fit shown with Diphrontis Gerstaecker, 1883, particularly in terms of aedeagal shape (e. g., presence of hook-like projections on apical margins), presence of median depression on abdominal sternites and expansion of posterior pronotal margin over the scutellar base (Fig. 7). Indeed, pretty much all the diagnostic characters of this species are found in Diphrontis, with the exception of its elongated male antennal clubs and the denticles on the clypeal anterior margin. However, as also recognised by the authors, these features are likely to represent derived apomorphies (Antoine & Lequeux 2001). It is thus proposed that the species be transferred to the genus Diphrontis, as one of its high altitude-derived forms: Diphrontis matilei (Antoine & Lequeux, 2001) comb. nov.	en	Perissinotto, Renzo, Beinhundner, Gerhard, Strümpher, Werner (2021): Description of a new species of Anoplocheilus MacLeay, 1838 from South Africa, with review of the genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae). Fragmenta entomologica 53 (2): 367-376, DOI: 10.13133/2284-4880/567, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.13133/2284-4880/567
