identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
CDA1866436CB5E3688624859A7BC6AAF.text	CDA1866436CB5E3688624859A7BC6AAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Orphnaecus libmanan Acuna & Guevarra 2025	<div><p>Orphnaecus libmanan Acuña &amp; Guevarra sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 5, 6, 7, 8</p><p>Orphnaecus sp. “L 3” Acuña et al., 2025.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype • ♂ PNM 18867 UST-ARC 0133, field # CSL 02-04, Paratype • ♀ UST-ARC 0132 (field # CSL 02 -03); Philippines: Luzon Island, Bicol Peninsula, Camarines Sur Prov., Libmanan, Brgy. Sigamot, Libmanan Caves National Park; burrows under and inside rotten logs on forest slope near Kalangkawan Cave, 20 Jul 2023, LA Guevarra, DC Acuña, JD Fornillos leg. Paratypes • ♂ ♀, UST-ARC 0130 –0131 (field # CSL 02 -01 – 02); [same locality and natural history data as for holotype]; 20 Apr 2023, LA Guevarra, DC Acuña, CN Noriega, JD Fornillos leg. Paratype • ♀ PNM 18868 UST-ARC 0134. field # CSL 04 -01; [same general locality as for holotype], Brgy. Malinao, Sitio Guimbal, burrow under limestone rock; 20 Apr 2023, LA Guevarra, DC Acuña, CN Noriega, JD Fornillos leg. Paratypes • 3 ♂♂ 3 ♀♀, UST-ARC 0135 –0140 (field # CSL 04 -02 – 07); [same locality data as for the latter], 20 Jul 2023, burrows under piles of coconut husks; LA Guevarra, DC Acuña, JD Fornillos leg. (DCA examined) .</p><p>Type gene sequence.</p><p>GenBank accessions: PP 778307 – PP 778312 (paratypes).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>O. libmanan sp. nov. belongs to the genus Orphnaecus for having reniform lyrate morphology with a row of club-shaped stridulatory setae (Figs 5 G, H, I, 7 H), palpal organ with embolus having basal lobe and PS keel from tip to base (Fig. 6 B – F), presence of palpal scale brush on patellae in males (Fig. 6 A). Females of O. libmanan sp. nov. differ from those of O. kwebaburdeos, O. pellitus, and O. tangcongvaca sp. nov. in having a relatively narrower apex than the base of the spermathecal lobe (SI ~ 44, n = 6; SI&gt; 55 in the mentioned congeners) (Fig. 8 C), in having a greater number of mesoventral denticles with&gt; 100 (n = 6) (&lt;60 in mentioned congeners), and in having relatively longer tarsus I than IV (TI ~ 118, n = 6; T &lt;112 in mentioned congeners). The females further differed from O. kwebaburdeos and O. tangcongvaca sp. nov. in having relatively shorter tibia I than IV (TBI ~ 90, n = 6; TBI&gt; 104 in the mentioned congeners). The females also differed from O. kwebaburdeos in having a relatively shorter leg I than IV (RF ~ 95, n = 6; slightly longer leg I than IV in O. kwebaburdeos females, RF ~ 101). Mature males of O. libmanan sp. nov. differ from mature males of O. adamsoni, O. kwebaburdeos, and O. pellitus in having a relatively shorter embolus than the tegulum (EMI ~ 112, n = 5; EMI&gt; 120 in the mentioned congeners) and longer leg I than IV (RF ~ 102, n = 5; shorter leg I than IV in the mentioned congeners, RF ~ 99). The mature males further differed from O. adamsoni and O. kwebaburdeos in having relatively longer tarsus I than IV (TI ~ 108, n = 5; shorter tarsus I than tarsus IV in the mentioned congeners, TI &lt;93). O. libmanan sp. nov. also differs from O. pellitus and O. tangcongvaca sp. nov. in that it does not exhibit troglomorphism and dwarfism, respectively.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The female of O. adamsoni Salamanes et al., 2022 was not distinguished from O. libmanan sp. nov. and all known Orphnaecus species because the paratype female is misidentified and misplaced in Orphnaecus . The allotype / paratype ♀ (PNM 14888) used in the original description of the female (Salamanes et al. 2022) is also misplaced in Orphnaecus . Rather, it belongs to Ornithoctoninae because of the presence of a plumose setal field on retrolateral chelicerae, rows of thorn stridulatory setae on the prolateral maxilla, conspicuous white bands on leg segments, and stripe patterns on the dorsal abdomen, which are characteristics absent in Selenocosmiinae but synapomorphic to Ornithoctoninae. This specimen probably represents an undescribed Melognathus species, but a new taxon cannot be assigned to this specimen owing to its poor condition. Other paratype females could potentially be available to the species authors’ institution, but no response has been received to date from our multiple enquiries sent to the first author.</p><p>Description holotype male.</p><p>PNM 18867 UST-ARC 0122, field # CSL 02-04, body length 36.02. (Figs 5, 6).</p><p>Prosoma. Carapace (Fig. 6 A): CL 14.45, CW 12.52, CH 4.72, CR 10.05 long, lateral profile low and flat, and integument matte black. Fovea (Fig. 6 A): width 1.55, curvature at 143 °, procurved. Ocular Tubercle: 1.99 long, 2.6 wide. Eyes (Fig. 6 C): AME round, ALE, PME, and PLE ovoid, clypeus almost absent. AE row almost straight at 176 °, PE row recurved at 139 °. Eye diameters, AME 0.64, ALE 0.67, PME 0.52, PLE 0.56. Interocular distances, AME – AME 0.21, ALE – ALE 1.72, PME – PME 1.31, PLE – PLE 1.87, AME – ALE 0.2, AME – PME 0.13, AME – PLE 0.48, ALE – PLE 0.23, ALE – PME 0.31, PME – PLE 0.07. Chelicerae (Fig. 6 D – F): length 8.32, width 5.20, fang curve length 6.28, teeth 10, mesoventral denticles ~ 40. Cheliceral strikers (Fig. 6 F): primary rows, ~ 13, 0.68–1.07 long, dark long spiniform with filiform ends. Secondary rows, ~ 30, 0.29–0.73 long, dark short spiniform with filiform ends. Tertiary rows, ~ 83, 0.20–0.75 long, pallid tiny needleform. Pseudostrikers, pallid and present ventrally. Maxillae (Fig. 6 G): prolateral maxilla 5.23 long, 3.74 wide laterally, 3.46 wide ventrally. Maxilla prolaterally planoconvex, anterior lobe well pronounced. Maxillary cuspules ~ 272. Lyra (Fig. 6 G, F): lyrate patch 2.33 long, 1.40 high, with a total of ~ 366 stridulatory setae, in 10 or 11 rows, surrounded by fine setae, denser above and distally. Short pointed stridulatory setae (Fig. 6 J, K) ~ 361, 0.12–0.41 long, forming reniform patch, proximally broad. The largest stridulatory setae nine (Fig. 6 H, I), 0.60–0.92 long, situated at the lowest row medially, with the median three are larger and with weakly pointed and well-defined paddle blades, and with stout shaft laterally. Labium: 2.10 long, 2.77 wide, integument reddish brown, anterior 1 / 3 with cuspules ~ 514. Sternum (Fig. 6 B): 7.47 long, 6.83 wide. Sternal corners mildly acuminate, posterior corner acuminate. Labiosternal sigilla 1.20 long, 0.50 wide, 0.40 apart. Sternal sigilla 3 pairs, anterior sigilla 0.33 long, 0.23 wide, 4.47 apart, and 0.40 away from sternal margin adjacent to coxa I, median sigilla 0.93 long, 0.30 wide, 3.57 apart, and 0.63 away from sternal margin adjacent to coxa II, posterior sigilla 1.40 long, 0.53 wide, 1.60 apart, and 1.27 away from sternal margin adjacent to coxa II.</p><p>Opisthosoma. Abdomen: 13.02 long, 3.97 wide, ovular elongated, integument pale brown. Spinnerets: PMS 2.00 long, 0.59 wide, PLS basal segment 3.15 long, 1.36 wide, median segment 2.05 long, 1.12 wide, apical segment 3.17 long, 0.83 wide.</p><p>Genitalia. Palpal organ (Fig. 7): length almost 1 / 2 of palp tibia length (POI 46.32). Tegulum 1.96 long, globular, widest medially, prolaterally pronounced, subtegular projection (StR) weakly pronounced. Embolus length 2.19, basal width 0.69, median width 0.21, tip 0.13 wide. Embolus length ~ 1.12 times longer than tegulum length (EMI 111.74), base broad, tapering distally, and curved retrolaterally. Embolus has a long prolateral superior keel (PS) from base to tip, broad basally and at the tip (Fig. 6 B – F); has short and stout prolateral inferior keel (PI), emerged from the tip to rear at around apical 1 / 4, located below PS and embolic opening (Op) (Fig. 6 F); apical keel (A) very short, emerged at the tip (Fig. 6 F); embolic opening (Op) located between PS and PI near the tip (Fig. 6 F). Basal lobe is pronounced and broad (Fig. 7 B – F).</p><p>Legs. Leg formula 1423. Leg lengths (fem. pat., tib., met., tar. / cym.): palp 26.12 (9.12, 4.84, 8.96, n / a, 3.20), leg I 49.44 (13.19, 7.11, 12.84, 9.73, 6.57), leg II 42.69 (11.94, 5.43, 10.87, 8.96, 5.49), leg III 36.72 (9.43, 4.36, 8.12, 9.08, 5.73), leg IV 48.42 (12.36, 5.43, 11.70, 12.84, 6.09). Leg widths (fem. pat., tib., met., tar. / cym.): palp (2.68, 2.48, 2.76, n / a, 3.24), leg I (3.52, 2.99, 2.51, 1.73, 1.19), leg II (3.22, 2.69, 2.21, 1.31, 1.13), leg III (2.93, 2.39, 1.97, 1.49, 1.19), leg IV (2.87, 2.69, 2.09, 1.31, 1.08). Tarsi III and IV with transverse weakening (cracked or bent), tarsi I and II with no visible weakening. Spines: Metatarsal spines (dorsal-ventral), met. I and II absent, met. III and IV 2, 3. Claws: all tarsal claws with 2 or 3 teeth, tarsus IV with unpaired inferior third claw.</p><p>Setation. Tactile setae (TS) — carapace entirely with rows of very short brownish-white TS (Fig. 6 A). Carapace margin, dorsal and upper 1 / 2 retrolateral surface of chelicerae, ventral prosoma, opisthosoma, and legs covered with dark and grayish brown, long and short TS, denser on abdomen and all ventral tibiae. Mesoprolateral surface of chelicerae with intercheliceral setae in arcuate strip of rows of setae basally spiniform and anteriorly filiform (Fig. 6 D). Above maxillary suture with rows of short spiniform setae, retrolateral surface smooth with vertical striation on distal 1 / 4 and with rows of fine pallid setae ventrolaterally, and proximal end of prolateral surface with sparse very short spiniform setae. Femoral setation, dark and needleform, intermixed with regular TS. Scales َ — carapace, basodorsal surface of chelicerae, coxae, trochantera, and femora dorsally with pale beige to pale brown cottony and wavy fine scales, proximally grayish-brown on dorsal femora (Fig. 6 A, B, E). Chelicerae, dorsal and upper retrolateral surface, dorsal maxilla, sternum, abdomen, dorsal PLS legs, covered with grayish-brown to grayish white lanceolate flat scales, which reflect purplish blue sheen, except on ventral abdomen and prolateral femora. Palpal scale brush, grayish white, present on patella and tibia, dorsally, very long and dense on patellae (Fig. 6 A). Trichobothria — clavate trichobothria present on all leg tarsi and cymbium, intermixed with epitrichobothria. Epitrichobothria clusters were present on all metatarsi, tarsi, and tibiae. Filiform trichobothria were sparsely present on all dorsal legs. Chemosensory sensilla — present sparsely all over the body and legs except on the carapace and chelicerae, dense on the scopulae field. Scopulae: cymbium entire; tar. I – III entire, undivided but intermixed with one or two rows of short stiff setae; tar. IV, entire, divided by four or five rows of long stiff setae; met. I – III, almost entire, undivided but sparsely intermixed with long TS; met. IV, covering 3 / 4, divided by two or three rows of long setae.</p><p>Color. Bicolored: the legs and opisthosoma are dark, while the carapace, coxae, and trochantera are pale brown to pale beige dorsally. The microstructures of the scales on the legs and abdomen reflect a purplish-blue sheen, and the scales on the carapace reflect a pinkish sheen (Fig. 6 A). The integument of the carapace is matte black. As the exoskeleton aged, the specimen became entirely dark brown before ecdysis.</p><p>Indices. CI 86.64, CHI 32.66, CRI 69.55, EI (AME) 4.43, EI (ALE) 4.64, RF 102.11, LI 118.92, TBI 109.74, TI 107.88, EMI 111.74, POI 46.32.</p><p>Description paratype female.</p><p>PNM 18868 UST-ARC 0134, field # CSL 04-01, body length 40.36. (Figs 8, 9)</p><p>Prosoma. Carapace (Fig. 8 A): CL 16.30, CW 13.05, CH 4.84, CR 11.25 long, lateral profile low and flat, and integument reddish brown. Fovea (Fig. 8 A): 2.12 wide, curvature 134 °, procurved. Ocular tubercle (Fig. 8 C): 2.04 long, 2.8 wide. Eyes (Fig. 8 C): AME round, while ALE, PME, and PLE ovoid, clypeus almost absent. AE row slightly procurved at 165 °, and PE row recurved at 146 °. Eye diameters, AME 0.60, ALE 0.66, PME 0.55, PLE 0.52. Interocular distances, AME - AME 0.34, ALE - ALE 1.77, PME - PME 1.42, PLE - PLE 2.11, AME - ALE 0.24, AME - PME 0.14, AME - PLE 0.61, ALE - PLE 0.29, ALE - PME 0.29, PME - PLE 0.07. Chelicerae (Fig. 8 D – G): length 9.16, width 6.8, fang curve length 7.96, teeth 14 (ten large, four small), mesoventral denticles dense ~ 122. Cheliceral strikers (Fig. 8 G): primary rows, ~ 9, 0.82–1.20 long, dark long spiniform with filiform ends. Secondary rows, ~ 46, 0.29–0.72 long, composed of dark long and short spiniform strikers, rows anteriorly with filiform ends. Tertiary rows, ~ 65, 0.22–0.62 long, pallid tiny needleform setae. Pseudostrikers, pallid and present ventrally. Maxillae (Fig. 8 H): 6.48 long, 4.40 wide laterally, 3.40 wide ventrally. Maxilla prolaterally planoconvex, anterior lobe well pronounced, maxillary cuspules ~ 337. Lyra: lyrate patch, 2.56 long, 1.36 high, total stridulatory setae ~ 390, surrounded by very fine setae, denser above and distally. Short stridulatory setae ~ 375, forming reniform patch. Largest stridulatory setae 10, situated at the lowest row medially, with the median three are larger and club-shaped with weakly pointed and well-defined paddle blades, and with stout shaft laterally. Labium (Fig. 8 B): 2.48 long, 3.28 wide, integument reddish brown, and anterior 1 / 3 with cuspules ~ 728. Sternum (Fig. 8 B): 7.88 long, 6.68 wide, sternal corners mildly acuminate, and posterior corner acuminate. Labiosternal sigilla 1.35 long, 0.50 wide, 0.49 apart. Sternal sigilla three pairs, anterior sigilla 0.44 long, 0.24 wide, 4.40 apart, and 0.27 away from sternal margin adjacent to coxa I, median sigilla 0.79 long, 0. 32 wide, 4.13 apart, and 0.63 away from sternal margin adjacent to coxa II, posterior sigilla 1.31 long, 0.57 wide, 1.70 apart, and 1.33 away from sternal margin adjacent to coxa III.</p><p>Opisthosoma. Abdomen (Fig. 9 A): 14.87 long, 8.30 wide. ovular elongated, integument pale brown. Spinnerets (Fig. 9 A): PMS 2.21 long, 0.91 wide, PLS basal segment 3.17 long, 1.65 wide, median segment 1.87 long, 1.33 wide, and apical segment 2.99 long, 1.09 wide.</p><p>Genitalia. Spermathecae (Fig. 8 C): receptacle 1.40 long, 1.22 wide basally, 0.54 wide distally, lobes 0.31 apart at base. Receptacles unilobed, long, distally converging, apex very narrow, broad basally, apically slightly pointing inward, mesoprolaterally concave, and sclerotized entire.</p><p>Legs. Leg formula 4123. Leg lengths total (fem., pat., tib., met., tar.): palp 28.55 (10.55, 5.37, 6.73, n / a, 5.90), leg I 46.34 (13.41, 8.34, 9.76, 8.28, 6.55), leg II 40.23 (11.39, 6.80, 8.82, 8.14, 5.08), leg III 36.49 (9.84, 6.17, 6.80, 8.11, 5.57), leg IV 48.82 (13.56, 6.90, 10.84, 11.95, 5.57). Leg widths (fem., pat., tib., met., tar.): palp (3.32, 2.64, 2.72, n / a, 2.12), leg I (4.08, 3.52, 3.04, 2.20, 2.28), leg II (3.80, 3.00, 2.76, 1.92, 2.00), leg III (3.64, 3.12, 2.80, 2.00, 1.84), leg IV (3.84, 3.32, 3.00, 2.04, 1.88). Tarsi III and IV with transverse weakening (crack or bent), tarsi I and II with no obvious weakening. Spines: Metatarsal spines (dorsal-ventral), met. I 0–1, met. II 0–3, met. III 2–5 and met. IV 2, 3. Claws: palp with 1 claw, tarsi I – III with pair of claws, tarsus IV with unpaired inferior third claw, all claws have two or three teeth.</p><p>Setation. Tactile setae (TS) — carapace entirely with rows of very short yellowish-white TS. Carapace margin, dorsal and upper 1 / 2 retrolateral surface of chelicerae, ventral prosoma, opisthosoma and legs covered with dark and pale brown, long and short thick TS, longer on leg III, leg IV and abdomen. Mesoprolateral surface of chelicerae with intercheliceral setae in arcuate strip of rows of setae basally spiniform and anteriorly filiform. Above maxillary suture with rows of short spiniform setae, retrolateral surface smooth with vertical striation on distal 1 / 4 and with rows of fine pallid setae ventrolaterally, and proximal end of prolateral surface with sparse very short spiniform setae. Femoral setation, dense, dark and needleform TS. Scales َ (SC) — carapace, coxae, trochantera, and femora dorsally with white to pale brown cottony and wavy fine scales, grayish-brown on femora. Chelicerae, dorsal and upper retrolateral surface, dorsal maxilla, sternum, abdomen, dorsal PLS legs, covered with grayish-brown to grayish white lanceolate flat scales, which reflect purplish blue sheen (Fig. 8 B), except on ventral abdomen and prolateral femora. Trichobothria — clavate trichobothria present on all leg tarsi, intermixed with epitrichobothria. Clusters of epitrichobothria are present on all tarsi, metatarsi, and tibiae. Filiform trichobothria are present on all dorsal legs, sparsely. Chemosensory sensilla — long and short, pallid and tapering distally, present singly on the entire body except the carapace and chelicerae. Scopulae — palp tar. to tar. III entire, undivided but sparsely intermixed with one or two rows of short stiff setae, one to three rows on tar. III, and tar. IV, entire, divided by four or five rows of long stiff setae; met. I – III, almost entire, undivided but sparsely intermixed with long TS, less sparse on met. III, and met. IV, covering 3 / 4, divided by two or three rows of long setae and intermixed with long TS.</p><p>Color. Bicolored: the legs and opisthosoma are dark, while the carapace, coxae, and trochantera are brown to pale brown dorsally. The microstructures of scales on the legs and abdomen reflect a deep purplish-blue sheen (Fig. 8 B). The integument of the carapace is reddish brown. As the exoskeleton aged, the specimen became entirely dark brown before ecdysis.</p><p>Indices. CI 80.06, CHI 29.69, CRI 69.02, EI (AME) 3.68, EI (ALE) 4.05, RF 94.92, LI 107.39, TBI 90.04, TI 117.59, SI 44.26.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, named after the type locality, the Municipality of Libmanan in the Province of Camarines Sur, Philippines.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CDA1866436CB5E3688624859A7BC6AAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Acuña, Darrell C.;Ragasa, Lorenz Rhuel P.;Santiago-Bautista, Myla R.;von Wirth, Volker;Guevarra Jr, Leonardo A.	Acuña, Darrell C., Ragasa, Lorenz Rhuel P., Santiago-Bautista, Myla R., von Wirth, Volker, Guevarra Jr, Leonardo A. (2025): Revisiting and rediscovering the tarantulas (Araneae, Theraphosidae) of Culapnitan (Libmanan) Caves in the Philippines: troglomorphism, taxonomy, phylogeny and ecological niche. Subterranean Biology 52: 143-186, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.52.142334
4A5E6F24B03E5A80A7136D95D393A100.text	4A5E6F24B03E5A80A7136D95D393A100.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Orphnaecus pellitus Simon 1892	<div><p>Orphnaecus pellitus Simon, 1892</p><p>Figs 2 A, B, 3, 5</p><p>Orphnaecus pellitus Simon, 1892 (Simon 1892: 36; Simon 1903: 956, figs 1106–1107; West et al. 2012: 25, figs 35 a – c; Acuña et al. 2025: figs 15 a, 20 g).</p><p>Type material examined.</p><p>Syntypes • 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀ MNHN AR 4678; Philippines: Luzon Island, Bicol Peninsula, Camarines Sur Province, Libmanan, ‘ Calapnitan Caves’ [ Culapnitan Caves] (now Libmanan Caves National Park) . (VVW examined syntypes ♂ ♀; A.-E. Leguin sent images of another syntype ♀) (VVW examined syntypes ♂ ♀; A.-E. Leguin sent images of another syntype ♀).</p><p>Other material examined.</p><p>• 2 ♂♂ 3 ♀♀ 12 j, UST-ARC 0031 –0047; Philippines: Luzon Island, Bicol Peninsula, Camarines Sur Prov., Libmanan, Brgy. Sigamot, Libmanan Caves National Park (Culapnitan Caves), inside Kalangkawan Cave; 50–300 m horiz. depth, 20 Apr 2023, LA Guevarra, DC Acuña, CN Noriega, JD Fornillos leg. • 4 j UST-ARC 0048 –0051; [same general locality data as for above], inside Alinsanay Cave; 50 m horiz. depth, [same collection data as for above] • 2 ♂♂ 4 ♀♀ 1 j, UST-ARC 0052 –0058; [same general locality data as for the former], inside Laya Cave; 30–50 m horiz. depth, 20 July 2023, LA Guevarra, DC Acuña, JD Fornillos leg. (DCA examined) .</p><p>Gene sequence.</p><p>GenBank accessions: PP 778304 – PP 778306 and PP 778313 – PP 778315 (non-types).</p><p>Troglomorphism. The troglomorphic characters of O. pellitus are presented in Figs 3, 4. A noticeable troglomorphic characteristic of O. pellitus is its weakly pronounced ocular tubercles. Adult specimens of O. pellitus have distinctly tiny eyes making interocular distances greater than epigean and troglophilic congeners (Fig. 3). The AME and ALE range are 3.01–3.29 and 2.39–3.07, respectively. Lower ALE, as compared to AME, was only observed in O. pellitus but not in its congeners, suggesting that the eye morphology of O. pellitus is different from that of other Orphnaecus species (Fig. 4).</p><p>The colour of the body integuments of O. pellitus is lighter (brown) than that of other Orphnaecus species we recently collected and examined. The microstructures of the scales are greyish to dark brown and lack the typical purplish to dark blue sheen of the typical epigean Orphnaecus species. Both mature males and females had shorter leg I than leg IV with a leg formula of 4123 and RF ~ 99 (n = 15). The legs were stout and elongated. The tactile setae all over the body and appendages were also noticeably shorter.</p><p>Other subterranean adaptations. After subjecting live specimens of O. pellitus to hypoxia, we observed that they took 5–12 min before they completely lost consciousness and became motionless. On the other hand, epigean and troglophile species subjected to the same procedure became unresponsive less than 2 min after exposure to high CO 2 concentrations. Individuals were also observed to recover faster than non-troglobitic congeners, with no fatalities recorded.</p><p>Field observations indicate heightened sensitivity to ground movements in the surrounding environment. When the tarantulas were collected in the caves of the LCNP, they quickly retreated into their burrows when approached from more than a meter away, a behavior not observed in epigean species during our field sampling. In the laboratory, these tarantulas demonstrated rapid prey detection and capture behaviour when fed live insects ( Blaptica dubia, Blatta lateralis, and Gryllidae). The live insects were introduced into their plastic enclosure and as soon as the insects touched the ground of the substrate, the spiders promptly captured their prey without pausing to observe their surroundings consistently. Notably, juveniles could prey on insects three times their body size. These behaviours could be attributed to the increased sensitivity of their ground movement-sensitive clavate trichobothria and their opportunistic instinct towards food in an environment with limited resources.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This study focused only on the troglomorphic characteristics of O. pellitus . Redescription of this species is being conducted in an ongoing study on the revision of the genus Orphnaecus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A5E6F24B03E5A80A7136D95D393A100	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Acuña, Darrell C.;Ragasa, Lorenz Rhuel P.;Santiago-Bautista, Myla R.;von Wirth, Volker;Guevarra Jr, Leonardo A.	Acuña, Darrell C., Ragasa, Lorenz Rhuel P., Santiago-Bautista, Myla R., von Wirth, Volker, Guevarra Jr, Leonardo A. (2025): Revisiting and rediscovering the tarantulas (Araneae, Theraphosidae) of Culapnitan (Libmanan) Caves in the Philippines: troglomorphism, taxonomy, phylogeny and ecological niche. Subterranean Biology 52: 143-186, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.52.142334
B4CAEB7F47155A9794C9A4030FA594D9.text	B4CAEB7F47155A9794C9A4030FA594D9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Orphnaecus Simon 1892	<div><p>Genus Orphnaecus Simon, 1892</p><p>Orphnaecus Simon, 1892 (Simon 1892, 36; Simon 1903: 956; West et al. 2012: 25, Acuña et al. 2025).</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Orphnaecus pellitus Simon, 1892, by monotypy.</p><p>Included species: O. adamsoni Salamanes et al., 2022, O. kwebaburdeos (Barrion-Dupo et al., 2015), O. pellitus Simon, 1892, O. libmanan sp. nov., O. tangcongvaca sp. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>See Acuña et al. (2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4CAEB7F47155A9794C9A4030FA594D9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Acuña, Darrell C.;Ragasa, Lorenz Rhuel P.;Santiago-Bautista, Myla R.;von Wirth, Volker;Guevarra Jr, Leonardo A.	Acuña, Darrell C., Ragasa, Lorenz Rhuel P., Santiago-Bautista, Myla R., von Wirth, Volker, Guevarra Jr, Leonardo A. (2025): Revisiting and rediscovering the tarantulas (Araneae, Theraphosidae) of Culapnitan (Libmanan) Caves in the Philippines: troglomorphism, taxonomy, phylogeny and ecological niche. Subterranean Biology 52: 143-186, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.52.142334
35DC70D0BD30551A815AF58383D83436.text	35DC70D0BD30551A815AF58383D83436.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Orphnaecus tangcongvaca Acuna & Guevarra 2025	<div><p>Orphnaecus tangcongvaca Acuña &amp; Guevarra sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 9</p><p>Orphnaecus sp. “L 4” Acuña et al., 2025.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype • ♀ PNM 18869 UST-ARC 0142, field # CSL 06-02; Philippines: Luzon Island, Bicol Peninsula, Camarines Sur Prov., Libmanan, Brgy. Sigamot, Libmanan Caves National Park; burrows under fallen branch and stones on forest slope near Laya Cave, 20 July 2023, LA Guevarra, DC Acuña, JD Fornillos leg. Paratypes • 3 ♀♀ UST-ARC 0141, 0143, 0144; [same data as for holotype]. (DCA examined) .</p><p>Type gene sequence.</p><p>GenBank accession: PP 778316 (holotype).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>O. tangcongvaca sp. nov. is placed in Orphnaecus based on its genetic affinity within the Orphnaecus clade and by its spermathecal morphology with lobe converging, slightly pointing inward, and mesoprolaterally concave (Fig. 10 J) (Acuña et al. 2025). It is currently the only species that exhibits dwarfism placed in Orphnaecus and has dramatically reduced stridulatory organ (lyra) on the prolateral maxilla (Fig. 10 H, I). The females further differ from all Orphnaecus species (except O. adamsoni) by the shape of their female spermathecal lobe, which is broad with its apex slightly narrower than the base but not distinctly narrower than the base (Fig. 10 J) with SI ~ 90 (n = 4) (SI &lt;65 in all congeners; narrow lobe in O. pellitus; distinctly narrower apex than the base in O. kwebaburdeos and O. libmanan sp. nov., see Acuña et al. 2025, fig. 18). It also differs from O. libmanan sp. nov. and O. pellitus in having longer tibia I than IV with TBI ~ 105 (n = 4) (TBI ~ 90 in the two other species). It further differs in O. kwebaburdeos and O. libmanan sp. nov. in having shorter tarsus I than IV with TI ~ 91 (n = 4) (TI&gt; 100 in the two other species). It also differs from O. kwebaburdeos for having shorter leg I than IV, with RF ~ 96 (n = 4) in females (I&gt; IV with RF ~ 101 in O. kwebaburdeos female).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The male is unknown. O. tangcongvaca sp. nov. was not distinguished from the females of O. adamsoni since the paratype female is misidentified and misplaced in Orphnaecus (see remarks above).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Holotype female, PNM 18869 (UST ARC 0142, field # CSL 06-02), body length 16.06. (Fig. 9).</p><p>Prosoma. Carapace (Fig. 10 B): CL 6.77, CW 4.93, CH 2.00, CR 4.77 long. Ocular tubercle (Fig. 10 D): 0.95 long, 1.25 wide. Eyes (Fig. 10 D): anterior row slightly procurved at 168 °, posterior row recurved at 148 °, ALE&gt; AME&gt; PME&gt; PLE, AME 0.33, ALE 0.34, PME 0.32, PLE 0.28. Interocular distances: AME - AME 0.1, ALE - ALE 0.69, PME - PME 0.53, PLE - PLE 0.89, AME - ALE 0.05, AME - PME 0.02, AME - PLE 0.53, ALE - PME 0.24, ALE - PLE 0.14, PME - PLE 0.03. Fovea (Fig. 10 B): 0.97 wide, procurved, curvature 131 °. Chelicerae (Fig. 10 E – G): 3.96 long, 2.80 wide, teeth 10 (nine large, one very small), mesoventral denticles ~ 28, cheliceral strikers’ rows of pallid spiniform setae with filiform ends (Fig. 10 G). Maxilla (Fig. 10 H, I): 2.23 long, 1.71 wide, maxillary cuspules 187. Lyra (Fig. 10 H): composed only of a single short and club-shaped stridulatory seta (Fig. 10 H, arrow) (the number could vary when more specimens become available), 0.45 long. Labium: 0.99 long, 1.27 wide, labial cuspules 332, labiosternal sigilla 0.54 long, 0.23 wide, 0.53 apart. Sternum (Fig. 10 C): 2.89 long, 1.97 wide, anterior sigilla almost round, 0.17 long, 0.15 wide, 1.49 apart, median sigilla ovoid, 0.28 long, 0.17 wide, 1.63 apart, posterior sigilla ovoid, 0.44 long, 0.17 wide, 1.06 apart.</p><p>Opisthosoma. Abdomen (Fig. 10 A): 7.52 long, 4.24 wide, ovular elongated. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.00 long, 0.4 wide, PLS, basal segment 1.23 long, 0.55 wide, median segment 0.72 long, 0.6 wide, apical segment 1.16 long, 0.47 wide.</p><p>Genitalia. Spermathecae (Fig. 10 J): spermathecal lobe 0.52 long, basal width 0.39, distal width 0.35, basally 0.20 apart, unilobed, distally slightly converging, apically slightly pointing inwards, and concave mesoprolaterally.</p><p>Legs. Leg formula 4123. Leg lengths (fem., pat., tib., met., tar.): palp 10.56 (3.58, 2.08, 2.52, n / a, 2.38), leg I 16.48 (4.8, 2.72, 4.08, 2.8, 2.08), leg II 14.32 (4.08, 2.48, 3.12, 2.56, 2.08), leg III 11.72 (3.52, 1.56, 2.16, 2.52, 1.96), leg IV 17.12 (5.00, 2.04, 3.88, 3.92, 2.28). Leg widths (fem., pat., tib., met., tar.): palp (1.42, 1.04, 1, n / a, 0.78), leg I (1.64, 1.28, 1.2, 0.88, 0.76), leg II (1.48, 1.2, 1.04, 0.84, 0.64), leg III (1.33, 1.12, 0.88, 0.72, 0.6), leg IV (1.36, 1.16, 1, 0.72, 0.6). Coxae (Fig. 10 C): (palpcoxa, see Prosoma: Maxilla) Length (coxa I – IV) 2.93, 2.13, 1.87, 2.21. Width (coxa I – IV) 1.33, 1.31, 1.33, 1.44. Trochantera: Length (troch. palp – IV) 0.79, 1.44, 1.31, 1.1, 1.09. Width (troch. palp, I – IV) 1.29, 1.25, 1.15, 1.12, 1.47. Tarsi III and IV with transverse weakening (cracked or bent), tarsi I and II with no visible weakening. Spines: Metatarsal spines (dorsal-ventral), met. I 0–1, met. II 0–3, met. III 2, 3, met. IV. 2, 3. Claws: palp with one claw, tarsi I – III with pair of claws, tarsus IV with unpaired inferior third claw, all claws have no teeth.</p><p>Setation. Tactile setae (TS) — brown to pale brown, pallid apically, strong TS covering body and legs, dense on ventral tibia I. Dark spiniform and translucent setae present on all lateral coxae. Femoral setation on femur I sparsely covered with fine needleform setae, intermixed with scales. Scales (SC) — lanceolate SC, reflecting pale brown color, covering all legs, sternum, chelicerae, and spinnerets brown on the entire abdomen. Cottony pale brown SC covering the carapace. Trichobothria — clavate trichobothria present on all tarsi, intermixed with epitrichobothria. Clusters of epitrichobothria are present on all metatarsi, tarsi, and tibiae. Filiform trichobothria are present sparsely on all dorsal legs. Filiform trichobothria present on all dorsal legs, sparsely. Chemosensory sensilla — short, translucent, tapering distally, present singly on the entire body except the carapace and chelicerae. Scopulae — tarsal palp, entire, divided by one or two rows of stiff setae; tar. I, entire, divided by two or three rows of stiff setae; tar. II, entire, divided by two or three rows of stiff setae; tar. III, entire, divided by two or three rows of stiff setae; tar. IV, entire, divided by rows of stiff setae; met. I, almost entire, divided by a row of very sparse long setae; met. II, almost entire, divided by a row of very sparse long setae; met. III, covering 3 / 5, divided by one or two rows of very sparse long setae; met. IV, covering half, divided by two or three rows of sparse long setae.</p><p>Color. Entirely uniform brown clothed with brownish setation (Fig. 10 A).</p><p>Indices. CI 72.82, CHI 29.54, CRI 70.46, EI (AME) 4.88, EI (ALE) 5.02, RF 96.26, LI 119.01, TBI 105.16, TI 91.23, SI 89.74.</p><p>Male. Unknown. An adult dwarf male was found under the same fallen branch as the holotype female, but managed to escape on the vegetation.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet is a noun in apposition in honor of the Tangcong Vaca Guerilla Unit, founded in Camarines Sur and established its base at Tangcong Vaca mountain in Libmanan during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/35DC70D0BD30551A815AF58383D83436	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Acuña, Darrell C.;Ragasa, Lorenz Rhuel P.;Santiago-Bautista, Myla R.;von Wirth, Volker;Guevarra Jr, Leonardo A.	Acuña, Darrell C., Ragasa, Lorenz Rhuel P., Santiago-Bautista, Myla R., von Wirth, Volker, Guevarra Jr, Leonardo A. (2025): Revisiting and rediscovering the tarantulas (Araneae, Theraphosidae) of Culapnitan (Libmanan) Caves in the Philippines: troglomorphism, taxonomy, phylogeny and ecological niche. Subterranean Biology 52: 143-186, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.52.142334
089C7529F6BF58D19A19473DFBB3AF4F.text	089C7529F6BF58D19A19473DFBB3AF4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selenocosmiinae Simon 1889	<div><p>Subfamily Selenocosmiinae Simon, 1889</p><p>Included tribes.</p><p>Chilobrachini West et al., 2012, Selenocosmiini Simon, 1889, Yamiini Kishida, 1920 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/089C7529F6BF58D19A19473DFBB3AF4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Acuña, Darrell C.;Ragasa, Lorenz Rhuel P.;Santiago-Bautista, Myla R.;von Wirth, Volker;Guevarra Jr, Leonardo A.	Acuña, Darrell C., Ragasa, Lorenz Rhuel P., Santiago-Bautista, Myla R., von Wirth, Volker, Guevarra Jr, Leonardo A. (2025): Revisiting and rediscovering the tarantulas (Araneae, Theraphosidae) of Culapnitan (Libmanan) Caves in the Philippines: troglomorphism, taxonomy, phylogeny and ecological niche. Subterranean Biology 52: 143-186, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.52.142334
98E66107237B503499B78A976DD236DC.text	98E66107237B503499B78A976DD236DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Yamiini Kishida 1920	<div><p>Tribe Yamiini Kishida, 1920</p><p>Phlogiellini West et al., 2012 (synonymized by Nunn et al. 2016).</p><p>Included genera.</p><p>Orphnaecus Simon, 1892, Phlogiellus Pocock, 1897, Selenobrachys Schmidt, 1999 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/98E66107237B503499B78A976DD236DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Acuña, Darrell C.;Ragasa, Lorenz Rhuel P.;Santiago-Bautista, Myla R.;von Wirth, Volker;Guevarra Jr, Leonardo A.	Acuña, Darrell C., Ragasa, Lorenz Rhuel P., Santiago-Bautista, Myla R., von Wirth, Volker, Guevarra Jr, Leonardo A. (2025): Revisiting and rediscovering the tarantulas (Araneae, Theraphosidae) of Culapnitan (Libmanan) Caves in the Philippines: troglomorphism, taxonomy, phylogeny and ecological niche. Subterranean Biology 52: 143-186, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.52.142334
