identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
F8303331AF18EA2DABEFF9C09EBCECDD.text	F8303331AF18EA2DABEFF9C09EBCECDD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thereus endera (Hewitson 1867)	<div><p>Thereus endera (Hewitson, 1867)</p><p>Figures 2, 3, 34, 50, 66, 78, 79, 87</p><p>Thecla endera: Hewitson: 1867: (3): 111</p><p>= Thecla thestia: Hewitson: 1869: (4): 122</p><p>Type material. This species was described from an unknown number of male specimens from Tefé (originally Ega), Amazonas, Brazil. One type was identified bearing the label ‘Endera’ [sic] and placed in the type collection at NHMUK (former British Museum of Natural History), coming from the collections of Henry Walter Bates. During this study, a second syntype was found and identified from the NHMUK collections, collected by Bates and matching the original description. In order to stabilize the name for taxonomic purposes, and because genomic analysis was only conducted for the syntype previously known, we here designate the specimen NHMUK015200786, as the lectotype of T. endera (Fig. 2). Hewitson (1867) noticed that T. endera “is very closely allied to T. Genena [sic], but differs from it chiefly in the different form of the inner band on the underside of the posterior wing, which in this species is slightly out of a straight line between the scarlet spot and the inner margin, whilst in T. Genena [sic] it forms a semicircle”.</p><p>In the same publication that T. endera was described, Thecla thestia was also described by Hewitson a few pages later, using a single female specimen from the Bates collection acquired by the NHMUK. We confirmed the specimen was catalogued by W. Kirby in 1879. Historically, T. thestia has been considered the female of T. endera (Druce 1907; Robbins 2004), and that assumption was confirmed through our molecular study here (DNA sample ID NHMUK015200804).</p><p>LECTOTYPE ♂ (Fig. 2), designated here: “ SYN- // TYPE” (blue rimmed white circle label, printed); “Type” (orange rimmed white circle label, printed); “Ega // 57 20 [written on the back]” (grey blue circle label, handwritten); “Endera ” (brown rectangular label, handwritten); “B.M. TYPE // No.Rh 724” (brown square label, printed and handwritten); “ Thecla endera // Hewitson,1867 // SYNTYPE ” (white rectangular label, printed); “NHMUK015200786” (white rectangular label, printed, with a flash code); “Gen. prep. K. Florczyk // NHMUK015200786” (green rectangular label, black printed); “ Thecla endera // H.H. Druce, 1907 // LECTOTYPE // Faynel, 2025 ” (white rectangular label, printed).</p><p>PARALECTOTYPE ♂: “ SYN- // TYPE” (blue rimmed white circle label, printed); “Ega // 56-69 [written on the back]” (grey blue circle label, handwritten); “NHMUK015201074” (white rectangular label, printed, with a flash code); “ Thecla endera // H.H. Druce, 1907 // PARALECTOTYPE // Faynel, 2025 ” (white rectangular label, printed).</p><p>SYNTYPE Thecla thestia ♀ (Fig. 3): “ SYN- // TYPE” (blue rimmed white circle label, printed); “ ♀ // Thecla // Type // thestia // Hew.” (orange rimmed white circle label, printed and handwritten); “Amazon. // Hewitson Coll. // 79-69. // Thecla thestia . 1.” (brown square label, printed and handwritten), “B.M. Type // No.Rh 725” (brown rectangular label, printed and handwritten); “ Thecla thestia // Hewitson, 1867 // SYNTYPE ” (white rectangular label, printed); “NHMUK015200804” (white rectangular label, printed, with a flash code); “Gen. prep. K. Florczyk // NHMUK10402963” (green rectangular label, black printed).</p><p>Other material examined (18♂, 5♀). ECUADOR. Unknown . 1♂, 1929-435, Ex. Grose Smith. 1910, NHMUK015201091 (NHMUK) . Napo. 1♂, Rio Napo. J. Hauxwell., Godman-Salvin Coll. 1911.-93., NHMUK015201083*, gen. prep. K. Florczyk (NHMUK) ; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.79&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.0883334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.79/lat -1.0883334)">12km Tena-Puyo Rd</a>, 1°05.3'S, 77°47.4'W, 600m, viii.2005, Finca San Carlo, I. Aldas &amp; R.C. Busby leg., RCB05124 (RCB) . PERU. Loreto. 1♂, Iquitos, 1911-93, H. Whitely, NHMUK015201106 (NHMUK); 1♂, Iquitos, 1911-93, 18.3.05, Ex Staudinger, NHMUK015203799 (NHMUK) ; 1♂, Pebas, 1929-435, NHMUK015201097 (NHMUK) ; 1♂, Iquitos, 1939-1, G. King, NHMUK015201085 (NHMUK) ; 1♀, Chaquimayo, 2500ft., 1939-1, H. &amp; C. Watkins, NHMUK015201079 (NHMUK) ; 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.25/lat -3.6166668)">Picuroyacu</a>, 3°37' S, 73°15'W, 15-30.v.2012, J.J. Ramírez, CF-LYC-451* (RCCF) ; 1♂, Nueva York, Río Momon, xi.2011, H. Lequerica Chiong leg., CF-LYC-838* (RCCF) ; 1♂, Rio Chanbiraz, Comunidad Atlaya, Alto de Pisco, 14.ii.2015, Fåhraeus / Santoz leg., CFC00541* (FILS) ; 1♀, Contaya, x.2008, J.J. Ramírez, CF-LYC-450*, gen. prep. K. Florczyk CFCF031 (RCCF) ; 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.36667/lat -3.95)">El Milagro</a>, 03° 57′S, 73° 22′W, xi.2013, J.J. Ramírez leg., CF- LYC-828*, gen. prep. K. Florczyk CFCF030 (RCCF) ; 1♂, Contamana, Rio Ucayali, x.2011, J.J. Ramírez leg., CF- LYC-839* (RCCF) ; 1♀, Nauta, Upp. Am., A. M. Moss, NHMUK015203426* (NHMUK) . Cusco. 1♂, Quincemil, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.7825&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.246667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.7825/lat -13.246667)">Rd Interoceanica</a>, 750m, 13°14'48"S, 70°46'57"W, 20.iii.2016, Fåhraeus / Miranda leg., CFC00234* (FILS) . BRAZIL. Amazonas . 1♂, San Joas, Solimões, 1929-435, NHMUK015201105 (NHMUK) ; 1♂, Fonte Boa, 57-125, NHMUK015201092 (NHMUK) ; 1♂, Ega [=Tefé], 1911-93, H.W. Bates, NHMUK015201086 (NHMUK) ; 1♀, S. Paulo, U. Amazons, H.W. Bates, Godman-Salvin Coll. 1911.-93., NHMUK015201099* (NHMUK) . Pará . 1♂, 49- 49, NHMUK015201089 (NHMUK) . Amazonas or Pará . 1♂, Amazons, 1939-1, A. H. Fassl, NHMUK015201041 (NHMUK) . NO LOCALITY. 1♂, 1911-93, NHMUK015201102 (NHMUK) .</p><p>Diagnosis and description. Based on the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1), T. endera forms a clade with T. geminus sp. nov. and T. cacao sp. nov. Morphologically and genetically, T. endera is distinguished from T. geminus sp. nov. by: (1) dorsal coloration less blue and more dull grey-blue in males (Figs 2, 4); (2) wider disjunction of the VHW postmedian line in M 1 in both sexes (Figs 2, 3, 4, 5); (3) wider valvae at the base and less regularly tapered; (4) 3.47% mean genetic divergence (Table 3). T. endera is distinguished from T. cacao sp. nov. by: (1) less extensive blue dorsal coloration in males (Figs 2, 6), also different in shade (blue-grey in T. endera, blue-violet in T. cacao sp. nov.), with a longer scent pad (Figs 34, 36); (2) smaller distance between the dorsal process supporting the brush organs and the saccus in lateral view in the male genitalia (Figs 50, 52, black arrow); (3) 2.24% mean genetic divergence (Table 3). Male genitalia (Figs 50, 78). Three males dissected, including the male lectotype. Terminal part of the dorsal brush organs not reaching the junction of the bilobes of the uncus. Valvae triangular, short, especially their posterior extension, forming a step on the ventral edge. Saccus pointed in ventral view. Penis short and almost straight (on the male syntype but angled at 150° for other dissected males), two cornuti at its end, turned dorsally, the posterior one being very fine. Eighth tergite subrectangular, anterior border convex, posterior one concave. Female genitalia (Fig. 66). Two females dissected, including the female syntype of T. thestia . Large funnel-shaped ostium bursae. Short ductus bursae, with a lightly sclerotized part in its center (probably mobile during copulation). Ductus seminalis emerging dorsally from an outgrowth of the corpus bursae, no signum observed in the bursa. Papillae anales wide in lateral view, no sclerotized element observed on the membrane in between them. Eighth tergite subrectangular, anterior border convex, posterior one concave.</p><p>DNA (Fig. 1, Table 1). T. endera is identified by BIN ACK2034 on BOLD, including both T. endera and T. thestia type material. Around these specimens, there are five groups of barcoded specimens (from Peru, Bolivia, French Guiana), very close to T. endera morphologically, that have received different BINs. Two of them ( T. geminus sp. nov. and T. cacao sp. nov.) are described in this paper as new species based on both morphological and genetic differences. The sample size is too small for the others and there is no clear-cut morphological character that separate them from T. endera but it probably represents a species complex. Pending further information, the list of material examined is restricted to specimens sharing a similar wing pattern and the same BIN.</p><p>Sympatry. T. endera and T. geminus sp. nov. are sympatric in Loreto, Peru. T. endera and T. cacao sp. nov. are sympatric in Cusco, Peru (Fig. 87).</p><p>Known distribution (Fig. 87). Ecuador (Napo). Peru (LOR, CUS). Brazil (AM, PA?).</p><p>Remarks. No molecular data is available to confirm the presence of this species in lower Amazon (Brazil, Pará).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8303331AF18EA2DABEFF9C09EBCECDD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Faynel, Christophe;Huertas, Blanca;Crom, Jean-François Le;O’Brien, Richard;Fåhraeus, Christer	Faynel, Christophe, Huertas, Blanca, Crom, Jean-François Le, O’Brien, Richard, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): Diagnostic male secondary sexual structures and wing patterns in the Thereus genena species group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of nine new species from Colombia, Peru, Brazil and French Guiana. Zootaxa 5728 (2): 201-246, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5728.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.2.10
F8303331AF1FEA2EABEFFB819A43EEA4.text	F8303331AF1FEA2EABEFFB819A43EEA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thereus geminus Faynel & Fahraeus 2025	<div><p>Thereus geminus Faynel &amp; Fåhraeus sp. nov.</p><p>LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E21118A2-180D-43D8-B1E0-ABF1E564C629</p><p>Figures 4, 5, 35, 51, 67, 87</p><p>Type material. Holotype male (Fig. 4), FW: 16.26 mm, labelled as “Iquitos, Peru, // February 1932. // G. Klug ” (white rectangular label, black printed); “Rothschild // Bequest // B.M.1939-1.” (white rectangular label, black printed); “ Thereus cf. endera ” (white rectangular label, black printed); “NHMUK015201071” (white rectangular label, black printed); “Gen. prep. K. Florczyk // NHMUK015201071” (green rectangular label, black printed); “ Holotype ♂ // Thereus geminus // Faynel &amp; Fåhraeus, 2025 ” (red rectangular label, black printed). Iquitos is in Loreto department. The approximative GPS data are 03°45'S, 73°15'W. The holotype is held at NHMUK collections.</p><p>Paratype (1♀ illustrated on Fig. 5). PERU. Loreto. 1♀, San Juan de Poli, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.416664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.416664/lat -3.6166668)">rio Momón</a>, 120m, 03° 37′ S, 73° 25′ W, xii.2018, J.J. Ramírez leg., CF-LYC-1612*, gen. prep. K. Florczyk CFCF029 (RCCF). The paratype has the following labels “ Paratype ♀ // Thereus geminus // Faynel &amp; Fåhraeus, 2025 ” (blue rectangular label, black printed) .</p><p>Diagnosis and description. Thereus geminus sp. nov. is distinguishable from T. endera, the most closely related species in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1), by: (1) bluer male dorsal coloration; (2) VFW postmedian line almost straight, not slightly convex like in T. endera; (3) VHW postmedian line lacking (or being less pronounced) the characteristical disjunction at M 1 present in T. endera; (4) 3.47% mean genetic divergence (Table 3). T. geminus sp. nov. is also close to Thereus cacao sp. nov. but differs by: (1) different blue extents on the dorsal forewings (reduced in T. geminus sp. nov.); (2) valvae less wide at their base, longer and tapered at their end; (3) 2.99% mean genetic divergence (Table 3). Male (Fig. 4). FW length: 16.26 mm, n=1. Wings. Similar to T. endera but dorsally shinier blue, and not blue grey like T. endera . Male genitalia (Fig. 51). Holotype dissected. In lateral view, the dorsal brush organs are longer, the ventral edge of the valvae has no step, compared to T. endera . Eighth tergite subrectangular, anterior border convex with a small depression in the center, posterior one concave. Female (Fig. 5). FW length: 18.18 mm, n=1. Wings. Similar to T. endera but straighter VHW postmedian line without the disjunction in M 1. Female genitalia (Fig. 67). One female dissected. The ductus bursae is 1.5 times longer than in T. endera and the ostium bursae is wider in ventral view. Similar to other species in the group. Larger ductus bursae in ventral view. No signum observed in the corpus bursae, and no sclerotized element in between the papillae anales. Eighth tergite subrectangular, anterior border convex, posterior one concave. The association of the sexes was based on similar type locality, similar ventral wing patterns, the same COI sequence and hence the same BIN (AEL2838).</p><p>Sympatry. Thereus geminus sp. nov. and T. endera, are sympatric in Loreto, Peru while T. geminus sp. nov. and T. cacao sp. nov. have allopatric distributions regarding the actual known data.</p><p>Known distribution (Fig. 87). Only known from Peru (LOR).</p><p>Etymology. The name geminus is the Latin word for twin. This refers to its close relationship with T. endera . It is used in a masculine sense and agrees in gender with the generic name Thereus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8303331AF1FEA2EABEFFB819A43EEA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Faynel, Christophe;Huertas, Blanca;Crom, Jean-François Le;O’Brien, Richard;Fåhraeus, Christer	Faynel, Christophe, Huertas, Blanca, Crom, Jean-François Le, O’Brien, Richard, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): Diagnostic male secondary sexual structures and wing patterns in the Thereus genena species group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of nine new species from Colombia, Peru, Brazil and French Guiana. Zootaxa 5728 (2): 201-246, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5728.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.2.10
F8303331AF1CEA2FABEFFD989D74EE72.text	F8303331AF1CEA2FABEFFD989D74EE72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thereus cacao Faynel & Fahraeus 2025	<div><p>Thereus cacao Faynel &amp; Fåhraeus sp. nov.</p><p>LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 44F527B2-7D3C-460A-85C6-134D6B0FEDBE</p><p>Figures 6, 7, 36, 52, 68, 87</p><p>Type material. Holotype male (Fig. 6), FW: 17.65 mm, labelled as “ GUYANE FR. // <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.46278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.5600004" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.46278/lat 4.5600004)">Cacao</a> —2 ème retenue // 9 VIII 2007 // 12h25 C. schomburgkii ” (white rectangular label, black printed); “C. FAYNEL // n° 1755” (white rectangular label, black printed); “CF-LYC-380” (orange rectangular label, black printed); “ Thereus sp. ♂ // Prep. gen. n° 620 // 3. VII. 2019 // C. FAYNEL” (white rectangular label, black printed); “CFCF032 // Thereus cacao ♂ // 27/11/2022 // Diss. Klaudia Florczyk” (green rectangular label, black printed); “ Holotype ♂ // Thereus cacao // Faynel &amp; Fåhraeus, 2025 ” (red rectangular label, black printed). The GPS data are 04°33'36''N, 52°27'46"W. Currently in RCCF collection. The holotype will be deposited in MNHN.</p><p>Paratypes (2♂, 2♀). FRENCH GUIANA . 1♂, same data as holotype, Coll. C. Faynel n° 1756, gen. prep. K. Florczyk CFCF032 (RCCF); 1♀, Cacao, Piste Bassin, Théodore Yatcha leg., ex-coll. Christian Castelain, CF- LYC-1062*, gen. prep. K. Florczyk CFCF033 (RCCF, illustrated on Fig. 7) . ECUADOR. Sucumbios. 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.32&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.018611113" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.32/lat 0.018611113)">Cerro Lumbaqui Norte</a>, 0°01'7 N, 77°19.2' W, 1.vi.2007, 900-1000m, R.C. Busby leg., RCB05125 (RCB) . PERU. Cusco. 1♂, Rio Araza, 500-900m, xii.1994 - ii.1995, C. Tello leg., Coll. A. Moser 637 (AMC) .</p><p>Paratypes have the following labels “ Paratype ♂ [or ♀] // Thereus cacao // Faynel &amp; Fåhraeus, 2025 ” (blue rectangular label, black printed).</p><p>Diagnosis and description. Thereus cacao sp. nov. forms a clade with T. endera and T. geminus sp. nov. (Fig. 1). It differs from them by: (1) dorsal blue-violet coloration on males (grey blue in T. endera and blue in T. geminus sp. nov.) with a largest extent on FW; (2) red orange scales in VHW cell CuA 1 -CuA 2 occupying all the space between the postmedian line and the distal margin with a bigger black triangular spot inside; (3) VFW postmedian line much closer to the outer margin and VHW postmedian line recognizable by its regular series of circumflex-shaped marks between M 1 and 2A; (4) 2.24% mean genetic divergence with T. endera and 2.99% with T. geminus sp. nov. (Table 3). Male (Fig. 6). FW length: 17.6 mm, n=2. Wings. DFW blue violet with reduced black apex. DHW cell Rs-M 1 almost completely covered with blue-violet scales. VFW beige-brown with the postmedian line much closer to the outer margin. Male genitalia (Fig. 52). One male dissected. Similar to T. endera and T. geminus sp. nov., but with a greater distance between the dorsal support of the brush organs and the saccus in lateral view (double arrow on Fig. 52); saccus wider in ventral view; penis not straight with coecum forming an arch of approximately 150° relative to the axis of the penis. Eighth tergite subrectangular, anterior border convex, posterior one concave. Female (Fig. 7). FW length: 17.9 mm, n=1. Wings. Similar to T. endera and T. geminus sp. nov. but with reduced VHW red cubital spot and bigger black triangular spot inside. Female genitalia (Fig. 68). One female dissected. Ductus bursae longer to T. endera, shorter to T. geminus sp. nov., ostium bursae not regularly shrinking like in the other two species. No signum observed in the corpus bursae, and no sclerotized element in between the papillae anales. Eighth tergite subrectangular, anterior border convex, posterior one concave. The association of the sexes was based on same type locality, similar ventral wing patterns, the same COI sequence and hence the same BIN (AEF5159).</p><p>Ethology. Both males collected in French Guiana were found feeding on Cordia schomburgkii A. DC. ( Boraginaceae) during sunny hours, a catch at 12:25 pm, another at 12:35 pm.</p><p>Sympatry. Thereus cacao sp. nov. occurs in sympatry with T. endera in Cusco, Peru, and in allopatry with T. geminus sp. nov. (Fig. 87).</p><p>Known distribution (Fig. 87). French Guiana. Ecuador (SU). Peru (CUS).</p><p>Etymology. Cacao is a village in French Guiana where the inhabitants, mostly Hmong people arrived from Laos in 1977 and live mainly from agricultural practices. Specimens of Thereus cacao sp. nov. were found on the way to the basin, a reservoir that supplies the village with drinking water and it is surrounded by well-preserved forest. It is a non-Latin noun, in apposition.</p><p>Remarks. One male from Peru, Cusco (not yet barcoded), appears to belong to this species according to wing pattern. It was stored separately from T. endera in AMC.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8303331AF1CEA2FABEFFD989D74EE72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Faynel, Christophe;Huertas, Blanca;Crom, Jean-François Le;O’Brien, Richard;Fåhraeus, Christer	Faynel, Christophe, Huertas, Blanca, Crom, Jean-François Le, O’Brien, Richard, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): Diagnostic male secondary sexual structures and wing patterns in the Thereus genena species group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of nine new species from Colombia, Peru, Brazil and French Guiana. Zootaxa 5728 (2): 201-246, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5728.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.2.10
F8303331AF1DEA30ABEFFE239A74EE9C.text	F8303331AF1DEA30ABEFFE239A74EE9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thereus antecum Faynel & Fahraeus 2025	<div><p>Thereus antecum Faynel &amp; Fåhraeus sp. nov.</p><p>LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4E97C256-50F2-4DBC-81CD-5DC66A76123F</p><p>Figures 8, 9, 37, 53, 69, 83, 89</p><p>Type material. Holotype male (Fig. 8), FW 17.15 mm, labelled as “ Guyane <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.46278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.5600004" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.46278/lat 4.5600004)">Française</a> // 11. VII. 2008 // Roura // Cacao // Piste de la source // E. Amar Leg ” (white rectangular label, black printed); “Coll. DIRINGER” (white rectangular label, black handwritten); “CF-LYC-2165” (orange rectangular label, black printed); “CFCF155 // Thereus antecum ♂ // 23/04/2024 // Diss. Klaudia Florczyk” (green rectangular label, black printed); “ Holotype ♂ // Thereus antecum // Faynel &amp; Fåhraeus, 2025 ” (red rectangular label, black printed). The GPS data of the type locality are 04°33'36'' N, 52°27'46" W. Currently in RCCF, will be deposited in MNHN.</p><p>Paratypes (4♂, 3♀). FRENCH GUIANA . 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.4634&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.5543" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.4634/lat 4.5543)">Cacao</a>, Prise d’eau sur Cordia, 4.5543, -52.4634, 5.xii.2020, L616, CF-LYC-1428*, coll. Nino Page &amp; Maeva Leroy ; 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.1527&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.5443" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.1527/lat 4.5443)">Roura</a>, Camp Patawa, jardin, light trap, 4.5443, -52.1527, 05.vi.2021, L769, NPML_lyc38, coll. Nino Page &amp; Maeva Leroy ; 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.46278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.5600004" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.46278/lat 4.5600004)">Cacao</a>, sentier de la source, 04°33'36''N, 52°27'46"W, 6.viii.2015, coll. Louis Diringer ; 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.291668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6272225" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.291668/lat 4.6272225)">Route de Kaw</a>, PK 16, 261m, 04°37'38''N, 52°17'30"W, 21.vii.2011, coll. Louis Diringer ; 1♀, Route de Kaw, PK 6 sur C. schomburgkii, 29.i.2006, S. Brûlé leg., Coll. C. Faynel n° 1702, CF-LYC-429*, gen. prep. K. Florczyk CFCF034 (RCCF, illustrated on Fig. 9); 1♀, Antecum Pata, 20.ii.2009, light trap, Poirier et Dalens leg., Coll. C. Faynel n° 1848, CF-LYC-449* (RCCF); 1♀, Galion, 12.vii.1995, J.Y. Gallard leg., Ex. coll. Gallard N ° 137♀, gen. prep. C. Faynel 034, RCCFXPL5A07* (RCCF) .</p><p>They have now the following labels “ Paratype ♂ [or ♀] // Thereus antecum // Faynel &amp; Fåhraeus, 2025 ” (blue rectangular label, black printed) .</p><p>Diagnosis and description. Thereus antecum sp. nov. is the largest species of the group, sister to T. borbaensis sp. nov. in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1), from which it is distinguished by the absence of a DFW scent patch. T. antecum sp. nov. is close ventrally to T. endera, T. geminus sp. nov. and T. cacao sp. nov. with the following differences: (1) male DFW androconia slightly pointed basally with a black halo distally (Fig. 37); (2) male DHW cell Rs-M 1 completely covered by blue; (3) female dorsal coloration more grey blue; (4) only few red scales present on VHW, between cubital spot and anal spot; (5) valvae tips pointed, not rounded like the others; (5) huge mean genetic divergence: 6.56 % with T. endera, 6.83 % with T. geminus sp. nov. and 5.21 % with T. cacao sp. nov. (Table 3). Male (Fig. 8). FW length: 17.7 mm, n=2. Wings. DFW shiny metallic blue covering half the wing, oval brown scent pad, with a black halo distally. DHW blue scales covering space between veins Rs and 2A. VHW with only a few orange scales in CuA 2 -2A not connecting the anal and the cubital red spots. Male genitalia (Fig. 53). One male dissected. Characterized by a large tegumen in lateral view; dorsal processes supporting the dorsal pair of brush organs not perpendicular to the tegumen edge but turned dorsally; valvae with very sharp posterior ends; saccus narrow and pointed; penis not straight with coecum forming an arch of approximately 150° relative to the axis of the penis. Eighth tergite subrectangular, anterior border convex, posterior one almost straight. Female (Fig. 9). FW length: 19.9 mm, n =3. Wings. dull grey blue dorsally, beige-brown ventrally but lighter than male, same ventral wing pattern. Female genitalia (Fig. 69). One female dissected. Short ductus bursae but wide in ventral view. No signum observed in the corpus bursae, and no sclerotized element in between the papillae anales. Eighth tergite subrectangular, anterior border convex, posterior one concave. The association of the sexes was based on similar type locality, similar ventral wing patterns, the same COI sequence and hence the same BIN (ACK2035).</p><p>Ethology. According to label data, males and females feed on Cordia schomburgkii A. DC. ( Boraginaceae). A male was caught at 9:30am and another at 11:00am (Fig. 83). A male and a female were attracted by light trap (photo-positiveness).</p><p>Sympatry. Thereus antecum sp. nov. occurs in sympatry with T. cacao sp. nov. and T. praxioides sp. nov. in French Guiana (Figs 86, 87, 89).</p><p>Known distribution (Fig. 89). French Guiana.</p><p>Etymology. Antecume-Pata is a village on the Maroni River, southwest of French Guiana, near the border with Suriname, where Wayana ethnic group is living. It was founded at the initiative of André Cognat (1938- 2021). Antecume was his Wayana adopted name. One of the female paratype of the new species has been found by members of the French Guiana Entomological Society during a light trap organized near this village. It is a noun in apposition, not latinized.</p><p>Remarks. This species was wrongly identified as T. genena (Faynel 2010) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8303331AF1DEA30ABEFFE239A74EE9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Faynel, Christophe;Huertas, Blanca;Crom, Jean-François Le;O’Brien, Richard;Fåhraeus, Christer	Faynel, Christophe, Huertas, Blanca, Crom, Jean-François Le, O’Brien, Richard, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): Diagnostic male secondary sexual structures and wing patterns in the Thereus genena species group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of nine new species from Colombia, Peru, Brazil and French Guiana. Zootaxa 5728 (2): 201-246, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5728.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.2.10
F8303331AF02EA30ABEFFE419ACAE8EF.text	F8303331AF02EA30ABEFFE419ACAE8EF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thereus genena (Hewitson 1867)	<div><p>Thereus genena (Hewitson, 1867)</p><p>Figures 10, 11, 38, 54, 70, 89</p><p>Thecla genena: Hewitson: 1867: (3): 111</p><p>Type material. Described from an unknown number of male specimens from the Bates collection collected in Amazons (Pará), there is one syntype labelled in the NHMUK collections. We included in our study the COI extracted from a full genome analysis of this specimen. Given the large number of cryptic species recognized in this group and the reasonable possibility of discovering further syntypes , this specimen is designated as the lectotype.</p><p>LECTOTYPE ♂ (Fig. 10), designated here: “ SYN- // TYPE” (blue rimmed white circle label, printed); “Type” (orange rimmed white circle label, printed); “ Para, L. Amazons. H.W. Bates.” (brown rectangular label, printed); “ ♂ ” (brown rectangular label, printed); “458 // ♂ ” (brown rectangular label, printed and handwritten); “Genena ” (brown rectangular label, handwritten); “Godman-Salvin // Coll. 1911.-93.” (brown rectangular label, printed); “B.M. TYPE // No.Rh 726” (brown rectangular label, printed and handwritten); “NHMUK015200805” (white rectangular label, printed, with a flash code); “Gen. prep. K. Florczyk // NHMUK010402975” (green rectangular label, black printed); “ Thecla genena // Hewitson, 1867 // LECTOTYPE // Faynel, 2025 ” (white rectangular label, printed).</p><p>Other material examined (5♂, 8♀). BRAZIL. Pará . 1♂, 49 49, NHMUK015201044* (NHMUK); 1♂, L. Amazons, H.W. Bates, Godman-Salvin Coll. 1911-93, NHMUK015203812* (NHMUK); 1♂, 50-4, NHMUK015201048 (NHMUK); 1♂, 49-49, 287, NHMUK015201053 (NHMUK); 3♀, 1911-93, H. W. Bates, NHMUK015201065, NHMUK015201060, NHMUK015201056 (NHMUK); 2♀, 1929-435, Ex. Coll. Smith. 1844-5, NHMUK015201059 &amp; NHMUK015201046 (NHMUK) . 1♀, 1947-453, A. M. Moss, NHMUK015201054 (NHMUK) . Amazonas or Pará . 1♂, Amazons, 1911-93, H.W. Bates, NHMUK015201030 (NHMUK); 1♀, Amaz [sic], Amazons. Saunders Coll., Godman-Salvin Coll. 1911-93, NHMUK015201058* (NHMUK, illustrated on Fig. 11). Locality unknown . 1♀, 1844-54, 572, 10, NHMUK015203800 (NHMUK) .</p><p>Diagnosis and description. The phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1) shows that Thereus genena forms a clade with T. tiasa and T. angulus stat. rev. Morphologically, T. genena is clearly distinct from T. tiasa based on the male DFW androconia (Figs 38, 39). This distinction is corroborated by a mean genetic divergence of 2.75% (Table 3). T. genena is distinguished from T. angulus stat. rev. by: (1) less dark ventral coloration; (2) VHW postmedian line outwardly curved near the apex (straight or inwardly curved in T. angulus stat. rev.); (3) bigger red-orange cubital spot on VHW with red scales joining it to the anal spot (Figs 10-13); (4) 2.98% mean genetic divergence (Table 3). The fact that T. genena and T. tiasa are sister species in the ML tree argues for keeping T. angulus stat. rev. as distinct than T. genena . Male genitalia (Fig. 54). Three males dissected, including the male lectotype. Valvae triangular with elongated posterior ends; saccus narrow and pointed in ventral view; penis straight. Eighth tergite subrectangular, longer than in previous species with a cutout on each lateral edge, anterior border convex, posterior one almost straight. Female genitalia (Fig. 70). One female dissected. Ductus bursae in lateral view more curved than in previous species, with a similar lightly sclerotized part near the middle. No sclerotized element observed on the membrane in between the papillae anales. Eighth tergite subrectangular, anterior border convex, posterior one concave.</p><p>Sympatry. T. genena occurs in sympatry with T. tiasa in Pará, Brazil, and is allopatric with T. angulus stat. rev.</p><p>Known distribution (Fig. 89). Brazil (PA).</p><p>Remarks. The female NHMUK015201058 identified as T. genena thanks to its DNA, bears a handwritten label ‘tiasa’. It was considered as a potential syntype for T. tiasa . See paragraph under this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8303331AF02EA30ABEFFE419ACAE8EF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Faynel, Christophe;Huertas, Blanca;Crom, Jean-François Le;O’Brien, Richard;Fåhraeus, Christer	Faynel, Christophe, Huertas, Blanca, Crom, Jean-François Le, O’Brien, Richard, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): Diagnostic male secondary sexual structures and wing patterns in the Thereus genena species group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of nine new species from Colombia, Peru, Brazil and French Guiana. Zootaxa 5728 (2): 201-246, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5728.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.2.10
F8303331AF03EA33ABEFFF0C9A49EAD5.text	F8303331AF03EA33ABEFFF0C9A49EAD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thereus tiasa (Hewitson 1869)	<div><p>Thereus tiasa (Hewitson)</p><p>Figures 18, 19, 20, 39, 55, 71, 89</p><p>Thecla tiasa: Hewitson: 1869: (4): 122</p><p>= Thecla buris: Druce: 1907: (3): 590</p><p>Type material. The original description of Thecla tiasa by Hewitson is based on at least one female present in his own collection and coming from “Amazon”. However, Kirby (1879) did not list this specimen in his catalogue of Hewitson’s collection. Druce (1907) confirmed that the female was “stated by Hewitson to be in his own collection but is now not there”. This could mean that the specimen examined by Hewitson for his description was either moved or it was not part of his own collection, which he mistakenly claimed.</p><p>Three elements in the original description of Thecla tiasa can help finding specimens of the type series: the diagnostic characters of both sides of the specimen (text and drawing) and its wingspan. Unfortunately, the dorsal side is not useful because the characters cited by Hewitson ‘rufous-brown with scarlet anal lobe and submarginal line of white’, could apply to several female species of the genena group. The description of the underside provides more interesting diagnostic elements which are underlined: “UNDERSIDE rufous. Both wings crossed beyond the middle by a band of brown bordered outwardly with white, with an unusual bend at the middle of the posterior wing, and ending above the anal angle in a semicircle: both with a very indistinct submarginal band of brown: the lobe and a triangular black spot between the tails broadly bordered above with scarlet: a submarginal white line, the margin black”. Hewitson mentioned the two VHW red-orange spots but does not say if there are red scales between them (in CuA 2 -2A) but the original drawing shows that the two spots are linked by red scales. Lastly, the dimensions mentioned an “expanse” (wingspan) of “1 4/ 10 inch ” or 35.56 mm.</p><p>NHMUK015200801 NHMUK015201058 NHMUK015201062 NHMUK015201063</p><p>specimen 1 specimen 2 specimen 3 specimen 4</p><p>We found four potential syntypes in NHMUK (Figs 11, 19, 20, 21) and we have the whole genome extracted for each of them. Table 2 summarizes the comparisons made.</p><p>The first specimen bears a type label and was stored in the NHMUK type collection under the name T. tiasa (NHMUK 015200801, Fig. 21, called specimen 1 in the text for clarity), which means that somebody in the past has identified it as a syntype of T. tiasa . The circular label “ Para ” attached to specimen 1 is an old BMNH label which usually meant specimens coming from Belém or Pará and collected by either Bates or Wallace (Lamas, pers. comm.). Although there are occasions where Hewitson would include Pará under the umbrella term “Amazons”, this would only be when he had specimens from multiple regions of the Amazon forest. When he had only one specimen labelled from a specific place in the Amazons, Hewitson wrote in the text the exact place mentioned on the labels like for Thecla genena: “In the Collection of H. W. Bates, from the Amazon (Pará)” and for Thecla endera: “In the Collection of the British Museum, from the Amazon (Ega)” and both of them have labels from respectively Pará and Ega. Moreover, specimen 1 wing patterns don’t fit well with the original description and drawings: the VHW postmedia n line is straight (no bend at the middle), there are very few red-orange scales in CuA 2 -2A and the wingspan is much smaller (Table 2). Although it was labelled as type, specimen 1 is probably not the one used for the description of T. tiasa .</p><p>An alternative female specimen which corresponds to the original description has been found in the general collection (NHMUK 015201058, Fig. 11, called specimen 2 in the text). It is from the Godman &amp; Salvin’s collection, has a handwritten label reading “Tiasa ” [sic], and a locality label “Amazons”. Its wing pattern has the characteristic of the original description of T. tiasa (VHW postmedian line bent at the middle, red-orange scales in CuA 2 -2A) except a smaller wingspan (Table 2). In conclusion, this specimen represents a possible syntype of Thecla tiasa with less ambiguity than the previous one. The whole genome analysis shows it represents the female of T. genena as we previously wrote. T. genena and T. tiasa were described in the same publication, in this order.</p><p>A third female was found in the NHMUK main collections (NHMUK 015201062, Fig. 20, called specimen 3 in the text) with “tiasa ” written on the reverse of one label. Another label indicates it comes from “Ega, U. Amazons” contrary to Hewitson’s description. Although VHW has red-orange scales in CuA 2 -2A, there are some discrepancies like the wingspan much smaller and the VHW postmedian line almost straight. Like specimen 1, it is unlikely that specimen 3 was the one used by Hewitson for the description of T. tiasa . The full genome analysis shows it represents the same taxa as the male holotype of T. buris, a species described later. Robbins (2004) considered T. buris as a synonym of T. tiasa .</p><p>We found a last female specimen (NHMUK 015201063, Fig. 19, called specimen 4 in the text) among the T. genena material in the NHMUK general collection. It matches well the original description and drawings: a VHW postmedian line bent at the middle, red-orange scales in CuA 2 -2A and it is the largest of the four specimens, with approximately the same wingspan as in the original description (Table 2). Moreover, it is labelled with both “tiasa ” and “Amazon”. The two elements that don’t correspond are a VHW postmedian line above the anal angle which is more V than U-shaped, and it comes from the Godman &amp; Salvin’s collection, originally collected by Bates. The full genome analysis shows it represents also the same taxa as the male holotype of T. buris .</p><p>Neotype designation. It is necessary to define the nominal taxon Thecla tiasa objectively. No unambiguous specimen in NHMUK seems to belong to the original type series, thus we have to designate a neotype (Art. 75.1.). Historical specimens are potential candidates (Recommendation 75A). Specimens 1 and 3 have too many elements that don’t match with T. tiasa original description to be chosen. Specimen 2 is a good candidate, but it will mean that Thecla tiasa will become a junior synonym of T. genena contrary to what has been established in the literature before (D’Abrera 1995, Robbins 2004). For stability, it is better not to choose this specimen. Specimen 4 is an appropriate candidate for being designated as neotype of Thecla tiasa for the reasons stated before and it is in taxonomic accord with the prevailing usage of both Thecla tiasa and Thecla buris names (Robbins 2004). Consequently, we will designate the female stored in NHMUK (Fig. 19) as neotype of Thecla tiasa .</p><p>NEOTYPE ♀ (Fig. 19) designated here: “ ♀ ” (brown rectangular label, printed); “ ♀ //Amaz.” and “tiasa .” written on the back of the label (two brown rectangular labels stuck together in a cross formation, handwritten); “Amazons. // H.W. Bates.” (brown rectangular label, printed); “Godman-Salvin // Coll. 1911.-93.” (brown rectangular label, printed); “Gen. prep. K. Florczyk // NHMUK015201063” (green rectangular label, black printed); “ Thecla tiasa // Hewitson, 1869 // NEOTYPE // Faynel, 2025 ” (white rectangular label, printed); “NHMUK015201063” (white rectangular label, printed, with a flash code).</p><p>Other type material examined. SYNTYPE ♂ Thecla buris (Fig. 18): “ Syn- // type” (blue rimmed white circle label, printed); “Type” (orange rimmed white circle label, printed); “Ega, // U. Amazons. // H.W. Bates.” (brown rectangular label, printed); “ ♂ ” (brown rectangular label, printed); “ ♂ Ega”, “genena .” (two brown rectangular labels stuck together in a cross formation, handwritten); “ T. buris ♂ // TYPE H.H. Druce” (brown rectangular label, handwritten); “Godman-Salvin // Coll. 1911.-93.” (brown rectangular label, printed); “B.M. TYPE // No.Rh.727” (brown rectangular label, printed and handwritten); “ Thecla buris // H.H. Druce, 1907 // SYNTYPE ” (white rectangular label, printed); “NHMUK015200785” (white rectangular label, printed, with a flash code); “Gen. prep. K. Florczyk // NHMUK010402976” (green rectangular label, black printed).</p><p>SYNTYPE ♀ Thecla buris: “ SYN- // TYPE” (blue rimmed white circle label, printed); “Type” (orange rimmed white circle label, printed); “ ♀ ” (brown rectangular label, printed); “Tapajos, // Amazons. // H.W. Bates. ” (brown rectangular label, printed); “ ♀ Tapajos”, “ genena ” (two brown rectangular labels stuck together in a cross formation, handwritten); “ ♀ ” (brown rectangular label, handwritten), “ T. buris ♀ // TYPE H.H. Druce ” (brown rectangular label, handwritten); “Godman-Salvin // Coll. 1911.-93.” (brown rectangular label, printed); “ Thecla buris // H.H. Druce, 1907 // SYNTYPE ” (white rectangular label, printed); “NHMUK015200778” (white rectangular label, printed, with a flash code). Not belonging to the same species (see remarks below) .</p><p>Other material examined (3♂, 1♀). Peru. Loreto . 1♂, Tamshiyacu, 100m, xi.2013, CF-LYC-710* (RCCF) .</p><p>Brazil. Amazonas. 1♂, Ega [=Tefé], Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1., NHMUK015201101*, gen. prep. K. Florczyk (NHMUK) . 1♀, Ega [=Tefé], Upper Amazons. H. W. Bates, Godman-Salvin Coll., gen. prep. K. Florczyk 010402976, NHMUK015201062* (NHMUK, illustrated on Fig. 20) . No Locality. 1♂, 20/2, Brazil Ex Coll. Smith. 1844-5, NHMUK015201045, gen. prep. K. Florczyk (NHMUK) .</p><p>Diagnosis and description. Thereus tiasa can be distinguished from all the other species of the genena group by a unique triangular dark brown scent patch in the male discal cell (Fig. 39). It is surrounded by bluish-grey scales and adjacent to the scent pad. The closest species in the ML tree is T. genena which has 2.75% mean genetic divergence. We have not found reliable wing characters to distinguish the females of T. tiasa from those of T. genena . Male genitalia (Fig. 55). Four males dissected, including the syntype of Thecla buris . Dorsal brush organs longer and processes supporting them closer to saccus compared to previous species. Penis straight. Eighth tergite subrectangular with convex anterior border and posterior one almost straight. Female genitalia (Fig. 71). Two females dissected, including the neotype. Ostium bursae angled 130° with ductus bursae. No sclerotized element observed on the membrane in between the papillae anales. Eighth tergite subrectangular with convex anterior border and concave posterior one.</p><p>Sympatry. Thereus tiasa is sympatric with T. genena .</p><p>Known distribution (Fig. 89). Peru (LOR). Brazil (AM).</p><p>Remarks. According to ventral wing pattern, the female syntype of Thecla buris represents another taxon. Both syntypes of Thecla buris have one of their labels written ‘ genena ’ at the reverse. This shows the confusion that existed in this group about the identity of very similar species. The character used in the original description for the VHW postmedian line “unusual bend at the middle of the posterior wing” is variable with two females checked by DNA as T. tiasa (Figs 19, 20) that have different VHW postmedian line curvature.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8303331AF03EA33ABEFFF0C9A49EAD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Faynel, Christophe;Huertas, Blanca;Crom, Jean-François Le;O’Brien, Richard;Fåhraeus, Christer	Faynel, Christophe, Huertas, Blanca, Crom, Jean-François Le, O’Brien, Richard, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): Diagnostic male secondary sexual structures and wing patterns in the Thereus genena species group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of nine new species from Colombia, Peru, Brazil and French Guiana. Zootaxa 5728 (2): 201-246, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5728.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.2.10
F8303331AF01EA38ABEFF9899A3BEC95.text	F8303331AF01EA38ABEFF9899A3BEC95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thereus angulus (Le Crom & K. Johnson 1997) Faynel & Huertas & Crom & O’Brien & Fåhraeus 2025	<div><p>Thereus angulus (Le Crom &amp; K. Johnson, 1997), stat. rev.</p><p>Figures 12, 13, 40, 56, 87</p><p>Strymon angulus: Le Crom &amp; Johnson: 1997: 35-36; 13</p><p>Thereus angulus: Robbins &amp; Nicolay: 2002: 95</p><p>Type material. Described from a unique male collected in Meta, Colombia, this species was originally considered as belonging to the genus Strymon Hübner. It was transferred soon after to Thereus Hübner (Robbins &amp; Nicolay 2002), where it was treated as a junior synonym of Thecla endera Hewitson. The holotype specimen (Fig. 12) held in the collections at ICN-MHN, has been barcoded for this study (DNA sample ID ICN-MHN 15991, project FAHAA).</p><p>HOLOTYPE ♂: “ICN-L//15991” (rectangular label, handwritten); “ HOLOTIPO ” (red square label, printed); “244 // L137” (rectangular label, handwritten); “Tipo // Strymon // angulus” (red square label, handwritten); “J.F. LECROM // Remolinos Meta // 5/1/94 // leg: J.F. Le Crom ” (white rectangular label, printed and handwritten).</p><p>Other specimens examined (6♂). ECUADOR. Sucumbios . 2♂, 30 km <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.275&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.125" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.275/lat -0.125)">Puerto El Carmen-Tarapoa Rd</a>, 0°07.5' S, 76°16.5' W, 250m, 9.i.2017, I. Aldas &amp; R.C. Busby leg., RCB05603 &amp; RCB05604 (RCB) . Morona Santiago. 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.71167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.915" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.71167/lat -2.915)">53.1 km Santiago-Puerto Morona Rd</a>, 2°54.9' S, 77°42.7' W, 200m, 3.ix.2024, R.C. Busby, leg., RCB16243 (RCB) . PERU. Loreto. 1♂, Contamana, Rio Ucayali, vii.2007, CF-LYC-452* (RCCF) ; 1♂, Palo Seco, Rio Itaya, ix.2016, J.J. Ramírez leg., CF-LYC-837*, gen. prep. K. Florczyk CFCF035, illustrated on Fig. 13 (RCCF) ; 1♂, Picuruyacu, v.2016 - ii.2017, local collector, HNHM-NEOLYC-B02* (HNHM) .</p><p>Diagnosis and description. Based on the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1), T. angulus stat. rev. forms a clade with T. tiasa and T. genena . T. angulus stat. rev. differs from T. tiasa by: (1) absence of triangular scent patch in male DFW; (2) 2.97% mean genetic divergence (Table 3). T. angulus stat. rev. differs from T. genena by: (1) smaller wingspan; (2) darker underside; (3) straighter VHW postmedian line that does not go outward near the apex; (4) longer valvae and narrower saccus; (5) 2.98% mean genetic divergence (Table 3). Barcoded specimens of Thereus angulus stat. rev. (n=4) and T. endera (n=12), including type material, have 4.49% mean divergence, in addition to the wing differences observed (different shades of blue dorsally, ventral postmedian line of more regular shape...), confirming our choice to refute the previously established synonymy. Male genitalia (Fig. 56). One male dissected and original drawings of holotype consulted. Similar to T. genena with valvae more elongated and narrower saccus. Penis straight. Eighth tergite subrectangular with convex anterior border and posterior one almost straight. Female genitalia: unknown.</p><p>Sympatry. Thereus angulus is sympatric with T. endera and T. tiasa .</p><p>Known distribution (Fig. 87). Colombia (MET). Ecuador (SU, MS). Peru (LOR).</p><p>Remarks. The males T. angulus stat. rev. from Peru and the holotype from Colombia show intraspecific variability on ventral wing pattern, especially the VHW postmedian line (Figs 12, 13).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8303331AF01EA38ABEFF9899A3BEC95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Faynel, Christophe;Huertas, Blanca;Crom, Jean-François Le;O’Brien, Richard;Fåhraeus, Christer	Faynel, Christophe, Huertas, Blanca, Crom, Jean-François Le, O’Brien, Richard, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): Diagnostic male secondary sexual structures and wing patterns in the Thereus genena species group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of nine new species from Colombia, Peru, Brazil and French Guiana. Zootaxa 5728 (2): 201-246, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5728.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.2.10
F8303331AF0AEA39ABEFFC5C9BEFEFC0.text	F8303331AF0AEA39ABEFFC5C9BEFEFC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thereus borbaensis Faynel, O'Brien & Fahraeus 2025	<div><p>Thereus borbaensis Faynel, O’Brien &amp; Fåhraeus sp. nov.</p><p>LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 029D16BE-3120-4C9E-BA48-6EB335975909</p><p>Figures 14, 41, 57, 88</p><p>Type material. Holotype male (Fig. 14), FW: 16.1 mm, labelled as “Borba // VI.1932 ”; “Gen. prep. Klaudia Florczyk” (green rectangular label, black printed); “ Holotype ♂ // Thereus borbaensis // Faynel, O’Brien &amp; Fåhraeus, 2025” (red rectangular label, black printed); “SMF-L 4800” (white rectangular label, black handwritten). Borba is a town on the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.593887&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.387778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.593887/lat -4.387778)">Madeira River</a>, south of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil (4°23′16″S, 59°35′38″W). The holotype is in the SMF collection.</p><p>Paratypes (2♂). BRAZIL. Amazonas. 1♂, Olivenca, H Bre, MFN-LEP-1441* (MfN) . 1♂, Maués, Rio Preto, xi. 2007, local collector, Coll. A. Moser 779 (AMC) .</p><p>" Olivenca" is São Paulo de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.4594445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.933334/lat -3.4594445)">Olivença</a> in Amazonas, Brazil (3°27′34″S, 68°56′0″W) which is near Colombia and Peru borders and 100 km West from the town of Borba (Amazons department) .</p><p>The paratype now has added the following labels “ Paratype ♂ // Thereus borbaensis // Faynel, O’Brien // &amp; Fåhraeus, 2025” (blue rectangular label, black printed).</p><p>Diagnosis and description. Thereus borbaensis sp. nov. is close phylogenetically (Fig. 1) to T. antecum sp. nov. but it is easily distinguished by its double androconia (scent patch + scent pad) whereas T. antecum sp. nov. only have one scent pad on male DFW. This distinction is corroborated by a mean genetic divergence of 6.81% (Table 3). T. borbaensis sp. nov. is also close externally to T. chontachaca sp. nov. and T. ramirezi sp. nov. but differs from them by: (1) much larger black scent patch on male DFW, filling more than half of the discal cell (Figs 41-43); (2) dorsal blue less dull dorsally and more extended on male DFW (Figs 14-16); (3) penis convex (Fig. 37, black arrow), while it is straight or arched in the others; (4) 4.22 % mean genetic distance with T. chontachaca sp. nov., and 4.96 % with T. ramirezi sp. nov. (Table 3). Male (Fig. 14). FW length: 15.8 mm (n = 2). Wings. DFW blue covering a large part of the wing; huge oval black scent patch, filling almost all discal cell; oval brown scent pad, one third smaller, located after the discal cell. Male genitalia (Fig. 57). Similar to T. chontachaca sp. nov. in ventral view; but dorsal brush organs much longer in lateral view; penis dorsally concave (black arrow) while it is straight or angled in all other species of the genena group; eighth tergite subrectangular, with straight posterior border and curved anterior one. Female. Unknown.</p><p>Sympatry. T. borbaensis sp. nov. is allopatric with T. antecum sp. nov., T. chontachaca sp. nov. and T. ramirezi sp. nov. (Figs 88, 89).</p><p>Known distribution (Fig. 88). This uncommon species is known only from Brazil (AM).</p><p>Etymology. The name comes from the Brazilian town Borba. It is a latinized name considered as masculine.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8303331AF0AEA39ABEFFC5C9BEFEFC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Faynel, Christophe;Huertas, Blanca;Crom, Jean-François Le;O’Brien, Richard;Fåhraeus, Christer	Faynel, Christophe, Huertas, Blanca, Crom, Jean-François Le, O’Brien, Richard, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): Diagnostic male secondary sexual structures and wing patterns in the Thereus genena species group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of nine new species from Colombia, Peru, Brazil and French Guiana. Zootaxa 5728 (2): 201-246, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5728.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.2.10
F8303331AF0BEA39ABEFFE809C4CE8E1.text	F8303331AF0BEA39ABEFFE809C4CE8E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thereus chontachaca Faynel, Fahraeus & Gonzalez-Mercado 2025	<div><p>Thereus chontachaca Faynel, Fåhraeus &amp; González-Mercado sp. nov.</p><p>LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A93D3364-3753-40AB-8BD7-2A2EFEF3D192</p><p>Figures 16, 17, 42, 58, 72, 88</p><p>Type material. Holotype male (Fig. 16), FW: 13.3 mm, labelled as “ Pérou - Cusco // Carretera Manu, Km 89 // Chontachaca, 772 m // Réserve Tierra Linda // Poste 12h10 à 2m 50 // S 13°00.172' - O 71°27.849' // 4.VIII.2021 C. Faynel leg” (white rectangular label, black printed); “CF-LYC-1635” (orange rectangular label, black printed); “ Holotype ♂ // Thereus chontachaca // Faynel, Fåhraeus &amp; González-Mercado, 2025” (red rectangular label, black printed). Currently in RCCF, the holotype will be deposited in MUSM.</p><p>Paratypes (4♂, 1 ♀). PERU. Cusco . 1♂, same data as holotype, CF-LYC-1633* (RCCF); 1♂, same data as holotype (RCCF); 1♂, same locality as holotype, 3.viii.2021, 12:10pm at 2m 50 (RCCF); 1♂, same locality as holotype, 22.ix.2021, 12:45pm, CF-LYC-1881*, gen. prep. K. Florczyk CFCF024 (RCCF); 1♀, same locality as holotype, 3-4.viii.2021, CF-LYC-1777*, gen. prep. K. Florczyk CFCF025 (RCCF) .</p><p>Paratypes have the following labels “ Paratype ♂ [or ♀] // Thereus chontachaca // Faynel, Fåhraeus &amp; González-Mercado, 2025” (blue rectangular label, black printed).</p><p>Diagnosis and description. T. chontachaca sp. nov. is close externally and genetically (Fig. 1) to its sister species Thereus ramirezi sp. nov. but differs from it by: (1) male DFW scent patch and scent pad proportionally much smaller when adjusted for equal wingspan (Figs 42, 43); (2) dorsal process supporting the brush organs not wave-shaped like in the male genitalia of Thereus ramirezi sp. nov. (Figs 58, 59 arrow); (3) 2.77% mean genetic divergence (Table 3). Male (Fig. 16). FW length: 13.2 mm (n = 5). Wings. This species is one of the smallest newly described taxa. DFW dull blue basal part, large black apex (half wing). Male genitalia (Fig. 58). One male dissected. Global shape similar to T. genena, but longer valvae, smaller dorsal brush organs in lateral view and saccus wider in ventral view. Eighth tergite almost square, with straight posterior border and convex anterior one. Female (Fig. 17). FW length: 14.3 mm (n = 1). Wings. brown dorsally, beige-brown ventrally but lighter than male, same ventral patterns. Female genitalia (Fig. 72). One female dissected. Global shape similar to other species. Ostium bursae and ductus bursae quite aligned. Ductus bursae wide in ventral view. No signum in corpus bursae. Eighth tergite subrectangular. No sclerotized invaginations on membrane attached to ventro-lateral sides of papillae anales. The association of the sexes was based on identical type locality, similar ventral wing patterns, the same COI sequence (same BIN AEO6309).</p><p>Ethology. Males have a territorial activity at midday. In August 2021, several males were flying and fighting in a sunny place (four catches at 12:10 am) in front of the lodge of Tierra Linda reserve on the top and around an isolated Citrus tree 2.5 m high (not easy to catch with the thorns of the Citrus tree). The lodge is located in an open area, near a river and surrounded by forest. In September 2021, three males were flying 20 m behind the lodge in a sunny forest clearing (one catch at 12:45 am). They alternated between an observation post on a shrub similar in size to the previous Citrus tree ( Rutaceae) and located in the middle of the clearing and a higher position on a nearby tree. No male was observed in their previous observation post, while the Citrus tree was still in front of the lodge.</p><p>Sympatry. T. chontachaca sp. nov. is allopatric with its sister species T. ramirezi sp. nov. and more distantly related T. borbaensis sp. nov., based on the known distribution (Fig. 88).</p><p>Known distribution (Fig. 88). Peru.</p><p>Etymology. Tierra Linda is a private voluntary reserve located near the Chontachaca village, in the valley of the Rio Cosñipata (Peru, Cusco). It was created by José and Pilar Vicens to welcome volunteers in ecology but now belongs to Kety Paredes. The name of the new species refers to the Chontachaca village. It is a noun in apposition, not latinized.</p><p>Remarks. This species is only known from the type-locality in Peru, Cusco, Rio Cosñipata valley, about 800 m. The old-growth secondary rainforest found near Chontachaca was well conserved until 2019 but unfortunately large areas were cut for agriculture recently (Faynel pers. obs.). The species was not recorded in the study of the butterfly fauna of this valley (Lamas et al. 2021). Jhon Harryson González-Mercado (Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru) recently transformed the house of José and Pilar Vicens in Chontachaca into a center for entomological research.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8303331AF0BEA39ABEFFE809C4CE8E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Faynel, Christophe;Huertas, Blanca;Crom, Jean-François Le;O’Brien, Richard;Fåhraeus, Christer	Faynel, Christophe, Huertas, Blanca, Crom, Jean-François Le, O’Brien, Richard, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): Diagnostic male secondary sexual structures and wing patterns in the Thereus genena species group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of nine new species from Colombia, Peru, Brazil and French Guiana. Zootaxa 5728 (2): 201-246, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5728.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.2.10
F8303331AF08EA3DABEFFAE29E99ECDD.text	F8303331AF08EA3DABEFFAE29E99ECDD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thereus ramirezi Faynel, Huertas & Fahraeus 2025	<div><p>Thereus ramirezi Faynel, Huertas &amp; Fåhraeus sp. nov.</p><p>LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 494FB4F7-0F5E-4795-8D3F-CCADCA4C2025</p><p>Figures 15, 43, 59, 88</p><p>Type material. Holotype male (Fig. 15), FW: 15.4 mm, labelled as “ Holo- // type” (white disc surrounded by red, black printed); “ Pérou // Moyobamba // M. de Mathan // 1er Sem. 1887” (white rectangular label, black printed); “ Oberthur // Bequest // BMNH // 1927-3” (white rectangular label, black printed); “ thecla endera ? // Hew. pl. 42 // fig. 156. 157.” (white rectangular label, black handwritten); “ ‘Thecla’ pseudoendera // B. D’Abrera m/s Holotype ” (white rectangular label, red handwritten, see Remarks); “ Thereus sp. ” (white rectangular label, black printed); “NHMUK015201088” (white rectangular label, black printed); “Gen. prep. K. Florczyk // NHMUK015201088” (green rectangular label, black printed); “ Holotype ♂ // Thereus ramirezi // Faynel, Huertas &amp; Fåhraeus, 2025 ” (red rectangular label, black printed). Moyobamba is the capital city of the San Martín Region in northern Peru. The holotype is found in NHMUK collections .</p><p>Paratype (1♂). PERU. San Martín . 1♂, Tarapoto, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.40611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.409167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.40611/lat -6.409167)">San Antonio de Cumbaza</a>, 450m, 6°24′33″ S, 76°24′22″ W, xi-2022, A. Passerieux leg., CF-LYC-2175* (Collection Passerieux). The paratype has the following labels “ Paratype ♂ // Thereus ramirezi // Faynel, Huertas // &amp; Fåhraeus, 2025” (blue rectangular label, black printed) .</p><p>Diagnosis and description. In the ML tree (Fig. 1), Thereus ramirezi sp. nov. is sister to T. chontachaca sp. nov., to which it is externally most similar. It differs from it by: (1) bigger male DFW scent patch and scent pad; (2) male genitalia with wave-shaped dorsal edge of vinculum (character unique in the genus) supporting dorsal pair of brush organs half as short as in T. chontachaca sp. nov.; (3) 2.77 % mean genetic distance divergence with T. chontachaca sp. nov. (Table 3). Male (Fig. 15). FW length: 15.4 mm (n = 1). Wings. The male holotype of Thereus ramirezi sp. nov. is 20% larger than T. chontachaca sp. nov. DFW blue covering two-thirds of the wing. Ventral postmedian line farther from the external margin, compared to T. chontachaca sp. nov. Male genitalia (Fig. 59). Holotype male dissected. Wave-shaped dorsal edge of the fused tegumen/vinculum with two dorsal projections (black arrow on Fig. 59) visible in lateral view, that does not appear in any other species of the genena species group, the posterior one supporting short dorsal brush organs; penis straighter than in Thereus chontachaca sp. nov.; eighth tergite suboval with anterior and posterior edges convex. Female. Unknown.</p><p>Ethology. The male from Tarapoto was found near a river.</p><p>Sympatry. According to the known distribution (Fig. 88), T. ramirezi sp. nov. is allopatric from both its sister species T. chontachaca sp. nov. and the more distantly related T. borbaensis sp. nov.</p><p>Known distribution (Fig. 88). Only known from Peru (San Martín).</p><p>Etymology. This rare species is named to honour local biologist Juan José Ramírez (Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru) who has worked with the Peruvian butterfly fauna for more than 30 years.</p><p>Remarks. Thereus ramirezi sp. nov. was recognized as a different species from T. endera 30 years ago by D’Abrera (1995) who put a manuscript label under the specimen but did not formally describe it when he published his book.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8303331AF08EA3DABEFFAE29E99ECDD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Faynel, Christophe;Huertas, Blanca;Crom, Jean-François Le;O’Brien, Richard;Fåhraeus, Christer	Faynel, Christophe, Huertas, Blanca, Crom, Jean-François Le, O’Brien, Richard, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): Diagnostic male secondary sexual structures and wing patterns in the Thereus genena species group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of nine new species from Colombia, Peru, Brazil and French Guiana. Zootaxa 5728 (2): 201-246, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5728.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.2.10
F8303331AF0FEA3EABEFFB949D84EB69.text	F8303331AF0FEA3EABEFFB949D84EB69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thereus ortaloides (Lathy 1930) Faynel & Huertas & Crom & O’Brien & Fåhraeus 2025	<div><p>Thereus ortaloides (Lathy, 1930), stat. rev.</p><p>Figures 23, 24, 44, 60, 73, 80, 86, 94, 95, 98</p><p>Thecla ortaloides: Lathy: 1930: 78: 135</p><p>Type material. This species was described from a unique male specimen collected around Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The holotype is stored in MNHN (Fig. 23). We included in our study the COI extracted from a full genome analysis of this specimen. It was considered until now as a synonym of Thereus ortalus (Godman &amp; Salvin) because of their ventral resemblance (Robbins 2004). Wing pattern, genitalia and DNA indicate they do not represent the same species. Thereus ortaloides stat. rev. seems to be an Atlantic Forest endemic that is only found in southern Brazilian states (from Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul) and Uruguay.</p><p>HOLOTYPE ♂: “ Thecla // ortaloides // ♂ Lathy // Spec. typicum” (white rectangular label, handwritten); “4” (white rectangular label, handwritten); “ Petropolis // 10-2- 76 ♂ ” (white triangle label, handwritten); “MNHN, Paris // EL84503” (white rectangular label, printed, with a flash code); “NHM - B. Huertas // Prél. Tissu 23.2.2024 // ADN-EL84503” (white rectangular label, printed).</p><p>Other material examined (3♂, 2♀). BRAZIL. Paraná . 1♂, 1♀, Curitiba, Jardin dos Americas, 25.i.2002 &amp; 14.iii.2001, Bizarro leg., DZ 67.474 &amp; DZ 67.475* (DZUP) . Santa Catarina. 1♂, São Bento do Sul, 836m, S 26°15’, W 49°22’, i-iii.2021, O. Rank Leg., CF-LYC-1713* (RCCF) ; 1♂, São Bento do Sul, 6.iii.2023, gen. prep. K. Florczyk CFCF218 (RCCF) ; 1♀, São Bento do Sul, Serra Rio Natal, 500-800m, 18.ii.2009, Moser leg., RCCFXPL7H10*, gen. prep. K. Florczyk CFCF219 (RCCF) .</p><p>iNaturalist data. BRAZIL. São Paulo. São Paulo; Santo André . Paraná. Curitiba . Santa Catarina. Reserva Águas do Brilhante, Itajaí . Rio Grande do Sul. Moinhos, Lajeado; Camobi, Santa Maria; Porto Alegre; Parque Estadual de Itapuã; Capão do Leão; Rio Grande . URUGUAY. Cerro Largo. Bioparque 37000 Melo . Rocha.</p><p>Diagnosis and description. In the ML tree (Fig. 1), Thereus ortaloides stat. rev. is sister to Thereus confusus sp. nov., but differs from it by: (1) narrower brown margins on male DFW (Figs 44, 45); (2) smaller crescent shape scent pad (rounded in Thereus confusus sp. nov.) and bigger tear-shape scent patch (very flattened oval in Thereus confusus sp. nov.); (3) male genitalia valvae in ventral view with short extension and dorsal pair of brush organs less close to saccus in lateral view (Figs 60-61); (4) female corpus bursae without signum while triangular signa are present in Thereus confusus sp. nov. (Figs 73-74); (5) 2.66 % mean genetic distance divergence (Table 3). Barcoded specimens of Thereus ortaloides stat. rev. (n=4) and T. ortalus (n=6), including type material, have 3.22% mean divergence, in addition to different wing span (examined specimens of T. ortaloides stat. rev. were one third smaller than those of T. ortalus), and wing differences (in the extent of blue dorsally, the background color ventrally, the size of the VHW cubital spot); confirming our choice to refute the previously established synonymy. Male genitalia (Fig. 60). One male dissected. Similar to Thereus confusus sp. nov. with the differences listed in the diagnosis. Eighth tergite subrectangular with straight posterior border and W-shaped anterior border. Female genitalia (Fig. 73). One female dissected. Similar to other species in the group. No signum in the bursa, compared to Thereus confusus sp. nov. Papillae anales with two sclerotized half capsules facing each other and located on the membrane in between them (Fig. 80). Eighth tergite subrectangular.</p><p>Biology. Alexandra Bächtold raised Thereus ortaloides stat. rev. in 2011 and 2012 on Struthantus polyanthus Mart. ( Loranthaceae) in cerrado savanna areas in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Bächtold 2014, under the name Thereus ortalus). Lucas Kaminski (Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Brazil) reared Thereus ortaloides stat. rev. (firstly identified as Thereus ortalus) in urban areas of the Petrópolis neighborhood in Porto Alegre in 2016 and 2018 (Kaminski 2023a, b) and in the Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil in 2017 (Kaminski 2021). In these two places, the larvae were eating leaves of Tripodanthus acutifolius (R. &amp; P.) van Tieghem, commonly known as the southern mistletoe, or ‘erva-de-passarinho’ in Portuguese ( Loranthaceae). Caterpillars have been found alone on Viscaceae in March and April in Barra do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil (Oliveira-Neto et al. 2023). The authors noted their resemblance to bird droppings and wrote that “they are very similar to young caterpillars of Heraclides which present the same type of defensive strategy”. Maria Isabel Weyermanns has also bred this species on Loranthaceae in Reserva Águas do Brilhante, Santa Catarina, Brazil, in February 2024 (Weyermanns 2024). The caterpillar at last stage (Figs 94, 95) looks like fresh bird droppings. It is mostly brown, has a viscous appearance, a thoracic bulge more visible in dorsal view and a tripartite yellowish anal protrusion. The pupa (Fig. 98) is purple with whitish marks; its thoracic crest is also whitish. The pupa hatched after 12 days. The biome of all these regions is Mata Atlântica.</p><p>Sympatry. According to the known distribution (Fig. 86), T. ortaloides stat. rev. is allopatric with all the other species of the genena group.</p><p>Known distribution (Fig. 86). Brazil (RJ, SP, PR, SC, RG). Uruguay .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8303331AF0FEA3EABEFFB949D84EB69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Faynel, Christophe;Huertas, Blanca;Crom, Jean-François Le;O’Brien, Richard;Fåhraeus, Christer	Faynel, Christophe, Huertas, Blanca, Crom, Jean-François Le, O’Brien, Richard, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): Diagnostic male secondary sexual structures and wing patterns in the Thereus genena species group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of nine new species from Colombia, Peru, Brazil and French Guiana. Zootaxa 5728 (2): 201-246, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5728.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.2.10
F8303331AF0CEA00ABEFFB559C27EB21.text	F8303331AF0CEA00ABEFFB559C27EB21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thereus confusus Faynel & Fahraeus 2025	<div><p>Thereus confusus Faynel &amp; Fåhraeus sp. nov.</p><p>LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 7974BB39-D598-4FDC-A791-22E7BA630B63</p><p>Figures 25, 26, 45, 61, 74, 86</p><p>Type material. Holotype male (Fig. 25), FW: 13.49 mm, labelled as “Reserva “Sonho Azul” // PA 140—Km 15—68786 // SANTO ANTONIO DO TAUÁ // PARÁ — BRASIL // 05.X.2008 // Pierre JAUFFRET leg. // Coll. C. Faynel n° 10657” (white rectangular label, black printed and blue handwritten); “CF-LYC-831” (orange rectangular label, black printed); “CFCF027 // Thereus confusus ♂ // 27/11/2022 // Diss. Klaudia Florczyk” (green rectangular label, black printed); “ Holotype ♂ // Thereus confusus // Faynel &amp; Fåhraeus, 2025 ” (red rectangular label, black printed). The GPS data of the exact site are S 01°09’77.5” S, 48°07’46.1’’ W (Faynel &amp; Moser 2008). Currently in RCCF collection. The holotype will be deposited in MPEG.</p><p>Paratypes (9♂, 3♀). ECUADOR. Sucumbios . 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.313&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.07300001" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.313/lat 0.07300001)">Lumbaqui</a>, 820m, 0°04'22.8"N, 77°18'46.8"W, 07.vii.2019, Fåhraeus / Miranda leg., CFC35102*, gen. prep. K. Florczyk (FILS) ; 1♀, same locality, 1000m, 18.ix.2020, Fåhraeus / Miranda leg., CFC39447*, gen. prep. K. Florczyk (FILS) . Napo. 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.93667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.0766667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.93667/lat -1.0766667)">Rio Pimpilala</a>, SW of Tena, 1°04.6’ S, 77°56.2’ W, 8.i.2011, 600-900m, E. Aldas &amp; R.C. Busby leg., RCB05148 (RCB) . PERU. Loreto. 1♂, Contamana, Rio Ucayali, vii.2007, Coll. C. Faynel n° 15449, CF-LYC-830*, gen. prep. K. Florczyk CFCF216 (RCCF) . Huánuco. 1♂, Tingo María, 10.viii.2002, ex-coll. A. Pereira (RCCF) ; 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.983&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.447333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.983/lat -9.447333)">Honolulu</a>, 855m, 9°26'50.4"S, 75°58'58.8"W, 15.xi.2020, Fåhraeus / Tony leg., CFC13951* (FILS) . BRAZIL. Pará . 5♂, same locality as holotype, 2.viii.2003, 10.ix.2003, 1.xi.2004, 7.xii.2004, 4.ii.2005, Pierre Jauffret leg., Coll. C. Faynel n° 10762, 10162, 10555, 10579, 10665 (RCCF); 1♂, Bom Jesus do Tocantins, Rio Jacundá, 10.vi.2004, Pierre Jauffret leg., Coll. C. Faynel n° 10108 (RCCF) ; 1♀, same locality as holotype, on Cordia schomburgkii, 16.x.2008, Pierre Jauffret leg., Coll. C. Faynel n° 10549, CF-LYC-832*, gen. prep. K. Florczyk CFCF028 (RCCF, illustrated on Fig. 26) .</p><p>Paratypes have the following labels “ Paratype ♂ [or ♀] // Thereus confusus // Faynel &amp; Fåhraeus, 2025 ” (blue rectangular label, black printed).</p><p>iNaturalist data. BRAZIL. Amazonas. 1♂, Coari, 5.viii.2018 . 1♀, Careiro, Lago do Maçarico, 4.ix.2025 .</p><p>Diagnosis and description. Thereus confusus sp. nov. differs from closest relative, T. ortaloides stat. rev., by: (1) wider DFW black margins on males; (2) different shapes of scent patch, respectively flattened oval in the first and teardrop-shaped in the latter; (3) 2.66 % mean genetic divergence (Table 3). Thereus confusus sp. nov. was often confused with T. ortalus, a more distantly related species. It is distinguished from it by: (1) bigger VHW red cubital spot; (2) different scent patch size on males (two times thicker in T. ortalus); (3) 5.60% mean genetic divergence (Table 3). Ventrally, the white postmedian line of Thereus confusus sp. nov. is inwardly bordered by dark brown scales, appearing more pronounced than in the other two species and the VHW anal spot is more filled with black. Male (Fig. 25). FW length: 14.2 mm (n = 2). Wing. DFW dark blue covering a large part of the wing, brown apex and outer margin; flattened oval black scent patch at the distal end of the discal cell; much smaller round brown scent pad, located after the discal cell. VHW typical of the genena group, tornus black, anteriorly bordered by white and reddish orange scales, a few orange scales present in CuA 2 -2A. Male genitalia (Fig. 61). Three males dissected. Similar to T. ortaloides stat. rev., but with dorsal pair of brush organs closer to saccus in lateral view and valvae longer and narrower. Saccus short and angled in ventral view, penis straight. Eighth tergite long with W-shaped anterior border and straight posterior one. Female (Fig. 26). FW length: 13.9 mm (n = 2). Wings. brown dorsally, beige-brown ventrally but lighter than male, same ventral patterns except a bigger red cubital spot on HW. Female genitalia (Fig. 74). Two females dissected. Large and long funnel-shaped ostium bursae, deeper than in T. ortaloides stat. rev. Ductus bursae aligned with ostium with a lightly sclerotized part in the middle (black arrow on Fig. 74a). Two thorn-shaped signa observed in the middle of the bursa, like in T. ortalus (black arrow showing a magnification of one signum on Fig. 74b). Papillae anales with two sclerotized invaginations on the membrane (half capsules facing each other) attached to ventro-lateral sides of the anales papillae. Eighth tergite subrectangular. The association of the sexes was based on identical type locality (Pará, Brazil), similar ventral wing patterns, and the same COI sequence (same BIN ADL3630).</p><p>Biology. In 2018, Lucas Kaminski found a Thereus sp. feeding on Oryctanthus, a parasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae (Kaminski 2025a, b) in Coari, Amazonia, Brazil. The penultimate instar larva is attended by ant Crematogaster sp. The larva looks like the two others previously described. Its color is green and white at penultimate instar and brown-orange with amber anal part at last instar. Pupal exuvia and adult are deposited at UFRGS. We identified the adult (Kaminski 2025c) by wing patterns as a male T. confusus sp. nov.</p><p>Ethology. Specimens of both sexes collected were found feeding on Cordia schomburgkii A. DC. ( Boraginaceae) in Pará, Brazil.</p><p>Sympatry. Thereus confusus sp. nov. is sympatric with Thereus praxioides sp. nov. in Pará, Brazil (Fig. 86), allopatric with T. ortaloides stat. rev. and T. ortalus .</p><p>Known distribution (Fig. 86). Ecuador (SU, NA). Peru (LOR, HUC, CUS). Brazil (AM, PA).</p><p>Etymology. Derived from the Latin confűsus, meaning “mixed” or “confused”. It refers to the historical confusion with closely related Thereus ortaloides stat. rev. or more distantly related Thereus ortalus . Thereus confusus sp. nov. is a third species in this group previously considered as representing only one taxon. It is a Latinized name considered as masculine.</p><p>Remarks. Specimens of this taxon were wrongly cited as Thereus ortalus in the butterfly fauna of the Cosñipata Valley study, in Cusco, Peru (Lamas et al. 2021). This locality represents the most southern known for Thereus confusus sp. nov. A male Thereus confusus sp. nov. from Peru, Huánuco (CFC13951, identified from DNA) has a bigger scent patch and wider black margins on DFW than the males we examined from Brazil, Pará. However, both have the big black anal spot on VHW.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8303331AF0CEA00ABEFFB559C27EB21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Faynel, Christophe;Huertas, Blanca;Crom, Jean-François Le;O’Brien, Richard;Fåhraeus, Christer	Faynel, Christophe, Huertas, Blanca, Crom, Jean-François Le, O’Brien, Richard, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): Diagnostic male secondary sexual structures and wing patterns in the Thereus genena species group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of nine new species from Colombia, Peru, Brazil and French Guiana. Zootaxa 5728 (2): 201-246, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5728.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.2.10
F8303331AF32EA03ABEFFB1D9F7EEA19.text	F8303331AF32EA03ABEFFB1D9F7EEA19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thereus praxioides Faynel & Fahraeus 2025	<div><p>Thereus praxioides Faynel &amp; Fåhraeus sp. nov.</p><p>LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 43D0108A-9D02-49C6-A168-A3CA8FF483E5</p><p>Figures 27, 28, 46, 62, 75, 79, 81, 86</p><p>Type material. Holotype male (Fig. 27), FW: 17.65 mm, labelled as “ GUYANE // RN2—PK 45 ( Cordia) // 4°36’N — 52°22’ O // 16. I. 2021 // E. Poirier leg.” (white rectangular label, black printed); “CF-LYC-1898” (orange rectangular label, black printed); “ Holotype ♂ // Thereus praxioides // Faynel &amp; Fåhraeus, 2025 ” (red rectangular label, black printed). Currently in RCCF, the holotype will be deposited in MNHN.</p><p>Paratypes (17♂, 4♀). MEXICO . 1♂, Veracruz, San Andrés Tuxtla, 700 m, ix.2015, B. López leg., CF-LYC-827*, gen. prep. K. Florczyk CFCF215 (RCCF) ; 5♂, same locality (RCCF) . COSTA RICA. 1♂, OP431090 *, GBAAZ30154-24 (GenBank data from Valencia-Montoya et al. 2021) . TRINIDAD. 1♂, Ex. Grose Smith, 1910, J.J. Joicey Coll. B.M. 1929-435, NHMUK015203811* (NHMUK) ; 1♂, Rio Claro, Guayaguayare Road, x.1995, S. Alston-Smith leg. (Collection Scott Alston-Smith, Trinidad and Tobago). FRENCH GUIANA . 1♂, Patawa, 3.xii.2000, J. Cerda leg., Coll. C. Faynel n° 1033 (RCCF) ; 1♂, Roura, Cacao, iv.2006 (RCCF) ; 1♂, Roura, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.458057&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.5597224" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.458057/lat 4.5597224)">Cacao</a>, 4°33'35" N, 52°27'29" W, 2.ix.2015, Bonin leg., CF-LYC-667*, gen. prep. K. Florczyk CFCF044 (RCCF) ; 1♂, Roura, Route de Kaw, xii.2006 (RCCF) ; 1♂, Sinnamary, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.82722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.2869444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.82722/lat 5.2869444)">Crique Malmanoury</a>, 5°17'13" N, 52°49'38" W, 31.xii.2022 - 10.i.2023, C. Faynel leg. (RCCF) ; 1♀, Route de Kaw PK 7, 21.xi.2013, ex-coll. Christian Castelain, CF-LYC-1061*, gen. prep. K. Florczyk CFCF045 (RCCF, illustrated on Fig. 28) ; 1♂, Sinnamary, Malmanoury (barrière), 3.i.2023, L1495, NPML_lyc97 (coll. Nino Page &amp; Maeva Leroy) ; 1♂, Sinnamary, barrage de Petit Saut, sur Cordia, 28.i.2024, L1953, NPML_lyc422 (coll. Nino Page &amp; Maeva Leroy) ; 1♀, Régina, ZNIEFF Mapaou Athanaze, Camp Mathias ( Mapaou), 31.vii.2024, L2297, NPML_lyc494 (coll. Nino Page &amp; Maeva Leroy) ; 1♀, Sinnamary, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.046722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.06775" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.046722/lat 5.06775)">Route de Petit Saut</a>, 5°04'03.9'' N, 53°02'48.2"W, 12.i.2025, L2372 (coll. Nino Page &amp; Maeva Leroy) . PERU. Huánuco. 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.01611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.299445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.01611/lat -9.299445)">Tingo María</a>, 26.ix.2015, 9°17'58"S, 76°00'58"W, 750m, CFCD01305*, gen. prep. K. Florczyk (FILS) . BRAZIL. Pará . 1♀, B.M. Type NoRH. 720, NHMUK015200801* (NHMUK) .</p><p>Paratypes have the following labels “ Paratype ♂ [or ♀] // Thereus praxioides // Faynel &amp; Fåhraeus, 2025 ” (blue rectangular label, black printed).</p><p>iNaturalist data. GUYANA. 1♀, Orealla, 6.i.2023 .</p><p>Diagnosis and description. Thereus praxioides sp. nov. and Thereus praxis are sister species in the ML tree (Fig. 1). Thereus praxioides sp. nov. can be distinguished from T. praxis by: (1) narrower DFW black margins on males (Figs 46, 47); (2) different shapes of male scent patch, respectively oval in the first and flattened oval in the latter; (3) 5.31 % mean genetic divergence (Table 3). Male (Fig. 27). FW length: 15.39 mm (n = 1). Wing. DFW dark blue covering a large part of the wing. VW brown with same pattern as usual in this group. Male genitalia (Fig. 62). Four males dissected. Similar to Thereus praxis but with longer dorsal pair of brush organs, genital ring less wide in ventral view. Eighth tergite long with W-shaped anterior border and concave posterior one. Female (Fig. 28). FW length: 13.9 mm (n = 2). Wings. brown dorsally, beige-brown ventrally but lighter than male, same ventral patterns. Female genitalia (Fig. 75). Two females dissected. Similar to T. praxis but with deeper ostium bursae. Small signa present in the corpus bursae on the female from Pará, not the other one from French Guiana but its bursa was wrinkled and it is possible, regarding their small size, that the signa were not detected. Papillae anales also with two sclerotized half capsules facing each other attached to ventro-lateral sides of them. Eighth tergite subrectangular.</p><p>Ethology. Adults have been observed feeding on Cordia schomburgkii A. DC. ( Boraginaceae) in French Guiana primary forest (Cacao, Kaw mountain).</p><p>Sympatry. According to the known distribution (Fig. 86), Thereus praxioides sp. nov. is sympatric with T. confusus sp. nov. in Brazil (Pará) and Peru (Huánuco). T. praxioides sp. nov. and T. praxis are sympatric at least in Mexico and Costa Rica.</p><p>Known distribution (Fig. 86). Mexico. Costa Rica. Trinidad. Guyana. French Guiana. Peru (HUC). Brazil (PA).</p><p>Etymology. This name comes from the combination of praxis and the suffix -oides, that means "looks like " praxis, to form a masculine Latinized name, with a wink at T. ortalus / T. ortaloides stat. rev.</p><p>Remarks. A witness of the confusion that previously occurred in this group, this new species was listed as T. praxis (Faynel 2010) in French Guiana; listed as T. ortalus and cited as a new island record for Trinidad (Cock &amp; Robbins 2016). These authors also mentioned two females near Thereus tiasa (♀, Sangre Grande, S. Alston-Smith leg., ix.1980 and ♀, Inniss Field, M.J.W. Cock leg., x.1994). Thereus tiasa, as defined in this paper, does not occur in Trinidad. We consider these two females as also belonging to Thereus praxioides sp. nov.</p><p>The Brazilian paratype of Thereus praxioides sp. nov. (NHMUK015200801) has a label indicating “Formerly designated as TYPE [of T. tiasa]. Does not match original description, B. Huertas, R. O’Brien” (see under T. tiasa paragraph).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8303331AF32EA03ABEFFB1D9F7EEA19	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Faynel, Christophe;Huertas, Blanca;Crom, Jean-François Le;O’Brien, Richard;Fåhraeus, Christer	Faynel, Christophe, Huertas, Blanca, Crom, Jean-François Le, O’Brien, Richard, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): Diagnostic male secondary sexual structures and wing patterns in the Thereus genena species group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of nine new species from Colombia, Peru, Brazil and French Guiana. Zootaxa 5728 (2): 201-246, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5728.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.2.10
F8303331AF31EA04ABEFFAC59DF0E811.text	F8303331AF31EA04ABEFFAC59DF0E811.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thereus praxis (Godman & Salvin 1887)	<div><p>Thereus praxis (Godman &amp; Salvin, 1887)</p><p>Figures 29, 30, 47, 63, 76, 86, 90-93, 96, 97</p><p>Thecla praxis: Godman &amp; Salvin: 1887: 52</p><p>Type material. Originally described from four male specimens in the Godman &amp; Salvin collection, now in the NHMUK, three males were from Panama and a fourth was from Colombia. Previously, only the specimen from Colombia was recognised as a type and placed in the type collection at the NHMUK. Through our research we have found and identified the other three syntypes from Panama. We have confirmed using genomic sampling that one of the three Panamanian specimens represents the same species. Therefore, to reduce the type locality to a single location, we here designate the specimen NHMUK015200812 from Colombia, as the lectotype of T. praxis (Fig. 29) .</p><p>LECTOTYPE ♂: “Syn-type” (blue rimmed white circle label, printed); “Type” (orange rimmed white circle label, printed); “ ♂ ” (brown rectangular label, printed); “Interior of Colombia. Wheeler.” (brown rectangular label, printed); “Type. Sp. figured.” (brown rectangular label, printed); “Godman-Salvin Coll. 1911.-93. B.C.A.Lep.Rhop. Thecla praxis, G.&amp;S.” (brown rectangular label, printed); “B.M. TYPE No. Rh 721” (brown rectangular label, printed and handwritten); “ Thecla praxis Godman &amp; Salvin, 1887 SYNTYPE ” (white rectangular label, printed); “NHMUK015200812” (white rectangular label, printed); “Gen. prep. K. Florczyk // NHMUK10402965” (green rectangular label, black printed); “ Thecla praxis // Godman &amp; Salvin, 1887 // LECTOTYPE // Faynel, 2025 ” (white rectangular label, printed).</p><p>PARALECTOTYPE ♂: “Syn-type” (blue rimmed white circle label, printed); “Taboga I Mathew.” (brown rectangular label, handwritten); “Taboga I., Panama. G.F. Mathew. ” (brown rectangular label, printed); “Godman-Salvin Coll. 1911.-93. B.C.A.Lep.Rhop. Thecla praxis, G.&amp;S.” (brown rectangular label, printed); “Specimen removed from Lycaenidae Reference collection Huertas &amp; O’Brien, 2023” (white rectangular label, printed); “ Thecla praxis Godman &amp; Salvin, 1887 SYNTYPE ” (white rectangular label, printed); “NHMUK015200810” (white rectangular label, printed); “Gen. prep. K. Florczyk // NHMUK015200810” (green rectangular label, black printed); “ Thecla praxis // Godman &amp; Salvin, 1887 // PARALECTOTYPE // Faynel, 2025 ” (white rectangular label, printed) .</p><p>PARALECTOTYPE ♂: “Syn-type” (blue rimmed white circle label, printed); “ Taboga Isl. Panama. Walker” (brown rectangular label, printed); “Godman-Salvin Coll. 1911.-93. B.C.A.Lep.Rhop. Thecla praxis, G.&amp;S.” (brown rectangular label, printed); “NHMUK015200838” (white rectangular label, printed); “ Thecla praxis // Godman &amp; Salvin, 1887 // PARALECTOTYPE // Faynel, 2025 ” (white rectangular label, printed) .</p><p>PARALECTOTYPE ♂: “Syn-type” (blue rimmed white circle label, printed), “ Veraguas, Panama. Arce.” (brown rectangular label, printed); “Godman-Salvin Coll. 1911.-93. B.C.A.Lep.Rhop. Thecla praxis, G.&amp;S.” (brown rectangular label, printed); “NHMUK015200847” (white rectangular label, printed); “ Thecla praxis // Godman &amp; Salvin, 1887 // PARALECTOTYPE // Faynel, 2025 ” (white rectangular label, printed) .</p><p>Other material examined (3 ♂, 1♀). COSTA RICA. 1♂, 92, Coll. A.M. Gillott B.M.1929-353, NHMUK015202796 (NHMUK) . PANAMA. 1♂ Chiriqui 18.95. [illegible], J.J.Joicey Coll. B. M. 1929-435, 32. 21. Ex. Coll. Dognin. 1921., NHMUK015200845 (NHMUK) . COLOMBIA. Meta. 1♀, CGN00001*, gen. prep. K. Florczyk JFL2848 (Collection Gregory Nielsen, illustrated on Fig. 30). SOUTH AMERICA . 1♂, 1939-1, SA, 2023, NHMUK015203798 (NHMUK) .</p><p>Diagnosis and description. As noted previously, T. praxis is the sister species of T. praxioides sp. nov. and differs in the following respects: (1) the male DFW scent patch is a more flattened oval; (2) the extent of blue on the male VFW is more reduced; (3) the VHW bears a larger red cubital spot and a large dark brown anal spot with only a few red scales anteriorly, whereas T. praxioides sp. nov. has a bigger cubital red spot and a smaller anal black spot; (4) 5.31 % mean genetic divergence (Table 3). T. praxis is also very close morphologically to T. ortalus, from which it differs by the same wing characters that separate it from T. praxioides sp. nov. and 5.84 % mean genetic divergence (Table 3). Male genitalia (Fig. 63). Two males dissected. Very similar to T. praxioides sp. nov., with the valvae and the dorsal brush organs shorter. Female genitalia (Fig. 76). One female dissected. Large and deep funnel-shaped ostium bursae, forming an angle of 130º with the ductus bursae in lateral view (150° in T. praxioides sp. nov. and T. ortalus). Ductus length shorter than in these species. No signum observed in the bursae. Papillae anales with two sclerotized half capsules facing each other and located on the membrane in between the papillae. Eighth tergite subrectangular.</p><p>Biology. This species has been bred by Gregory Nielsen on Passovia pedunculata (Jacq.) Kuijt ( Loranthaceae) in Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia (Fig. 90). Larva photographed 13 February 2024 (Figs 91-93). The caterpillar at last stage is similar to those of T. ortaloides stat. rev. but the thoracic bulge is less developed. Pupa 21 February 2024 (Figs 96-97). The pupa is brown with whitish marks; its thoracic crest is also whitish. Pupa hatching 4 March 2024 (12 days). The female has been barcoded (DNA sample ID CGN00001), confirming it represents T. praxis . The associated ant species is Dolichoderus bidens ( Hymenoptera: Dolichoderinae). These ants make paper brood nests on the leaves. The Mistletoe ( Passovia) was growing on a Citrus tree and the ants make paper chambers over the curled leaves of the Citrus tree (G. Nielsen, pers. comm.).</p><p>Sympatry. T. praxis and Thereus praxioides sp. nov. are sympatric in Mexico and Costa Rica. T. praxis and T. ortalus are sympatric in Costa Rica and Colombia (Fig. 86).</p><p>Known distribution (Fig. 86). Costa Rica. Panama. Colombia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8303331AF31EA04ABEFFAC59DF0E811	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Faynel, Christophe;Huertas, Blanca;Crom, Jean-François Le;O’Brien, Richard;Fåhraeus, Christer	Faynel, Christophe, Huertas, Blanca, Crom, Jean-François Le, O’Brien, Richard, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): Diagnostic male secondary sexual structures and wing patterns in the Thereus genena species group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of nine new species from Colombia, Peru, Brazil and French Guiana. Zootaxa 5728 (2): 201-246, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5728.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.2.10
F8303331AF34EA08ABEFFF0C9B6EEB37.text	F8303331AF34EA08ABEFFF0C9B6EEB37.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thereus ortalus (Godman & Salvin 1887) Godman & Salvin 1887	<div><p>Thereus ortalus (Godman &amp; Salvin, 1887)</p><p>Figures 31, 32, 48, 64, 77, 78, 86</p><p>Thecla ortalus: Godman &amp; Salvin: 1887: 52</p><p>Type material. This species was described from a male and a female specimen from Cordova, Mexico, in the Godman and Salvin collection, now at the NHMUK. The male syntype NHMUK015200798 gave a sequence, the female syntype NHMUK015200814 didn’t, so it cannot be said that it is conspecific, although they both come from the same locality. For this reason and in order to stabilise the name, the male syntype (Fig. 31) is designated as lectotype of Thecla ortalus Godman &amp; Salvin .</p><p>LECTOTYPE ♂, designated here: “ Syn- // type” (blue rimmed white circle label, printed), “Type” (orange rimmed white circle label, printed); “ ♀ ” (brown rectangular label, printed); “Cordova, // Vera Cruz. // Rumeli.” (brown rectangular label, printed); “Type. // Sp. figured.” (brown rectangular label, printed); “Godman-Salvin // Coll. 1911.-93. // B.C.A.Lep.Rhop. // Thecla // ortalus, // G.&amp;S.” (brown rectangular label, printed); “ Thecla ortalus // Godman &amp; Salvin, 1887 // SYNTYPE ” (white rectangular label, printed); “NHMUK015200798” (white rectangular label, printed, with a flash code); “ Thecla ortalus // Godman &amp; Salvin, 1887 // LECTOTYPE // Faynel, 2025 ” (white rectangular label, printed).</p><p>PARALECTOTYPE ♀: “ Syn- // type” (blue rimmed white circle label, printed), “Type” (orange rimmed white circle label, printed); “ ♂ ” (brown rectangular label, printed); “Cordova, // Vera Cruz. // Rumeli.” (brown rectangular label, printed); “Type. // Sp. figured.” (brown rectangular label, printed); “Godman-Salvin // Coll. 1911.-93. // B.C.A.Lep.Rhop. // Thecla // ortalus, // G.&amp;S.” (brown rectangular label, printed); “B.M. TYPE // No.Rh 719” (brown rectangular label, printed and handwritten); “ Thecla ortalus // Godman &amp; Salvin, 1887 // SYNTYPE ” (white rectangular label, printed); “NHMUK015200814” (white rectangular label, printed, with a flash code); “ Thecla ortalus // Godman &amp; Salvin, 1887 // PARALECTOTYPE // Faynel, 2025 ” (white rectangular label, printed).</p><p>Other material examined (3♀, 1 larva). MEXICO. Campeche . 1 larva, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.367&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.892" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.367/lat 17.892)">Calakmul</a>, Dos Lagunas Sur, 240m, 17.892, -89.367, 13.xi.2006, Diego Meneses leg., MLL-00398* (Collection El Colegio de la Frontera Sur) . COSTA RICA. Alajuela. 1♀, Area de Conservación Guanacaste, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.25335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.93319" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.25335/lat 10.93319)">Laureles</a>, 10.93319, -85.25335, 95m, Jose Perez leg., ex-pupa, 07-SRNP-42037* (USNM) ; 1♀, Area de Conservación Guanacaste, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.25335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.93319" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.25335/lat 10.93319)">Laureles</a>, 95m, 29.vii.2007, 10.93319, -85.25335, Jose Perez leg., ex-pupa, 07-SRNP-42040* (USNM) . COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca. 1♀, Mesitos del Colegio, 1200m, 23.xi.1997, J.F. Le Crom leg., JFDA-372* (JFLC) .</p><p>iNaturalist data. HONDURAS. Puerto Cortés. 1♀, May 2021 (Maldonado Howard 2021) .</p><p>Diagnosis and description. T. ortalus forms a clade with T. praxioides sp. nov. and T. praxis on the ML tree (Fig. 1). T. ortalus is distinct from T. praxioides sp. nov. by: (1) DFW male scent patch a little more flattened; (2) wider male VFW brown margins; (3) VHW postmedian line more distant from the antemarginal line; (4) 5.11% mean genetic divergence (Table 3). T. ortalus is distinguished from T. praxis by: (1) bigger male DFW scent patch; (2) DFW blue area more extended towards the apex; (3) smaller red-orange cubital spot on VHW; (4) 5.84% mean genetic divergence (Table 3). As mentioned in the original description, the female of T. ortalus “has a greenish cast over the base of the wings”, while it is dorsally all brown in T. praxioides sp. nov. and T. praxis . Male genitalia (Fig. 64). Two males dissected. Similar to T. praxis but with the dorsal support of the brush organs a little further from the saccus. Penis straight. Eighth tergite long with W-shaped anterior border. Female genitalia (Fig. 77). One female dissected. Similar to T. praxis but with two thorn-shaped signa observed in the middle of the bursa (black arrow on Fig. 77). Papillae anales with two sclerotized half capsules facing each other and located on the membrane in between the papillae. Eighth tergite subrectangular.</p><p>Biology. This species has been bred on Loranthaceae in Mexico (LPMX398-07) and two pupae were found in Costa Rica (MHMYL12462-16 &amp; MHMXO500-08). Struthanthus sp., Oryctanthus alveolatus (both Loranthaceae) are cited as food plant records in Costa Rica and Colombia respectively (Heredia &amp; Robbins 2016).</p><p>Sympatry. T. ortalus and T. praxis are sympatric in Costa Rica and Colombia while T. ortalus is allopatric with T. praxioides sp. nov. (Fig. 86).</p><p>Known distribution (Fig. 86). Mexico. Honduras. Costa Rica. Colombia (west of the Cordillera Oriental).</p><p>T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T</p><p>................</p><p>endera</p><p>12</p><p>(</p><p>))</p><p>2</p><p>(</p><p>geminus (2</p><p>)</p><p>cacao antecum</p><p>(</p><p>)</p><p>3</p><p>genena</p><p>) 4</p><p>( tiasa 5 ()</p><p>4 ()</p><p>angulus</p><p>(</p><p>borbaensis</p><p>2</p><p>chontachaca) 2 ( ramirezi</p><p>)</p><p>(4 ortaloides () confusus 6 8 ( praxioides praxis (3)) (6 ortalus) 6 aguacatal (</p><p>) ()</p><p>4</p><p>)</p><p>................</p><p>12</p><p>)</p><p>(</p><p>endera</p><p>geminus</p><p>)</p><p>2 (</p><p>cacao (</p><p>)</p><p>2 antecum</p><p>(</p><p>)</p><p>3</p><p>genena</p><p>)</p><p>(</p><p>4</p><p>) (5 tiasa angulus</p><p>4 ()</p><p>(</p><p>2</p><p>borbaensis chontachaca ramirezi 2 () (</p><p>)</p><p>4 ortaloides confusus) (6 praxioides 8 () (3 praxis 6 ( ortalus) 6 aguacatal ()</p><p>) ()</p><p>4</p><p>)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8303331AF34EA08ABEFFF0C9B6EEB37	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Faynel, Christophe;Huertas, Blanca;Crom, Jean-François Le;O’Brien, Richard;Fåhraeus, Christer	Faynel, Christophe, Huertas, Blanca, Crom, Jean-François Le, O’Brien, Richard, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): Diagnostic male secondary sexual structures and wing patterns in the Thereus genena species group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of nine new species from Colombia, Peru, Brazil and French Guiana. Zootaxa 5728 (2): 201-246, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5728.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.2.10
F8303331AF3BEA09ABEFFF0C9A48E85A.text	F8303331AF3BEA09ABEFFF0C9A48E85A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thereus aguacatal Faynel, Le Crom, & Fahraeus 2025	<div><p>Thereus aguacatal Faynel, Le Crom &amp; Fåhraeus sp. nov.</p><p>LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 36CE233C-25A5-49EC-A381-400C13822121</p><p>Figures 33, 49, 65, 88</p><p>Type material. Holotype male (Fig. 33), FW 13.6 mm, labelled as “J.-F. LECROM // Cerro Aguacatal // Quinchia Risaralda // 8/X/94 // Leg: J. Salazar ” (white rectangular label, black printed and handwritten); “JFDA- 374” (white rectangular label, black printed); “ Holotype ♂ // Thereus aguacatal Faynel, Le Crom // &amp; Fåhraeus, 2025” (red rectangular label, black printed). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.68972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.4072223" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.68972/lat 5.4072223)">The</a> holotype is from Colombia, Valle del Cauca. Cerro Aguacatal (1620 m) is a mountain near Cali (5°24´26" N, 75°41´23" W). The holotype is currently in JFLC and it will be deposited in ICN-MHN.</p><p>Paratypes (13♂). COLOMBIA. Caldas . 1♂, Pensilvania, 1800m, 15.vi.1990, JFDA-371* (JFLC) ; 1♂, Cerro Clavijo, 1400m, 9.vii.1994, J. Salazar leg. (HNHM) . Valle del Cauca. 2♂, same locality as holotype, 1600m, 15.v.1993, JFDA-370* &amp; JFDA-375* (JFLC); 1♂, same locality as holotype, 9.x.1994, JFDA-373* (JFLC); 2♂, R. Cali El Faro, 1700m, 2.x.2004, 24.xi.2004, H. Dahners leg. (HNHM) ; 2♂, El Faro, 7.i.2005, 10.i.2005, H. Dahners leg. (HNHM) ; 1♂, Los Andres-Faro, 1750m, 27.viii.2005, C. Prieto leg. (HNHM) ; 1♂, same data, HNHM- NEOLYC-A12* (HNHM) . 2♂, Pance, El Trueno, 1900m, 18.vii.2024, C. Prieto leg., codes m3452, m3292 (RCCP) ; 1♂ Pance, El Trueno, 1900m, 30.vii.2024, C. Prieto leg., code: m3270 (RCCP) ; 2♂, Los Andes, El Faro, 1750m, 21.viii.2005, C. Prieto leg., codes: m550, m551 (RCCP) ; 2♂, Los Andes, El Faro, 1750m, 21.vii.2005, C. Prieto leg., codes: m397, m398 (RCCP) ; 1♂, Los Andes, El Faro, 1750m, 1.vii.2006, C. Prieto leg., code: m794 (RCCP) ; 3♂, Los Andes, El Faro, 1750m, 23.vii.2005, C. Prieto leg., codes: m420, m421, m422 (RCCP) ; 1♂, Los Andes, El Faro, 1750m, 28.viii.2005, C. Prieto leg., code: m585 (RCCP) ; 1♂, Los Andes, El Faro, 1750m, 21.viii.2005, C. Prieto leg., code: m549 (RCCP) . Cauca. 1♂, Popayán, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.666664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.5333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.666664/lat 2.5333333)">La Tetilla</a>, 1800m, 2°31'60" N, 76°40'00" W, 25.i.2019, E. Burbno leg., m2615, CP Lep 1731* (CP) . ECUADOR. Pichincha. 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.65667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.15333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.65667/lat 0.15333334)">5km Nanegal-Garcia Moreno Rd</a>, 0°09.2' N, 78°39.4' W, 4.vi.2011, 1375-1700m, I. Aldas &amp; R.C. Busby leg., RCB05141 (RCB) ; 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.863335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.19" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.863335/lat 0.19)">21 km Pacto-Guayavillas Rd</a>, 0°11.4' N, 78°51.8' W, 875m, 8.vi.2010, Rio Sardinas, R. Aldas &amp; R.C. Busby, leg., RCB05142 (RCB) .</p><p>We added the following labels “ Paratype ♂ // Thereus aguacatal // Faynel, Le Crom // &amp; Fåhraeus, 2025” (blue rectangular label, black printed).</p><p>Diagnosis and description. Thereus aguacatal sp. nov. is sister to a clade formed by T. ortaloides stat. rev. and T. confusus sp. nov. in our ML tree (Fig. 1). It differs from them by: (1) the presence of a single scent pad at the end of the male DFW discoidal cell while T. ortaloides stat. rev. and T. confusus sp. nov. have, in addition to the scent pad, an adjacent brown scent patch centered on the discocellular veins; (2) different male genitalia, especially shorter dorsal brush organs and longer saccus in lateral view (Figs 60, 61, 65); (3) respectively 4.31% and 5.50% mean genetic divergence (Table 3). Male (Fig. 33), FW length: 13.3 mm (n = 5). Wing. Dorsally dull blue with brown margins, broader on FW. Dark brown scent pad, teardrop-shaped, at the end of the discal cell. Ventrally light grey-brown with the typical white and black postmedian line. Small red orange patch in CuA 1 -CuA 2, not reaching the postmedian line, with black triangular spot on its distal edge; tornus black, anteriorly bordered by white and red orange scales, a few orange scales in CuA 2 -2A. Male genitalia (Fig. 65) More similar in shape to T. endera and relatives but the dorsal projection supporting the brush organs is underdeveloped and the ventral pair of brush organs is not oriented in the axis of the penis but in the direction of the gnathos like in T. ortaloides stat. rev. and relatives. Valvae triangular in lateral view with a step on the ventral edge, more similar to T. ortaloides stat. rev. and its relatives (Figs 60-64) than to T. endera and its allies (Figs 50–59). Female. Unknown.</p><p>Ethology. Males likely have territorial activity on the Colombian hilltop regarding the number of collected specimens on the same place.</p><p>Sympatry. Thereus aguacatal sp. nov. is sympatric with T. praxis and T. ortalus in Colombia; allopatric with T. ortaloides stat. rev. and T. confusus sp. nov.</p><p>Known distribution (Fig. 88). Colombia (Caldas, Valle del Cauca, Cauca). Ecuador (PI) .</p><p>Etymology. The name of the new species refers to mount Aguacatal, the type-locality. Aguacatal is a Spanish word for an avocado farm. It is a noun used as a name in apposition, not latinized.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8303331AF3BEA09ABEFFF0C9A48E85A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Faynel, Christophe;Huertas, Blanca;Crom, Jean-François Le;O’Brien, Richard;Fåhraeus, Christer	Faynel, Christophe, Huertas, Blanca, Crom, Jean-François Le, O’Brien, Richard, Fåhraeus, Christer (2025): Diagnostic male secondary sexual structures and wing patterns in the Thereus genena species group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) with the description of nine new species from Colombia, Peru, Brazil and French Guiana. Zootaxa 5728 (2): 201-246, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5728.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5665.2.10
